Insufficient (defective) verbs. Verbs with incomplete conjugation, that is, without separate personal forms for phonetic or semantic reasons. 1) Verbs that do not have a 1st person singular form for phonetic reasons (due to the appearance of unusual sound combinations). To be insolent, to blow, to be nonsense, to overshadow, to be colored, to find oneself, to win, to convince, to be weird, to be mischievous, etc. (just a few dozen). 2) Verbs that are not used in the 1st and 2nd person singular and plural forms for semantic reasons (they denote actions or processes that cannot be attributed to to the speaking person and his interlocutor, i.e. to the person). Milk, foal, calve, whelp (verbs with the meaning of processes characteristic of the animal world); spike, bush, swell, crumble, bud, grow (verbs with the meaning of processes occurring in flora); absorb, drip, flicker, leak, come through, stream, flow (verbs involving processes occurring in inanimate nature); bitter, tear off, burn, become holey, dry out, rust, fry (verbs with the meaning of processes related to specific items); fester, heal, wean, dissolve, stick together (verbs with the meaning of processes occurring in the human body); to say, to conclude, to appear (verbs with an abstract meaning) and many more. etc. (over one and a half thousand in total).
Dictionary-reference book linguistic terms. Ed. 2nd. - M.: Enlightenment. Rosenthal D. E., Telenkova M. A.. 1976 .
See what “insufficient” is in other dictionaries:
insufficient data- - [A.S. Goldberg. English-Russian energy dictionary. 2006] Energy industry topics in general EN scarce evidence... Technical Translator's Guide
Insufficient number natural number, the sum of its own divisors is less than the number itself. Any natural number belongs to one of three classes: insufficient numbers (sequence A005100 in OEIS), perfect numbers, excess... ... Wikipedia
A slightly insufficient number (almost a perfect number) is an insufficient number whose sum of its own divisors is less than the number itself by exactly one. Slightly insufficient numbers are all natural degrees numbers 2. Unknown,... ... Wikipedia
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Aya, oh; Chen, chna, chno. 1. Not satisfying the need for something, not corresponding to what, or with what. needs. Insufficient grain reserves. Insufficient funds. □ A three-year torture began through insufficient food and lack of air,... ... Small academic dictionary
An excess number is a positive integer n whose sum of positive eigendivisors (other than n) exceeds n. Any natural number belongs to one of three classes: excess numbers, perfect numbers, insufficient... ... Wikipedia
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In the ancient Russian troops there were foot soldiers armed with spears, and from the time of Tsar Michael to Peter I, men-at-arms of foreign horse regiments, armed with long stakes (about 2 fathoms). Foreigners, insufficient nobles, boyar children, etc. served in K. ...
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Some verbs in the Russian language have peculiarities of formation and use of certain forms, in particular facial forms. These include two groups of verbs - insufficient And redundant (abundant).
Insufficient– these are verbs that do not form some finite forms. Most often, the formation of the first and second person units is impossible. and many more h. for semantic, word-formation or phonetic reasons.
Semantic reasons– the action does not relate to a person, but to an object, animal and plant world: germinate, burn, flow, foal.
Derivative reasons – educated form coincides with already existing form another verb: “ I wake you up” from make a fuss(cf. I wake you up from wake up); “I push” from pummel(cf. I push from grieve); “I'm holding” from dare(cf. I'm holding from hold).
Phonetic reasons– the formed form sounds dissonant or unusual. So, for this reason, the forms of the first person singular are not formed. h from verbs win, convince, find yourself, feel, wonder, blow, vacuum. If it is necessary to use these verbs in the indicated form, a descriptive construction is used: I can win, I want (strive) to convince, I can find myself, I’ll try to feel, I won’t be weird, I’ll use a vacuum cleaner.
Redundant verbs form two forms of the present tense in one of the persons: splash And you splash, give short weight And hang around, you torment And you torment, you wave And you wave, purrs And purrs, rinses And rinses. The difference between these forms or stylistic (waving, purring, rinsing- in common use; waving, purring, rinsing- colloquial) or semantic (splash- “spray into” different sides, scatter in drops”; you splash– “spray in a certain direction, spray, sprinkle”; give short weight– “underweight the goods for the purpose of deception”; hang around- “to hang with something from all sides”).
You should also remember following rules associated with difficulties in using certain forms of the verb.
1. In verbs imperfect form with suffixes - willow -, -yva - with alternation at the root O //A forms with a vowel O are the norm book speech, forms with a vowel A characteristic of oral speech: to suspect - to suspect, to condition - to condition, to discredit - to discredit, to incite - to incite, to authorize - to authorize. However, forms such as touch, affect, ennoble, double are the norm of modern literary speech, and their variants with O are perceived as outdated.
2. Some unprefixed verbs, denoting movement, have two imperfect forms: run - run, drive - drive, drive - drive, ride - drive, walk - walk, carry - drive, fly–fly etc. The first verbs in each pair denote an action without indicating direction or action (galgols of indefinite movement), and the second - action occurring in one direction (verbs of definite movement). Wed. a truck carries a brick - a truck carries a brick, a plane flies over the forest - a plane flies over the forest.
3. Some verbs have parallel forms with suffixes - Izirova - And - Izova -: legalize – legalize, localize – localize, standardize – standardize, popularize – acceptable popularize.
4. Definite verbs cause difficulties in education some personal forms. It is necessary to remember that the norm of literary speech is hug, hug, hug; I'll lie down, I'll lie down, I'll lie down, I'll lie down, I'll lie down, I'll lie down, I'll lie down. Options clip, I'll lie down are colloquial. The same differentiation exists between forms I shave, you shave - I rush, you rush, attracts - attracts, scorch - scorch, wipe - wipe, pluck - pluck, drive - drive, roll - cat, recover - recover. The first forms are normative, the second are colloquial or colloquial options.
5. Difficulties in education are common imperative forms , this is also due to the existence of variants.
· Some verbs with a prefix You - form parallel forms of the imperative mood: stick it out - stick it out, put it out - put it out, straighten it out - straighten it out, rash it out - rash it out. The second options in each pair are outdated or bookish in nature.
· Verbs clean, spoil, writhe, wrinkle, notify, clog also form parallel forms: clean - clean, don't spoil - don't spoil, don't writhe - don't writhe, don't wrinkle - don't wrinkle, notify - notify, cork - cork. The first forms are normative, but in plural the norm will be forms on – ite : clean it, don't spoil it.
· From verbs go, rot, sway, splash forms of the imperative mood are formed as follows: go(acceptable go, but not go!), rot, hesitate, splashes. From the verb run – run, run, from the verb lie down – lie down, lie down.
6. In pairs circle - spin, splash - splash, decide - decide the first (non-reflexive) forms are characterized as general literary, normative, the second - as colloquial. Verbs also have a colloquial character play, spit, grow old etc.
7. When using verbs ending in – Xia one should take into account the possibility of their two meanings coinciding - passive and reflexive, which can give rise to ambiguity: Children who are lost on the street gather here(do they come on their own or are they collected?). IN similar cases appropriate editing is required 1) Children come here…; 2) Children are gathered here…
The vast majority of Russian verbs have 6 personal forms when conjugated. However, there are a relatively small number of verbs that have either more or less than six of these forms. These are, respectively, the so-called abundant and insufficient verbs.
Some verbs have double forms to express the meaning of the same person: waves - waves; drips - drips: moves - moves. Such verbs are called richly conjugated verbs. Variant forms arise under the influence of verbs of productive classes. As a rule, there are differences between the options that arise:
- stylistic: waving - waving (conversation);
- semantic: move - in the meaning of “to move something” and move - in the meaning of “promote development”; throws (spear) - throws (spawn).
There are also insufficient verbs in the Russian language. Insufficient verbs are divided into three groups:
- verbs that do not have the 1st person singular form. numbers;
- verbs not used in the 1st and 2nd person singular. and many more numbers.
dozens: to win, to convince, to appear, to trumpet, to freak out, to roar, to overshadow, to shout - the absence of forms is explained by the traditional idea of \u200b\u200bcacophony, or as in the words buzz, dare - by coincidence grammatical forms with the most common verbs: Wed. wake up, hold.
The second group of verbs is a fairly numerous class of words - there are more than one and a half thousand of them in the language. The 1st and 2nd person forms have no phonetic or grammatical restrictions for their formation, however, due to the peculiarities of semantics, these forms are not actually used in the language (except in cases of metaphorization). We can distinguish the following semantic groups of verbs used only in the 3rd person form:
- verbs with the meaning of processes characteristic of the animal world: calve, milk, rush (about birds);
- verbs with the meaning of processes occurring in the plant world: grow, spike, bush,
- verbs with the meaning of processes occurring in inanimate nature: drip, through, flicker, absorb;
- verbs with the meaning of processes related to specific objects: bitter, dry out;
- verbs with abstract meaning:
Some verbs are not used in the 1st and 2nd person only in the singular form. Such verbs denote processes that involve several participants: crowd, overwhelm, scatter, accumulate.
Verbs that express actions and states that occur on their own, without their producer (subject), are called impersonal. With such verbs, the use of a subject is impossible: it is getting dark, it is dawning. Impersonal verbs according to their lexical meaning they can express:
- natural phenomena; frosty, evening;
- physical and mental state person: feverish, doesn’t feel like it;
- modal meaning oughts: must, follows, befits;
- the action of an unknown force: drives, carries, is lucky;
- the action of elemental force (in combination with instrumental case): The paths were clogged and completely covered with snow.
- proper impersonal verbs: And it has been dawning for a long time;
- personal verbs in impersonal use; Wed: There is a Russian spirit, there is a smell of Russia (P.). - How strongly the wormwood smells on the borders! (T.). The reflexive form of impersonal verbs is in most cases formed from finite verbs (usually intransitive) by means of the affix -sya; not sleeping - not sleeping.
- verbs with an impersonal meaning that have no correspondence in the group of personal verbs: To tell the truth, it was great lying on this sofa (T.);
- impersonal verbs that coincide in form with personal ones: One came true (cf. the prediction came true), the other dreamed (cf. dreamed of happiness).
h. past tense of the neuter gender.
These forms of impersonal verbs, unlike the corresponding personal forms, are not conditioned by agreement with the subject, since they are used in impersonal sentences. Impersonal verbs have the form subjunctive mood neuter units hours and indefinite form; They do not have an imperative form.
More on the topic Abundant and insufficient verbs:
- 25. Use of the person forms of the verb. Features of the formation of personal forms. Abundant and insufficient verbs.
- 16. Verb as part of speech; features of morphemic structure and verb inflection. System of lexical-grammatical categories and morphological categories of the verb
- 11. Verb as a part of speech: semantics and grammatical categories. Syntactic functions of the verb. The figurative use of mood and tense forms of the verb.
Today we will talk about the spelling features of the so-called redundant verbs and try to figure out how to do it correctly: subject moves or subject moves? So, under the heading “ Literacy Minute"Another portion of tedious but extremely useful theory.
Redundant verbs.
First of all, we need to start with the fact that the verb move refers to the so-called redundant (or abundant) verbs. These verbs are different from regular topics, which have parallel forms in the present tense, in imperative mood, as well as adverbs and participial forms. Naturally, it is not uncommon for these parallel forms to differ stylistically and in meaning. For example, stylistic differences are clearly visible in the following redundant verbs:
- hunger. I'm hungry, I'm hungry, I'm hungry, I'm hungry, I'm hungry- poetic, book form. (For example: The heir is hungry for power). You're hungry– neutral form.
- Purr. Purring– neutral form. I purr– colloquial.
- Rinse. I'm rinsing– neutral form. I'm rinsing– colloquial.
- Sprinkle. Pimple– neutral. I'm jumping– colloquial.
The meaning of the following verbs differs:
- Splash. splashes- means sprays, sprinkles, splashes ( child splashes at passers-by). splashes- has two meanings: 1) to scatter drops, sparks, fine particles anything ( champagne splashes); 2) to be clearly detected, sharply, clearly manifested ( joy is flowing from the eyes).
- Throw. Mosque- throws, scatters ( vomits and rushes). Throws- throws with a flourish, throws, aiming somewhere ( athlete throws a hammer).
- Drip. dripping- falls in drops ( water dripping from the roof). Caplet- leaks, allows moisture to drop drop by drop ( roof caplet).
Do not forget that the list of redundant verbs is far from limited to the above examples. For more complete information, I recommend consulting specialized literature.
Moving or moving.
The present tense forms of the verb to move that interest us ( moves and moves) vary in meaning depending on the meaning of the verb itself.
So, move:
- to be in motion, to move, to be directed. An anticyclone is moving towards the capital. The criminal is moving along the bypass road.
- set off, set off. Time to hit the road.
- move (move slightly), change body position. Rabbit moves in the hole.
- have the ability to move. My legs don't even move.
- (trans.) to promote the development of something, to encourage, to lead. Where is scientific thought heading?
When using the verb to move in the 1st and 3rd meanings, both parallel forms are possible. Examples: 1 value – we move (move) with the times; 3 value – the master's hands move (move) with extraordinary speed. However, the form moves in modern literary speech, in general, is more preferable. It is possible that this preference is supported by the exclusive use of this form when the verb move appears in the 4th meaning (to have the ability to move): the new robot even has pupils and eyelids that move.
When verb move appears in the 2nd meaning, only the form is used moves: the train moves from the platform.
In the 5th, figurative meaning, the form is most often used drives: And the word moves. And the earth is burning!
So, that's all for today. We remember that the train is moving(read: starts moving) on the road. In the meaning of “moves, moves” we have equal usage options: the train moves (moves) slower than the car. Subscribe to updates on the Literary Workshop blog! Love the Russian language! See you soon!
Some verbs have double forms to express the meaning of the same person: waves - waves, clucks - clucks, caplet - drips, connects - ties, moves - moves, etc. Parallel forms arise, as mentioned above, under the influence of verbs of productive classes. So, for example, verbs in at, the present tense of which ends in -aj- (i.e. verbs of the 1st class): play - I play, think - I think, count - I think, subordinate many other verbs in -at: wave, throw, etc. As a result, variant forms appear: waving - waving, throwing - throwing, etc.
As a rule, there are differences between the variants that have arisen: a) stylistic; b) semantic. So, for example, in the pair waving - waving, the first form is conversational, and the second is neutral; in a pair it whips - whips the first form is colloquial, and the second is neutral; moves in a pair - the first option moves neutral, and the second is moderately bookish. The forms throw - mosque are stylistically equal, but differ in semantically: “An athlete throws a javelin,” but: “A fish spawns.”
The options in the pair connects - connects differ in two properties at once. The form binds has several meanings. You can tie the ends of two ropes; One can say about friendship that it binds (continents), one can bind someone with some kind of promise, etc. And the form connects can be used only in one meaning - “to connect, establish a connection, communication, intimacy, commonality between someone (something)”: “Friendship connects continents.” At the same time, these two forms also differ stylistically: connects is neutral, and the outdated book connects gives the speech a touch of pathos.
Some verbs, on the contrary, do not have all of the possible six finite forms. These verbs are called insufficient. Thus, it is impossible to form the forms of the 1st person singular. numbers from the verbs to win, convince, make noise, overshadow, etc.; there are no forms of 1st, 2nd and 3rd person units. the numbers of the verbs run together, crowd; The verbs puppy, rush, rust do not have 1st and 2nd person forms.
The absence of separate personal forms may be due to:
1) the traditional idea of \u200b\u200bthe cacophony of pronunciation: convince, win, roar, rustle, travel, roar, overshadow, prostrate, etc.;
2) lexical meaning verb. So, the meaning of the verbs is to crowd, accumulate, etc. is associated with the idea of many participants and excludes the possibility of using verbs in singular. Verbs that denote processes occurring in nature: crumble, show through, dawn, go out, etc., or verbs that name the actions of animals: rush (about birds), whelp, foal, etc., are not used in 1- m and 2nd person. However, when using such verbs in figurative meaning these forms appear easily: “I am melting, a victim of evil poison” (P.); “Why are your eggs half broken?” - “How should I know!” the saleswoman responded cheerfully. “I’m not rushing myself” (gas.).
Rakhmanova L.I., Suzdaltseva V.N. Modern Russian language. - M, 1997.
