In 1843 he graduated from the Berlin Friedrich-Wilhelm Medical Institute, then worked at the famous Berlin Charité clinic. In 1847 he founded the magazine "Archive" pathological anatomy and physiology" (now known as the Virchow Archive). In 1848 he participated in liberation movement, but did not interrupt his scientific activities. At the same time he headed the department of pathological anatomy at the University of Würzburg. In 1856-1902 he served as director of the newly established Pathological Institute in Berlin.
In 1855, in his journal “Archive...” he published an article “Cellular Pathology”, and in 1858, under the same title, a book in which he argued that the cell theory should be extended from the field of histology and normal physiology also on pathology (hence a disease of the body is a disease of its constituent cells), that the Schleiden-Schwann theory of cell formation is erroneous, since cells arise only through reproduction - division, that highest value What plays a role in the life of cells is not their shell, as was then believed, but the contents, i.e., protoplasm and nucleus. But along with this, Virchow’s teaching also contained erroneous statements. Thus, he believed that cells are independent individuals, and thereby came to deny the integrity of an organism built from cells, taking it as a sum of autonomous units. This approach of the scientist had a negative impact on the development of medicine, since diseases of various organs were often treated in isolation from the condition of the body as a whole.
Cell theory Virchow's theory quickly spread and became generally accepted in both biology (morphology and physiology) and medicine. His work “Cellular Pathology” was immediately translated into many languages (its Russian translation was published in 1859).
In 1858, the scientist published his theory of cellular pathology, which was based on the physiological independence of each individual cell. Despite the fallacy of some of the provisions, Virchow's work significantly advanced cell theory and laid the foundation for numerous research in medicine.
The theory of “Continuity of Germ Plasma” is also associated with the name of the scientist. Continuity, as the scientist argued, exists only between germ cells, because only they have the germ plasm, which is invariably transmitted to the offspring in the process of heredity; all other cells of the body play the role of a kind of “case” for the germ plasm.
Denying the theory of evolution and the teachings of Darwin, Virchow tried to refute the facts known in his time related to human evolution. Fossils primitive people(Pithecanthropus, Neanderthal, etc.) he classified as pathological forms.
Virchow is also known for his work on the study of diseases caused by deprivation and hunger, his participation in the construction of hospitals, schools, etc. Great place His life was occupied by socio-political activities, he took an active part in the municipal government of Berlin, was repeatedly elected as a member of parliament, from the podium of which he spoke on the most pressing socio-political issues. Russian medical scientists especially owe a lot to Virchow and his institute.
His appearance split medicine into two historical eras- before the discovery of cellular pathology and after. The revolution that Rudolf Virchow made in medicine was the recognition of the untenable basic theory about the causes of diseases, which had dominated medicine since the time of Hippocrates - humoral pathology. This trend has been maintained for centuries, and other leading doctors up to mid-19th century. The essence of the humoral theory is that the cause of pathologies is an imbalance of fluids (blood, lymph, various mucus). The name “humoral” comes from the Latin humor - liquid. This theory has changed over time, but its basic principle has remained the same. Virchow's contemporary Karl Rokitansky was a leading representative of the humoral theory. He believed that change chemical composition blood and other body fluids leads to diseases. An imbalance in the chemical composition of body fluids leads to a malnutrition of tissues and organs. It causes the deposition in various parts of the body of a certain formation that does not have a structure, from which pathogenic cellular forms grow over time. There was a sound grain in Rokitansky’s reasoning, which was confirmed over time, and some of his ideas remain relevant to this day. The disease, according to his theory, affects the entire body, and changes in tissues are a consequence of the disease.
It is necessary to mention another theory that existed at that time and opposed the humoral one - iatromechanical. Then it was the second main theory about the causes of diseases and was based on knowledge of mathematics and physics.
Virchow dealt a crushing blow to the foundations of medicine: he smashed all the arguments for the “theory of liquids”, forcing him to agree with the scientific conclusions of his fiercest opponent, K. Rokitansky. It should be noted that Virchow’s theory was recognized and supported by leading doctors around the world. Thus, the speculative nature of the humoral theory was rejected under the pressure of scientific facts, which led Virchow to the creation of the theory of cellular pathology.
Virchow’s path to this discovery, which revolutionized medicine, is interesting.
A scientist of fantastic productivity and rare ability to work, Rudolf Virchow was born in 1821 in the Prussian province of Pomerania (now divided into German and Polish halves) into an unremarkable merchant family. The young man received a standard gymnasium education and in due time entered the Berlin Medical-Surgical Institute, where he was lucky enough to study under the supervision of the famous neurophysiologist I. P. Müller. The future brilliant minds of medicine studied with him on the course - Hermann Helmholtz, Theodor Schwann, deeply immersed in cell theory, Dubois-Reymond, Karl Ludwig are scientists who have the honor of great discoveries in the field of nervous and cellular systems.
At the age of 22, Rudolf Virchow had already defended doctoral dissertation, after which he was appointed as a research assistant at the oldest Charité clinic in Berlin, where he simultaneously served as an assistant to a pathologist. It was here that his talent as an observer, the curiosity of a scientist and the clear mind of a logician developed. He practically never left his microscope, studying all available pathological processes, various stages diseases, changes in tissues, carefully recording and systematizing observations. They say he almost went blind. It took him three years to discover the existence of a brain cell that no one suspected, which he called glia (from the ancient Greek glia - glue). Before Virchow the activities of the central nervous system explained through neurons, to which all functions were assigned - from regulation speech apparatus to organ management. Today medicine knows that the functioning of neurons and their accompanying functions, as well as the production of neuronal cells, belongs to glial cells. They make up 40% of the entire central nervous system and are responsible for the metabolic processes of neurons. Rudolf Virchow discovered the connecting function of glial cells for neurons. Therefore, the name of new cells comes from the ancient Greek - “glue”. A year later, Virchow was elected a member of the Berlin Academy of Sciences for his significant achievements in the field of medicine.
Despite his passion for pathological research, Virchow, versatile and inquisitive, socially active and searching, could not help but react to the events in Europe in 1848. How progressive thinking person Virchow actively supported the revolution and new people's liberation civil ideals. His position did not go unnoticed by the German government, and the scientist was sent into conditional exile, away from the center of action - to the University of Würzburg, where he took the position of professor in the department of pathology. The revolution was suppressed, political activity died down, and almost ten years later the professor received his much-awaited appointment at the University of Berlin to the department of pathology created especially for him. Soon Virchow founded the pathology museum and the pathological-anatomical museum, which he headed permanently until the end of his days.
A year before his triumphant return to Berlin University At the age of 34, he published his ideas about cell theory in a separate journal article. And three years later, in 1858, Professor Virchow published two volumes of a book in which he combined his scientific observations and knowledge. The work was called “Cellular pathology as a doctrine based on physiological and pathological histology.” He also published the lecture portion of his works and, in fact, announced the creation of a new approach in medicine. The terms with which he operated are still used by doctors. For example, Virchow described the pathological processes characteristic of a disease that he called “thrombosis.” He also characterized leukemia (degeneration of blood cells into malignant ones) and described embolism (blockage of veins and blood vessels by foreign particles - gas bubbles, fat, blood clots). The book was of enormous importance for the entire medical community. For several decades it has been the main source medical theory all over the world. In Russia, its translation was published a year after its release in Germany.
Cellular, or cellular, theory, which revolutionized medical world, consisted of a revolutionary view of the pathological process. Pathology was explained as an altered life of minimal microorganisms - cells. Each cell was recognized as having full viability in autonomous conditions. Thus, the body was a kind of vessel filled with an abundance of life-giving cells. The famous Virchow formula said: every cell is from a cell. This explained the ability of cells to reproduce and multiply, that is, to divide. Virchow called a disease a violation of the living conditions of cells. An imbalance in the state of the cell leads to the development of a pathological process.
The always conservative medical community greeted such a revolutionary view of established theories with great distrust. Sechenov considered Virchow's idea of an organism as a union of autonomously viable organisms to be a great misconception. He considered the scientist's cellular principle to be false. However, Botkin supported Virchow's cellular theory. Modern science pays tribute to the historical value of the cell theory, but does not recognize its one-dimensionality and unification. A broader approach using humoral and neural theories, as well as some provisions from cellular pathology, is considered correct.
Virchow made an invaluable contribution to science by changing the methods of studying the origin of pathologies. Any conclusions must be scientifically substantiated and reasoned, while empirical methods, often formed by religious-existential views, should be rejected for lack of evidence.
Many of Virchow’s works are devoted to the causes of common and little-studied diseases - tumors, tuberculosis, and various types of inflammation. Virchow discovered the principle of the spread of infectious diseases in the body. He argued that the main role in the development of an infectious disease belongs to the body's reaction to the pathogen.
Virchow's productivity as a scientist is reflected in his numerous works on anthropology. For example, it is he who belongs to the classification of the structure of skulls. He also found that the shape of the skull depends on the sutures applied. The scientist always had a keen interest in archeology and even participated in the excavations of Troy. The result of his expedition were articles in historical magazines, including those translated into Russian.
It is noteworthy that Rudolf Virchow was an honorary member of the Russian Pirogov Surgical Society. The professor visited Russia several times to give lectures and published articles in Russian scientific periodicals. Virchow had a huge influence on the development of medicine in Russia; many works of famous Russian scientists are based on his research.
Rudolf Ludwig Karl Virchow(German: Rudolf Ludwig Karl Virchow; October 13, 1821, Schiefelbein, Pomerania - September 5, 1902, Berlin) - German scientist and politician of the second half of the 19th century, doctor, pathologist, histologist, physiologist, one of the founders of cell theory in biology and medicine , founder of the theory of cellular pathology in medicine; was also known as an archaeologist, anthropologist and paleontologist.
Biography
He was born on October 13, 1821 in the town of Schiefelbein in the Prussian province of Pomerania (now Polish city Svidvin).
After completing a course at the Friedrich-Wilhelm Medical Institute in Berlin in 1843, Virchow first became an assistant and then became vice-rector at the Berlin Charité hospital.
In 1847 he received the right to teach and, together with Benno Reinhard († 1852), founded the journal Archiv fr pathol. Anatomie u. Physiology u. fr clinic. Medicin”, now known worldwide under the name of the Virchow Archive.
In 1891, the 126th volume of this publication was published, containing more than 200 articles by Virchow himself and representing a living half-century history of the most important acquisitions medical science.
At the beginning of 1848, Virchow was sent to Upper Silesia to study the epidemic of famine typhus that prevailed there. His report on this trip, published in the Archive and having a large scientific interest, painted at the same time political ideas in the spirit of 1848. This circumstance, as well as his general participation in the reform movements of that time, caused the Prussian government to dislike him and prompted him to accept the regular chair of pathological anatomy at the University of Würzburg, which quickly glorified his name.
In 1856 he returned to Berlin as professor of pathological anatomy, general pathology and therapy and director of the newly established pathological institute, where he remained until the end of his life. This institute soon became a center of attraction for young scientists of all educated countries. Russian medical scientists especially owe a lot to Virchow and his institute.
Since 1866, together with Professor August Hirsch, he published “Jahresbericht ber die Fortschritte und Leistungen in der Medizin”.
He was buried in Berlin, Schöneburg.
Advances in biology and medicine
Virchow is the founder of the so-called cellular (cellular) pathology, in which disease processes are reduced to changes in the vital activity of the smallest elementary parts of the animal body - its cells. The views of this scientific theory in connection with the successes of chemistry and physiology, they forever freed medicine from various kinds of speculative hypotheses and constructions and closely connected it with the vast field of natural science.
As a pathologist, and especially a histologist, Virchow independently for the first time established the histological and physiological essence of very many painful processes of leukemia, thrombosis, embolism, amyloid degeneration of organs, English disease, tuberculosis, most neoplasms, trichinosis, etc. Virchow explained normal structure many organs and individual tissues; showed the presence of living and active cells in connective tissue different types; found that pathologically altered organs and neoplasms consist of ordinary types of tissue, established the contractility of lymphatic and cartilaginous cells; clarified the structure of the mucous membranes and intermediate tissue of the nervous system; proved the possibility of neoplasm gray matter brain, explained the dependence of the shape of the skull on the fusion of sutures, etc.
As an anthropologist, Virchow contributed a lot with his work to the establishment of the anatomical features of races; as a biologist in general, he resisted the fascination with the exclusively mechanical views on the phenomena of life, so widespread during his youth, and had the courage to defend the idea of the isolation of the element of life as a sui generis principle. This is where his famous thesis “omnis cellula e cellula” comes from (a cell comes only from a cell), which ended a long debate among biologists about the spontaneous generation of organisms. As a figure in the field of public hygiene, Virchow is known for his work on the study of epidemics accompanied by deprivation and hunger, as well as leprosy, and for his participation in public hygienic activities for the construction of hospitals, schools, etc.
Rudolf Virchow
Rudolf Virchow(Virchow) - one of the outstanding German scientists second half of the 19th century.
Biography
Born on October 13, 1821 in the town of Schiefelbein in the Prussian province of Pomerania. After completing a course at the Friedrich-Wilhelm Medical Institute in Berlin in 1843, Virchow first became an assistant and then became a prosector at the Charité hospital in Berlin. In 1847 he received the right to teach and, together with Benno Reinhard († 1852), founded the journal "Archiv für pathol. Anatomie u. Physiologie u. für klin. Medicin", which is now world famous under the name of the Virchow Archive. In 1891, the 126th volume of this publication was published, containing more than 200 articles by Virchow himself and representing a living half-century history of the most important acquisitions of medical science. At the beginning of 1848, Virchow was sent to Upper Silesia to study the epidemic of famine typhus that prevailed there. His report on this trip, published in the Archives and of great scientific interest, is at the same time colored by political ideas in the spirit of 1848. This circumstance, as well as his general participation in the reform movements of that time, caused the Prussian government to dislike him and prompted him to accept the regular chair of pathological anatomy at the University of Würzburg, which quickly glorified his name. In 1856, he returned to Berlin as a professor of pathological anatomy, general pathology and therapy and director of the newly established pathological institute, celebrating the 70th anniversary of his life there in the fall of 1891. This institute soon became a center of attraction for young scientists from all educated countries. Russian medical scientists especially owe a lot to Virchow and his institute. - Virchow is the founder of the so-called. cellular (cellular) pathology, in which disease processes are reduced to changes in the vital activity of the smallest elementary parts of the animal organism - its cells (see this word).
Rudolf Virchow
The views of this scientific theory, in connection with the successes of chemistry and physiology, forever freed medicine from various kinds of speculative hypotheses and constructions and closely connected it with the vast field of natural science. As a pathologist and especially a histologist, V. independently and for the first time established the histological and physiological essence of very many disease processes (bleeding, thrombosis, embolism, amyloid degeneration of organs, English disease, tuberculosis, most neoplasms, trichinosis, etc., etc.), explained normal structure of many organs and individual tissues; showed the presence of living and active cells in connective tissue and its varieties; found that pathologically altered organs and neoplasms contain ordinary physiological types of tissue, established the contractility of lymphatic and cartilaginous cells; clarified the structure of mucous tissue and intermediate tissue of the nervous system; proved the possibility of neoformation of the gray matter of the brain, explained the dependence of the shape of the skull on the fusion of sutures, etc. As an anthropologist, V. contributed a lot with his work to the establishment of the anatomical features of races; as a biologist in general, he resisted the fascination with the exclusively mechanical views on the phenomena of life, so widespread during his youth, and, one might say, had the courage to defend against the general trend the best minds the isolation of the element of life as a sui generis principle. This is where his famous thesis “omnis cellula e cellula” comes from (a cell comes only from a cell), which, by the way, ended the famous debate among biologists about the spontaneous generation of organisms. As a figure in the field of public hygiene, Virchow is known for his work on the study of endemic diseases associated with deprivation and hunger, as well as leprosy, and for his participation in public hygienic events for the construction of hospitals, schools, etc.
Archeology classes
Virchow's anthropological research led him to archaeological research, which he carried out throughout Germany and other European countries. He has works on urns, on the Bronze Age, on mounds, on pile buildings, etc. In 1879 he participated in the famous excavations of Schliemann, and as a result his works appeared: “Zur Landeskunde der Troas” (Berlin, 1880; in Russian language: "The Ruins of Troy" in the "Historical Bulletin", 1880, No. 2) and "Alttrojanische Gräber und Schädel" (Berlin, 1882). In 1888, together with Schliemann, he traveled to Egypt, Nubia and the Peloponnese and carried out his interesting research on the royal mummies in the Bulak Museum, and compared them with the surviving images of the kings. He completed his work on prehistoric antiquities by founding the “German Museum of Clothes and Household Utensils” in Berlin. His essay “On Ancient Graves and Buildings on Stilts” (St. Petersburg, 1886) is also available in translation in Russian.
Policy
Virchow was brought to the political path not by a thirst for fame, but by a humane feeling. During the trip to Upper Silesia mentioned above, he became convinced that “doctors are the natural advocates of the poor, and a large part social issue falls within their jurisdiction." Since then, Virchow's science and politics have been running in parallel, uniting into one whole in the field of public medicine. To promote the development of sanitary affairs, he began to take part in elected city institutions. Virchow's efforts in this regard were crowned with complete success. The German governments heeded his eloquent admonitions and began to gradually implement his plans for the sanitary sector. Thanks to his tireless activity, Germany and especially the cities achieved it little by little. high degree perfection in sanitary terms, at which they stand today. Berlin especially owes a lot to him, in whose municipal government he has been involved since 1859. These include his works: “Kanalisation oder Abfuhr” (Berlin, 1869); "Reinigung und Entwässerung Berlins" (Berlin, 1870-79); "Die Anstalten der Stadt Berlin für die öffentliche Gesundheitspflege" (Berlin, 1886). Along with his participation in city government is his activity in parliament, where, again, sanitary issues seem to be his personal specialty; but he also takes a very prominent part in the discussion of general political issues. Elected to the Prussian Diet immediately upon his return from Würzburg, in the same year 1856 he became one of the founders and leaders of the progressive party, which subsequently united with the secessionists and turned into a party of free thinkers. This party owes its influence on the course of affairs to a large extent to Virchow, his firmness in convictions, tireless activity and the impeccable purity of his name, which slander never dared to touch. During the famous conflict between the Prussian government and the Diet (1862-66), Virchow was one of the main leaders of the opposition. After creation German Empire Virchow left for a while political arena. The loud victories of German weapons did not carry him away into the beneficence of the empire, which united with iron and blood German people, he didn't believe it. “I am not fit now,” he told deputations of voters who repeatedly asked him to accept parliamentary powers, “to be representatives of the country; given its current mood, I have nothing to do in parliament. Maybe I will live to see the time when the people will need my voice again; then I will appear if he calls me, but now not.” This time came in the early 1880s, at the height of the reactionary policies of Chancellor Bismarck. Then Virchow first entered the imperial parliament as a deputy from the city of Berlin. Died in 1902. Virchow's biography in "Bulletin of Europe" 1882, No. 8.
Essays
From individual works Virchow, in addition to special works and small brochures, are especially famous for:
- "Gesammelte Abhandlungen zur wissenschaftl. Medicin" (1856)
- "Untersuchungen über die Entwicklung des Schädelgrundes" (1857)
- "Die Cellularpathologie in ihrer Begründung auf physiol. und pathol. Gewebslehre" (1858)
- "Die krankhaften Geschwülste" (1863-67); "Vier Reden über Leben und Kranksein" (1862)
- "Lehre von den Trichinen" (1865)
- "Gesammelte Abhandl. aus dem Gebiete der öffentl. Medicin und der Seuchenlehre" (1879). Wed. S. M. Lukyanova: “R. Virchow and his vitalism” (Warsaw, 1891), I. V. Bertenson, “Robert Virchow as a hygienist” (“Bulletin of Public Hygiene” 1882, Jan.).slehre” (1858)
- "Die krankhaften Geschwülste" (1863-67)
- "Vier Reden über Leben und Kranksein" (1862); "Lehre von den Trichinen" (1865)
- "Ueber einige Merkmale niederer Menschenrassen" (1875)
- "Gräberfeld von Koban im Lande der Osseten" (Berl., 1883)
- "Gesammelte Abhandl. aus dem Gebiete der öffentl. Medicin und der Seuchenlehre" (1879). Wed. S. M. Lukyanova: "R. Virchow and his vitalism" (Warsaw, 1891), I. V. Bertenson, "Robert Virchow as a hygienist" ("Bulletin of Public Hygiene" 1882, January).
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VIRCHOV Rudolf
VIRCHOV Rudolf(Virchow Rudolf, 1821 -1902) - German scientist, pathologist and politician, one of the founders scientific medicine, creator scientific system, known as “cellular pathology”.
In 1843 he graduated from medical school. Faculty of Berlin University and at the same time defended Dr. dissertation.
Since 1846 - prosector at the Charité hospital (Berlin). Since 1847 - Associate Professor at the University of Berlin. In 1848 he was sent to Silesia to study the typhoid epidemic; based on the materials collected during the trip, he formulated his views on the pathology and epidemiology of infectious diseases and noted the importance social factors in their distribution. In 1849 R. Virchow as an active participant political events(bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1848-1849) was forced to leave the University of Berlin and moved to Würzburg, where until 1856 he headed the department of pathological anatomy of the university; in 1856 he returned to Berlin and until the end of his life he headed the department of pathological anatomy and general pathology at the University of Berlin and at the same time was the director of the Institute of Pathology.
In 1847, R. Virchow founded the journal “Archive of Pathological Anatomy, Physiology and clinical medicine", in which it was published scientific works(the journal is still published under the name “Virchows Archiv fur pathologische Anatomie und Physiologie und fur klinische Medizim”).
Published approx. 1000 scientific works by R. Virchow, dedicated to Ch. arr. characteristics and pathogenesis of common pathological processes and major human diseases. Already in early works he expressed the idea that a number of pathological processes are based on morphol, changes in tissue cells, and not in the blood and lymph, as representatives of the dominant humoral direction in pathology believed. Based on the data of his subsequent studies, he formulated the theory of cellular pathology (see), which he outlined in the works “Cellular Pathology” (1855) and “Cellular Pathology as a Teaching Based on Physiological and Pathological Histology” (1858). This theory covered all aspects of the life of the organism and was logical development cell theory (see), intensively developed in the first half of the 19th century. R. Virchow, using structural principles structure of organisms, creatively applied them to explain pathological processes and believed that the material substrate of the disease is the cell - the main structural unit complex organism, its first morphol, stage. He wrote that all pathology is a pathology of the cell, that it is a tangible substrate of pathological physiology, cornerstone in the stronghold of scientific medicine. Based on the basic principles of cellular pathology, R. Virchow gave new characteristic And new analysis the essence of pathological processes, introduced a number of new terminological designations, a significant part of which has been preserved in modern medicine. They laid down the principles of morphology, a method in pathology, the development of which continues continuously.
The theory of cellular pathology quickly gained universal recognition and had a huge impact on the subsequent development of medicine. science. “Cellular Pathology” was published in many countries around the world. In Russia it was first published in extracts (1858, 1859) by A. I. Polunin.
The general theoretical principles of cellular pathology were criticized from different positions during the author’s lifetime. Many of them, as contradicting the doctrine of an integral organism, were rejected; in our time, they have only historical interest.
R. Virchow devoted a lot of work to teaching pathological anatomy, autopsy techniques, general setting dissecting, history of medicine. In medicine, he persistently pursued the idea of the unity of theory and practice and believed that practical medicine- this is applied (“angewandte”) theoretical medicine; emphasized the need for close contact between the pathologist and the clinic and laid the foundations for the clinical-anatomical direction in pathology, which has received universal recognition and further development in scientific and practical activities pathologists and clinicians. R. Virchow attached great importance to the humanism of the doctor and considered unfounded and dangerous therapeutic experiments on humans unacceptable, regarding them as a crime against logic and morality.
R. Virchow is the author of numerous works on general biology, anthropology, ethnography and archaeology. Together with G. Schliemann, he participated in the excavations of Troy and developed a systematization of human skulls based on craniometry.
R. Virchow took an active part in public and political life Germany. He is one of the founders and leaders of the bourgeois-liberal Progressist Party (1861), which represented the left wing of the bourgeois opposition to the Bismarck government; after the formation of the Freethinkers Party (1884) - one of its leaders; from 1862 member of the Prussian Landtag and the German Reichstag (1880-1893). Giving great importance medicine as a social science, R. Virchow in the first period of his political activity was a persistent and active advocate of social reforms aimed at improving the material living conditions of the German population; on the basis of his scientific epidemiol, research, he pointed out the importance of social factors in the spread of many diseases and persistently sought to carry out a number of sanitary gigabytes. events.
After Franco-Prussian War(1870-1871), which caused a sharp rise in German chauvinism, and especially after Paris Commune(1871) R. Virchow took the position of extreme reaction and clericalism. In particular, he demanded that the teaching of Darwinism in schools be prohibited, because, in his opinion, evolutionary theory carries the ideas of socialism.
R. Virchow was the founder of German. scientific society of pathologists, following the example of which the existing similar societies were organized in almost all countries of the world. His institute was an attractive school for pathologists and clinicians from many countries around the world, including Russians. In 1897, as a member of the XII International Congress He visited doctors in Moscow and visited a number of other Russian cities. R. Virchow's services to world science received universal recognition during his lifetime. He was elected an honorary member scientific societies and academies of almost all countries.
The name of R. Virchow occupies an honorable place among the brilliant representatives of German. people, as noted in the resolution of the SED Plenum of October 4, 1949.
Essays: Handbuch der speziellen Pathologie und Therapie, Bd 1 - 6, Erlangen, 1854 - 1865 u. Bd 2 - 6, Erlangen, 1864 - 1874 (Hrsg.); Gesammelte Abhandlungen zur wissenschaftlichen Medicin, Frankfurt a./M., 1856; Die Cellularpathologie, B., 1858, 1859, 1862 u. 1871 (Russian translation, St. Petersburg, 1871, M., 1885); Die Krankhafte Geschwtilste, Bd 1-2, B., 1863 - 1865; Gesammelte Abhandlungen aus dem Gebiete der offe-ntlichen Medicin und der Seuchenlehre, Bd 1-2, B., 1879; Trombose und Embolie, Lpz., 1910.
Bibliography: Abrikosov A. Rudolf Virchow (on the 100th anniversary of his birth), Med. zhur., vol. 1, no. 10-12, p. 631, 1921; Weil S.S., R. Virchow and modern pathology, in the book: Medicine and dialectic. materialism, c. 2, p. 139, M., 1927; Davydovsky I.V. To the centenary of “cellular pathology” by Rudolf Virchow, Arch. pathol., t. 18, no. 5, p. 3, 1956; Sakharov G.P. Rudolf Virchow and Russian medicine (on the centenary of his birth), M., 1922; Fedorovsky G. Line of great doctors, trans. from Polish, p. 72, Warsaw, 1972; Ackerknecht E. II. Rudolf Virchow - doctor, statesman, anthropologist, Madison, 1953; B a s k e r J. R. The celltheory, a restatement, history and critique, Quart. J. microsc. Sci., v. 94, pt 4, p. 407, 1953, bibliogr.; D o e r r W. Wand-lungen der Krankheitsforschung, tiber “Standpunkte” in der Pathologie 150 Jah-re nach R. Virchows Geburtstag, B., 19 71, Bibliogr.; Hiltner G. Rudolf Virchow, Stuttgart, 1970, Bibliogr.; M ey e rE. Rudolf Virchow, Wiesbaden, 1956; Virchow, Werk und Wirkung, hrsg. v. F. Boenheim, B.,1957.
Ya.L. Rapoport.
