A rider is a list of requirements that celebrity agents send to the organizers of the performance in advance. Sometimes these lists make the receiving party grab their head: “Why would they need THIS?”
The editors of the site found out what things Russian and foreign stars require for a comfortable existence. Here is a selection of oddities and quirks from star riders.
This information was collected from celebrity riders different years, so the information may be out of date due to changes in their show programs, tastes, or other reasons.
Ridiculous riders of foreign stars
Celine Dion
Celine Dion demands that the air temperature in her dressing room be no more or less than 23 degrees Celsius. Otherwise there will be no concert! 
Britney Spears
Britney Spears demanded a dedicated telephone line in the dressing room, otherwise the organizers would pay a $3,000 fine for each incoming call. There was a time when she and her team needed 100 McDonald's cheeseburgers before a concert... without the buns. And for a concert in London in 2011, she needed a framed photograph of Princess Diana. 
Jennifer Lopez
Jennifer Lopez wants to be surrounded everywhere white, and could leave the organizers with nothing if her sheets are not made of pure cotton. And during a performance in Moscow, she needed a motorcade of 19 S-class cars, and hippos and crocodiles were to be embroidered on towels for her children.Rider Jennifer Lopez for a concert in Moscow
Madonna
Madonna requires a staff of two hundred people, including a personal chef, a yoga instructor, 30 bodyguards and a special person to vacuum the stage costumes. The room should contain soft pink lilies or white roses with a 15-centimeter stem. 
Iggy Pop
The requirements of Iggy Pop and his band The Stooges took up 28 A4 pages. One of the demands was as follows: “We need 7 dwarfs dressed exactly like those gnomes from the Walt Disney cartoon about a woman who goes into a hundred-year hibernation after being bitten by a poisonous gnome, or after she pricks her finger with a sharp an apple... or something like that. Well, taller people will do too. The main thing is attitude. And don’t forget the pointy hats.” 
Paul McCartney
A vegetarian for many years, Paul McCartney will not tolerate anything in his room that leads to the death of a living creature: no skins, fur or leather, not to mention meat for dinner. 
Marilyn Manson
The brutal Marilyn Manson will cancel a concert if there are no his favorite Haribo bears, popcorn and chips in the dressing room. 
David Hesselhoff
Actor and singer David Hesselhoff wants to see his cardboard figure in the room full height. 
Barbra Streisand
Barbra Streisand wants her bathroom floor and toilet to be covered in rose petals. 
Nicki Minaj
Nicki Minaj's requests are quite modest: a bucket of spicy chicken wings, two space heaters, bakery-scented candles, three different flavors of gum and a plate of cheese. 
Mariah Carey
Mariah Carey asks for a bottle of Crystal champagne and a straw to be served in her room so she can sip it slowly. She needs a helper to throw away her chewing gum and help her up the stairs. The room should have a sofa in dark colors “without those annoying patterns.” The temperature in the room is exactly 24 degrees Celsius, and there are many white roses and vanilla-scented candles in the room. 
Cher
Singer Cher needs separate room for wigs. It sounds strange, but she really has a lot of them. 
Coldplay
The Coldplay members don't have any special requirements, except that every hotel room should have postcards of local landmarks - they send them to family, it's a tradition. 
Beyoncé
Beyonce has two conditions that are not negotiable under any circumstances: a huge dressing room the size of a school gym and baked chicken for dinner. 
Rihanna
Rihanna's room should have a plush sofa and pillows with an animal print, preferably zebra or tiger stripes, definitely without glitter, as well as a brand new carpet for walking on barefoot. 
Katy Perry
The 45-page rider features Katy Perry following conditions: two cream-colored egg chairs, a refrigerator with a glass door, a vintage French lamp with an ornament, special person for washing fruits and vegetables. And none of the staff should talk to her. 
Eminem
Eminem is no longer the brash bully he was at the beginning of his career. Now he adheres to the philosophy of contemplation, which is perhaps why he once demanded that the organizers of a performance in Ireland have a hotel with a pond full of Japanese koi carp. 
Robbie Williams
Another fan of Zen Buddhism is Robbie Williams. In his dressing room there must certainly be a bonsai tree, a photograph of the Dalai Lama and four ashtrays, and sometimes also a live monkey. 
M.I.A.
Singer M.I.A. wants to see a couple of 20-25-year-old dancers dressed in burqas as backup dancers, and “gruyère cheese as old as dinosaurs” in the act. 
Lady Gaga
Lady Gaga's rider is weird simply because it's Lady Gaga. The dressing room should be decorated in a glam rock style (whatever that means), all bath accessories should be lavender color and smell, there should be a mannequin with pink pubic hair in the bathroom. 
Moby
Moby requires 10 pairs of white cotton socks and the same number of crisp white boxers. He takes the remaining laundry with him after the performance. 
The secret becomes clear
The rider for rockers Van Halen stated the following: “The room must have a bowl of M&M’s, from which all candies have been removed brown" But this strange, at first glance, requirement is more than a whim of the stars. 
The fact is that each performance of the group required serious efforts from the receiving party. During the show, Van Halen rode on stage in huge trucks and did many other stunts that turned the performance into a colorful show, and any mistake in the stage design could result in disaster.
To ensure that the organizers have carefully read the technical requirements for the stage, among detailed description Every little detail like sockets and the width of doorways was hidden in a “Sweets” section with a line about M&M’s. If, upon checking into their room, the artists saw brown M&M’s in the bowl, the concert was immediately canceled and the money was not returned to the organizer.
Riders of Russian stars
Singer Nikita
Singer Nikita, the author of the once popular song “Flew Away Forever,” loves his chow chow Seva very much. In 2005, the media reported that a mandatory condition for its rider is a separate room, a car and a hairdresser for the pet. Seva should be fed young meat with vegetables and nothing else. Nikita was not so scrupulous about his beloved: he only asked to be accommodated in a room in pastel colors. 
Lolita
Lolita Milyavskaya's rider seems quite adequate: a suite in a five-star hotel, bodyguards and a limousine at the ramp. But these simple requirements were not always met. Tired of the irresponsibility of the organizers, Lolita added “Oka” to the list with a flashing light, which should meet her at the airport. This is how she determines who has read her rider and who has not. Those who read it will certainly call and clarify, to which the singer replies: “Just kidding, relax!” 
As for the performance itself, on stage Lolita needs two Viennese chairs and three water cannons. After the last point I even wanted to go to the singer’s concert.
Taisiya Povaliy
In the rider 
Zemfira
In 2013, Zemfira came to Ukraine with a concert. The organizers of the event posted the singer’s rider online with a demand to provide her with a suite in a 5-star hotel, a BMW or Mercedes of executive class with the ability to smoke in the cabin, 5 security guards, and a dressing room, which must have 10 terry towels and soap (including a shower). there was not a word). The menu included 10 raw eggs, apparently to maintain his voice. But there was no alcohol on the list at all, contrary to widespread rumors that Zemfira likes to drink a glass of Veuve Clicquot or a glass of Hennessy before a concert. 
Alexander Rybak
In 2009, a pop star with Norwegian roots amazed the organizers of the Slavic Bazaar in Vitebsk with her demands. The producers of Alexander Rybak requested an executive Mercedes S220, and for its accompanying Mercedes Sprinter. The rider, it was said, must be assigned at least two security guards to the singer, and during concerts the backup dancers and musicians had to have their own security. The minibar in the room should have been stocked with the following drinks: 10 bottles of beer, 1 bottle of dry white wine, 20 bottles of still water, 20 bottles of lemonade and 5 bottles of Coca-Cola light. At the same time, it was strictly forbidden to feed Rybak’s troupe pizza and fast food. It is not clear why the festival’s management was so taken aback by the “excessive and irritating” conditions that were rather modest for the Eurovision winner, which took up only 2 pages.A limousine, 2 escort cars and a Mercedes bus for backup dancers are required to meet the singer at the ramp. In Russia and the CIS countries, Kirkorov’s safety on the road must be ensured by traffic police vehicles.
The artist must be provided with at least a two-room presidential suite. The first room is large and bright, with a full-length mirror, upholstered furniture, a dressing table, a wardrobe for at least 20 suits, a table with a snow-white tablecloth, a separate bathroom, fresh flowers and a decanter of orange juice. The second room is completely dedicated to a wardrobe.
One of the strangest conditions of Kirkorov’s rider is “a preliminary screening on local TV of Kirkorov’s video clips, the film “Philip Kirkorov. One Year in the Life: Love and Stage” and promotional videos for his performance.
Subscribe to our channel in Yandex.Zen
Today you will learn about the most unusual stars. It is estimated that there are about 100 billion galaxies in the Universe and about 100 billion stars in each galaxy. With so many stars, there are bound to be some strange ones among them. Many of the sparkling, burning balls of gas are quite similar to each other, but some stand out for their strange size, weight and behavior. Using modern telescopes, scientists continue to study these stars to better understand them and the Universe, but mysteries still remain. Curious to know about the strangest stars? Here are the 25 most unusual stars in the Universe.
25. UY Scuti
Considered a supergiant star, UY Scuti is so large that it could engulf our star, half of our neighboring planets, and virtually our entire solar system. Its radius is approximately 1700 times greater than radius Sun.
24. Star of Methuselah
Photo: commons.wikimedia.org
The Star of Methuselah, also named HD 140283, truly lives up to its name. Some believe it is 16 billion years old, which is a problem since the Big Bang only happened 13.8 billion years ago. Astronomers have tried to use more advanced age determination methods to better date the star, but still believe it is at least 14 billion years old.
23. Torna-Zhitkova object
Photo: Wikipedia Commons.com
The existence of this object was originally proposed theoretically by Kip Thorne and Anna Zytkow; it consists of two stars, a neutron and a red supergiant, combined into one star. A potential candidate for this object has been named HV 2112.
22.R136a1 
Photo: flickr
Although UY Scuti is the most big star, known to man, R136a1 is definitely one of the heaviest in the Universe. Its mass is 265 times greater than the mass of our Sun. What makes it strange is that we don't know exactly how it was formed. The main theory is that it was formed by the merger of several stars.
21.PSR B1257+12
Photo: en.wikipedia.org
Most of the exoplanets in PSR B1257+12's solar system are dead and bathed in deadly radiation from their old star. Amazing fact about their star is a zombie star or pulsar that has died but the core still remains. The radiation emanating from it makes this solar system a no man's land.
20.SAO 206462
Photo: flickr
Consisting of two spiral arms spanning 14 million miles across, SAO 206462 is certainly a strange and unique star in the universe. While some galaxies are known to have arms, stars typically do not. Scientists believe that this star is in the process of creating planets.
19. 2MASS J0523-1403
Photo: Wikipedia Commons.com
2MASS J0523-1403 may be the smallest known star in the Universe, and it lies just 40 light-years away. Because it is small in size and mass, scientists believe it may be 12 trillion years old.
18. Heavy metal subdwarfs
Photo: ommons.wikimedia.org
Recently, astronomers discovered a pair of stars with a large number lead in the atmosphere, which creates thick and heavy clouds around the star. They're called HE 2359-2844 and HE 1256-2738, and they're located 800 and 1000 light-years away respectively, but you could just call them heavy metal subdwarfs. Scientists are still not sure how they form.
17. RX J1856.5-3754
Photo: Wikipedia Commons.com
From the moment they are born, neutron stars begin to continuously lose energy and cool down. It is therefore unusual that a 100,000-year-old neutron star such as RX J1856.5-3754 could be so hot and show no signs of activity. Scientists believe interstellar material is held tightly gravitational field star, resulting in enough energy to heat the star.
16. KIC 8462852
Photo: Wikipedia Commons.com
The star system KIC 8462852 attracted close attention and interest from SETI and astronomers for its unusual behavior recently. Sometimes it dims by 20 percent, which could mean something is orbiting around it. Of course, this led some to the conclusion that these were aliens, but another explanation is the debris of a comet that entered the same orbit with the star.
15. Vega
Photo: Wikipedia Commons.com
Vega is the fifth brightest star in the night sky, but that's not what makes it strange. Its high rotation speed of 960,600 km per hour gives it an egg shape, rather than a spherical shape like our Sun. There are also temperature variations, with colder temperatures at the equator.
14. SGR 0418+5729
Photo: commons.wikimedia.org
A magnet located 6,500 light-years from Earth, SGR 0418+5729 has the strongest magnetic field in the Universe. The strange thing about it is that it does not correspond to the image of traditional magnetars with a surface magnetic field, like conventional ones neutron stars.
13. Kepler-47
Photo: Wikipedia Commons.com
In the constellation Cygnus, 4,900 light-years from Earth, astronomers have discovered for the first time a pair of planets orbiting two stars. Known as the Kelper-47 system, the orbiting stars eclipse each other every 7.5 days. One star is roughly the size of our Sun, but only 84 percent as bright. The discovery proves that there may be more than one planet in the stressed orbit of a binary star system.
12. La Superba
Photo: commons.wikimedia.org
La Superba is another massive star located 800 light years away. It is about 3 times heavier than our Sun and the size of four astronomical units. It is so bright that it can be observed from Earth with the naked eye.
11. MY Camelopardalis
Photo: commons.wikimedia.org
MY Camelopardalis was thought to be a lone bright star, but it was later discovered that the two stars are so close that they practically touch each other. Two stars slowly join together to form one star. Nobody knows when they will completely merge.
10.PSR J1719-1438b
Photo: Wikipedia Commons.com
Technically, PSR J1719-1438b is not a star, but it once was. While it was still a star, its outer layers were sucked out by another star, turning it into a small planet. What's even more amazing about this former star is that it is now a giant diamond planet, five times the size of Earth.
9. OGLE TR-122b
Photo: Photo: commons.wikimedia.org
The average star usually makes the other planets look like pebbles, but OGLE TR-122b is about the same size as Jupiter. That's right, this is the smallest star in the Universe. Scientists believe it originated as a stellar dwarf several billion years ago, marking the first time a star the size of a planet has been discovered.
8. L1448 IRS3B
Photo: commons.wikimedia.org
Astronomers discovered the three-star system L1448 IRS3B as it began to form. Using the ALMA telescope in Chile, they observed two young stars orbiting a much older star. They believe that these two young stars were the result of nuclear reaction with gas rotating around the star.
Photo: Wikipedia Commons.com
Mira, also known as Omicron Ceti, is 420 light-years away and is quite strange due to its constantly fluctuating brightness. Scientists believe it dying star located on recent years of your life. Even more amazingly, it moves through space at a speed of 130 km per second and has a tail that stretches several light years.
6. Fomalhaut-C
Photo: Wikipedia Commons.com
If you thought the two-star system was cool, then you might want to see the Fomalhaut-C. This is a three-star system just 25 light-years from Earth. While triple star systems are not entirely unique, this one is because the location of the stars far away rather than close to each other is an anomaly. The star Fomalhaut-C is particularly far away from A and B.
5. Swift J1644+57
Photo: Wikipedia Commons.com
The black hole's appetite is indiscriminate. In the case of Swift J1644+57, a dormant black hole woke up and devoured the star. Scientists made this discovery in 2011 using X-ray and radio waves. It took 3.9 billion light years for the light to reach Earth.
4.PSR J1841-0500
Photo: Wikipedia Commons.com
Known for their regular and constantly pulsating glow, they are rapidly rotating stars that rarely turn off. But PSR J1841-0500 surprised scientists by only doing this for 580 days. Scientists believe that studying this star will help them understand how pulsars work.
3.PSR J1748-2446
Photo: Wikipedia Commons.com
The strangest thing about PSR J1748-2446 is that it is the fastest spinning object in the Universe. It has a density 50 trillion times that of lead. To top it all off, its magnetic field is a trillion times stronger than that of our Sun. In short, this is an insanely overactive star.
2. SDSS J090745.0+024507
Photo: Wikipedia Commons.com
SDSS J090745.0+024507 is a ridiculously long name for a runaway star. With the help of a supermassive black hole, the star has been knocked out of its orbit and is moving fast enough to escape the Milky Way. Let's hope that none of these stars rush towards us.
1. Magnetar SGR 1806-20
Photo: Wikipedia Commons.com
Magnetar SGR 1806-20 is a terrifying force that exists in our Universe. Astronomers detected a bright flash 50,000 light-years away that was so powerful it bounced off the Moon and illuminated Earth's atmosphere for ten seconds. Solar flare called scientists questions about whether something like this could lead to the extinction of all life on Earth.
In clear weather, myriads of tiny “lamps” light up in the night sky, with which humanity has associated the phenomena of birth and death, earthly cataclysms and catastrophes, creative discoveries and even the change of entire eras. These inhabitants of the sky are called stars. The brightest and most beautiful of them experience the heyday of their existence, followed inevitably by extinction and death.
Where do stars come from?
This - material bodies, for the “construction” of which matter and energy are needed. After the Big Bang, processes of formation of new substances and objects continuously occur in the Universe. The life path of a star is characterized by processes that mark its dawn, adult life and the decay process:
- In a cloud of gas, consisting mainly of hydrogen and dust, under the influence of gravitational forces, the substance is pulled into the central region.
- Thermal energy is released from the hot interior of a compressing gas and dust cloud.
- Hot gases “expand” the star, rushing outward, and the force of gravity, on the contrary, compresses them towards the center. When these energies come into balance, the protostar no longer contracts, but evenly emits light into outer space.
- Nuclear fusion reactions occur in a cosmic body: hydrogen is converted into helium. As soon as this process ends, the star will begin to die.
At the end of its life, the exhausted celestial body becomes a white dwarf with an enormous density of matter (1 teaspoon can weigh as much as an entire freight train).
The most beautiful "celestials"
Some stars spread a uniform cold shine, others constantly pulsate, and others either burn or disappear in the sky. Many of them are associated with many myths and legends. The most beautiful and bright stars, according to the legends of ancient people, have a special divine energy that can radically change a person’s life. Names such as Rigel, Altair and Sirius are familiar to many, but their mysterious beauty is associated with physical laws, the same for all things in space.
Looking at the clear night sky, the observer immediately draws attention to 3 bright stars lined up in one straight line at a relatively short distance from each other. This is the Belt of Orion - a constellation symbolizing the brave hunter Orion, whose life path is closely connected with ancient Greek mythology. If you look a little down and to the side, as if a person is putting his foot to the side, you can see the bright star Rigel. WITH Arabic the name translates as “leg”. From the Sun to Rigel is 770 light years.
The diameter of the hot white giant is 68 times greater than that of the solar system. The temperature on its surface reaches 11200 K. Rigel is interesting because at a distance of 1 a. That is, from it (the distance from the Earth to the Sun) any cosmic body will be swept away by the energy of the stellar vortex raging in circumstellar space.
According to one legend, the hunter Orion ended up on the island of Chios and fought there with terrible monsters, protecting him from them. local residents. The king agreed to marry his daughter Merope to him. But when the animals were destroyed, there was a refusal from King Oenopion. At night, the satyrs got Orion drunk, and the king gouged out the hunter's eyes.
Blind Orion learned that Helios, the Sun God, could restore his sight and set off on a long journey. He visited the blacksmith Hephaestus, took one of his students with him, sat him on his shoulders and went to the border of the Earth. The student told where to go. Vision was returned to the hunter by the great Helios.
The celestial object is located in the constellation Aquila and is literally translated from Arabic as “flying hawk.” The star is located at 159 trillion. km. from the Sun. The temperature at its outer boundaries reaches 8000 K. The star is interesting because it rotates around its axis in 6-10 hours. This rapid circulation resulted in Altair being 20% smaller in diameter than along the pole line. It has the shape of an ellipse and belongs to the class of white hot stars.
According to Japanese legends, the daughter of King Vega and the shepherd Altair, who guarded the star herds, fell passionately in love with each other. But the king was against their marriage and asked the Sun Goddess Amaterasu to destroy their union. An insurmountable barrier appeared between the lovers in the form of the Milky Way.
Vega stopped weaving her fabrics, and Altair's star herds scattered into different sides. The time has come for rain and bad weather on Earth. People, turning their gaze to the night sky, did not see more stars. And then the inhabitants of the earth began to ask Amaterasu to return the opportunity for meetings to young people. Once a year, on the 7th day of the 7th month, lovers can now see each other.
The celestial body is located in the constellation Canis Major and exceeds the brightness of the Sun by as much as 20 times. But its mass is only 2 times greater than that of central object Solar system. Sirius exudes a cool, bluish glow, which indicates the vital “potential” of the star, although its age is approaching 230 million years. An interesting fact is that this space object is moving towards the Sun with catastrophic fast speed– 7.6 km/s. Every year Sirius will become brighter and larger in the night sky.
Mentions of the star can be found in the works of the Sumerians and ancient Egyptian sages, in the Koran, in Greek mythology. To this day, some African tribes, untouched by civilization, worship Sirius. There is a legend that on the eve earthly catastrophes the inhabitants of Sirius visit Earth to warn people of impending disaster.
Time periods in heavenly kingdom are estimated at millions and billions of years. There will be many more generations of people who will admire the magnificent celestial bodies moving at great speed in outer space. And about the most unusual stars, amazing tales and legends will emerge, surrounding them with an aura of beauty and mystery.
Science
Where do stars come from and where do they disappear? What's happened dark matter And dark energy? Is there life on other planets? Can stars live forever?
Despite huge amount of knowledge accumulated over many centuries, we still cannot explain many things. We can’t explain it because we don’t understand how this is even possible.
These are not necessarily some distant and unattainable objects and strange phenomena. Ordinary stars there are many secrets that have yet to be revealed. Find out what mysteries the stars pose to astronomers.
1) The oldest star that should not exist
The star, the secret of which scientists have yet to reveal, was named SDSS J102915 +172927 . Since there are too many stars in the Universe, and there can be thousands of subjects for research, it is not yet possible to give more understandable names to everyone. Strange name indeed indicates its approximate location.
In 2011, a group of European astronomers discovered this star in the constellation Leo. This star is small in size and is only 80 percent the size of the Sun. Moreover, researchers believe that it is approximately 13 billion years old.
Since the Universe itself, according to modern ideas, already about 13.7 billion years old, this star may be the oldest known star in the Universe. No particular oddities were noticed in this star, except that... there shouldn't be any trace of her.
The star consists of 99.99993% from hydrogen and helium, elements that are too light to condense and form stars on their own. If these data are included in any modern computer models, then the programs will show that the existence of such stars is impossible.
So far, science is powerless to answer the question of how this star managed to form without heavier elements.
2) Mysterious star surrounded by spirals
Located about 400 light years from Earth in the constellation Lupus, the star SAO 206462 attracted the attention of astronomers in 2011. They were surprised not by the star itself, but by what surrounded it: it seemed as if the star had spiral branches that enveloped it.
Spiral formations are not something strange in space, they can often be seen in galaxies, but previously scientists have never seen any star have spiral branches
There are suggestions that the spirals formed due to the gravity of the planets, which formed from the dust surrounding the star. However, there is still no clear evidence to support this theory. This will remain a mystery until planets are found that could swirl matter around the star and form spiral branches.
3) Forever young special stars
Messier 4 - a globular cluster located at a distance of 7200 light years from Earth. If we imagine that galaxies also have a life cycle, then this galaxy would be almost at the very end of its life path . She is approximately 12.2 billion years old.
It is believed that all galaxies eventually turn into globular clusters . When all the gas and dust needed to form stars is depleted, all the stars in the galaxy will find themselves in the final stages of their life cycles.
When scientists looked at this special galaxy in September 2012 using telescopes in Chile, they saw a star that was rich in material such as lithium. Lithium is not an entirely unusual material for stars. But if it does exist, this component burns out within the first few billion years life cycle stars.
Because most The surviving stars in this cluster are about 10 billion years old; finding a star with such an element in its composition is like finding a needle in a haystack.
Scientists believe that this star is somehow replenishes lithium reserves, which protects it from aging. Many astronomers call it "star - fountain eternal youth" . How the star manages to replenish lithium is a mystery that astronomers are scratching their heads over.
4) Stars in the Andromeda Galaxy that manage to avoid black holes
This mystery involves several million stars opposing just one. Just 2.5 million light years away lies the Andromeda Galaxy, the closest spiral galaxy. This galaxy looks like this:
At the center of this galaxy is a supermassive black hole, a huge vacuum cleaner that capable of absorbing even particles of light.
In 2005 space telescope "Hubble" was able to allow scientists to see its center, revealing a blue pie-shaped disk there that was spinning at a very dangerous distance from the black hole. Further analysis showed that it was not just hot dust. The glow came from millions of young blue stars.
These stars were orbiting the black hole at more than 3.7 million kilometers per hour. This speed allows you to circle the earth's equator in just 40 seconds. A similar disk, based on the knowledge that we have. Shouldn't exist. The gas that formed this disk, as well as the stars themselves, would have dissipated due to the black hole's incredible gravity. How these stars ended up intact remains a mystery.
5) Massive stars with unusual properties in the constellation Ophiuchus
Star J1822.3-1606 refers to special type stars called neutron stars. It is located at a distance of 20 thousand light years from us in constellation Ophiuchus.
Stars can end their lives three ways: turn into white dwarf (for example, smaller stars like our Sun), in neutron star (if the star has more large sizes), or black hole (if the star is very huge). If stars are very massive, they explode. This phenomenon is called supernova .
Types of neutron stars: magnetars and pulsars
There are several types of neutron stars: magnetar with the strongest magnetic fields in the Universe and pulsar , which sends rays electromagnetic radiation through its poles (this is somewhat reminiscent of a lighthouse).
For many years everything we knew about these massive stars, that's what they can belong to either one group or another. But in 2011 the telescope "Swift" discovered a star that had properties of both groups. Today, astronomers know of 2 such unusual stars.
Scientists do not yet know how one star manages to have such strange properties. If we manage to discover others in the near future similar examples, then this will mean that There are many more such stars in the Universe than we thought.
6) Exoplanet of the Phoenix constellation, which was supposed to be swallowed by its parent star
distant star Wasp 18 is located about 330 light years from Earth in the constellation Phoenix. It is about 25 percent more massive than the Sun. The mystery is not the star itself, but what revolves around it.
In 2009 Coel Hellyer from University of Kiel discovered that this star has a planet in its orbit. The exoplanet was named Wasp 18b , it is slightly larger than Jupiter, but 10 times heavier. This mass is the maximum limit. If it were a little larger, the object could be called brown dwarf – that is, a substellar object.
Giant planet and parent star
Astrophysicists were puzzled by the fact that the planet rotates from its home star at a record short distance- only 3.2 million kilometers. For comparison: Mercury is located at a distance of 58 million kilometers from the Sun.
Planet Wasp 18b is so close to its star that it manages to make a full revolution around it in 23 Earth hours, and the temperature on its surface is 2200 degrees Celsius.
Being on such close range the planet must will eventually merge with a star, but it has not done so for 680 million years. Considering large mass stars, it should have attracted the planet to itself a long time ago.
How did this planet manage to form and maintain orbit at a distance where planets should not exist at all - a mystery shrouded in darkness.
7) Stardust finds its way home
Pulsar PSR B1257 +12 is a supernova remnant, but researchers did not expect that there could be planets near it. They discovered an entire star system. This pulsar is orbited by 3 ordinary planets and one dwarf planet.
Believing that such a phenomenon could be very common, astronomers began to observe other pulsars in search of planets, however, as it turned out, only one pulsar star sheltered one the only planet . This means that pulsars have planets in their orbits in very rare cases.
Formation of mysterious planets around pulsars
Astronomers cannot yet understand and explain the process that allows planets to form around pulsars. According to one theory, these planets were formed in almost the same way as our Earth - from planetary disk , which initially surrounds the star.
However, dust and any other materials that are the building blocks of planets must be thrown billions of kilometers into space when a supernova explodes. How were gas and dust able to return to the pulsar remaining after the explosion and form as many as 4 planets, is completely unclear.
8) An unusual supernova explosion in the constellation Monoceros
Star V838 Unicorn is located 20 thousand light years from Earth and is considered one of the largest stars in the Universe.
In 2002, a powerful flare was recorded on this star. At first, researchers believed that it was an ordinary supernova, a star that explodes, leaving behind a core (white dwarf) that accumulates a large cloud of hydrogen around itself. The star went out after a few weeks, as expected, so astronomers listed it in their reference books as a supernova.
Too strange a star to be a white dwarf
However less than a month later the star lit up again. Since the time interval between explosions was too short to cause another supernova explosion, astronomers were quite surprised and began to study this phenomenon in more detail. It became clear that from the very beginning they made a mistake by adding this star to the list of white dwarfs.
This star exploded on its own and repeated this process several times over the next months, flaring up and fading. During the brightest flash it became a million times brighter than the sun and appeared at that moment one of brightest stars in the sky.
Stars usually become brighter before they die, but measurements have shown that star V838 Monoceros was only a few million years old, which by stellar standards is quite a bit. Telescope "Hubble" took photographs of the star after the flare, which showed a cloud of gas and dust around it.
According to one version, this the star could have collided with some invisible object, for example, another star or planet, but scientists are still at a loss as to what actually happened.
9) Planet wanderer
CFBDSIR 2149 – 0403 counts brown dwarf . Cannot occur in its core thermonuclear reactions, so this object cannot evolve into an ordinary torture star. Although many researchers characterize it as star AB Dorado due to its size and mass, others believe that it is gas giant.
If this is still a gas giant, then it doesn't have a parent star, which means it is an orphan planet.
The movements of lonely orphan planets are not at all chaotic
Although scientists suspect that in the Universe millions of lonely planets wander, today only 4 of them are known. The nearest planet wanderer is 130 light years from Earth. The planet has no big star, around which it could orbit, so its motion is influenced by other stars in the AB Dorado star group.
This does not mean that the planet is moving in space along an arbitrary trajectory, this is a common misconception about wanderer planets. However, why the planet strayed from its parent star remains a mystery.
10) Disappearing stardust in the constellation Centaur
Object TYC 8241 2652 located 450 light years away in the constellation Centaur. The star is believed to be about the same size as our Sun and is about 10 million years old, although our star is much older at 4.5 billion years old.
From 1983 to 2008 scientists observed a ring of dust around this star, hoping to learn something new about our own system and exactly how planets form.
Where did the cosmic dust cloud go?
However, when they tested the star again in 2009 using more modern technology, they were amazed: they saw a star, but without any cloud around. Until relatively recently, this cloud was perfectly visible, but now it has disappeared, leaving behind not a single planet or hints of where it could have evaporated. Scientists are still pondering this mystery.
