Cases of personal pronouns in Russian. Interrogative and relative pronouns

In the Russian language, one of the important parts is grammar. It is necessary to speak and write correctly. Often, illiterate people's words sound incoherent and absurd. Parts of speech are studied in elementary school, but not everyone knows what category and category the pronoun “him” belongs to, what gender and number it is. To understand the subtleties, they turn to morphological analysis for help.

Use of pronouns in Russian

In Russian, part of speech is important place, as it is necessary to indicate an object or its signs. The questions asked about the pronoun are: Who? What? Which? How many? Whose? The part of speech is placed in the initial form to see the word in the nominative case and singular.

• I painted this picture in a few days.
• My mom is the best.
• What happened?

Change independent part speech can be declined by cases. Some categories have gender, number and case. In a sentence there are subjects, objects and modifiers. The pronoun "him" has the initial form "he". This is a personal aspect, which is designated as an object in a sentence. After asking the question, you can determine what else the pronoun does in the sentence.

This can be seen in the example:

1. I didn't notice it during the game.
2. Will you see him today?
3. Did you warn him?
4. I know him very well.
5. His words hurt me.
6. I didn't know how to persuade him.
7. His mother always greets us warmly.
8. I don't know if it can be eaten?
9. His name is always on the front pages of newspapers.
10. Will we catch up with him?

The pronoun often acts as a synonym to avoid repeating words. With the help of a part of speech, it is easy to create a sentence that will be perfectly connected in meaning and will not lose its characteristics. This is especially important if you need to compose a story or text. All sentences will be connected even without specifying the main character or action. With the help of pronouns, you can emphasize a characteristic and indicate whose it is.

Dividing into categories by meaning

When studying pronouns, the main groups are determined. They are divided by meaning, so you can quickly determine what the sentence is talking about. Categories include parts of speech that indicate or relate to something.

The rule says that there are several types of pronouns:

1. Personal required to indicate specific person or an object: I, you, we, you, he, she, it, they.
2. The possessive will show who owns the object: mine, yours, yours, theirs.
3. The return will be needed to determine the phenomenon for yourself.
4. An interrogative is written with a question mark: who, which, whose.
5. In a sentence, several parts are connected with subordination. For example, which, whose, how much, what.
6. Indefinite means that what is being spoken about is unknown. The list of pronouns includes someone, something, someone, someone.
7. The negative says that the object does not apply to anyone, that it cannot be characterized: no one, none.
8. Demonstratives are needed to show what the subject is about. we're talking about. Among them: this, that, that, so many.
9. Definitives indicate common feature several items: any, any, every.

The initial form of the pronoun “his” is “he”, so the part of speech refers to the personal form. Depending on what they want to say, the secondary member of the sentence will indicate whose object or phenomenon. This can be seen in sentences like this: “His smile attracts attention. This is his backpack. We recognize him by his gait. His suit fits perfectly." When writing sentences, you can see what the pronoun “him” indicates. Depending on the question, it may be an object and a sign of whose it is.

Cases in Russian

Case is necessary to determine the function of a word in a sentence, it syntactic role. It is also defined as the declension of words. Literate educated person knows how to do it right. The pronoun “him” in Russian is not in its initial form. This means that it has already been rejected.

To do this, you need to know that there are 6 cases. For the nominative the questions are required: Who? What? To put it in the genitive, they ask the question: Who? What? In the dative case there are questions: To whom? Why? The nominative and accusative are often confused, in which the questions: Whom? What? The creative is characterized by: By whom? How? Last prepositional: About whom? About what?

The use of the preposition before the pronoun “him” in the indirect case has the form “at him”. The same applies to the pronouns “she, they.” When declension, you need to follow the rules in order to avoid mistakes when writing and in colloquial speech.

Form of pronouns and definition by category

A pronoun in a sentence can stand in place of a noun, numeral, adjective and adverb. Due to the existing characteristics, it indicates an object and expresses an attitude. Has different meaning And grammatical meaning.

Personal pronouns will show the specific object that needs to be reported. A constant sign is a face, which can be of the first, second and third types. The part of speech refers to the third person. The initial form of the pronoun “his” is “he”. A constant morphological feature will indicate the number of objects and phenomena.

To find out what number the pronoun “him” has, you need to pay attention to the rule. The singular includes “I, you, he, she,” as well as their derivatives. To the plural - “we, they”. All personal pronouns change by case. This applies not only to the ending, but to the entire word.

Since the rank of the pronoun “his” is personal, before using it, learn the grammatical meaning and function in the sentence. This will allow you to find out which part of speech was replaced. It can be an object, phenomenon or sign. The personal pronoun “he” indicates the attribute “him”.

To determine the initial form, the part of speech is put in the nominative case, singular, masculine. The question needs to be asked: who or what? It relates to the subject matter. If there is a sign, the questions will be: which one or which one? When indicating quantity, use the question: how much? Sometimes the pronoun does not change according to gender and number. For example, me or something. In this case initial form stands grammatical basis in the nominative case.

In some cases, pronouns do not have this form: no one, yourself. For them it is associated with the genitive case. This will be the first word form in the case list of the Russian language. In a sentence with the pronoun “him”, a distinction is made between context and semantic meaning personal and possessive parts of speech.

• I saw (who?) him. Personal pronoun with the initial form “he” (who?).
• His (whose?) shoes. Possessive is used only in this form, therefore it is considered initial.

The example shows that before writing, you should pay attention to the rule of putting the pronoun in the initial form. Pay attention to the question that can be raised in a certain case.

Number of pronouns

3rd person personal pronouns indicate the subject without participating in the sentence. In the indirect version they have forms formed from another root. There are several features of declination that you need to be aware of. The personal category of the pronoun “him” and its initial forms implies that the part of speech can be determined by a singular or plural person.

In the first case, male, female and neuter. The pronoun “he” belongs to the first category. This is the only number. The feminine term is “she”, which is also one of a kind. The middle one is “it”. In plural it will be the pronoun “they”. After the definition, you can move on to the next stage of determining the case. If you need to know which pronoun “his” is, you need to know the rules of declension. The part of speech will be in the indirect case, and the base is the word “he”.

Cases and declension of pronouns

A literate person is fluent in the ability to inflect different parts of speech. Over time, the rules are forgotten, which leads to incorrect composition of sentences and a violation of the structure. The members of the proposal in this case are not consistent with each other.

There are six cases in the Russian language, which means the same number of forms of changes in endings. They have important at correct use the most case form, number and gender. It is important to remember not only the cases, but also the questions to them.

To make it easier to choose correct question, use additional words. Each case has its own word: there is (who?), there is no (who?), give (to whom?), I see (who, what?), pleased (with whom?), I speak (about whom?). The nominative and accusative cases are often confused in sentences. In this case, an additional word will come in handy, which, depending on the participation of the word in the sentence, will help to correctly establish the case.

The case of the pronoun “him” is genitive, since you can use the word “no” and the question: whom? However, this is provided that the initial form is the pronoun “he”. In another case, the question will be: whose? In a sentence with the pronoun “his” you can see what the part of speech is, what member it is.

1. I saw him.
2. Mom asked him to help.
3. I brought his jacket.
4. His hair was dark.
5. Every day his lectures were attended by huge amount students.

The first and second sentences pose the question: whom? In the rest - whose, whose? This will allow you to carry out the correct parsing.

Distinctive features of cases

In the nominative case, the characteristics of the main and minor member offers. Characterized by the absence of a preposition. The genitive is needed to confirm affiliation. The case of the pronoun “him” is second in the list. This can be seen in the sentence: “I saw him yesterday at the holiday.” They pose the question: who? The dative is necessary to define a point indicating the end of an action.

The accusative, like the nominative, refers to the subject itself. The only difference is the question: who or whom? When defining, the word “is” or “I see” is selected. The creative will show with the help of which the action is performed. The prepositional case is used exclusively with a preposition, which indicates the place where events or an object occur.

In linguistics, the prepositional case is divided into two categories. Explanatory answers the questions: who, what? It characterizes the subject that is spoken or narrated about. A local answers the question: where? Declension occurs in both singular and plural.

Case inflections of pronouns

The grammatical side of the rules indicates that there are three categories for pronouns. This includes noun, adjective and numeral. Part of speech is used instead.

• Nouns include: I, you, who, what.
• To adjectives: mine, yours, yours, ours.
• For numerals: as many as.
• To the adverbs: where, where, when, there, because.

When words and their inflections change, the endings in the words differ. To follow the process, you can consider the pronoun “he”. It is placed in a certain case, which means it is correct to form a phrase or sentence.

1. I.p. - he (is there anyone?)
2. R.p. - his (no one?), he (does anyone have?)
3. D.p. - to him (to give to whom?), to him (to come to whom?)
4. V.p. - him (I see who?), for him (I’ll do it for whom?)
5. etc. - with him (happy with whom?), with him (with whom?)
6. P.p. - about him.

All are listed case forms pronouns "he". For each, there is a question and an additional word that will help you correctly determine the case. It is important to remember the rule about how to spell the pronoun “him” with the letter -n. After considering all the options, you can learn to write correctly.

Morphological analysis

Studying the Russian language is inextricably linked with the need to study the morphology of parts of speech. This also includes the pronoun. It is necessary to study, determine grammatical and syntactic characteristics. Part of speech has different structural characteristics, so the parsing order is different. In a sentence, pronouns play different syntactic roles.

For different groups pronouns have their own characteristics. For example, to find out which pronoun “him” is, the initial form is established. This will be the word “he”, which is subsequently declined according to cases.

The general procedure is the same:

• Determination of the initial form.
• Consideration of morphological characteristics.
• The role of a word in a sentence.

Most often, the first question is solved simply. But with morphological characteristics more complicated, so you need to pay attention to the subtleties. Pronouns from the category of nouns have constant characteristics in the form of category, number and gender, if any. For personal ones you will need a face. All this can be picked up if you immediately determine the category. Among not permanent signs there is a case.

How to parse the pronoun “him”?

Let's proceed to the morphological analysis. This can be done after it is known what person and case the pronoun “him” is. This is the part of speech that refers to personal pronouns. If you stick to the plan, it's not difficult to do the analysis.

1. Determine the meaning of a pronoun in a sentence in the form of an object or attribute.
2. The question is posed in required case: Who? Which? How many?
3. The nominative case and singular number will help you determine the initial form correctly.
4. The morphological role is expressed using constants and inconsistent symptoms.
5. Determine what is in the sentence.

When constant signs are indicated, the category is immediately determined. If it is a personal form, you can determine. Which person does the pronoun refer to? Then they move on to gender, number and case. The part of speech, depending on the meaning, will be an addition if it answers questions of indirect cases. If this definition is the question: whose? A circumstance is highlighted when the question is asked: where?

Example morphological analysis pronouns "his" as an adjective:

His eyes shone like stars.

1. The pronoun in a sentence has the form it.
2. Among the permanent characteristics are possessive and unchangeable, but there are no non-permanent ones.
3. His eyes (whose?) (definition).

Another example of morphological analysis of the pronoun “him” as a noun:

I want to see him.

1. In the sentence, the part of speech is a pronoun with the initial form “he”.
2. It is distinguished by constant characteristics of the personal form, the 3rd person, in the sentence it is in the masculine gender, singular, in genitive case.
3. See (who?) him (addition).

A pronoun is a part of speech that points to an object and does not name it. It characterizes the characteristics, determines whose object it is. To write and speak correctly, you need to know the rules for declension of parts of speech by case, signs and characteristic features depending on the category. This will allow you to avoid making mistakes in endings and compose sentences correctly.

Pronouns of different categories have their own peculiarities of changing according to cases. Now we will look at some of them in more detail.

1. Cases of personal pronouns

IN indirect cases For these pronouns, not only the endings change, but also the stem:

I.p. I, you, we, you, he, it, she, they

R.p. me, you, us, you, his, his, her, their

D.p. me, you, us, you, his, his, her, their

V.p. me, you, us, you, his, his, her, their

etc. me (me), you (you), us, you, them, them, her (her), them

P.p. (about) me, (about) you, (about) us, (about) you, (about) him, (about) him, (about) her, (about) them.

Pronouns have 1st and 2nd person singular There are no clearly defined categories of gender; they are used in both masculine, feminine, and neuter.

Third person pronouns, when inflected, may lose their initial consonant she - but her, etc.

2. For reflexive pronoun There are only forms of indirect cases. It is declined in the same way as the personal pronoun you:

etc. by myself (by myself)

P.p. (about) myself

• 3. Some pronouns that have the categories of gender and number change by case according to the same rules as adjectives. This applies to:
  • · possessive pronouns (my, yours, ours, yours);
  • · indicative (that, this, that);
  • · interrogative/relative (which, which, whose);
  • Definitive (most, himself, all, every, other).

I.p. our, ours, ours, ours; such, such, such, such

R.p. ours, ours, ours, ours; such, such, such, such

D.p. ours, ours, ours, ours; so, so, so, so

V.p. ours, ours, ours, ours; such, such, such, such

etc. ours, ours, ours, ours; like this, like this, like this

P.p. (about) ours, (about) ours, (about) ours, (about) ours; (about) such, (about) such, (about) such, (about) such

The attributive pronouns he and most, although similar, are declined differently. The difference is indicated mainly by emphasis:

I.p. the most, the most

R.p. most, most

D.p. myself, myself

V.p. most, most

etc. by myself, by myself

P.p. (about) myself, (about) myself

Pay attention to the declination attributive pronouns all, all, everything:

I.p. all, all, everything

R.p. everything, all, everyone

D.p. everything, everything, everyone

V.p. everything, all, everyone

etc. everyone, all (all), everyone

P.p. (about) everything, (about) everything, (about) everyone

When declension of feminine and neuter pronouns, only the endings change, but in the masculine gender the stem also changes.

4. For interrogative/relative (who, what) and negative pronouns formed from them (nobody, nothing) the stems change when changing by case:

I.p. who, what, nobody, nothing

R.p. who, what, no one, nothing

D.p. to whom, what, no one, nothing

V.p. who, what, no one, nothing

etc. who, what, nothing, nothing

P.p. (about) whom, (about) what, about no one, about nothing.

At the same time, in prepositional case a preposition breaks negative pronouns into three words.

5. Like the reflexive pronoun, some negative pronouns no nominative case form:

R.p. no one

D.p. no one

V.p. no one

etc. no one

P.p. not about anyone.

6. Indefinite pronouns are declined in the same way as interrogatives/ relative pronouns from which they are derived:

I.p. any, something

R.p. any, something

D.p. to any, something

V.p. any, something

etc. somehow, something

P.p. (about) any, about something

7. There are variable case forms for the indefinite pronoun “some”:

I.p. some

R.p. some

D.p. to a certain

V.p. no one

etc. some (some)

P.p. (about) someone

Variant case forms exist for this pronoun in other gender/number as well.

8. Some demonstrative (such), relative (what), indefinite (someone, something) pronouns do not change by case. Pronouns and adverbs do not decline where, where, when, so.

Children become closely acquainted with the pronoun as a part of speech at school in the sixth grade, when they use words in sentences that help them indicate an object, its attribute or quantity.

Instructions

• In elementary school and fifth grade, children were introduced to nouns, adjectives and verbs. But in order to point to these words in sentences, they need other helper words. These are pronouns. And sometimes you need to indicate the quantity of someone or something. For example: I have many friends. When schoolchildren become familiar with pronouns, learn to recognize them in text and distinguish them from other parts of speech, they are faced with new task: how to determine case pronouns?Pronouns are nominal parts of speech, so they change by case in the same way as nouns and adjectives.
• Schoolchildren learned to change nouns and adjectives by case in the fifth grade. They know that the Russian language has six cases. You can determine case by asking a question about a word. For example: Nominative case - Who? What?
  Genitive case - Whom? What?
  Dative case - To whom? Why?
  Accusative case - Whom? What?
  Instrumental case - By whom? How?
  Prepositional case - About whom? About what? By also asking a question about a pronoun, the guys can determine the case and pronouns. In addition, there are pronouns that change according to gender and number.
• When declension (change of case) personal pronouns sometimes not only the ending in a word changes, but the whole word. How are personal pronouns declined? Let's look at the example of the declension of the personal pronoun Ya. Nominative case - I
  Genitive case – Me
  Dative case – To me
  Accusative case – Me
  Instrumental case – By me
  Prepositional case - About me. We see that when the personal pronoun I is declension, not only the ending in the word changes, but also the basis of the entire word changes. Sometimes even alternation can occur at the root when the case of the pronoun changes. For example: for you - by you (alternating E with O), for me - by me (alternating E with zero sound).
• It is worth remembering the following combinations: I'm sad for you
  You miss us
  Misses you
• But there are pronouns that do not change by case or do not have all cases. For example, the pronoun Myself, which indicates the one about whom they are talking. This pronoun does not have a nominative case. A indefinite pronoun Someone and Something do not change by case at all.
• Possessive pronouns that indicate ownership and answer the questions Which? Whose? change like adjectives. Let's look at this with an example possessive pronoun Mine: Nominative case – my friend
  Genitive case - my friend
  Dative case - to my friend
  Accusative case - my friend
  The instrumental case is my friend
  The prepositional case is about my friend.

The pronoun is one of the most important parts of speech in the Russian language. In its properties, it is very close to the noun, which is mainly used to replace it, but at the same time, limiting the tasks of a pronoun to only this function is really stupid. A pronoun indicates a person without naming him specifically; it serves to connect sentences in the text, and in some cases even to strengthen certain statements. Multifaceted, isn't it? This is why the case of pronouns in sentences is so important - you cannot treat such a multifunctional element carelessly.

Theoretical introduction

Of course, the case of pronouns, or rather their declension, is subject to almost the same rules as nouns (it was already said above that these two parts of speech have a lot in common). Pronouns are characterized by the same six genitive, accusative, dative, instrumental and prepositional) as a noun.

By the way, when pronouns appear in all cases except the nominative, we can say that the pronouns in Of course, the features of declension also depend on the category of the pronoun. Some of them do not change in principle; in certain categories, changes concern only some individual pronouns. This is exactly what we will deal with. “Pronoun cases” is the table with which we start.

Personal pronouns

Let's start with the basics: changing personal pronouns by case. Personal pronouns include those that are known to everyone I, you, he/she/it, we, you, they. They are all declined by case - just substitute relevant question and we get the form we need.

“Pronoun cases” is a table that concerns only the category of personal pronouns.

As can be seen from the table, in the previously mentioned indirect cases, regardless of the number, an additional consonant “n” is obtained. Fortunately, no other peculiarities are observed: the cases of personal pronouns are not anything complicated, right?

Reflexive pronoun

Let's move on. This category includes one singular pronoun myself, which has neither number nor gender, and also retains the same form in all cases. Just try to tilt it - and you will see it.

Possessive pronouns

The next category is associated with pronouns that express the object’s belonging to someone. This includes mine, yours, his/hers, ours, yours, theirs. The forms of pronouns in this category are presented in the following table:

The table shows that in the third person possessive pronouns do not change at all, while in the first and second, you just need to replace a couple of letters at the beginning - the endings are the same.

By the way, one of the most common errors in modern Russian is associated with this category. Some people invent such a pronoun as “theirs”, and then also try to decline it. So, be sure to remember that such a pronoun has never existed in the third person plural! Theirs, theirs and only theirs!

Interrogative and relative pronouns

This category is used to ask a question. And this is where the first difficulties begin. Pronouns which?, whose?, which? have gender, number, and case. For pronouns who?, what?, how many? The presence of only case is characteristic; other categories are alien to it. And the only pronoun that completely breaks the system is what?: it has no case, but changes according to gender and number.

The same can be said about relative pronouns. By by and large, relative pronouns are the same as interrogative pronouns, only without the question mark at the end of the sentence.

It should also be noted that in the pronoun How many when declension, the emphasis remains on the first, and not on last syllable, as most people think.

Negative and indefinite pronouns

We continue to study the change of pronouns by case with a new category, where there is also certain nuances. Gender, number and case have only none, no one's, whereas no one, nothing, no one, nothing, not at all change solely according to the last sign, without having the rest.

The forms of negative pronouns completely coincide with interrogative-negative ones, with the only clarification - the addition of a prefix neither/not.

The same can be said about Take a relative pronoun, add postfixes to it - this, -either, -something and we get new look pronouns: some, anything. The forms for declension remain the same, which, undoubtedly, greatly simplifies working with this type of pronouns. IN certain cases You can also add prefixes not/nor: some, something.

Determinative pronouns

We're getting closer to the end. Next up is a new category, all pronouns of which have gender, number and case. This includes himself, most, all, every, each, any, other, different, whole, every kind. It’s voluminous, of course, but not at all difficult. Let's move on!

As can be seen from the table, the conjugation of pronouns himself, the most And everyone, everyone practically coincide, but you shouldn’t rely heavily on memorizing the forms of pronouns in different cases, it’s much easier to just figure out the rule and then not experience any difficulties.

Demonstrative pronouns

The last of the categories again pleases us with nuances. Pronouns this, that-(that), such-(that) have number and case, so much (that)- only case, but that's how it is, by analogy with what, absolutely does not want to change by case, remaining in one single form.

And again the similarity of pronoun forms that one. Case, as you can see, is a completely elementary topic, where there’s even nothing really to remember.

Nuances, where would we be without them?

Of course, there are some features of pronoun declension. For example, those who are attentive have long noticed that the case of pronouns is a topic very, very close to the case of adjectives: the endings are absolutely the same. The only exceptions from this rule - all, himself: In this situation, you still have to think a little.

Continuing the theme of pronouns all, it should be noted that it is the only one where there is a fluent vowel: all-all-all and so on - the root “e” simply drops out, not appearing later in any of the cases.

Moreover, some of the pronouns have so-called archaic forms: any-every-everything. They are considered short. And also a pronoun myself in the feminine gender accusative case (herself) is actually considered colloquial form, whereas literary language would like to use the option most(by analogy they also talk about tu-tuyo- from pronoun that). Researchers are also determining the shape the most, with emphasis on penultimate letter, but it is considered to be little used and almost forgotten.

Children become closely acquainted with the pronoun as a part of speech at school in the sixth grade, when they use words in sentences that help them point to an object, its sign or number.

Instructions

1. In elementary school and in fifth grade, children were introduced to nouns, adjectives and verbs. But in order to indicate these words in sentences, they need other helper words. These are pronouns. And occasionally it is necessary to indicate the number of someone or something. Let's say: I have many friends. When schoolchildren have become familiar with pronouns, learned to recognize them in text and distinguish them from other parts of speech, they are faced with a new task: how to determine case pronouns?Pronouns are nominal parts of speech, therefore they change according to case just like nouns, adjectives.

2. Change by case Schoolchildren learned nouns and adjectives in the fifth grade. They know that in Russian there are six case to her. Define case Allowed, by posing a question. Let's say: Nominative case- Who? What? Genitive case- Whom? What? Dative case- To whom? What? Accusative case- Whom? What? Creative case- By whom? What? Prepositional case- About whom? About what? By also asking a question about a pronoun, the guys can determine case And pronouns. In addition, there are pronouns that change according to gender and number.

3. When declination (change case a) personal pronouns Occasionally, not only the ending in a word changes, but the entire word. How are proper pronouns declined? Let's look at the example of the declension of the personal pronoun Ya. Nominative case– IGenitive case– MeDative case– MeAccusative case– Me Creative case– By mePrepositional case– About me. We see that when the personal pronoun I is declension, not only the ending in the word changes, but also the basis of each word changes. Occasionally, even alternation can occur in the root when changing case and pronouns. Let's say: for you - by you (alternating E with O), for me - by me (alternating E with zero sound).

4. It is worth remembering the following combinations: I'm sad for you, you miss us, you miss you

5. But there are pronouns that do not change according to case or not everyone has case And. Let's say the pronoun Self, which indicates the one about whom they are talking. This pronoun does not have a nominative case A. And the indefinite pronouns Someone and Something do not change at all case am.

6. Possessive pronouns that indicate ownership and answer the questions Which? Whose? change like adjectives. Let's look at this using the example of the possessive pronoun My: Nominative case– my friend Parent case– my friend Dative case– to my friend Accusative case– my friend Creative case– my friendPrepositional case- about my friend.