Sources of richness and expressiveness of the Russian language
The imagery of artistic speech is also achieved by special visual (literary-stylistic) means: tropes and stylistic figures.
Trails- these are figurative figures of speech in which words and expressions are used in a figurative meaning. The figurative meanings of words are formed on the basis of a comparison of two phenomena and live in the text as a literary phenomenon; they are not recorded in dictionaries.
Figurative words and expressions attract the reader’s attention, make him think, see new features and facets of what is depicted, and understand its meaning more deeply.
Epithets
Epithets- figurative definitions. They characterize and explain some property, quality of a concept, object or phenomenon. They are used in combination with a defined word, to which they transfer their meaning and their characteristics.
In epithets, the figurative and lyrical principles (attitude to the depicted) often merge. They embody the writer’s worldview. Dirty war; gangster prices; barbaric methods.
Comparisons
Comparisons- these are also figurative definitions of an object, concept or phenomenon by comparing one with the other. A comparison certainly contains two elements: that which is compared, and that with which it is compared (this distinguishes it from a metaphor, where only the second element is present).
Anchar, like a formidable sentinel, stands alone in the entire universe.
A. S. Pushkin
Comparison is expressed using words like, exactly, as if or may simply indicate similarities (similar to...).
It is not uncommon for writers to create extended comparisons. They reveal several signs of one phenomenon or characteristics of an entire group of phenomena:
N. V. Gogol
“The men here, as everywhere else, were of two kinds: some thin, who all hovered around the ladies; some of them were of such a type that it was difficult to distinguish them from those from St. Petersburg, they also had very deliberately and tastefully combed sideburns or simply beautiful, very smoothly shaven oval faces, they also casually sat down to the ladies, they also spoke French and they made the ladies laugh just like in St. Petersburg. Another class of men were fat or the same as Chichikov, that is, not too fat, but not thin either.”
But, as a rule, universal color meanings are accepted. The following examples are intended for registered Community trademarks which predominate in the following colours. Red heat, aggression, passion, inspires attention. Blue cold, frost, purity, transport and stability.
Green health, freshness, nature. Knowledge of this type of meaning hidden in the subconscious of each of us, which is why it is believed that we have colors psychological impact. Visual communication is the transfer of ideas and information through forms and images that can be "read". The following examples are for images that convey different messages and are registered as figurative communities brands.
Metaphor
Metaphor- the use of a word or expression denoting an object, phenomenon, action, sign, for the purpose of figuratively naming another object, phenomenon, action based on their similarity.
Metaphor- this is a hidden comparison in which only the second element of a simple comparison is present (what is being compared with). What is compared is only implied. The reader is required to be able to understand and feel the image being created:
A piece of bread hangs above my grandmother's hut.
(Month)
A fire blazes in the forest in the bright sun.
A. Fet
Expressions like metaphorical epithets.
Expressions like “iron verse”, “silk eyelashes”, “gray morning”, simultaneously serve as epithets and metaphors and are called metaphorical epithets.
In a metaphor, it is impossible to separate the definition from the word being defined: the meaning disappears!!!
Personification
Personification- a technique of artistic depiction, which consists in the fact that animals, inanimate objects, and natural phenomena are endowed with human abilities and properties: the gift of speech, feelings and thoughts.
This is one of the constant depiction techniques in fairy tales, fables, and fantastic works.
Personification as an artistic trope, it is a figure of speech in which human properties are transferred to natural phenomena, objects and abstract concepts. Personification is a special type of metaphor.
The sleepy birch trees smiled,
Silk braids were disheveled.
S. A. Yesenin
Allegory
Allegory- one of the forms of allegory, a conventional image of an abstract concept with the help of a specific life phenomenon. The animals, people, and objects depicted in an allegory always mean other persons, things, events, facts.
Allegory common in fine arts (for example, a woman with a blindfold and scales in her hands - justice).
In literature, allegory widely uses images from folklore, ancient mythology, and the Bible. With its help, ideas of deep philosophical content are expressed allegorically.
Allegory often permeates the entire work. It is used in fables, folk and literary tales, where cunning is allegorically depicted in the form of a fox, greed and anger in the form of a wolf, cowardice in the form of a hare, etc.
Allegory underlies many riddles, proverbs, and parables:
The sieve is rolled up, covered with gold, whoever looks at it will cry.
(Sun)
"8. Listen, my son, to your father’s instruction and do not reject your mother’s covenant,
9. For this is a beautiful wreath for your head and an ornament for your neck.”
Book of proverbs
Metonymy
Rhetorical question - a turn of speech consisting of expressing a statement in interrogative form
Images of the crown, the throne of power, domination. Image of lion, eagle, bear, dragon strength, strength, power. Not surprisingly, these images are most often found in coats of arms, flags, seals, etc. A large share of the consumer spectrum for energy drinks relates to people involved in sports, and therefore it is no coincidence that this message was chosen.
You felt safe in the above chaos - the chaos comes from the vastness of the case commented on. At least we tried to orient you. He comes to homework: What "type" of character is this? At the end of September, the Taipei International Invention Fair of Asia was held for three consecutive days in Taipei, Taiwan.
But I read Adam Smith...
A. S. Pushkin
Either on silver or on gold...
A. S. Griboyedov
Because sometimes a little foot walks here, a golden curl curls...
A. S. Pushkin
Metonymy- replacement in artistic speech the name of an object, concept, phenomenon with another name associated with it external relations(by adjacency). For example, in our minds, the author and the book he wrote, the food and the dishes in which it is served, the characteristic clothing of a person and the person wearing it, the action and the instrument of this action are inextricably linked.
I had a rare friendship with the Plovdiv artist Atanas Zgalevsky. We were treated as fans, or as we said, we had a fairy tale. Even with my approach to Plovdiv my the only task- find him. In a protected bar, especially if it's non-betepe, and if you're with Atanas, leaking hours doesn't matter.
The fog floated like the incense of a thousand censers
We haven’t seen each other for a whole year, we see our conversations suddenly switched, as if they had never been interrupted. In a deserted and hot restaurant. Shade umbrella. Saves us from the fiery sun. The city shimmers, widely refreshes. Flashes with fast solar sparks.
Synecdoche
Synecdoche- a special type of metonymy. It, as already mentioned, is based on replacing the name of a whole phenomenon with the name of its part, or, conversely, when calling the whole, they mean some part of it. In this case, they often replace the singular with the plural or the plural with the singular:
From here we will threaten the Swede...
A. S. Pushkin
We all look at Napoleons...
A. S. Pushkin
So that at your feet you will see a uniform, and spurs, and a mustache!
M. Yu. Lermontov
Hyperbola
Hyperbola- a figurative expression consisting of exaggeration of the size, strength, significance of the depicted phenomenon
(“At one hundred and forty suns the sunset glowed!”).
Litotes
Litotes- artistic understatement.
These techniques represent an explicit or hidden comparison of two dissimilar phenomena, based on their common characteristic, while an object or phenomenon is assigned a characteristic or several characteristics that in real life they cannot possess.
Litota is also a stylistic device called double negation:
“not unsuccessful”, “not controversial”.
Conclusions:
Imagery in artistic speech is achieved by special visual means (literary and stylistic) - tropes.
Tropes are figurative figures of speech in which words and expressions are used in a figurative meaning, which is understandable only in the given text.
Paths allow the writer to convey to the reader the ideological and artistic content of the work in a figurative form.
1) The fog floated like the incense of a thousand censers.
The companion touched my heart with a strange song
(A. Akhmatova).
2) Oh, it was a cool day in the wonderful city of Petrov! The sunset lay like a crimson bonfire, and the shadow slowly thickened. (A. Akhmatova).
3) Tear-stained autumn, like a widow in black clothes, clouds all hearts (A. Akhmatova)
4
4) Hey, beard, how to get from here to Plyushkin; (N.V. Gogol).
5) Your Pomeranian, adorable Pomeranian, is no bigger than a thimble! (A.S. Griboyedov).
6) Farewell, free elements!
Last time before me
You're rolling blue waves
And you shine with proud beauty! (A.S. Pushkin).
7) I love you, Petra’s creation! (A.S. Pushkin).
8) Nature decreed that at a certain period of life a person should love. This period has come - well, love with all your might (A.P. Chekhov).
9) The double bass drank tea with a bite, and the flute drank it (A.P. Chekhov).
10) Above all, save a penny. (N.V. Gogol).
11) And you could hear how the Frenchman rejoiced until dawn (M. Yu. Lermontov).
12) Evening clouds carried a red carpet of semi-precious silks (V. Lugovskoy).
13) The globe is screwed to me.
I'm like a tired Japanese woman
I carry the whole world like a child,
Sobbing on my back
(E. Yevtushenko).
14) And my hands hung limp.
My youth broke my teeth,
And here is rationality, dubious thoughts
Chews with a plastic jaw.
(E. Yevtushenko).
15) Oh, and I’ll get myself some Pacific Ocean trousers so that I can look out of my pants like a coral reef! (V. Mayakovsky).
stylistic figures
Unlike tropes, which enrich thought with new figurative content, stylistic figures influence the reader thanks to special methods of syntactic organization of speech.
Stylistic figures- a special construction of speech that enhances the expressiveness of the literary word.
Antithesis
Antithesis- a stylistic figure of contrast, a sharp opposition of objects, phenomena, and their properties. Usually expressed by antonyms:
You are rich, I am very poor;
You are a prose writer, I am a poet.
A. S. Pushkin
Oxymoron
Oxymoron- a combination of words that are opposite in meaning, figuratively revealing the essence of what is depicted.
The wind is cheerful
Oh, bitter grief,
Both angry and happy.
Sweet life.
The city is lush, the city is poor,
The spirit of bondage, the slender look...
A. S. Pushkin
Gradation -
Gradation - such a construction of parts of a statement in which each subsequent part contains an increasing (or decreasing) semantic or emotional-expressive meaning.
Our officials have long forgotten that they are obliged to take care of the people's property, preserve, increase, fight for every penny!
When the yellowing field is agitated,
And the fresh forest rustles with the sound of the breeze,
And the raspberry plum is hiding in the garden
Under the shade of a sweet green leaf.
M. Yu. Lermontov
Parallelism
Parallelism- comparison of two phenomena by depicting them in parallel. Such a comparison emphasizes the similarity or difference between phenomena and gives speech special expressiveness.
Parallelism characteristic of oral folk art (songs, ditties). Most often in folklore the image of nature and the image of man are compared.
Oh, if only there were no frost on the flowers,
And in winter the flowers would bloom;
Oh, no matter how sad it is for me,
I wouldn't worry about anything.
In literature, this technique has a wide variety of applications, and along with verbal-figurative parallelism it can also be compositional, when parallel plot lines develop in a novel or story.
The stars shine in the blue sky,
The waves are lashing in the blue sea.
Do I wander along the noisy streets,
I enter a crowded temple,
Am I sitting among crazy youths,
I indulge in my dreams.
The night has many lovely stars,
There are many beauties in Moscow.
A. S. Pushkin
Anaphora
Anaphora- repetition of the initial word, phrase or two independent segments of speech.
He moans across the fields, along the roads,
He groans in prisons, in prisons.
N. A. Nekrasov
Epiphora
Epiphora- expressive repetition of words or expressions at the end of a segment of speech.
N. V. Gogol
Inversion
Inversion- a peculiar arrangement of words in a sentence that violates the order established by the rules.
And day after day this began to make me terribly angry.
V. V. Mayakovsky
Direct order: And this began to make me terribly angry day after day.
Default
Default- a turn of speech in which the thought remains not fully expressed, but the reader guesses what is unspoken.
But is it me, is it me, the sovereign’s favorite...
But death... but power... but national disasters...
A. S. Pushkin
Rhetorical question
Rhetorical question- a figure of speech consisting of expressing a statement in interrogative form.
What is he looking for in a distant land?
What did he throw in his native land?
M. Yu. Lermontov
And what Russian doesn’t like driving fast?
N. V. Gogol
Nominative representations
Nominative representations- an isolated nominative case that names the topic of the subsequent phrase and is intended to arouse special interest in the subject of the statement.
September 11, 2001. This day became a dark day in the life of the entire planet.
Ellipsis
Ellipsis- deliberate omission of any member of the sentence, which is implied from the context.
Your letters contain the truth of life!
Find stylistic figures of speech
1) I’m bored of protecting people from myself, I’m bored of showering grace on other people’s friends
(A. Akhmatova).
2) Where there was a table of food, there is a coffin
(G. R. Derzhavin).
3) Swede, Russian stabs, chops, cuts
(A.S. Pushkin).
4) That’s why the snow-covered distance outside the windows is warm, that’s why I, sleepless, slept like a communicant (A. Akhmatova).
5) There is a white light for you, free paths, bell-shaped dawns for you. And for me a quilted jacket and earflaps. Don’t feel sorry for me, convict (A. Akhmatova).
6) So love goes away... Forever. On someone else's night. Interrupting the scream, the words. Becoming invisible, although alive (I. Brodsky).
7) To live like this in the wild, to die like this at home
(A. Akhmatova).
8) Black evening. White snow. Wind, wind!
The man is not standing on his feet.
Wind, wind - all over God's world! (A. Blok).
9) I don’t regret, I don’t call, I don’t cry.
Everything will pass like smoke from white apple trees. (S. Yesenin).
10) And some sorrows from afar, And foggy tablets from the earth.
And ships abandoned in the distance.
And some sails behind the cape.
And some voices over the sea
(A. Blok).
11)
I drink to the ruined house,
For my evil life,
For loneliness together, -
And I drink to you, -
For the lies of the lips that betrayed me,
For the dead cold eyes,
Because the world is cruel and rude,
Because God didn't save
(A. Akhmatova).
12) What is happiness? Evening coolness in a darkening garden, in the wilderness? Or the dark, vicious pleasures of wine, passions, the destruction of the soul?.. When is the end? There will be no strength to listen to the annoying sound without rest... How scary everything is! How wild! - Give me your hand, comrade, friend! Let's forget ourselves again (A. Blok).
In this article we will consider in detail what a figurative expression is. What is the meaning, how are they used, let’s look at examples with a detailed interpretation of such statements.
From a long look it gets closer. With lots of fun details - countless toys. We're finished. On a reinforced wall with dead holes. Expensive destruction and creativity! Blooming, stunning synergistic effect. Good and evil - and always rich in time!
What did he throw in his native land?
We speak in the wealth of time! The fortress wall is now decor. Restaurant, city with great time. We're talking about colorful hopes. He regretted this eternal memory. Especially to the chronicle of Plovdiv. He was amazed by incredible thoughts about anonymous masters.
Interpretation and definition
So, figurative expressions are units of speech that are primarily used in figuratively. When translating into another language, as a rule, additional clarification is required. On the other hand, the following interpretation can also be given: figurative expressions are widely used apt words, speeches, quotes from historical figures, literary characters, which over time have become household names.
Atanas Zgalevsky appeared in the late 1960s. He is from the second wave of Plovdiv experimental artists in those opaque totalitarian years. It was a real shock for political circles in the city. He allowed himself to have an exhibition of abstract paintings in his home, with a stream of visitors and bustling displays in the cafe. And, of course, with unpleasant consequences. It was serious problem. More painful were his first steps in figurative painting. Sometimes he worked on a picture for several months. Someone perceived this as his zeal for laziness.
These techniques represent an explicit or hidden comparison of two dissimilar phenomena, based on their common characteristic, while an object or phenomenon is assigned a characteristic or several characteristics that in real life they cannot possess
One day Encho Pironkov told me: “Well, this horseradish is lazy, or we all put it in our pocket.” His rare participation in general exhibitions stood out clearly among the crowd of pictures. He had all-round talent. But the most significant of his many talents was wood carving. We owe him the magnificent “Sun” relief in the Grand Salon of the Balabanov House, as well as the ceilings of the two southern rooms on the second floor. We exchanged long pauses for another word. Atanas was an unsurpassed defender architectural monuments cities.
This kind of sayings have become part of our daily lives so long ago and so strongly, and it seems that they were invented by the people. But this fact is not always plausible. figurative expression is a powerful tool not only in everyday life, but also in literary works, their use adds unsurpassed flavor.
Metaphor - the use of a word or expression denoting an object, phenomenon, action, sign, for the purpose of figuratively naming another object, phenomenon, action based on their similarity
He directed a film directed by Zdravko Dragneva and Hristo Iliev-Charlie to make a film about his rescue. The film also featured my poem "The Trap", which repeated various details from this original part of the city. Some clung to the rallies, others rushed to gurbet in all possible directions of the world. Some intellectuals also sought their fortune. And Atanas, with his restless spirit, enticed his girlfriend, Sauce, an Armenian from Plovdiv, who had settled in New York, to take him across the ocean.
Thanks to remarkable bibliographers and literary scholars, books have been collected and published that tell the reader about the primary sources of the emergence and use of sayings of this kind. Thanks to the uniqueness of such books, each person will be able to enrich and increase the expressiveness of their speech, master and give new breath to the rich heritage of the past.
At first he felt that he had fallen from the sky into the city of the world. He also took part in a painting at the annual general exhibition "Art of the Northeast". The New York Times notes, “It's worth taking a second look at Atanas Zgalewski's canvas in the Hall of Abstract Paintings, which combines a brown, fabric-like collage of black and green.” Two of his films include Lulu and the great American writer and director Paul Auster. In this adventure, Atanas came for about a month. He brought some of his American paintings.
Folk expressions
You should learn to understand figurative expression. For a better and deeper understanding, some of them should be examined.
- For example, hanging your nose. In other words, you can say “to be sad, to be sad.”
- Or drive a wedge. This expression can be interpreted as “to deliberately quarrel, create a quarrel between someone.”
- Speak hand in hand. That is, interfere with doing something or prevent you from concentrating.
- Or - give free rein to your tongue. In other words, talk a lot, speak out, tell something painful or, conversely, give away secrets and secrets.
- Give me a light. You can say: shout, punish, point out shortcomings.
- Look for the wind in the field. This means the following: irretrievable loss something or someone with a hopeless outcome.
- Let's look at the expression "break into pieces." You can understand this statement as follows: try very hard to do something.
- For example, this expression: hand in hand. This expression is usually used to describe a happy married couple. They go hand in hand through life.
Figurative expressions in literature
The figurative expression summarizes various phenomena in people's lives. Such short sayings are passed on from generation to generation. The mode of transmission is not only an everyday form of communication, but also literary works. Various features in the environment, in the manifestation of any actions. For example, if you hurry, you will make people laugh. I picked up the tug, don’t say it’s not strong. Dear ones scold - they just amuse themselves.
They immediately organized an exhibition in Art gallery Plovdiv. The narrow rooms of the gallery could not accommodate the intellectual intelligentsia, plunged into poverty and the plight of spiritual events - many chapters stood at front door. The next day we sat quietly trapped on a steep alley below Balabanov's house - me, with my weight here, and he, with his foreign credentials. But when he returned to New York, his life changed radically. He moved into an overcrowded immigrant hostel in Manhattan.
Because sometimes a little foot walks here, a golden curl curls
She works in a leather store. His return to Bulgaria becomes a fixed idea. He does not survive and does not die on the surgical table in a clinic in New York. And in response to the vanity idea, an urn containing his dust arrived in Bulgaria. While packing up their things in a Manhattan dorm, they found paper clips with notes. In one of them he tried to summarize the essence of his work.
Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin admired folk sayings, sayings, proverbs, which can also be classified as figurative expressions. “Oh, what’s the point! What gold!” These were the sayings of the Russian poet. Sholokhov wrote about this: “The greatest wealth of the people is language!” Folk expressions have accumulated over thousands of years, and they live in words.
And I wondered if the shadows of the two deities of my city's past would still battle for power within each of us. One deity represents life - joy, fertility, earth, that is, phallic wild fear, in whose existence everything disappears and dies, everything personally disappears into the eternity of nature, retaining only the suffering and pain of its disappearance. And the other deity, diametrically, calmly, brightly bright, but restrained, melts into the tangibility of sleep and not only symbolizes harmony, but also harmony.
Bell. order. Atanas Zgalevsky is a woodcarver, artist and student from the Plovdiv group. For a long time performing artist at the Plovdiv Puppet Theater. The author of the carved figures in Balabanov's house in hometown. Zaglevsky has an outstanding contribution to cultural and historical heritage Plovdiv and its preservation in its authentic form.
In fact, such statements are a storehouse of wisdom of the people themselves. They very often express truths that have stood the test of time. Figurative words and expressions are often used in public speech, their use in the introduction or conclusion can be one of the ways of argumentation, but we should not forget that the use of statements of this kind depends on the relevance of the situation. In order for words to be expressive and images to be emotionally charged, figurative expressions are often used.
How is art to talk about freedom today? It brings together the results of a critical study of the arts to speak about freedom. Since there are many such arts, the study describes the ways in which Liberty is mentioned as sovereignty in the April Rebellion, as well as in later historical, literary, memorial, popular, even legal, stories about it. The author dwells on this event in our history because it is on the border of two modes of sovereignty, and as a result he allows us to show how freedom can be formulated differently than those we perceive as natural.
Conclusion
Summarizing the above, I would like to note the importance of figurative statements. They are constantly used unchanged, in other words, they can be classified as stable forms. If you change the wording, then this statement may lose its deep meaning. Lotman, in his book Lectures on Structural Poetics, wrote: “The statue of Apollo in a museum does not look naked, but try to tie a tie around its neck, and it will amaze you with its indecency.” Figurative statements are not created in the process of conversation, but are used as ready-made and unchanged, this happens from generation to generation. They are rich in their composition, origin and stylistic possibilities, which allows you to convey a large volume of meaning with minimal means and do it so emotionally and expressively. Peshkovsky wrote: “These are living words! Animating everything to which they are attached!” Their use will allow everyone to make their speech unique and individual.
Todor Christos is a lecturer at Sofia University. St. Kliment Ohridski - Ph.D. philosophical sciences, professor. His scientific interests are in the fields of critical theory, cultural studies, power studies and modern forms protest. The uprising was supposed to bring freedom.
Today it is assumed that for rebels freedom means a nation-state. But we live in nation state. Can we say that we are free? Is it enough to live in a nation-state to be free? Indeed, our people are not subjected to another, but have we been subjected to our fellow countrymen, put an end to the illiberals? If we are not free, is there no danger of rebellion and subsequent bloodshed caused by a false promise?
