according to the Constitution of the Russian Federation, adopted by popular vote on December 12, 1993, a democratic federal legal state with a republican form of government. The names Russian Federation and Russia are equivalent (Article 1 of the Constitution).
The former name of the state is the RSFSR (Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic). The name "Russian Federation (Russia)" was introduced by the Law of the RSFSR of December 25, 1991; April 21, 1992 - included in the Constitution.
Russia as a federation consists of equal subjects of the Russian Federation (Article 5 of the Constitution): republics (21), territories (6), regions (49), cities federal significance(2), autonomous region (1), autonomous okrugs (10). The status of a subject of the Russian Federation is determined by the Constitution of the Russian Federation and, accordingly, the constitution and charter of the subject; can be changed by mutual agreement of the Russian Federation and a subject of the Russian Federation in accordance with the federal constitutional law (Article 66 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation).
As a state of the Russian Federation, it has all the necessary attributes (symbols) - national flag, coat of arms, anthem. The state language of the Russian Federation throughout its territory is Russian. The capital is Moscow.
The Russian Federation has a single citizenship. It is acquired and terminated in accordance with federal law (Law of 1991 on Citizenship of the Russian Federation, as amended in 1993 and 1995). The territory of the Russian Federation includes the territory of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, internal waters and territorial sea, and the airspace above them. The sovereignty of the Russian Federation extends to its entire territory.
The Russian Federation also has all other characteristics of a state:
The presence of the Constitution and legislation of the Russian Federation, the operation of the principle of supremacy (priority) of federal acts, i.e. general rule they have higher legal force than acts of the subjects of the Federation;
The federal system of government bodies - the President of the Russian Federation, the Federal Assembly (Parliament) of the Russian Federation, the Government of the Russian Federation, ministries, state committees and departments of the Russian Federation, the Constitutional Court, the Supreme Court, the Supreme Arbitration Court - is generally unified judicial system RF, Prosecutor General of the Russian Federation;
A unified internal and foreign policy of the Russian Federation, formed with the participation of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and implemented by the bodies of the Russian Federation; international recognition of the Russian Federation and its international legal personality, i.e. participation in international relations;
Unified federal Armed Forces, headed by the Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation (he is the President of the Russian Federation);
Unified system of internal affairs and security services;
Monetary and financial system of the state (with a unified monetary unit- the ruble, the tax system, monetary circulation, the Central Bank of the Russian Federation, etc.);
The presence of a unified economic system built on pluralism of forms of ownership, freedom of economic activity and competition.
The Russian Federation has diverse competencies, i.e. powers to manage state, economic and socio-cultural life throughout the territory. The Constitution of the Russian Federation divides the competence of the Russian Federation into two groups: the first group includes issues of the exclusive jurisdiction of the Russian Federation, i.e., issues that can only be resolved by federal bodies (albeit taking into account the proposals of the constituent entities); the second group is the powers of the Russian Federation in areas of joint jurisdiction of the Russian Federation and its constituent entities. In other words, in these areas the Russian Federation resolves issues within its jurisdiction, and other issues are resolved by the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, of course, on the basis and in development of federal legislation.
Issues of the exclusive competence of the Russian Federation can be divided into the following subgroups. In the field of state building: adoption and amendment of the Constitution of the Russian Federation and federal laws, monitoring their compliance; federal structure and territory of the Russian Federation; regulation and protection of human and civil rights and freedoms; citizenship in the Russian Federation; regulation and protection of rights national minorities; establishing a system of federal bodies of legislative, executive and judicial power, the procedure for their organization and activities; formation of these organs; state awards and honorary titles of the Russian Federation; federal civil service; federal programs in the field of state building and national development of the Russian Federation.
In the field of economic, social and cultural policy: federal state property and its management; establishing the foundations of federal policy and federal programs in the field of economic, environmental, social and cultural development of the Russian Federation; establishing the legal framework for the single market; financial, currency, credit, customs regulation, money issue, fundamentals of pricing policy; federal economic services, including federal banks; federal energy systems, nuclear energy, fissile materials; federal transport, communications, information and communications; activities in space; meteorological service, standards, standards, metric system and calculation of time; geodesy and cartography; names of geographical objects; official statistics and accounting.
In the field of external relations, defense and security: foreign policy and international relations of the Russian Federation, international treaties of the Russian Federation; issues of war and peace; foreign economic relations RF; defense and security; defense production; determining the procedure for the sale and purchase of weapons, ammunition, military equipment and other military property; production toxic substances, narcotic drugs and the procedure for their use; determination of the status and protection of the state border, territorial sea, airspace, exclusive economic zone and continental shelf of the Russian Federation.
In the field of public order, citizens' rights and justice: judicial system; prosecutor's office; criminal, criminal procedural and criminal executive legislation; amnesty and pardon; civil, civil procedural and arbitration procedural legislation; legal regulation intellectual property.
In areas of joint jurisdiction of the Russian Federation and its constituent entities, the powers of the Russian Federation can also be divided into several subgroups.
In the field of state building: ensuring compliance of the constitutions and laws of the republics, charters, laws and other regulatory legal acts of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation with the Constitution of the Russian Federation and federal laws; protection of human and civil rights and freedoms; protection of the rights of national minorities; protection of the original habitat and traditional way of life of small ethnic communities; establishing general principles for organizing the system of government bodies and local government.
In the field of economic, social and cultural policy: issues of ownership, use and disposal of land, subsoil, water and other natural resources; delimitation of state property; environmental management; environmental protection and ensuring environmental safety; specially protected natural areas; protection of historical and cultural monuments; general issues of upbringing, education, science, culture, physical culture and sports; coordination of health issues; protection of motherhood, paternity and childhood; social protection, including social security; implementation of measures to combat disasters, natural disasters, epidemics, elimination of their consequences; establishment of general principles of taxation and fees in the Russian Federation.
In the field of external relations: coordination of international and foreign economic relations of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, implementation of international treaties of the Russian Federation.
In the field of protecting public order, citizens' rights, legislation and the activities of law enforcement agencies: ensuring legality, law and order, public safety; mode border zones; administrative, administrative-procedural, labor, family, housing, land, water, forestry legislation, legislation on subsoil, on environmental protection; personnel of judicial and law enforcement agencies; advocacy, notary. (S.A.)
Excellent definition
Incomplete definition ↓
The Russian Federation was formed after the collapse of the USSR. Decay Soviet Union on the republics became the largest geopolitical catastrophe of the 21st century. As a result, the bipolar model of the world was broken, and the only superpower remained - the United States. Only by 2014-15 did Russia begin to achieve such marks in key indicators that made it possible to once again talk about a multipolar world, the center of which is becoming not only the United States, but also Russia and China.
The events of modern Russian history can be divided into 3 stages:
- Until October 4, 1993. Until this year, the USSR formally existed with the old Constitution. Yeltsin's attempt to change it led to armed clashes and the storming of the White House.
- The period of Boris Yeltsin's reign (1993-1999). Briefly, this period can be characterized as follows: economic decline, problems in all areas of the state, the war in Chechnya.
- 2000 – present. The reign of Vladimir Putin, interrupted once by Dmitry Medvedev. This is a period of stabilization of the economy and its transition to the stage of growth, the decision social problems, strengthening Russia’s position in the international arena.
Federal Treaty
The Federal Treaty of March 31, 1992 formalized the creation of Russia as a state. Before this, there was a problem - the regions wanted more independence, and some even talked about separating from Russia. This became possible after Boris Yeltsin, in the last years of the existence of the USSR, at a meeting with regional leaders, repeated the same phrase “Take as much sovereignty as you want.” They took it.
The federal agreement was signed with all subjects of the federation except Chechnya and Tatarstan. Both regions talked about their independence. And if the case with Chechnya is known to everyone - the war began, then few people know that the Russian army was one step away from marching on Kazan. Subsequently, the Tatarstan issue was resolved diplomatically, and the Chechen issue - by force.
Events of September-October 1993
Until October 1993, the history of the Russian Federation demonstrated dual power: the President of the RSFSR (Yeltsin) on the one hand and the Supreme Council on the other. On September 21, Yeltsin issues decree No. 1400 “On the phased constitutional reform of the Russian Federation.” This was an attempt to bring Russia to the current form of the Constitution, but the problem is that it directly violated the Constitution in force at that time! Formally, Yeltsin broke the law. This resulted in the Supreme Council, on the night of September 23, 1993, recognizing Yeltsin’s actions as a coup d’etat and removing him from the post of president. In response, troops are brought into the capital, the building of the Supreme Council is stormed on October 3-4, and Yeltsin takes power into his own hands.
According to all the laws and norms of that time, this was an armed coup, which almost resulted in a civil war (or rather, it resulted in it, but only in one region - in the Caucasus).
On December 12, 1993, a new Constitution was adopted. According to it, Russia becomes a presidential republic, thereby all elements of the USSR were abolished.
- Declaration of State Sovereignty.
- The collapse of the USSR and the formation of the CIS.
- "Shock therapy"
- The rise of Yeltsin's authoritarian democracy
Board of B.N. Yeltsin
This stage Russian history can be described in one word - A CRISIS. Moreover, it was a universal crisis: economic, political, social, geopolitical, and so on. There was a decline in all areas of the state's life.
This led to a power crisis of 1996-1999, as a result of which Boris Yeltsin voluntarily left the post of President of the Russian Federation on December 31, 1999, appointing his successor, Vladimir Putin. At that moment there was real problem maintaining the integrity of the state, and the new president needed to solve it.
Main events of this time:
- Creation of a new economic and political system
- The emergence of oligarchs
- Chechen War
- 1998 default
Board of V.V. Putin
Vladimir Putin inherited a country with a huge number of problems, but he managed to overcome all of them. Key issues that required immediate intervention:
- Economic decline. We managed to stop it quite quickly and transfer it to the growth stage.
- Distrust of authorities. The population was driven to despair by terrible living conditions.
- Social guarantees and obligations. Salaries, pensions, benefits - there were interruptions in almost everything.
- War. A new round of the Chechen conflict introduced significant problems into the governance of the country.
- NATO expansion to the East.
On all major issues, Putin managed to reform the country, directing it in a creative and positive direction. The best indicator of effectiveness is the support of the population, which is always extremely high for the president.
Main events of this period:
- Consolidation of power
- Solution to the Chechen problem
- Growth of the country's economic well-being
- Extension of the presidential term
- Election of Dmitry Medvedev as President of Russia for 4 years
- Conflict 08 08 08 (August 8, 2008).
Stages of state formation
Map of Russia
I'm interested in your opinion on this issue.
Table of contents:
1. Terms and concepts
2. Banking system RF. Lack of state treasury
3. Imaginary equality of the subjects of the Russian Federation
4. Good job top managers from the Rothschilds (decrees, resolutions
government, other laws)
5. Conclusions
Chapter 1. Terms and concepts.
State- these are people living in a certain territory with established borders, united in order to ensure their livelihoods, established, adopted laws and obey them. We can paraphrase: a state is a union, an association of people to ensure prosperity, livelihoods, protection, etc. The basis of this union (association) may have different legal, moral, organizational, labor, etc. forms.
Indigenous peoples- the descendants of the people who inhabited a country or geographic region at the time when people representing another culture and another ethnic group arrived and asserted dominance through conquest, occupation, settlement, or other means.
Russia- a geographical territory, a country inhabited by people living within its borders. [The people live not within government bodies, but on the territory of the country. The Constitution of the Russian Federation uses the concepts of “Russia” and “RF” as equivalent, causing confusion (see Part 2 of Article 1 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation), stating that society = state. According to the terminology of Const. In the Russian Federation, it turns out that public property, which actually belongs to the country, turns out to be the property of officials. ]
Russian Federation- a special kind of organization, system, subject of law, rules of law, operating in a limited territory, having a government apparatus (legislative, executive and judicial authorities) similar to the state.
Public Law, Law- this is what the people commanded and decreed. (“Roman private law”)
Law, rules of law– coordination of the will of the participants, which includes two stages:
1, reaching agreement on rules of behavior.
2, mutually conditioned expression of will regarding the recognition of rules of conduct as mandatory (signing, approval, ratification, acceptance).
Citizenship- special status, which presupposes legal recognition of a person’s nationality within the country and abroad and endowing him with a full range of rights and obligations provided for in the legislation of that state.
Lawful and unlawful acts (deeds) – Lawful acts produce an effect corresponding to the will of the person, an unlawful act has the opposite effect, leading to a deterioration of the legal situation both for the person who committed it and for other participants in legal communication.
Legal transactions– legal acts aimed at communication, having a communicative nature. A distinction is made between unilateral and multilateral transactions depending on whether the participation of all parties to the legal relationship is required for the effect to occur. In multilateral transactions, there comes a need to coordinate expressions of will, i.e. reaching an agreement by all parties involved.
A worthless deal(including legal, to establish mutual rights and obligations, i.e. laws) does not entail legal consequences, except those related to its invalidity (including legal consequences), and is invalid from the moment of its commission.
Legal facts– any legally significant phenomena leading to the emergence and change in the rights and obligations of subjects of turnover.
Concepts and interpretations of concepts are taken from textbooks of generally accepted international standards.
Brief information about the hierarchy of legislation of the Russian Federation:
Constitution of the Russian Federation- a law that has the highest legal force, with which all adopted regulatory legal acts must comply.
Hierarchy of laws in descending order of legal force:
1 federal constitutional laws,
2 federal laws (including codes), international treaties, laws of constituent entities of the Russian Federation
(if there is a contradiction between any regional legal act and federal law, the federal law will apply as having greater legal force, with the exception of the case in Part 6 of Article 76 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation)
In order to implement laws, executive authorities issue by-laws that have a similar hierarchical structure:
1. acts of the President of the Russian Federation (decrees, orders),
2. government acts (decrees, orders),
3. acts of federal executive authorities (orders, instructions),
4. acts of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.
Chapter 2. Lack of state treasury in the Russian Federation.
The state treasury system (state treasury) is of great importance in the life of countries. It is intended for the state to realize its ability to manage budget execution, or, in other words, to provide life support for the country’s population at all levels of life.
We will talk about the Central Bank of the Russian Federation. Its second name in Russian terminology is the Bank of Russia. Since the Bank of Russia advises the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation, and does not obey it, issues loans to the Government of the Russian Federation under various programs and various interest rates, and does not obey it and monitors everything financial system in the Russian Federation.
The law on the Central Bank appeared when the USSR still existed. Legislation on the Central Bank was adopted when there was no Constitution of the Russian Federation.
The Charter of the Bank of Russia was approved by the Resolution of the Presidium of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR on June 24, 1991.
Earlier, at the end of 1990, elected on the third attempt with a slight margin of 3 votes, Chairman of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR Yeltsin (Eltsin) B.N. signs three laws that turned the republican branch of the State Bank of the USSR into the main bank of the RSFSR - the Central Bank (Bank of Russia), seemingly subordinate to the Supreme Council of the RSFSR. On the basis of these documents, Article 75 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation was written.
These are the laws:
Law of the RSFSR No. 394-1 of December 2, 1990 “On the Central Bank of the RSFSR (Bank of Russia)”
Law of the RSFSR No. 395-1 of December 2, 1990 “On banks and banking activities in the RSFSR” Resolution of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR No. 396-1 of December 2, 1990 on the implementation of the two previous laws.
Law of the RSFSR No. 394-1 of 02.12.1990 “On the Central Bank of the RSFSR (Bank of Russia)” abolishes the status of the state treasury and names the Central Bank of the RSFSR (Bank of Russia) a legal entity, but not registered with the tax authorities, for whose obligations the state (not in the law) which one is specified) is not responsible and vice versa - the Central Bank is not responsible for the obligations of the state (Article 2 of Law No. 394-1 of December 2, 1990).
The most interesting thing is that after 9 (!) days Gorbachev (Gerber) M.S., being the President of the entire USSR, signed three similar laws: the law of the USSR
No. 1828-1 of December 11, 1990 “On the State Bank of the USSR”, Law No. 1829-1 of December 11, 1990 and Resolution of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR No. 1830-1 of December 11, 1990 on the implementation of the two previous laws. Based on these listed laws, the State Bank of the USSR becomes a legal entity, subordinate to no one knows who, with an authorized capital of 1,500 million rubles. Let's return to the Russian republic - the RSFSR. Article 5 of the RSFSR Law No. 394-1 dated December 2, 1990 “On the Central Bank of the RSFSR (Bank of Russia)” states that “Bank 6 of Russia is NOT INDEPENDENT in its activities, state bodies and local governments do not have the right to interfere in the activities of the Bank of Russia ."
Article 6 of the same law vested the Bank of Russia with the functions of legislative power: “The Bank of Russia issues regulations that are binding on the federal and state authorities...”
Article 9 determined the authorized capital of this legal entity to be 2 times higher than the capital of the State Bank of the USSR approved by Gorbachev (Gerber):
“The authorized capital of the Bank of Russia is 3 billion rubles.” Those. three billion paper candy wrappers with a ruble denomination. For reference, the authorized capital of the State Bank of the RSFSR in 1921 was equal to 2,000 billion rubles, tied to non-ferrous metals.
All countries of the world have their own monetary currency with distinctive symbols belonging only to this state, for example the state emblem. Not the Russian Federation.
In accordance with the Federal Constitutional Law “On the State Emblem of the Russian Federation”, the image of the state emblem is shown in Fig. 1: 
Article 5 of the Federal Law “On State Law” coat of arms of the Russian Federation" indicates that the State Emblem of the Russian Federation is placed "... in the offices... of the Chairman of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation."
Official coat of arms on banknotes RF is absent. Instead, the coat of arms of the Provisional Government of 1917-1918 enclosed in a circle is used. See Fig. 2
Based on international law, this is a violation of the coat of arms of another state and entails liability. Clause 4 of Article 15 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation states: “The generally recognized principles and norms of international law... are integral part...legal system" of the Russian Federation.
Even on the US one dollar bill, where the state is not responsible for providing its money, the US coat of arms is depicted as a symbol of the fact that it is a US banknote.
Which state prints Russian rubles for the Russian Federation?
In the everyday consciousness of the Russian population, the prevailing belief is that the state is the issuer of money. But in the Russian Federation, the issuer of money is the Central Bank of the Russian Federation (Bank of Russia) as a legal entity separate from the state (see Article 75 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation). A State Bank is a bank that is owned by the state and managed by government agencies. There are two types of state-owned banks in countries around the world: central banks and state-owned commercial banks. The central banks of many countries are state banks and, accordingly, their capital and property belong to the state, which allows them to carry out their policies and operations in accordance with the requirements of the national economy, and not for the purpose of making a profit. Central banks regulate the economy, supervise the activities of commercial banks, influence international financial relations, and provide financing for government programs.
State commercial banks ensure the implementation of state policy in the field of lending to the economy, influence investment, intermediary and settlement operations, and through them on economic condition clientele. They serve the most important sectors of the economy, which determine the country’s position in the system of international economic relations, the lending of which is not sufficiently profitable for private capital.
the federal law The Russian Federation “On the Central Bank (Bank of Russia)” does not provide for the protection of the rights of depositors and shareholders as an obligation of the Bank of Russia. According to the law of the Russian Federation, risks in monetary circulation are a private matter of the person at risk. Imposing obligations on the Bank of Russia to protect the rights of depositors and shareholders would mean the Bank of Russia taking on the functions of the state and turning it into a government body.
Article 89 of the RSFSR Law No. 394-1 of December 2, 1990 states that the Bank of Russia creates its own Pension Fund for its employees to provide them with further benefits.
Based on Article 3 of the Federal Law of the Russian Federation No. 119 of July 5, 1995 “On public service" and additions to Federal Law No. 35 of January 27, 1999, salaries to employees of the Central Bank are paid not from budgets.
From the listed events it follows the legal fact that the Central Bank of the Russian Federation is not a government body and does not exercise state supervision.
The Federal Law of the Russian Federation “On the Central Bank (Bank of Russia)” does not directly indicate which of the top managers of the Bank of Russia (on the Board of Directors) is an official. Then there follows a legal fact about the impossibility of a citizen exercising the right to go to court within the legal framework of the Russian Federation, if illegal actions For example, the head of a territorial institution of the Bank of Russia or the head of a branch of the Bank of Russia has had his rights and freedoms violated. Article 239 of the Code of Civil Procedure of the Russian Federation provides for the right of a citizen to file a complaint in court if he believes that his rights and freedoms have been violated by unlawful actions of a government body, public organization or official. For example, a citizen or organization wants to file a complaint about the establishment of a 30-fold or higher depreciation of the labor of the indigenous population of Russia by the predatory exchange rate of the ruble against the US currency approved by the Central Bank of the Russian Federation. In the Stalinist USSR, for example, a US dollar backed by gold “weighed” 64 Soviet kopecks, and the State Bank of the USSR was considered throughout the world one of the largest and most authoritative credit institutions. In addition, it was universal, because... Performing the functions inherent in state and commercial banks, it was the country's emission and foreign exchange center and pursued an active policy to protect its monetary interests. Now the US dollar, untied from gold, “weighs” ± 3,000 Russian kopecks.
Then the questions arise: For what purpose are funds from the federal budget, budgets of the constituent entities of the Federation, state extra-budgetary funds accumulated and stored in the accounts of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation, if, upon reaching the accounts of a non-state legal entity, these funds instantly depreciate in value by 30 times or more, depending on the exchange rate? Russian ruble against the US dollar or euro? For what purpose does the Government of the Russian Federation and the guarantor of the Constitution of the Russian Federation - the President of the Russian Federation ensure that the Central Bank of the Russian Federation receives all the funds of the population of Russia and the Russian Federation, collected by all banks of the Russian Federation in the form of taxes, fees for paying for housing and communal services and other levies?
All the labor of the Russian population, enclosed in ruble banknotes, entering the Central Bank of the Russian Federation, immediately depreciates 30 times in relation to the American and 40 times in relation to the European standard of living. Another interesting question follows from the two previous questions: does the Russian Federation have gold and foreign exchange reserves if all monetary values are concentrated in the Central Bank of the Russian Federation?
If we consider that the property with which services, goods, etc. are created. – belong to the people, not the state apparatus. Services, goods, etc. created by people, not state apparatus. The source of money is the people, not the state. In short, people's property belongs to the country, not to the bureaucracy. Let's rephrase the last question: do the people of Russia have gold and foreign exchange reserves? ...You work and work, but still without pants. The Central Bank of the Russian Federation is not subordinate to the government bodies of the Russian Federation, but it does not serve the people of Russia either. Legal fact. By all indications, it is a transcontinental corporation.
The author indirectly believes, but does not have supporting documents, that the founders and managers of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation are:
Banque Edmound Rothschild SA, Credit Lionnais, Barcays Bank PCL and Credit Suisse First Boston are banks that are part of the Rothschild corporation. In 1994, the Moscow branch of Credit Suisse First Boston owned shares in Lukoil, RAO UES of Russia, Rostelecom and many others. It is known that while Gazprom’s capitalization is $87 billion, its debt to foreign creditors is $60 billion. Lukoil, with a capitalization of 27 billion, has a debt of 26 billion, and so on. The total aggregate debt of all industry corporations in Russia ultimately turns out to be equal to the entire gold and foreign exchange reserves of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation. This information is given in case someone suddenly sets out to nationalize someone else’s invention - the Central Bank of the Russian Federation, in other words, to nationalize someone else’s zero.
According to Moscow State University professor, Doctor of Economics M.M. Musin, over the years of the existence of the treasury system of the Russian Federation in close friendship with the federal authorities of the Russian Federation, 10 federal budgets of the Russian Federation were stolen from the Russian population and accumulated in Western accounts.
European Central Bank - The central bank of the European Union and the euro area, for a long period, even during a crisis, has been making a lot of intellectual efforts in conducting its monetary policy in such a way as to support, as required by it Charter - high level of welfare of Europeans based on low lending rates. He managed to keep the refinancing rate within 1%. For comparison, the refinancing rate of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation for today is 8%. In the robber 1990s, the rate was ± 200%. And the Russian Federation provides the European Union with the people's oil and gas. But, unlike the Russian Federation, the European Union banking system works for society, and not against it. The European Union countries have developed a central bank system so that it is as independent as possible from the state (eliminating opportunities for corruption among government officials) and becomes dependent on the interests of civil society.
Chapter 3. Imaginary equality of the subjects of the Russian Federation.
Following the outbreak of the conflict between union and republican legislation after the adoption by the people's deputies of the RSFSR of the Declaration on State Sovereignty of the RSFSR, the August 1991 putsch, the Belovezhskaya Agreement and other events that led to the paralysis of state power of the USSR, the so-called Federative Treaty of March 31, 1992 was signed, consisting of three parts. He divided the territory of Russia (RSFSR) into three types according to status. This is the first type - republics (=states), the second type - territories and regions, the third type - autonomous territories and autonomous districts. It is recommended to distinguish between the concepts of Russia and the Russian Federation as not identical (see Chapter 1).
We compare the positions of the subjects in the Russian Federation. Quote from the Federal Treaty for subjects of the first type:
P1. Article III of the Treaty on the delimitation of jurisdiction and powers between the federal bodies of state power of the Russian Federation and the authorities of the sovereign republics within the Russian Federation dated March 31, 1992: “Republics (states) within the Russian Federation have the full power of state (legislative, executive, judicial ) authorities on its territory, except for those powers that are transferred (assigned) to the jurisdiction of the federal government bodies of the Russian Federation in accordance with this Agreement. The territory and status of the republic within the Russian Federation cannot be changed without its consent.”
clause 3. Article III of the same Treaty dated March 31, 1992, quote: “The land and its subsoil, water, flora and fauna are the property (property) of the peoples living on the territory of the respective republics. Issues of ownership, use and disposal of land, subsoil, water and other natural resources are regulated by the Fundamentals of the Legislation of the Russian Federation and the legislation of the republics within the Russian Federation.”
According to Article 67 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the territory of the Russian Federation does not include the subsoil of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. However, the main income of the Russian Federation budget is replenished precisely from the sale of what is extracted from the subsoil.
The quoted Agreement was signed by authorized representatives:
1. Republic of Adygea
2. Republic of Bashkortostan
3. Republic of Buryatia
4. Republic of Gorny Altai
5. Republic of Dagestan
6. Kabardino-Balkarian Republic
7. Republic of Kalmykia - Khalmg Tangch
8. Karachay-Cherkess Soviet Socialist Republic
9. Republic of Karelia
10. Komi Soviet Socialist Republic
11. Mari Soviet Socialist Republic - 12. Republic of Mari El
13. Mordovian Soviet Socialist Republic
14. Republic of Sakha (Yakutia)
15. North Ossetian Soviet Socialist Republic
16. Republic of Tuva
17. Udmurt Republic
18. Republic of Khakassia
19. Chuvash Republic - Chavash Republic
20. Russian Federation
Those who refrained from signing: Tatarstan, Chechnya (Ichkeria) and Ingushetia. Later, on February 15, 1994, Tatarstan signed its Agreement with the Russian Federation on the delimitation of jurisdiction and mutual delegation of powers between government bodies of the Russian Federation. and government bodies of the Republic of Tatarstan.
For territories and regions, “equal” (as stated in the Constitution of the Russian Federation) subjects of the Russian Federation, as a comparison with the situation of subjects of the first type, we quote the clauses of the Agreement on the delimitation of jurisdiction and powers between the federal bodies of state power of the Russian Federation and the authorities of territories, regions, cities of Moscow and St. Petersburg of the Russian Federation dated March 31, 1992 (part of the same Federal Agreement):
Clause 3 of Article III: “Issues of ownership, use and disposal of land, subsoil, water, forest and other natural resources are regulated by the Fundamentals of Legislation of the Russian Federation and legal acts of territories, regions, cities of Moscow and St. Petersburg. By mutual agreement of the federal government bodies of the Russian Federation and the government bodies of the territories, regions, cities of Moscow and St. Petersburg, the status of federal natural resources is determined.”
For the third class (type) of subjects of the Russian Federation - autonomous regions and autonomous territories - the same conditions. The difference in status with the position of the national republics is obvious.
The text of the Federal Treaty of March 31 (the signing took place on the eve of the merry April 1) 1992 was not officially published.
A “parade of sovereignties” began among the autonomous republics. After 9 years, the federal authorities of the Russian Federation “woke up” and, according to the Determination of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation N 249-O of December 6, 2001, the provisions of the cited Federal Treaty of March 31, 1992, which provided for the sovereignty of the republics and thereby made it possible to justify restrictions on the sovereignty of the Russian Federation, its constitutional -legal status and powers, which is reflected in the constitutions of a number of republics, cannot act and are not subject to application as contrary to the Constitution of the Russian Federation.
The leaders of para-constitutional entities, i.e. national republics with their own constitutions, with great difficulty, the federals from the Russian Federation managed to take away the right to be called presidents.
In Article 5 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the republics are characterized as states, adopt their own constitutions and have the right to establish their own state languages. Other subjects do not have such a right (see Article 68 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation).
It turns out that Russian Federation- this is an asymmetrical federation that is trying to delimit what was previously united into “first-class” regions - national-territorial entities titularly belonging to non-Russian peoples, and “second-class” regions - regions and territories with a predominantly Russian population.
The former have full rights, their own constitutions, and enter into special agreements with the federal government on the division of powers. The latter have nothing of the kind, being nothing more than instruments for implementing federal policy on the ground.
The heads of the former act as exponents of the will of their people before the federal government and the people of Russia and have the opportunity to impose the will of their people on all of Russia. The latter act primarily as representatives of the center to the virtually silent population of the region.
From the point of view of the Russian Federation, no Russian nation, either as a civil or as an ethnic community, exists. There is not a single constitutional document or law that would enshrine the fact of the existence of the Russian nation or at least the Russian ethnic group.
The existence of national state autonomies within the Russian Federation consolidates the fact of the existence of small nations, while at the same time denying the right to existence of a large nation, the Russian nation. The right of Russians to statehood and self-determination is being undermined by “multinationality” in the Russian Federation.
How can the statutes of territories and regions and other legal acts of territories and regions be compared in legal force with the Constitutions of national Republics? How can the status of the territory of settlements be equalized with the status of a state with a republican type of government, i.e. folk by mono-nationality? How can the governor of a region or region grant citizenship to a CIS refugee who previously lived in this territory, etc. and so on. Chechnya (Ichkeria) has been issuing its own green national passports indicating nationality since 2011.
The inequality of rights of Russians is realized through actual extraterritoriality (i.e., in legal terminology, lack of jurisdiction local court) of a number of ethnic groups on the territory of Russia. Crimes committed by representatives of such an extraterritorial ethnic group are often not investigated. For some reason, representatives of the Ministry of Internal Affairs speak out about representatives of the ethnic group who committed similar crimes in Moscow or other large cities autonomous republic, agreements are concluded on the serving of sentences by people from autonomies on the territory of these autonomies.
Against this criminal background, the squeezing out of the Russian population from national-territorial entities continues (primarily in the North Caucasus, but, alas, not only there). In autonomous schools, the Russian language gives way to the “language of the titular nationality,” regardless of whether the students belong to this titular nationality or are Russian. Why not, following the logic of the absence of a Russian ethnic group in the constitutional laws of the Russian Federation, use Russian as the second state language in the Russian Federation for Russians from a multinational cauldron instead of Russian?.. Will the intentions appear too obvious?
The policy of systematic humiliation of the national dignity of Russians, the lack of evidence - legal, constitutional, political - that this national state of Russians is the modern Russian Federation. The top officials of the Russian Federation, both legislators of the Russian Federation, and judges of the Russian Federation constantly emphasize that the Russian Federation is a multinational state and is not a national state of the Russian people, in the sense in which Bashkortostan, for example, is a national state of the “Bashkir nation” mentioned in its constitution. . None of the leaders of the Russian Federation has ever appealed to the “will of the Russian people” the way they appeal to the “will Chechen people» Head of the Chechen Republic R.A. Kadyrov.
In accordance with articles 1,2,6,7,17,20,21 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (adopted by the UN General Assembly on December 10, 1948, ratified by the Russian Federation on May 5, 1998), all people are born free and equal in dignity and rights , have the right to recognition of their legal personality, have the right to own property either individually or in association with others, no one can be forced to join any association, a person has the right to take part in the government of his country directly ...
According to Articles 1,2,3,9,11,26,31,37,40,42,46 of the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, indigenous peoples have the right, collectively and individually, to the full enjoyment of all human rights and fundamental freedoms recognized in The UN Charter and international law relating to human rights and fundamental freedoms. This includes: the right to preserve, protect and develop past, current and future forms of manifestation of their culture, such as archaeological and historical sites, monuments of material culture, fine arts, etc., including the right to lands, territories and resources, as well as the right to own, use or control the lands and resources they possess, the right to control and protect their heritage, the right to access and prompt resolution through fair procedures for the resolution of conflicts and disputes with the state or other parties, and also to effective remedies in the event of violations of their individual or collective rights.
The Russian Federation is not a representative of the interests of the Indigenous Russian People, who make up more than 80% of the population of Russia, and accordingly is not a state for them (see Chapter 5). The vast majority of Russian residents, i.e. The Russian People, the Russian Federation, are DENIED THE RIGHT TO SELF-DETERMINATION within this federation, so that the Russians cannot ensure their economic, social and cultural development, as well as freely dispose of their natural wealth and resources. According to the norms of international law, this qualifies as GENOCIDE (the deliberate creation for any national group of such living conditions that are calculated to lead to its complete or partial physical destruction)
Clause 1 of Part 1 of Article 1 of the “International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights”, adopted by resolution 2200 A (XXI) of the UN General Assembly on December 16, 1966 (came into force on March 23, 1976), was violated.
Russia is the common fatherland of the 174 indigenous nations, peoples and ethnic groups that have inhabited this territory since ancient times. However, in 1992, 21 people of Russia cemented a federal union - the Russian Federation. It's their right. The remaining 153 peoples, including the Russian People, were not accepted into the Russian Federation, but are used as legal slaves, usurping power throughout Russia.
According to the International Laws “On Human Rights” and the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the legal territory of the Russian Federation is contained in administrative boundaries The 21st national republic located on the territory of Russia. See picture: 
1. Republic of Adygea 2. Republic of Altai 3. Republic of Bashkortostan 4. Republic of Buryatia 5. Republic of Dagestan 6. Republic of Ingushetia 7. Kabardino-Balkarian Republic 8. Republic of Kalmykia 9. Karachay-Cherkess Republic 10. Republic of Karelia 11. Komi Republic 12. Republic of Mari El 13. Republic of Mordovia 14. Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) 15. Republic North Ossetia- Alania 16. Republic of Tatarstan (Tatarstan) 17. Republic of Tyva 18. Udmurt Republic 19. Republic of Khakassia 20. Chechen Republic 21. Chuvash Republic- Chuvashia
The territory of the RSFSR (Soviet socialist Russian Federation) changed in favor of the newly created union republics and decreased by 1/3 during the existence of the USSR. The existence of the RSFSR was the only obstacle on the path from the collapse of the USSR to the total genocide of Russians and the cessation of the existence of the Russian nation.
The current Russian Federation proclaimed itself the successor of the USSR in the international arena on the basis of the denunciation by the Supreme Council of the RSFSR on December 12, 1991 of the Treaty on the Formation of the USSR of 1922. However, the Treaty on the Formation of the USSR on December 29-30, 1922 was never signed or approved. The USSR received international recognition and status only in 1944 with the expulsion of the aggressor from its territory. European countries do not recognize the Russian Federation and consider us residents of the post-Soviet space.
The general civil passport of the Russian Federation is not a legal document. Legal fact. Because In the legislation of the Russian Federation there is no law on an approved model of a passport form for a citizen of the Russian Federation. The USSR passport, as a previous legal act to the current illegal act, is legally significant and has the right to be presented as an identity document. Photo, full name, date of birth, even nationality - everything that is necessary is present.
Possession of a notebook with the name “passport of a citizen of the Russian Federation” does not guarantee a person citizenship in the Russian Federation, because The Russian Federation is not a state (see Chapter 5 below), and residents of national republics already have their own citizenship according to the provisions of the constitutions of these national republics.
Based on the situation in which the indigenous peoples inhabiting the territory of Russia find themselves, the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe, consisting of 46 countries, adopted Resolution No. 1481 of January 25, 2006 “On the need for the international community to condemn the crimes of totalitarian communist regimes,” in which we are recognized as the population affected by totalitarian regimes in the post-Soviet space and continue to suffer from it to this day.
The European Parliament and progressive-minded people reject and rightly do not want to recognize R.F. The Russian Federation, only after the presentation by the European Parliament of the Resolution “On the Rule of Law in the Russian Federation,” the provisions of which were discussed long before its signing on 02/17/2011, adopted the Federal Constitutional Law of 02/07/2011. No. 1 “On courts of general jurisdiction in the Russian Federation.”
State power, as a rule, functions by adopting laws and other legal acts, ensuring their implementation - and these are normal legal forms of exercising state power. Where state power functions without this legal form, arbitrariness, personal discretion, and bureaucracy reign, and great social troubles arise for the population.
The Russian Empire, then the USSR, with its arbitrarily established totalitarian form of government in Russia, were formed illegally and forcibly. In the case of the formation of the Russian Empire - in the city of Novgorod with the involvement of Rurik and his squad due to forced measures to ensure the safety of the lives of citizens of the northern part of Russia from war (terrorism, robbery and violence), in the city of Kyiv as a result of the commission of a criminal offense by Prince Oleg – the murder of princes Askold and Dir (who had previously captured the peaceful settlement of Kiev) and the subsequent establishment of autocracy and oppression of the state-forming indigenous Russian and Russian peoples. In the case of the formation of the USSR - through an armed rebellion in October 1917, the dispersal of the Constituent Assembly on January 5-6, 1918, the subsequent illegal creation with the use of violence and weapons, physically destroying dissident people, based on the RSDLP faction in the Constituent Assembly - RSDLP (hereinafter RSDP, SNK , All-Russian Central Executive Committee, CPSU) with the assignment of state, legislative, governmental and punitive powers to the party (punitive body - the structure of the Cheka (hereinafter OGPU, NKVD, KGB) and other structures of the Cheka (GPU, Ministry of Internal Affairs, MGB, FSB, court, Gulag)) by publishing (in order to give legitimacy) to internal “legal” acts by Vl.Ulyanov-Lenin (Blank).
Chapter 4. Good work of top managers from the Rothschilds.
Popular joke:
Announcement on the Kremlin fence:
A family estate with stupid slaves is for sale.
The total area is 17075.4 thousand square meters. km., 140,000,000 serf souls.
The site has water, gas and electricity. Deposits of oil, coal, gold, silver, large deposits of iron ore and other minerals.
Vast forests and agricultural lands, huge reserves of fresh water.
Infrastructure and small-scale production are partially present (needs repair). There are atomic weapons and energy.
The neighbors are calm. Population, army, FSB and law enforcement agencies demoralized and ready for eviction.
Details: Moscow, Red Square. Ask Dima. Bargaining is appropriate. Retail sale possible.
There is no need to “wash out” the laws of the Russian Federation. Because in the “state” of the Russian Federation there is legally no fundamental law - the Constitution, and subsequent Codes and Laws formed on it, which endow a person and citizen with rights and burden with responsibilities, are void and cannot be enforced. On December 12, 1993, there was an attempt to adopt the Draft Constitution of the Russian Federation, and not the Constitution itself. From December 12, 1993 to the present, no one has ever voted for the Constitution of the Russian Federation in their life. The Draft Constitution of the Russian Federation itself has also not been adopted, since its adoption by law requires 3/4 of the votes of those who have the right to vote, and those who did not come to the polls. The Constitution of the RSFSR has not been repealed.
(The attempt was made on the basis of Law of the RSFSR 241-1 of October 6, 1990 “On the referendum of the RSFSR.” Article 35 states: “When holding a referendum on the adoption, amendment and addition of the Constitution of the RSFSR, decisions are considered adopted if more than half of the citizens of the RSFSR voted for them included in the lists to participate in the referendum.” 58.43% of those who took part in the vote voted for the “new Constitution,” which was 54.8% of the number of registered voters, i.e.
According to the provisions of the higher law in the legal hierarchy - the Constitution, in Chapter IX on “the operation of the Constitution of the RSFSR and the procedure for amending it” in the text of the Constitution of the RSFSR of 1978 (as amended by Law 2708-I of April 21, 1992 and the latest edition 4071-I of December 10 1992), Article 185: “Amendments and additions to the Constitution (Basic Law) of the Russian Federation - Russia are carried out by the Congress people's deputies of the Russian Federation by law adopted by a majority of at least two-thirds of the total number of elected people's deputies of the Russian Federation. The same procedure applies to the temporary suspension of certain articles of the Constitution, as well as the delegation of powers of the Congress of People's Deputies of the Russian Federation to the Supreme Council of the Russian Federation. Changes and additions to articles of the Constitution (Basic Law) of the Russian Federation - Russia, relating to the federal structure of the Russian Federation, cannot be carried out unilaterally and are made in agreement with the republics within the Russian Federation, territories, regions, autonomous regions, autonomous districts, cities of Moscow and St. Petersburg in the person of their Councils of People's Deputies."
And yet, to reflect the intentions of the “helmswomen” of the Russian Federation, Let us dwell on some characteristic and “silent” “laws”.
Federal Law dated 06/07/2007 N 99-FZ “On the ratification of the Agreement between the states parties to the North Atlantic Treaty and other states participating in the Partnership for Peace program on the status of their forces dated June 19, 1995 and the Additional Protocol thereto” (adopted State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation 05/23/2007)
In 2007, the President of the Russian Federation signed Federal Law 99-FZ of 06/07/2007, ratifying the 1995 Agreement specified in the law, in which from the very first article there is a reference to the 1951 NATO-SOFA Agreement. All who sign this Agreement (1995) undertake to accept the provisions of the treaty of June 19, 1951 - the “Agreement between the Parties to the North Atlantic Treaty on the Status of Their Forces” or simply NATO-SOFA.
By ratifying the 1995 Agreement, the Russian Federation accepted the 1951 Agreement. In other words, through the 1995 Agreement, the Russian Federation can be considered as a full member of NATO, having signed the 1951 Agreement
The NATO-SOFA Agreement determines the legal status of the armed forces of NATO countries while they are on the territory of countries that have signed this agreement. The Agreement states that troops of one side may be sent by agreement to serve in the territory of another country. The Agreement also states that this agreement does not establish the reasons and conditions under which this may happen. Either in each specific case the parties make a separate decision, or there are some secret (or not secret) agreements or additional protocols that these conditions may indicate. On the one hand, these motives are understandable for NATO member countries: American bases are located in almost all of them and the legal status of these forces must be defined. On the other hand, why is this necessary for third countries that participate in this agreement through another agreement (from 1995), participating in the Partnership for Peace program. According to Article 19 of the Agreement, it can be denounced only 4 years after it comes into force. And the denunciation takes effect one year after receipt of the notification by the US Government.
It turns out that US troops on our territory will have the same legal status as, for example, in Great Britain or Germany, where they have large bases. But just recently we were very outraged by the passage of NATO troops through Red Square at the May 9 parade. That was only the visible part of what was happening. Much deeper and more terrible things are hidden precisely in such inconspicuous, not entirely clear agreements.
Since the signing of Russian Law No. 99-FZ, NATO has been transporting cargo to Afghanistan through Russian territory by land transit and using airspace. First they carried humanitarian goods, then they became military ones. Every day, up to 12 American military transport aircraft fly through Russia to Afghanistan without an intermediate landing. (see Federal Law dated March 09, 2011 N 36-FZ “On ratification of the Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of the United States on the transit of weapons, military equipment, military equipment and personnel through the territory of the Russian Federation in connection with the participation of the United States in efforts to ensure security and stabilization and the restoration of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan"). During transit, military transport aircraft and other US government transport aircraft performing transit flights in accordance with the Agreement are exempt from air navigation charges; also, the passage of weapons, military equipment, military property and personnel of the American Party is carried out without charging customs duties, fees, taxes and other restrictions. In accordance with the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated December 23, 2009 No. 1077 “On the mechanism for implementing the Agreement...”: “Financing of the costs of air navigation services for flights of aircraft of airspace users carried out in accordance with the Agreement shall be carried out within the budgetary allocations provided for by the Federal Air Transport Agency in the federal budget for the corresponding year and planning period for the specified purposes.” That is, the Russian Federation sponsors these transit flights. Is it really from these NATO planes that the population is being harassed by spraying chemical reagents (chemtrails, Chemtrail - a chemical trail in the form of an aerosol that appears after the spraying of chemical and biological weapons)...
The regional newspaper “Kola Lighthouse” No. 17 (182) for October 2010 in the article “The Collapse of Russia” wrote: “... This year, the admission of applicants to the higher military was unexpectedly stopped educational establishments. Involuntarily, everyone has questions: who will form the Russian army, and how to command it without officers? And then it suddenly turns out that several tens of thousands of officers are already planned to join our military units... from israeli army. They will be granted citizenship and a full social package. Our Minister of Defense met with the Minister of Israel to sign a long-term agreement on military cooperation between Russia and Israel, which Leonid Ivashov called a geopolitical betrayal of the Kremlin. And none of the Russian people, presumably, knows this, but everyone knows (although attention is not focused on this) that in the conflict between Georgia and Abkhazia the attack was prepared by Israeli officers - specialists, and the Georgian troops were only executors. That is, in essence, Israel fought against our peacekeepers. However, they forgave everything, “they didn’t notice.” Moreover, we signed an agreement on a visa-free regime and are discussing the issue of military-technical cooperation..."
An agreement on military cooperation between Russia and Israel was signed on September 6, 2010 by Israeli Defense Minister Ehud Barak and Russian Defense Minister Anatoly Serdyukov. The contents of this document are not disclosed.
Under Putin (Shalomov) and Medvedev (Mendel), Russia completely sided with Israel, opposing itself to the entire Arab and Muslim world.
Israeli officers in the Russian army... Russian-speaking Jews who at one time left for Israel, were trained in the Israeli army and fought on its side, swore allegiance to it, and embraced Judaism without exception, are returning to Russia to command the Russian army.
Now it becomes clear why with such persistence in 2008 Berl Lazar insisted on introducing a military rabbinate in the Russian army. Russian society then showed undisguised surprise. After all, in the Russian army the Jews could be counted on one hand. But the “chief military rabbi of Russia” said that he hoped to find 40 thousand (almost four divisions!) Jews in the Russian army... And last example"lawmaking" of the Russian Federation:
Order of the Government of the Russian Federation dated October 25, 2010 N1874-r For the sake of the “sacred” goals of creating conditions for attracting investments, stimulating the development of the stock market, as well as modernization and technological development of the economy, it approves a list legal entities to organize on behalf of the Russian Federation the sale of privatized federal property and (or) exercise the functions of a seller.
The list of companies is impressive.
1. CJSC "Bank Credit Suisse (Moscow)". 2. CJSC "VTB Capital". 3. Deutsche Bank LLC. 4. LLC “Investment Company of Vnesheconombank (VEB Capital)”. 5. LLC Commercial Bank "J. P. Morgan Bank International.” 6. Merrill Lynch Securities LLC. 7. Morgan Stanley Bank LLC. 8. Renaissance Broker LLC. 9. LLC "Russian Auction House". 10. Branch of a private company with unlimited liability "GOLDMAN SAX (Russia)".
This list was published only 5 months later - on March 18, 2011 in Rossiyskaya Gazeta. Six Western banks and companies, including the organizer and permanent member of the US Federal Reserve System, GOLDMAN SAX, have been appointed as sellers of Russian property on behalf of the Russian Federation and at the “tearful request” of the Russian Federation. Even in the United States, this bank is considered the culprit of all the last six crises and the epithet “gangster” is often applied to it.
The circle is closed. The Cabinet of Ministers of the Russian Federation, without unnecessary publicity, quietly, invites the gentlemen from the Federal Reserve System to buy the remains of Russian property as “comrades”.
December 20, 2010 the government of the Russian Federation, which Dm likes so much. Medvedev, added 13 more sellers of federal property on behalf of the Russian Federation. The algorithm is the same. Out of 13 sellers – 8 foreign banks, including Barclay Capital LLC, UBS Bank LLC, etc.
The list of those sold is easy to find in the government plan for the privatization of 10 large companies for 2011-2013. Here are Sovcomflot, OJSC Russian Railways, part of Sberbank, and much more. Of the 10 companies, only one is being sold completely, 100% of the shares. It’s easy to guess which one: “United Grain Company.” So, as of January 1, 2012, our grain will most likely be managed by Goldman Sachs.
Chapter 5. Conclusions
Any state is based not so much on the Constitution, but on the territory, power and sovereignty that originally belong to the indigenous peoples living on them. There have never been documents confirming the fact of holding a referendum of specific peoples on electing their authorities, as well as entrusting them with the authority to sign documents on behalf of the peoples on newly created states with the subsequent transfer of territory, power and sovereignty to management or ownership. Consequently, the Russian Federation cannot present treaties for the management or ownership of a specific territory, power and sovereignty. There are no such documents with the indigenous inhabitants of this territory.
The Russian Federation is not a state of any people. First of all, for the Russian ethnic group. For residents of the republics within the Russian Federation, so as not to be deluded by dual citizenship, it is also not.
Signs of a state according to the Judo-Internet encyclopedia - Wikipedia:
? Availability of organizational documents (which set out the purpose of creation and objectives of the state):
o constitution,
o military doctrine,
o legislation.
? Availability of manual (control apparatus):
o President (government),
o parliament, o court.
? Management and planning:
o rationing the life of society (the legal system
o state (political and foreign policy) activities, economic activities (economics),
? own monetary system
? tax fees.
? Property (resources):
o territory,
o population,
o state treasury,
o borders, etc.
? Availability of subordinate organizations:
o law enforcement,
o armed forces,
o peripheral administrative organizations.
? Availability state language(languages).
? Sovereignty (the ability of a state to act in the international legal field as a legal entity recognized by other states).
? Public power.
? Citizenship.
? State symbols.
In no way, except for state symbols, does the Russian Federation show signs of a full-fledged state.
At first glance, Russia is not being managed in whose interests it is clear; the “state” itself does not know what it wants. At first glance, the Russian Federation does not seem to be a successful structure. On the contrary, it is a well-managed and successful structure. Only success is very specific, because this structure pursues specific goals. If “ordinary” states set as their goals the achievement of the well-being of the population, its security, external economic power, and the like, then the goals of the Russian Federation are of a completely different nature.
First of all, the Russian Federation wants to survive, and it can only survive if it holds the control system in its hands. However, the current Russian federal government by its nature is such that it cannot govern a European-style country with any developed civic consciousness, with an educated and cultural population. And the current government cannot evolve either. Because she does not have the time, resources and, most importantly, desire to transform herself into an elite of the appropriate level. The ghouls will remain who they are and intend to remain in power forever. This government will never allow anyone to replace itself. She would rather destroy the entire country than give up her position. Rather, this power will replace the internal structure of the country, the quality level and national composition of the population, and will make it an Asian country, and an underdeveloped one at that. Which is what is being done. Consciously, systematically, consistently. The country - Russia - is being replaced by “Aziope” - dirty, slavish, smelly and fully deserving of the elite that is now in power in the Russian Federation.
Therefore, the government of the Russian Federation is leading the country’s economy, its political system, etc. into a state adequate for oneself, for oneself.
Why is there no legitimate Constitution, legal legislation for the entire population of the country, an equipped army, its own treasury, fair courts, clearly defined borders, etc. etc., because this is not necessary for an ordinary company or mechanism.
Russian Federation, RF - a trademark of a raw materials corporation with occupation habits.
RF - Trademark of a machine for replacing the people who live in this territory.
The brand name is written in the language of the occupied people to enhance the ecstatic effect of the owners.
What to do? – The reader will ask.
The best remedy is sabotage and stop supporting the criminal community financially, since it is so greedy for currency.
Moreover, according to global legal norms, this criminal community does not have documents on ownership rights to national property and the rights to dispose of public property. Material benefits from contracts for the sale of natural resources and other wealth of indigenous peoples, signed by a group of persons not delegated by the peoples, without their consent and without taking into account their legitimate interests, are appropriated by a narrow circle of people and their employers.
No reforms of the system are possible. You can only reform bad system, and the system of the Russian Federation is approaching ideal. It perfectly fulfills its tasks of destroying indigenous peoples and, first of all, Russians.
All the beginnings of a developed country and initial opportunities the development of public institutions is completely destroyed.
The last obstacle remains - the population, which is increasingly difficult for the system to manage, primarily the Russian population. It would be ideal for the Russian Federation if the Russians disappeared through systematic replacement with a more suitable population - more manageable, uneducated, submissive, unable to govern themselves independently and feeling like strangers in the territory. Therefore, the extinction of Russians is encouraged in every possible way, therefore Russians are deprived of their presence in power, deprived of property, businesses are strangled, and on everyone of any significance social positions replaced by representatives of other nations.
And the ideal population for managing the Russian system will be the human waste produced by the countries of the Central Asian underbelly.
There are facts of the millennia-old heritage of Russia, when a great many uninvited guests appeared on OUR RUSSIAN LAND. They remained here forever... as fertilizer for the RUSSIAN LAND.
Compiled by Artyom Tarasov, Pskov
Russians live in a country where there are no clear and unambiguous answers to the simplest questions. To tell how old Russia is, you need to randomly choose one of many options or ask a lot of clarifying questions.
There is no other country in the world that several times in its history started from scratch, then completely denied its past, then again returned to its roots. It is common for Russia to be a young country with a thousand-year history.
Selecting a reference point
Through the efforts of famous historians of the past N.M. Karamzin - author of 12 volumes of “History of the Russian State”, S.M. Solovyov, who wrote “The History of Russia from Ancient Times”, V.O. Klyuchevsky and many others, as well as thanks to later research and the works of modern scientists, several points have been identified from which the course of Russian history can be measured. Often these are sharp boundaries between state entities that have very little similarity to each other. At the same time, understanding Russian history as a continuous process lasting a thousand years seems natural.
The choice of the origin of coordinates often depends in our country on philosophical or ideological beliefs. A Westerner and a Slavophile, a conservative and a progressive, a communist and a liberal, etc. have their own scale for measuring historical time, their own answer to the question of how old Russia is. We can assume several possible answers about the age of our state, and for each there will be staunch supporters and no less fierce opponents.
Prehistoric times
The earliest traces of primitive man were found in Russia in the Caucasus and Kuban. Paleoanthropologists determine the beginning of the settlement of our territory by the first hominids 2 million years ago. The fully formed biological species Homo sapiens appeared in our region about 45 thousand years ago. Fortunately, there are no people willing to start counting Russian identity from blond Neanderthals with blue eyes.
But the time of the appearance of individual Slavic tribes in the European part of present-day Russia (around the 5th century BC) is considered by some to be quite suitable for the beginning of Russian history. Among such tribal associations with poetic names: Slovenes, Krivichi, Merya, Chud, etc., they are trying to choose one or several around which a future power will be formed, the consonant name of the Ross tribe, or Rusich, is especially attractive.
Some say that the first formation is about the same age as the cities of Russia, from among which Rurik became the residence and was already the Great.
Still, the first logical starting point will appear later.
Calling of the Varangians (882) - 1134
It is this time stamp that is considered the earliest for a more or less correct answer to the question of how many years Russia has existed. According to ancient chronicles, several Slavic, Baltic and Finno-Ugric clans sent their representatives to the warlike Varangian tribe with a request to select from their ranks a ruler capable of leading such an inter-tribal union and turning it into single state. The legendary Varangian prince Rurik, the founder of the first ruling dynasty in Rus', became such a person.
Brief information about the country
Date of foundation
Official language
Form of government
Presidential republic
Territory
17,125,187 km² (1st in the world)
Population
143,666,931 people (9th in the world)
Russian ruble (RUB)
Time Zones
UTC +2…+11, without UTC +5
Largest cities
Moscow, St. Petersburg, Novosibirsk, Ekaterinburg, Nizhny Novgorod, Samara, Omsk
$3.373 trillion (6th in the world)
Internet domain
Telephone code
Russian Federation- the largest state in the world, occupying 1/8 of the land and located in the northeast of Eurasia. Russia is a country with a centuries-old history, rich cultural heritage and generous nature. In Russia you can find almost everything that a traveler encounters individually in one country or another - sunny subtropical beaches and snowy mountain peaks, endless steppes and deep forests, stormy rivers and warm seas.
Video: Russia through the eyes of a foreigner
Geography
Russia covers an area of 17 million square kilometers, which is larger than Australia or Antarctica. Russia is almost 2 times larger than Canada, the USA and China.
The country's neighbors: China and North Korea in the southeast, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Mongolia and Kazakhstan in the south, Belarus, Latvia, Norway, Estonia and Finland in the west. The Russian enclave, Kaliningrad region, borders Lithuania and Poland.
In the east, the country is washed by the Sea of Okhotsk, Japan, Bering Sea and the Bering Strait; in the north - by the Laptev Sea, Barents, Chukchi, Kara and East Siberian seas; in the south - by the Azov and Black Seas; in the west - the Baltic Sea and the Gulf of Finland.
The largest Russian rivers: Ob, Volga, Yenisei, Lena and Amur. The largest lakes in the country: Baikal, Ladoga, Onega and Caspian Sea.
The European and Asian parts of the country are separated by the Ural Mountains, the highest of which is Mount Narodnaya (1895 meters). From the Ural Range to the Primorsky Territory lies Siberia, divided into three by the Yenisei and Lena rivers. natural areas. In the south of the Asian part, the Altai Mountains rise, the highest point of which is Mount Belukha (4056 meters). To the east of the Altai Mountains are the Sayans, the Baikal region and Transbaikalia. Further, towards the Pacific Ocean, the mountain system of the Far East begins, the highest point of which, and the Asian part as a whole, is the Klyuchevskaya Sopka volcano (4750 meters) located on the Kamchatka Peninsula. In the south of Russia rise the mountains of the North Caucasus, crowned by Elbrus (5642 meters), the highest point not only in Russia, but also in Europe.
The country's territory is divided into 4 natural zones and 11 natural zones. The far north is a zone of arctic deserts. To the south, in the Subarctic, lie tundra and forest-tundra. The temperate zone is more than half occupied by taiga. The rest of it contains zones of mixed forests, forest-steppe, steppe, semi-desert and desert. Located on the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus subtropical zone, accounting for only 0.05% of the country's area.
More than 100 nature reserves, 40 natural and 35 national parks have been created in Russia.
Climate
Russia is located mainly in the temperate continental climate zone. The islands of the Arctic Ocean and the northern continental territories are influenced by the Arctic and subarctic climate. A hot subtropical climate is typical for the Black Sea region and the south of the Far East. The continental climate intensifies from west to east. The European part of the country is dominated by a temperate climate with hot summers and winter temperatures down to -15 degrees. Beginning with Western Siberia, the climate becomes sharply continental, with frequent and sudden changes weather. In winter, the air temperature here can drop to -40°, and in the north and east of Siberia - to -50° and even to -60° (Oymyakon, Verkhoyansk).
The most precipitation falls in the Caucasus and Altai mountains, and the driest place in Russia is the Caspian lowland.
Summer is the most favorable season for traveling around Russia. At this time, positive temperatures prevail here - on average from 0° on the Arctic coast to +25° in the southern regions.
Winter lasts in central Russia for about five months - snow cover is established in November, and frosts continue until the end of March.
Early spring is not the best season for traveling around the country. In April, there is a lot of slush on the city streets from occasional snowfall, and in rural areas stormy rivers overflow. In May it often rains, accompanied by strong winds and thunderstorms.
The beginning of autumn is the most beautiful season and great time to get to know Russia. September temperatures, as a rule, do not fall below +15°. In addition, at the beginning of the month, Russians and guests of the country enjoy the “Indian summer” - warming up to +25°, lasting from several days to two weeks. In October, prolonged drizzling rains become more frequent, the temperature drops, and there are frosts at night.
Cities of Russia
All cities of Russia
Attractions
Even in several trips it is impossible to see all the sights of Russia, the abundance of which will make the most experienced traveler’s head spin. The List of Objects can help tourists find their way around World Heritage UNESCO, 27 of which are located in Russia:
- The Kremlin and Red Square are the most famous and recognizable symbols of Russia. The Kremlin, the personification of Russian statehood, is not only the largest fortress in Europe, which is a historical monument, but also the workplace of the President of the Russian Federation, as well as the venue for important events and celebrations;
- the historical center of St. Petersburg and related monuments;
- historical and Cultural Center“Solovetsky Islands” - a monastery with a tragic fate (Arkhangelsk region);
- Ferapontov Monastery, famous for its frescoes created in 1502 (the village of Ferapontovo, Vologda region);
- architectural ensemble of the Kizhi Pogost - unique wooden churches and a bell tower (Republic of Karelia, near the city of Medvezhyegorsk);
- monuments of Novgorod and its environs, including Novgorod Detinets with the rarest square churches;
- white stone monuments of Suzdal and Vladimir;
- The Church of the Ascension of the 16th century, located in the village of Kolomenskoye, Moscow region, is the first stone tented church in Russia, built in honor of the birth of Ivan IV (the Terrible);
- Trinity-Sergius Lavra - the largest Orthodox monastery in Russia (Sergiev Posad, Moscow region);
- the forests of the Komi Republic are the largest virgin forests in Europe;
- the deepest lake on the planet is Baikal, which is also the largest reservoir of fresh water;
- volcanoes of Kamchatka (30 active and about 300 extinct);
- Sikhote-Alin natural biosphere reserve- habitat of sable, Amur tigers, mink and other rare animals (Primorsky Territory);
- Golden Mountains of Altai (Altai and Katunsky reserves, Ukok plateau);
- The Ubsunur Basin is the habitat of 80 species of mammals, including the snow leopard (irbis) and argali (argali) listed in the Red Book, as well as 350 species of birds (Tuva Republic);
- Caucasian Nature Reserve;
- The Kazan Kremlin is the most northern point Muslim civilization, a unique combination of Tatar and Russian architectural styles;
- Curonian Spit - a sand spit with a unique natural landscape, which has no analogues in the world (Kaliningrad region);
- Karyn-Kala fortress of the 8th century, Old city Derbent and its unique double defensive wall (Republic of Dagestan);
- Wrangel Island, which has the world's largest number of polar bear dens and the largest bird colonies and walrus rookeries in the Arctic (Chukchi Federal District);
- Novodevichy Convent (Moscow);
- historical center of Yaroslavl;
- Struve geodetic arc - 34 stone cubes dug into the ground and used to determine the parameters of our planet (Gogland Island, Leningrad Region);
- Putorana plateau with numerous waterfalls and lakes (Krasnoyarsk Territory);
- Lena Pillars - sheer bare rocks more than 100 meters high, whose age is more than 400 thousand years (Sakha Republic);
- architectural and historical ensemble Bulgar (Republic of Tatarstan).
Traditional places of pilgrimage for tourists are Moscow and St. Petersburg with their world-famous museums, churches, monasteries, palaces and parks. When going to St. Petersburg, do not forget about its beautiful suburbs: Tsarskoe Selo, Peterhof, Pavlovsk and Lomonosov. It is also convenient to go on a trip to Karelia and to the island of Valaam from the Northern capital.
When visiting Moscow, try to visit its surroundings: the cities of Chekhov, Klin and Serpukhov, the villages of Abramtsevo, Arkhangelsk and Ostafyevo.
One of the popular tourist routes - « Golden ring» Russia, connecting the ancient Russian cities: Vladimir, Sergiev Posad, Pereslavl-Zalessky, Suzdal, Yuryev, Kostroma, Rostov and Yaroslavl.
Russian North - Arkhangelsk and Vologda regions, where examples of national wooden architecture are carefully protected and ancient traditions are maintained. Here is a real ecotourism reserve - Karelia.
The Volga region is Nizhny Novgorod with its Kremlin and monuments; this is the Volga River, cruises along which provide an excellent opportunity to see and fall in love with the beauty of central Russia.
The Urals attracts tourists with its picturesque landscapes and historical sites. Famous monuments Ural region are associated with last days life of the Romanov royal family - Monastery in Ganina Yama and Ipatievsky House, where Tsar Nicholas II and his family were shot. The Urals are an excellent place for ecotourism, the natural attractions of which are the Chusovaya River, the Kungur ice caves, Lake Uveldy, the Turgoyak and Ilmensky nature reserves, and mineral springs in Obukhovo.
The south of Russia is the resorts of the Caucasus, the sights of Rostov-on-Don and the capital of the Russian merchants, Astrakhan. Kuban and its capital Krasnodar are becoming increasingly popular among tourists. Novorossiysk is one of the largest port cities in the country. Here travelers strive to visit Lake Abrau and take pictures with the monument to Leonid Brezhnev.
Cities of Central Russia: Tula, Kaluga, Ryazan, Smolensk, Pskov, Kirov, Tver are ancient Russian settlements with interesting architecture and centuries-old history.
Siberia will give travelers an acquaintance with Altai, one of the most beautiful and environmentally friendly places in Russia; with the steppes and forests of Khakassia; with the original cities of Tobolsk and Tomsk. Those who wish can make a unique journey to the site of the Tunguska meteorite fall.
The Far East is famous for diamond Yakutia, Kamchatka's Valley of Geysers, bear fishing, and untouched nature.
The Trans-Siberian Railway is a 9,000-kilometer long railway crossing Russia from west to east, connecting Moscow and Vladivostok. Traveling along the Trans-Siberian Railway, a tourist will change the hands of his watch 8 times, get acquainted with the natural diversity of Russia, and visit large cities of the Volga region, the Urals and Siberia.
All sights of Russia
Flora and fauna
There are about 25,000 plant species in Russia. The richest flora (more than 6,000 species) is found in the Caucasus and the Far East (up to 2,000 species); the least vegetation is found on the Arctic islands.
Tundra and forest-tundra are located in a permafrost zone, which does not allow large representatives of the flora to develop; only lichens and mosses, dwarf shrubs and trees can survive here.
Forests occupy almost half of the country's territory, with most of them located in the Asian half of Russia. The taiga stretches from Karelia to the Urals, then stretches across all of Siberia, including Kamchatka and Sakhalin. In Siberian forests, mainly coniferous species grow (pine, cedar, spruce, larch), diluted with oak, aspen and birch. In the Far East there are mixed forests, similar to those that occupy central Russia. Closer to the south there are oak, ash, hornbeam and maple. The warm regions of Russia are dominated by areas occupied by forest-steppe (Middle Volga, Southern Urals and West Siberian Plain) and steppe with dense vegetation and a small number of trees (Southern Volga and southern Western Siberia).
The fauna of Russia is rich and diverse: in the Far North and in the tundra regions live polar foxes and hares, polar bears, seals, walruses and reindeer, and birds include partridges, gulls, loons and polar owls. The Siberian taiga is a haven for deer, elk, brown bear, fox, wolf, hare, lynx and sable. Characteristic representatives feathered local forests - black grouse, wood grouse, owl, nutcracker, crossbill.
The Far East is famous for the Ussuri tiger and leopards, Kamchatka is famous for its large number of brown bears and deer.
In mixed and deciduous forests inhabited by mink, wild boar, numerous snakes and birds.
Many rodents live in the steppes: hamsters, gophers, marmots. Antelope lives here, and predators are represented by the Tatar fox and the steppe ferret. The most noticeable birds are cranes, golden eagles and eagles.
The Caucasus regions are home to several species of mountain goats, as well as deer, roe deer, leopards, wild boars, bears and porcupines. Here you can find various species of reptiles and insects.
Government structure and general information
The Russian Federation (RF) includes 85 equal subjects - 22 republics, 9 territories, 46 regions, 3 federal cities (Moscow, St. Petersburg and Sevastopol), 1 autonomous region (Jewish) and 4 autonomous districts.
Russia is a democratic, federal state, the head of which is the president. Legislative power is exercised by the Federal Assembly, consisting of two chambers - the Federation Council and the State Duma. Executive power belongs to the government, headed by the prime minister.
Russia is home to 146 million people, making the country the ninth most populous country in the world.
The Russian Federation is a secular state, the Constitution of which enshrines the right of a citizen to any religion. Of all the religious denominations, the most numerous is the Orthodox; residents of Russia also profess Islam, Buddhism, Catholicism, Judaism and other religions.
Representatives of more than 160 nationalities live in the country, of which 82% are Russians, 4% are Tatars, and 3% are Ukrainians.
The largest cities in Russia, with a population of more than a million people: Moscow (the capital of the Russian Federation), St. Petersburg, Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg, Nizhny Novgorod, Kazan, Chelyabinsk, Samara, Volgograd, Omsk, Ufa, Rostov-on-Don.
The official language of the country is Russian.
There are 11 time zones in Russia. In the first time zone (Kaliningrad), the difference with Moscow time is minus 1 hour. In the 11th time zone (Kamchatka) the time is 9 hours ahead of Moscow.
Story
Primitive people appeared on the territory of Russia more than a million years ago. And the formation of Russian statehood itself occurred in the 7th-19th centuries, when the Slavic peoples began to move from Central Europe to the East. The settlers founded two independent centers - Novgorod and Kyiv.
The date of formation of the Old Russian state is considered to be September 8, 862, when the Novgorodians, wanting to stop internecine wars, called Rurik to the kingdom. The Varangian prince managed to unite the largest East Slavic tribes, and his successor, Prophetic Oleg, conquered Kyiv and annexed the southern lands to the Russian state.
Rus' reached its greatest prosperity and power in the 11th century under Yaroslav the Wise, who saved it from Pecheneg raids and carried out important judicial and church reforms.
However, the sons of Yaroslav began internecine wars, because of which the Old Russian state fell apart into several independent principalities. In the 13th century, scattered Slavic lands became easy prey for the Mongol-Tatar hordes. Taking advantage of the weakening of Rus', Swedish and German crusaders attacked it. Prince of Novgorod Alexander Nevsky, uniting Russian troops, expelled the enemy, which prevented the forced assimilation of the Slavs.
Prince Ivan the Great managed to restore the independence of Rus' from the Golden Horde in the 15th century.
The first tsar in 1547 was Ivan IV the Terrible, who significantly expanded the territory of the state and carried out important reforms that contributed to the centralization of Rus'.
In 1613, the reign of the Romanov dynasty began, and Siberia and the Far East were annexed. In 1654, Ukraine became part of Rus'.
Peter I. “Here the city will be founded”, author Nikolai DobrovolskyThanks to the reforms of Peter I, who ruled from 1689 to 1725, Russia turned into powerful empire. The Tsar transformed the army and navy, developed education, industry and shipbuilding. Peter I conquered the shores of the Baltic Sea from the Swedes, where he founded the new capital of the state - St. Petersburg (instead of Moscow, the former capital since 1389).
After the death of Peter I, time began in the country palace coups. Under Empress Elizaveta Petrovna (1741 - 1761), power stabilized, Moscow University was founded, the death penalty was abolished, Russia waged a successful war with Prussia.
After Elizabeth, Catherine II ascended the throne, nicknamed the Great for her transformations into state structure and strengthening the country.
At the beginning of the 19th century, relations between Russia and France deteriorated, which led to the Patriotic War of 1812. In 1814, Russian troops defeated Napoleon's army of half a million and entered Paris.
The 19th century was marked industrial revolution, abolition of serfdom, monetary and liberal reforms.
In 1894, the last one ascended the throne Russian Emperor Nicholas II, whose reign was accompanied by both rapid economic development of the country and growing socio-political contradictions. In 1914, the country entered the First World War, which led to the overthrow of the monarchy and the collapse of the Russian Empire.
In October 1917, the Bolsheviks seized power in the country under the leadership of Vladimir Lenin. The communists managed to win over a huge part of the population thanks to the promise to end the war and socialize private property. In its quest to improve the lives of the common people, the Soviet government often resorted to repression.
In 1922, Russia, Belarus, Ukraine and the Transcaucasian republics formed the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics(THE USSR).
In the 20s and 30s, the industrialization of the country was accelerated, and its industrial and technical potential increased significantly.
On June 22, 1941, the USSR was attacked Nazi Germany, the purpose of which was the occupation of the country, extermination and enslavement of the population. At the cost of incredible sacrifices Soviet people in 1945 he defeated the fascist army and liberated Europe from Nazism.
At the end of the 40s, the Cold War with the West began. In the process of confrontation with the largest world powers, powerful military-industrial and scientific-technical complexes were created in the USSR. In 1957, the country was the first in the world to launch an artificial Earth satellite into space, and on April 12, 1961, for the first time in the history of mankind, a spaceship with a person on board, Yuri Gagarin, was launched into low-Earth orbit.
The increase in stagnation in the economic and political life of the country in the 70-80s of the 20th century led the USSR to the need for modernization. However, the reforms launched by Mikhail Gorbachev failed to cope with the crisis and led to the collapse of the country in 1991. Russia became the legal successor of the Soviet Union.
The 90s were a period of radical reforms in the economy, which led to the capitalization of the country and a significant stratification of society, the flourishing of criminal structures.
In 2000, Vladimir Putin became the President of Russia, under whose leadership important socio-economic reforms were carried out, helping to stabilize the situation in the country.
The year 2014 was marked by a new round of the Cold War with the United States and Europe due to the political crisis in Ukraine. In March, Crimea, which did not recognize the results of the coup, held a referendum on returning to Russia. The US and EU responded to the annexation of Crimea by introducing economic sanctions against Russia.
Culture
Foreign travelers coming to Russia strive to unravel the phenomenon of the “mysterious Russian soul” and the character of the people who created one of the richest and most beautiful world cultures. The national mentality was formed on the basis of historical conditions, geography, climate, religion and the vast expanse of the country. One of the most outstanding areas of Russian culture is painting. Artists Vrubel, Levitan, Aivazovsky, Bryullov, Serov made an invaluable contribution to the cultural development of Russia. The richest collection of the country's pictorial heritage is kept in the Tretyakov Gallery (Moscow) and the Hermitage (St. Petersburg).
Far beyond the borders of Russia, handicrafts are known:
"Bogatyrs" - painting by Viktor Vasnetsov- Gzhel - blue and white ceramics;
- Zhostovo and Tagil painted metal trays;
- Dymkovo toy - original colorful clay funny crafts;
- Khokhloma - wooden dishes with black-red-gold painting;
- Kasli casting;
- Palekh miniature;
- Matryoshka is a detachable wooden painted toy consisting of several dolls of different sizes.
Russian literature not only reflected the spiritual and aesthetic worldview of the people, but also became the philosophy of the state. The most famous writers Russia: Dostoevsky, Tolstoy, Chekhov, Nabokov, Turgenev. Alexander Pushkin is called the “Sun of Russian Poetry,” and Russians also honor such poets as Lermontov, Nekrasov, Fet, Yesenin, and Blok.
The Russian musical heritage consists of the works of world famous composers: Tchaikovsky, Rachmaninov, Glinka, Shostakovich, Prokofiev.
Russian ballet, which has become the hallmark of the country, is recognized as the basis of ballet art.
Such giants tour all over the world theatrical arts, like the Mariinsky Theater, Bolshoi and Maly Theaters, Theater Russian Army, Moscow Art Theater named after Chekhov and others.
Holidays in Russia
Everyone can choose the most suitable holiday option in Russia.
- Excursion tourism offers many routes and will satisfy the desire to understand Russia, its history, life, culture and nature.
- Beach holidays await tourists on the coasts of the Black Sea (from Anapa to Tuapse and in Sochi), in the Primorsky Territory, and at the resorts of the Krasnodar Territory.
- Health tourism is developed in almost all regions of the country. The resorts of the Caucasian Mineral Waters (Essentuki, Kislovodsk, Pyatigorsk, Zheleznovodsk) have unique healing springs that restore health. The Altai resort of Belokurikha is famous for its healing microclimate, clean ecology and excellent sanatorium facilities. The balneological resorts of Anapa, Arshan (Buryatia), Darasun (Chita Region), Kuldur (Khabarovsk Territory), Nachika (Kamchatka), Shmakovka (Primorsky Territory) will help you improve your health. Excellent mud and climatic resorts await vacationers in Yeisk (Krasnodar Territory), in the Vladivostok resort area, in Gelendzhik, in Kaliningrad, in Paratunka (Kamchatka), in Sochi.
- Active and extreme recreation in Russia is popular due to its unique natural diversity. Fans of winter sports will find winter resorts in Sochi, Elbrus, the Urals, Altai, Sheregesh ( Kemerovo region). Water tourism is developed in Altai, the Urals, the Valdai Hills, Kola Peninsula, in Karelia. Fans of mountaineering are welcome in any region of the country where there is mountain systems- in the Caucasus, Altai, Ural, Krasnoyarsk Territory and Amur region.
- Pilgrimage tourism gives believers the opportunity to touch the Orthodox shrines of Russia and visit places associated with significant historical events: Holy Trinity-Sergius Lavra, Optina Pustyn, Valaam, Diveevo and other, no less important, monasteries. Many believers are convinced that prayer offered to God in a certain place will be most effective.
- Automobile tourism will give the traveler an excellent opportunity to get acquainted with the Russian province, with its natural diversity, and visit any places that catch their fancy.
Kitchen
Russian cuisine is not characterized by sophistication and intricacy; national dishes are simple in execution, satisfying and tasty. The most famous representatives of Russian gastronomy are borscht, fish soup, pancakes, pies with all kinds of fillings, and dumplings.
Soup is a must-have dish for a Russian lunch. In Russia, soups are prepared using meat, fish or mushroom broths, followed by the addition of vegetables, seasonings and herbs. When it's hot, Russians enjoy eating okroshka - a mixture of finely chopped vegetables, boiled eggs, meat and herbs, seasoned with kvass.
In Russia, they traditionally eat a lot of meat, which is due to the cool climate. Russians also pay tribute to fish, fishing for which is one of the popular hobbies among men.
In regions rich in forests, many residents go out to pick mushrooms in summer and autumn. Porcini mushrooms, boletus mushrooms, honey mushrooms, chanterelles, boletus, and milk mushrooms are very tasty. Russians fry mushrooms, stew them in sour cream, marinate, salt and dry them for the winter.
Russian cuisine is rich in vegetable dishes. Cabbage, beets, potatoes, turnips, carrots, pumpkin and zucchini are boiled, stewed, and added to soups and main courses.
Fermented milk products are traditionally loved in Russia - sour cream, kefir, fermented baked milk, Varenets, cottage cheese.
Various porridges are popular in the country, serving as both an independent dish and a side dish for meat or vegetables.
Some dishes of Russian cuisine - Easter cake, pancakes, funeral kutia - have religious and ritual significance and are prepared during certain holidays or rituals.
Shopping
Shopping in Russia is quite expensive due to the high cost of delivering goods and renting premises, as well as high duties. But in the shopping centers of any large Russian city you can easily find stores of popular international brands. The price of the same product may vary significantly depending on the region. There are no fixed sales times in the country, as in most Western countries. The biggest discounts are offered to customers in January and from mid to late summer. But Russian sales are not characterized by a significant reduction in the price of goods; sellers usually discount only 20-30% of the original cost.
Shops are usually open every day, from morning until late evening. Many grocery stores are open 24 hours a day. A restriction has been introduced on the sale of alcoholic beverages in Russia - they cannot be purchased at night.
There are several outlets in the Moscow region: Vnukovo Outlet Village near Vnukovo Airport, Outlet Village Belaya Dacha on the 14th kilometer of the Moscow Ring Road, Fashion House near the village of Chernaya Gryaz.
But Russia is famous not for traditional shopping, but for original souvenirs and goods from different regions of the country. Tourists bring birch bark products from Novgorod; Karelia is famous for cloudberry jam; No one leaves Kaliningrad without amber crafts and jewelry. In St. Petersburg, people buy magnets and decorative plates with views of the Northern capital, fake Faberge eggs, and vodka. The central region is famous for its handicrafts; here tourists are offered Zhostovo trays, Palekh boxes, Gzhel products, nesting dolls, and samovars. In Myshkin, Yaroslavl region, you will be offered cute mice, which are the symbol of the town. In Kuban, tourists buy Cossack paraphernalia, in Crimea - Massandra wines. Nizhny Novgorod, the birthplace of Khokhloma painting, offers a variety of colorful wooden products - from a simple magnet to a table set. Tatarstan is generous with all kinds of sweets: chak-chak, baklava, baursak. Famous Orenburg shawls are knitted from down highest quality. Magnificent honey is brought from Bashkiria and Altai, collected by bees in the cleanest places on the planet. The Urals offers those interested a whole scattering of precious and semi-precious stones and products made from them. Siberia is generous with natural resources - pine nuts, fish, antlers ( deer antlers with healing properties).
Accommodation
Hotels in Russia are represented by both inexpensive hostels and modern hotels of various categories. Almost any hotel can be booked through our website. Renting housing from owners who are distinguished by Russian hospitality and welcome guests on a wide scale is popular in Russia.
All types of transport are well developed in Russia - air, rail, bus, and in some regions, water. Public transport - buses, trolleybuses, trams, trains, taxis. There are metro stations in Moscow, St. Petersburg, Novosibirsk, Samara, Yekaterinburg, Nizhny Novgorod and Kazan.
Travelers in Russia need to remember that plane tickets indicate local time, and train travel documents indicate Moscow time.
Renting a vehicle in Russia is not as popular as in many other countries. However, in any major city there are companies providing car rental services. The cost of renting a car depends on the city - a car will cost the most in Moscow and St. Petersburg; in the provinces, prices are significantly lower.
Wi-fi is available in many cafes, cinemas, hotels, airports, and train stations. There are Internet cafes in all major cities.
Russia's telephone code is +7.
Not available in some remote and mountainous areas mobile connection. As a rule, at the entrance to such places, Emergency Situations Ministry posts are installed, where each person entering, his place of stay and the date of his intended departure are recorded in a special log. Such measures are necessary in case of emergency situations.
Helpful information
Before entering Russia, it is advisable to familiarize yourself in advance with the customs rules governing the import and export of certain goods.
When traveling by car, when leaving the Russian Federation, it is allowed to take out no more than 20 liters of fuel, not counting the fuel in the tank.
In Russia there is a ban on transporting any liquids in the aircraft cabin. Medicines necessary for a passenger during a flight are allowed on board the aircraft upon presentation of an appropriate medical certificate.
Citizens of foreign countries, except for CIS countries or those who have signed an agreement on a visa-free regime, require a visa to visit the Russian Federation. Familiarize yourself with the procedure for issuing visas and the list necessary documents possible at Russian consulates abroad.
The national currency of the Russian Federation is the ruble. The ruble currency code is RUB. In Russia you can only pay in rubles. In the country's banks, the ruble can be exchanged for almost any currency in the world.
Theoretically, bank cards are accepted by most large shopping centers, hotels and restaurants. But before making a purchase, it is advisable to make sure that this service really works. Guests to Russia always need to have a certain amount of cash with them.
Tips in Russia are not included in the bill. Remuneration for services is not considered mandatory, but is encouraged.
Electrical network voltage is 220 V.
The safety of those traveling by car in Russia is often threatened by bad roads, so if you are planning a road trip, it would be a good idea to inquire in advance about the condition of the road surface in a particular area.
Guests to Russia should take the usual precautions necessary when staying in a foreign country: keep an eye on your belongings, do not display valuables or large sums of money, do not trust strangers, and avoid appearing in uncrowded places at night.
In case of a sudden illness, you must take care of purchasing health insurance in advance.
in contact with facebook twitter
