1. Using two known parameters of the state of humid air, find the rest.
For example, with known t And φ find i, d, ν , R n ,t R ,t M with known t And i find φ , i, d, ν , R n ,t R ,t M , Where t R- temperature corresponding to the dew point °C; t M- wet thermometer temperature, °C.
In practical work, initial data t And φ And t And i are given by the teacher. Reporting data is presented in the form of table 2.
Figure 2. The process of changing the state of air
Figure 3. Air mixing process
2. Using the known initial and final parameters of the air state (for example, t 1, φ 1 and t 2), find the change in heat content (enthalpy) Δi = i 2 – i 1 kJ/kg; moisture content Δd = d 2 – d 1, etc.
When changing the parameters of the air state, two cases are possible: when process 1-2 occurs completely in the region of superheated steam (Fig. 2), i.e. above the curve φ = 100%, and when process 1-2 partially enters the wet steam region, i.e. below the curve φ = 100% (Fig. 3).
In process 1-2 (Fig. 3), air is cooled and dehumidified, i.e. the temperature decreases and the moisture content of the air decreases from d 1 to d 2 . In this case, one part of moisture in the amount ( d 1 – d 4 ) falls in the form of dew, and the second - ( d 5 – d 4 ) in the form of fog.
The initial and final parameters of the air condition are set by the teacher in accordance with Appendix 1. For a given amount of processed air, the thermal load on the heater (air cooler) and the humidity load on the humidifying (drying) device are determined.
Reporting data is presented in the form of Table 3. An explanation is given for the qualitative change in the state of air and its parameters.
Total heat consumption Q(kW) and moisture G (kg/s) for changes in air state parameters are determined by the formulas
Q = L ∙ Δi,
G w = L ∙ Δd,
Where L - flow rate of processed dry air, kg/s.
Air condition parameters determined from the diagram i-d, refer to 1 kg of dry air, so the dry air consumption L at a known volumetric flow rate V, m 3 /s is determined by the formula:
L
=
Where ρ - air density at a given state, kg/m3.
Quantities Q To G w, are used in the calculation of heating (cooling) and humidifying (drying) devices.
3 . Given the known parameters of the state of two volumes of air included in the mixture, find the parameters of the state of the mixture. The initial data is given by the teacher: t 1 , φ 1 , V 1 And t 2 , φ 2 And V 2 , Where V 1 And V 2 - volumes (m 3 / h) of air included in the mixture.
Table 2. Report table
|
Original |
Parameters determined by diagram |
|||||||||
|
t 1 |
i 1 |
φ 1 |
d 1 |
R n |
t p1 |
t m1 |
v 1 |
ρ 1 |
R n |
V 1 |
Table 3. Report table
|
Original |
Options determined by diagram and calculations |
Processes of state change from t.1 to t.2 |
|||||||
|
t 2 |
φ 2 |
i 2 |
d 2 |
ρ 2 |
R n2 |
V 2 |
|||
Mixture state parameters t cm can be determined analytically or graphically (from a diagram i–d humid air) methods.
Using the analytical method, equations are drawn up for the heat and moisture balances of the mixing process
L 1 ∙ i 1 +L 2 ∙ i 2 = (L 1 +L 2 ) i cm ;
L 1 ∙ d 1 + L 2 ∙ d 2 = (L 1 + L 2 ) d cm ,
Where L 1
=
- mass of dry air corresponding to the volumetric quantity
V 1
, kg;
L 2
=
- mass of dry air corresponding
volumetric quantity V 2 , kg.
Quantities d cm And i cm will determine the parameters of the air condition after mixing the volumes V 1 And V 2 . From the formulas we can conclude that the parameters of the state of the mixture are influenced by the air masses included in the mixture. How more mass air (one part) included in the mixture, the closer to the parameters of the state of this part of the air the parameters of the state of the mixture will approach. Similarly, the parameters of a mixture that includes three or more volumes with different state parameters can be determined.
With the graphical method in the diagram i-d, (Fig. 4), points corresponding to the parameters of the state of the air parts included in the mixture are marked, points 1 and 2.
Figure 4. Air mixing process
To find the mixture parameters, point 3, distance 1-2 must be divided into parts corresponding
And
.
The initial data and calculation results are presented in the form of Table 4.
4. With known heat gains (heat losses) ΣQ, kW and moisture gain (moisture loss) Σ g w from all sources, kg/s, determine the direction of change in the air condition parameters in the room, as well as the air condition parameters established in the room under the influence ΣQ And Σ g w .
The direction of change in the parameters of the air condition in the room under the influence of heat and moisture input (heat and moisture loss) is determined by the heat and humidity coefficient (slope coefficient) ε , kJ/kg:
ε
=
Where Δ
i
=
- specific heat input per 1 kg of dry
room air, kDx/kg;
Δd = 
- specific moisture intake per 1 kg of dry
room air, kg/kg;
L = L dry n– mass of dry air circulating in
room, kg/s;
L dry - mass of dry air in the volume of the room, kg;
n - rate of air circulation in the room, 1/s.
Figure 5. Example of using the coefficient
Isolines of the heat and humidity coefficient are shown on the diagram d-
i in the form of a fan of straight lines diverging from a point on the ordinate axis corresponding to the temperature O°C (Fig. 5). An example of using the heat-humidity (angular) coefficient to find the final parameters of the air state is shown in Fig. 5. In the example value ε
=
= 3500 - initial state of air (point 1). The line of changes in air condition parameters is drawn parallel to the isoline ε
= 3500. The final state of air (point 2) is determined by the deposition from point 1 Δi or Δd and drawing isolines i 2
=
withnst or d 2
= const.
To solve the problem, the student is given the following quantities: ΣQ, Σ g w ; V- volume of the room, m3; n - circulation rate ; t 1 And i 1 -initial parameters of the room air condition.
Defined:
L dry - mass of dry room air, kg;
Δi And Δd – changes in heat and moisture content of air
premises;
t 2 And i 2 – final parameters of the room air condition.
The given and determined quantities are presented by students in the form of Table 5.
Table 4. Reporting
|
Original |
Defined quantities |
|||||||||||
|
t 1 |
V 1 |
t 2 |
V 2 |
d 1 |
d 2 |
L 1 |
L 2 |
ρ 3 |
t 3 |
i 3 |
d 3 |
φ 3 |
Table 5. Reporting
|
Original |
Defined quantities |
|||||||||
|
d 1 |
d 2 |
t 1 |
t 2 |
L 1 |
L 2 |
|||||
1 . Where to start working with text?
Before answering questions and completing assignments, read the text carefully. Direct answers to many questions are contained in the text itself.
It is important in the process of preliminary reading to clearly determine to which content line of the social studies course the proposed text belongs (“Society”, “Cognition”, “Spiritual life of society”, “ Economic sphere life of society", " Social relations", "Politics" and "Law". This correlation is necessary because, as has been noted more than once, some tasks involve the use of contextual knowledge.
2. Is it necessary to determine main idea text?
Determine the main idea of the text.
3.
In what order should I answer the questions?
The general principle is simple - answer in the order in which they are presented in the work. It is sometimes impossible to complete the subsequent task if the answer to the previous question is not found.
4. How to understand for yourself — Should I look for the answer in the text or should I remember what was studied in class?
5. What to pay attention to when completing tasks?
Important:
- read the assignment carefully;
- understand what exactly is required for a successful response;
- understand what parts the task consists of;
- try to complete the entire task;
- if you can only answer part of the task, be sure to write down the answer (each element of the answer is scored, an incomplete but correct answer will earn you extra points);
- do not go beyond the scope of the question, do not try to write everything you know about the problem, do not evaluate the author’s opinion and do not try to express your point of view, unless this is directly provided for by the assignment;
- try to illustrate your answer with specific facts;
- Having formulated the answer, check its correctness.
Follow the link: workshop 10-1. We answer every question. Everyone determines their own color and don’t forget to subscribe.
Description of the presentation by individual slides:
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Slide description:
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The science of human origins Research the process of human origin (anthropogenesis) began at the beginning of the 19th century. the publication of Charles Darwin’s book “The Descent of Man and Sexual Selection” (1871), where the hypothesis of the origin of man from an ape-like ancestor was first formulated. F. Engels substantiated the position that it was labor that became the decisive factor in the transformation ancient ancestor man into a social and culture-creating being. Among the sciences that today study the problems of human origins are history, philosophy, anthropology, psychology, genetics, cultural studies, and demography. * Charles Darwin (02/12/1809 – 04/19/1882) Friedrich Engels (11/28/1820- 08/05/1895)
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Modern science dates the beginning of the process of human development to the appearance of Ramapithecus (14-20 million years ago), a creature that lived in the savannah and used tools. Modern research clarify the so-called branching points of various lines from common ancestor on a unified scale of human development, the stages of human emergence are distinguished modern type, the missing links are installed.
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Anthropogenesis - the process of formation and development of man Ramapithecus (14-20 million years ago) Australopithecus (5-8 million years ago) Pithecanthropus homo habilis (handy man) about 2 million years ago homo erectus, Homo erectus, 1-1, 3 million years ago The process of anthropogenesis is completed by a species called Cro-Magnon (homo sapiens)
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* * For a long time scientists believed that human evolution was more or less linear: one form replaced another, and each new one was more progressive, closer to modern man, than the previous one. It is now clear that everything was much more complicated. The evolutionary tree of hominids turned out to be very branched. Paranthropus boisei 2.3 - 1.0 million years ago
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Slide description:
About 2 million years ago, the first representative of the genus Homo, Homo habilis, or Homo habilis, appeared. Homo erectus Species Homo erectus - Homo erectus appeared approximately 1 - 1.3 million years ago. He had a brain volume of 800-1200 cm3, modern man– 1200 - 1600 cm3, knew how to make hunting tools, mastered fire, apparently had speech. His direct descendant was Homo sapiens, or Homo sapiens (150-200 thousand years ago).
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Slide description:
* * Cro-Magnon Man At the stage of Cro-Magnon man (40-50 thousand years ago), the human ancestor came quite close to the modern one, not only in appearance, but also by level of intelligence, ability to work together, ability to build houses, make clothes, use highly developed speech, interest in creativity and other qualities. Other factors that influenced human evolution - pp. 72-73. Cosmic factors, tectonic, volcanic, seismic, radiation disasters; changes in the structure and structure of the brain; stress caused by a complex of reasons; natural selection.
Slide 9
Slide description:
Unlike an animal, whose hemispheres duplicate each other, doubling the body’s capabilities and allowing, in the event of damage to one hemisphere, the other to take over all its functions, in humans both hemispheres operate according to a different program. This could occur as a result of damage to one of the connected parts of the brain.
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All factors of human development: labor, language, consciousness, morality, etc., are possible only in society. In other words, a person becomes fully human only in unity with other people.
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The formation of society In the process of evolution, the forms of human society changed. The first groups were unstable and were called the human herd. The relationships in him resembled the behavior of animals. Gradually the teams became more united and stable, and new form living together- society. These groups were based on consanguinity, owned property together, and worked together. As labor and tools became more complex, the structure of society became more complex. Great value in the sphere of communication there were customs, taboos, beliefs, myths, customs.
Slide 13
Slide description:
With the transition to a producing economy (the emergence of agriculture), to a sedentary way of life, life changed and became more complex. public relations. At the same time, the number of people grew and their settlement throughout the Earth began. It was no longer relatives who lived in collectives, but fellow workers; relations of subordination and management, relations of exchange and alliances, etc. appeared. Simultaneously with the complexity of life and relationships, products developed human society, its values: language, art, morality, religion. The experience of our ancestors was accumulated and passed on from generation to generation. Based on a common past, general history humanity was formed. Humanity is a community of peoples inhabiting the Earth, uniting all representatives of intelligence. “Humanity arises when this community is realized. It is the gradual recognition of the sameness of fate that contributes to the birth of such universal education like humanity." G. Lessing
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Slide description:
The formation of culture is an integral part of the formation of man and humanity Distinctive feature of a person – his ability to create a “second culture”. In the process of creativity, both the person himself and society changed. Social memory is gradually being formed - the totality of accumulated knowledge, values, forms of activity, etc. Culture is a phenomenon of humanity. There is a point of view that the first form of cultural creativity was magic (worship in the form of rituals). Another point of view: creativity is based on a person’s ability to create images, symbols, models of upcoming actions; rock paintings are a way of doing things. Only man feels the need for creativity, for beauty, and values goodness and justice. Humanity does not exist outside of culture - this is indisputable.
The science of human origins Scientific research into the process of human origin (anthropogenesis) began at the beginning of the 19th century. the publication of Charles Darwin’s book “The Descent of Man and Sexual Selection” (1871), where the hypothesis of the origin of man from an ape-like ancestor was first formulated. F. Engels substantiated the position that it was labor that became the decisive factor in the transformation of the ancient ancestor of man into a social and culture-creating being. Among the sciences that today study the problems of human origins are history, philosophy, anthropology, psychology, genetics, cultural studies, and demography. Charles Darwin (–) Friedrich Engels ()
Modern science dates the beginning of the process of human development to the appearance of Ramapithecus (14-20 million years ago), a creature that lived in the savannah and used tools. Modern research clarifies the so-called branching points of various lines from a common ancestor on a single scale of human development, identifies the stages of the emergence of modern humans, and establishes the missing links.
This picture gives general idea about the time of existence of fossil human ancestors and their supposed family relationships.
6 For a long time, scientists believed that human evolution was more or less linear: one form replaced another, and each new one was more progressive, closer to modern man, than the previous one. It is now clear that everything was much more complicated. The evolutionary tree of hominids turned out to be very branched. Ardipithecus ramidus (4.4 million years ago) Australopithecus afarensis Australopithecus afarensis, 4-3 million years ago Paranthropus boisei million years ago Homo neanderthalensis years ago Homo habilisHomo habilis million years ago
Homo habilisHomo habilis million years ago About 2 million years ago, the first representative of the genus Homo appeared - Homo habilis, or Homo habilis. Homo erectus The species Homo erectus - Homo erectus appeared approximately 1 - 1.3 million years ago. He had a brain volume of cm cubed, compared to modern man - cm cubed, he knew how to make hunting tools, mastered fire, and apparently had speech. His direct descendant was Homo sapiens, or Homo sapiens (thousands of years ago).Homo erectusHomo sapiens
Cro-Magnon Man At the stage of Cro-Magnon man (thousands of years ago), the human ancestor came quite close to the modern one not only in appearance, but also in the level of intelligence, the ability to work together, the ability to build houses, make clothes, use highly developed speech, and interest in creativity and other qualities. Other factors that influenced human evolution - page Cosmic factors, tectonic, volcanic, seismic, radiation disasters; changes in the structure and structure of the brain; stress caused by a complex of reasons; natural selection.
Unlike an animal, whose hemispheres duplicate each other, doubling the body’s capabilities and allowing, in the event of damage to one hemisphere, the other to take over all its functions, in humans both hemispheres operate according to a different program. This could occur as a result of damage to one of the connected parts of the brain.
All factors of human development: labor, language, consciousness, morality, etc., are possible only in society. In other words, a person becomes fully human only in unity with other people.
The formation of society In the process of evolution, the forms of human society changed. The first groups were unstable and were called the human herd. The relationships in him resembled the behavior of animals. Gradually, the teams became more united and stable, and a new form of joint life appeared - society. These groups were based on blood kinship, jointly owned property and worked together. As labor and tools became more complex, the structure of society became more complex. Customs, taboos, beliefs, myths, and customs were of great importance in the sphere of communication.
With the transition to a producing economy (the emergence of agriculture), to a sedentary way of life, social relations changed and became more complex. At the same time, the number of people grew and their settlement throughout the Earth began. It was no longer relatives who lived in collectives, but fellow workers; relations of subordination and management, relations of exchange and alliances, etc. appeared. Simultaneously with the complexity of life and relationships, the products of human society and its values developed: language, art, morality, religion. The experience of our ancestors was accumulated and passed on from generation to generation. Humanity was formed on the basis of a common past, a common history. Humanity is a community of peoples inhabiting the Earth, uniting all representatives of intelligence. “Humanity arises when this community is realized. It is the gradual recognition of the sameness of fate that contributes to the birth of such a universal formation as humanity.” G. Lessing
The concept of humanity is meaningless; a set of related tribes is a true expression of social unity (Danilevsky) Each person is a necessary and important part of humanity, as he makes a real contribution to culture. (Trubnikov) There is no united humanity; peoples live in a multi-temporal space. There are many powerful cultures, and not a single humanity (Spengler) The Earth is a single ship, humanity unites into a “collective of earthlings” (K. Tsiolkovsky, V. Vernadsky)
The formation of culture is an integral part of the formation of man and humanity. A distinctive feature of man is his ability to create a “second culture”. In the process of creativity, both the person himself and society changed. Social memory is gradually being formed - the totality of accumulated knowledge, values, forms of activity, etc. Culture is a phenomenon of humanity. There is a point of view that the first form of cultural creativity was magic (worship in the form of rituals). Another point of view: creativity is based on a person’s ability to create images, symbols, models of upcoming actions; rock paintings are a way of doing things. Only man feels the need for creativity, for beauty, and values goodness and justice. Humanity does not exist outside of culture - this is indisputable.
Sources of information World history, volume 1: Social science. Textbook for 10th grade ( profile level) edited by L.N. Bogolyubov, A.Yu. Lazebnikova, N.M. Smirnova. Page
The video lesson “The Origin of Man and Society” will tell you what anthroposociogenesis is. You will learn more about how society and people interact with each other, how mutual influence occurs. The teacher will explain what views on the origin of society and man are accepted in modern world.
Topic: Society
Lesson: Origins of Man and Society
Hello. IN last time we talked about what society is, what its structure and functions are. The topic of today's lesson is “The Origin of Man and Society.”
In science this complex process is called "anthroposociogenesis". Let's figure out where this term comes from.
“Anthropos” in Greek means “man”, “socium” in Latin means “society”, “genesis” in Greek means “emergence, origin” (Fig. 1).
Rice. 1. Anthroposociogenesis
There are various theories anthroposociogenesis. Chronologically, the first of these is creationism. According to this theory, about 6 thousand years ago God created the Universe, heaven, earth and all living beings, including humans.
Another theory is called gradualism or evolutionism. Its founder is considered to be Charles Darwin (Fig. 2). According to this theory, all living things develop in the course of evolution - gradual changes, and at the beginning of these changes there were the simplest creatures. Of course, today the theory of evolution differs significantly from what Darwin proposed: many factors in the development of man and society were still unknown in his time.
Rice. 2. Charles Darwin
Some researchers believed that Darwin was wrong, if only because we cannot observe manifestations of evolution today.
As a result, a third theory emerged, known as catastrophism. Its founder is considered to be the naturalist Georges Cuvier. Within the framework of catastrophism, it is believed that life is the result of planetary catastrophes, and its forms do not develop. Some scientists explain many significant events in the history of the Earth, precisely by catastrophes - volcanic eruptions, collisions of our planet with comets, catastrophic earthquakes. For example, this is how many explain the death of dinosaurs.
All these theories with with great difficulty explain where life came from. A fourth theory, known as panspermia, dates back to mid-19th century. Its authors are considered to be German physician Hermann Richter and Swedish physicist Svante Arrhenius. But one should not think that in the 20th century no one adhered to this theory; Among her supporters was even Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky.
Academician Alexander Ivanovich Oparin proposed his own theory. According to it, life on Earth originated as a result of a chain of chemical transformations.
IN scientific world In the 20th century, the theory of evolution almost reigns supreme. However, supporters of creationism from time to time go on the offensive.
Let's see how and when, from the point of view of modern science, man and society appeared.
The process of human emergence is called “anthropogenesis”. IN modern science this process is briefly described as follows.
Australopithecus (homo habilis) is considered the first stage of anthropogenesis (Fig. 3).
Rice. 3. Australopithecus
The second stage of anthropogenesis is Pithecanthropus (Fig. 4).
Rice. 4. Pithecanthropus
The third stage is the Neanderthal (Fig. 5). Finally, the last stage is homo sapiens sapiens. This is you and me.
Rice. 5. Neanderthal
Let's move on to the process of sociogenesis, that is, the emergence and development of society. It has three stages, but if anthroposociogenesis proceeds across the planet at approximately the same pace, then sociogenesis in different areas the earth is coming at different speeds.
The first stage of sociogenesis is the ancestral community (the human herd).
The second stage is the clan community - an association of people based on consanguinity.
The third stage is the neighboring community - an association of people along territorial lines.
Let's summarize. The process of sociogenesis takes place in three stages.
Different peoples undergo sociogenesis at different rates. Many ethnic groups have long lived in a neighboring community, but there are also tribes that are still at the stage of a tribal community.
The processes of anthropogenesis and sociogenesis are closely related. This once again proves that man, despite his social essence, still remains part of nature. Next time we will talk about how nature and society influence each other. And our lesson today is over. Thank you for your attention.
Is evolution happening today?
Evolution continues constantly. Over the past hundreds of years, man has been continuously changing.
The average height of the Japanese has increased over the past 100 years by at least 15 cm. Young people with a height of at least 170 cm were taken into the guard under Peter the Great (Fig. 6).
Rice. 6. Average height
Monkey Processes"
Rice. 7. John Scopes
In 1925, Tennessee passed the Butler Act, prohibiting the teaching of Darwin's theory. That same year, the state brought a case against teacher John Scopes (Figure 7), accused of violating the act. Scopes was found guilty and ordered to pay a fine of $100.
In 2006-2007, a similar process took place in Russia.
How the Neanderthal was acquitted
For recent years our ideas about Neanderthals have changed greatly.
In 2005, the oldest musical instrument– Neanderthal flute (Fig. 8).
Rice. 8. Neanderthal flute
In 1938, Soviet archaeologist Alexei Okladnikov (Fig. 9) discovered the burial of a Neanderthal boy in the Teshik-Tash cave (Fig. 10).
Rice. 9. A. Okladnikov
Rice. 10. Neanderthal boy
The most backward tribe
In the early 1970s, the Tasaday Manube tribe, considered the most backward tribe in the world, was discovered in the forests of the Philippine island of Mindanao. The Tasaday still live tribal system. The reason for this is that over the last thousand years they have evolved in isolation.
Literature for the lesson
Textbook: Social studies. Textbook for 10th grade students educational institutions. Basic level. Ed. L. N. Bogolyubova. M.: OJSC “Moscow Textbooks”, 2008.
Tasaday-manube (continued) ().
New data on Neanderthals ().
Change in average height different nations in the twentieth century ().
