Practical work No. 1 “Obtaining ethylene and studying its properties”
Goal of the work: obtain ethylene and study its chemical properties.
Reagents and equipment: laboratory stand, stand with test tubes, stopper with gas outlet tube, video film “Production of ethylene”, alcohol lamp, matches, H solutions 2 SO 4, KMnO 4, bromine water.
Progress
Experiment 1. Production of ethylene
In a test tube with 2 ml ethanol C 2 H 5 OH add 6 ml concentrated sulfuric acid H 2 SO 4 . Pour 1 spoon of calcined sand into the test tube, close it with a stopper with a gas outlet tube, secure it in a stand and start heating.
Note the changes in the test tube with the reaction mixture. Write down the reaction equation for the production of ethylene using abbreviations structural formulas. Draw a conclusion from what substances ethylene can be obtained in the laboratory.
Experiment 2. Interaction with bromine
Place the end of the gas outlet tube into a test tube with 2 ml bromine water(bromine solution Br 2 in water).
How did the color of bromine water change? Write the reaction equation using abbreviated structural formulas. Conclude whether there is a double bond in the ethylene molecule.
Experiment 3. Interaction with potassium permanganate
Place the end of the gas outlet tube into a test tube with 2 ml of potassium permanganate solution KMnO 4 .
How did the color of the potassium permanganate solution change? Write the reaction equation using abbreviated structural formulas. Conclude whether there is a multiple bond in the ethylene molecule.
Experiment 4. Combustion of ethylene
Ignite the released gas.
What color does ethylene burn? Write the reaction equation using empirical formulas. Draw a conclusion about what substances are formed as a result of the combustion of alkenes.
Registration of work
Based on the results of the experiment, fill out the table:
Write it down general conclusion on practical work.
Conclusion: ethylene can be obtained in the laboratory by the interaction of ___________; ethylene is a __________ hydrocarbon.
On the topic: methodological developments, presentations and notes
Practical work “Obtaining ammonia and studying its properties”
Practical work “Obtaining ammonia and studying its properties” Instructions for practical work, report format, Additional tasks to the topic....
Practical work “Obtaining ammonia and studying its properties.”
When conducting practical work must show the ability to compose technological map;Ø apply theoretical knowledge about the properties and laboratory method for producing ammonia, with...
Trip to northern city Naryan-Mar, beyond the Arctic Circle, has become for me incredible adventure. Because I was invited to visit reindeer camp in the tundra. Not exemplary and not a ceremonial weekend, but the most ordinary thing. Of course I agreed. The Great Doctor of Tundra Sciences at the appointed hour put me as a passenger on a snowmobile and we hit the road.
Photos and text by Vladimir Trofimov
When you encounter previously unseen things, the illusions you created for yourself with fragmentary information usually break. I imagined the camp of northern nomads as something like a village of tents, where children run around, housewives busy in the tents, and total number The inhabitants are approaching fifty. Right there, behind the outskirts, deer graze. My ideas were reinforced by conversations about nomadic schools in the district administration, which took place shortly before my departure to the tundra. Of course, these schools do not exist, but there was a theory of their existence and there is talk about them now.
Surely the camps used to look the way I imagined them, or there are even such ones, but somewhere in other places. There are fewer and fewer people left in the tundra; almost all reindeer camps nowadays consist of one chum. Although even now, they say, there are private farms where several families roam, each of which has its own tent.
After a couple of hours of leisurely driving, we arrived at Maxim Kanev’s brigade. There are four people in the brigade and they are controlled with more than a thousand reindeer herd. Along with the collective farm reindeer, the herd includes their own. The herd belongs to the Kharp collective farm, which is based in the village of Krasny. "Harp" is translated from Nenets as "northern lights", although this a natural phenomenon extremely rare in these areas. In addition to collective farm brigades, there are private reindeer herds in the district. The brigade roams near Naryan-Mar in winter, and goes to Barents Sea.
In addition to deer and plague, the farm has electric generator, a Buran snowmobile with drags, more than a dozen sleds for wandering. The sleigh is made independently, the wood is taken from small forests:
Chum - a conical hut made of poles, covered with birch bark, felt or reindeer skins; shape of the home. Historians recognize this form as the first experience of artificially created housing, to which man turned from hollow, hollow trees and caves.
The first night in the tent went generally well, although I was a little frozen. As soon as they stop lighting the stove, the temperature inside drops quite quickly. And overboard - minus 30 with a tail. I greeted the morning with joy
The local foreman is Vasily Petrovich. The dogs are “not hot.” But Petrovich is not bothered by the cold. This photo shows the skins with which the tent is upholstered:
Riding reindeer are kept separately from the main herd. Both herds are located at some distance from the plague, 2-3 kilometers, but in different directions from the plague. In the morning I was taken to the main herd for filming and picked up a couple of hours later.
The deer shied away from me at first, but quickly got used to it. One young important woman generally followed me, biting my jacket and making eyes at me. As it turned out later, she wanted to get bread and salt from me, in literally:
In the spring, you need to have time to leave the forest before the flood. The task is complicated by the mass calving of females in May. That is, we need to migrate north before calving and before the flood. There were cases when the brigade did not have time and was delayed for a long time in the winter place.
In summer, during the mushroom season, deer “go crazy.” No one can stop them from eating mushrooms - neither people nor dogs. The herding dogs get tired of chasing the deer and lay down to rest. Then people get tired and no one bothers the deer. And so on until the mushrooms run out.
There is a lot of venison, it is difficult to sell it in Naryan-Mar. It is even more difficult to remove it from remote camps. The supply to other regions is scanty, they say due to the lack of roads, although from November to April there is a good winter road to Usinsk. I think that in central regions Russia would treat venison as a delicacy, although it tastes not very different from beef.
In addition to meat, horns are harvested, which are accepted at the same price and used for the production of medicines and dietary supplements.
Returning to the tent, I discovered that work was in full swing in different directions. Dima, the youngest reindeer herder, is engaged in pre-sale preparation of antlers:
Petrovich is stocking up on firewood in the tent. It’s good if the camp is located next to a small forest. If there is no forest, then a problem with firewood automatically arises. At some camps in winter it is necessary to heat the stove in the tent just to cook food. And the temperatures here in winter are either low or very low.
Don't go for the stove.
- Why?
- You can’t, it’s a custom, don’t you know?
- Now I know.
The chum cools down quickly after the wood in the stove burns out, so in the cold it becomes cold within an hour after going to bed. Everyone sleeps on reindeer skins, but they cover themselves with ordinary blankets from the store and the pillows are the same. I understand that during the day it is almost always arranged “ quiet time“, apparently in order to sleep in the warmth.
For a snack - chopped and sawn frozen reindeer meat. I cut myself a few pieces, stuck them in salt and put them in my mouth, that’s all. In principle, it is not forbidden to fry a few pieces of venison by throwing them directly on the stove. For lunch, meat is boiled or soup is made; in my case, rice was added to it, but this is not always the case. Sausage and cheese are brought from the city. This is a delicacy treat.
Water is taken from the lake, and the snow is not melted, as I assumed:
In general, the Nenets turned out to be quiet, intelligent and hospitable people. Despite that harsh life which they live. And so ended my first full day at the camp. But the most interesting thing is yet to come.
At the beginning of spring the reindeer herd begins to move north. First of all, because the deer themselves want it that way. As the Great Doctor of Tundra Sciences said - either people control the deer, or the deer control the people - you won’t understand. The food supply in the tundra is scarce, especially in winter, and it is necessary to periodically change the pasture. It is equally important to escape to the north in the summer from blood-sucking insects, otherwise the deer may not need food.
The process of migration itself has not changed much in the last few hundred years, except that various useful things have appeared, such as snowmobiles, electric generators, radios and televisions, and satellite communications. Modern clothing became available and some materials for the construction of tents changed. They grew up at some distance from the pastures modern cities. But reindeer herding itself is inextricably linked with the traditional way of life northern peoples. Simply put, we do not have industrial reindeer breeding. The design of the chum, sled, and harness is still the same. And the process itself.
They begin to prepare for migration a couple of days in advance. Slowly they put away non-essential items, check the sledges and harness. Sawing collected deer horns. On the appointed day - early rise, at five o'clock. It all starts with collecting blankets, reindeer skins, pillows, clothes and everything that can be taken out of the tent and placed on the sleds. Then the chum is quickly dismantled, in about a minute.
Relatively freely, but separately from the main herd, grazing riding reindeer (bulls) are driven into a corral, from where they are caught by hand and harnessed to sleds.
Reindeer have no chance of avoiding labor conscription. The guys know the “right” deer by sight and look for them in the herd:
The deer rush around the paddock in slight horror:
And “echelons” are formed from the sledges and the captured “bulls”. The leading sledges are pulled by a troika of reindeer, all of the following - one or two deer each:
The journey across the tundra begins. Go! The brigade also has a snowmobile, for which there is no man. After a brief briefing, I am entrusted with distilling it. Thank you for your trust and I cope with the task without any complications. I manage to periodically overtake the convoy, wait for it, take photos and overtake again.
Reindeer are loaded into the sleds using a “step”:
The convoy stretches for several hundred meters:
The “free” reindeer are led by a leader:
In many places, deer have to walk through deep snow:
And the riders get off the sled and drag the reindeer. Or vice versa - slow down:
They are trying to organize a new camp near the forest. We arrive at the site in a couple of hours.
Petrovich is pleased and unharnesses the reindeer:
New place for chum. The work is in full swing, the tent is installed in about an hour:
The skins are lifted with long sticks. The chum covering consists of two layers of cloth, a layer of skins and a layer of tarpaulin on top:
While they set up the tent, drank tea, and talked, evening came. It's time for me to leave. A collective photo of the brigade in the light of snowmobile headlights as a farewell photo. I hope that I will be able to present this and other photographs to the guys personally.
I express my deep gratitude to the hosts and especially to the Great Doctor of Tundra Sciences, Matvey, who organized my trip through the tundra.
Russia, Nenets Tundra. The girl Mariana is 9 years old. Her city-dwelling peers are already versed in cosmetic trends, scrolling through glamorous Instagram feeds, and Mariana skillfully manages a reindeer sleigh around endless spaces Nenets tundra. Very soon, in a week, she will sit down and go to boarding school until spring, but for now she is in a plague, in which life does not stand still, in which a place on the map is only tied to a changeable GPS position, which only a helicopter pilot knows, with whom we went to visit Mariana.
The life of reindeer herders who lead a traditional nomadic lifestyle in the Tundra is one of the most interesting parallel realities, with whom I came into contact during my travels. Today I want to tell and show how life works in the plague in the summer, but I will definitely come back for the winter continuation of this amazing story. A story that very much contrasts with the realities of life in megacities that are familiar to us.
Where is the fresh air... which you can taste.
Where is the endless space... which you really feel, but cannot grasp with your imagination.
Where the age-old traditions of their ancestors are preserved... which cannot be replaced by any modern technology.
Welcome to Tundra!
Satellite dish and TV in the tent. One tank of diesel fuel in a diesel generator is enough for 6-8 hours of viewing. Everything is delivered only by helicopter in the summer! In winter it’s a little easier - you can bring the necessary things, food, and diesel fuel from the nearest village by snowmobile.
I will tell you about the structure of the plague in a separate article, there are so many details and so many obvious and incredible things :)
This is firewood... it’s not easy to find firewood in the tundra, there are no trees here.
In the tent, the hostess treats us to delicious pasta with stewed venison! The taste cannot be described in words.
Last days summer... last rays the stingy polar sun. Last days in the tundra for Mariana before the long school year at a boarding school.
"Deer" - translated from Nenets means "life". Deer is everything: food, dishes, clothes, it is life in the literal sense of the word.
So who is leading whom where?
A reindeer herder leading a herd of reindeer?
Or do reindeer herders move their chum from place to place following the herd?
to be continued...
All my reports from Nenets Autonomous Okrug Russia look by tag
Do you like my blog? Follow the reports in a convenient format:
I share the emotions of my travels online at
Vvtrofimov.livejournal.com
vvtrofimov.livejournal.com
When you encounter previously unseen things, the illusions you created for yourself with fragmentary information usually break. So, I imagined the camp of northern nomads as something like a village of tents, where children run around, housewives busy in the tents, and the total number of inhabitants is approaching fifty. Right there, outside the outskirts, as it seemed to me, deer should have been grazing. Surely the camps used to look the way I imagined them, or there are even such ones, but somewhere in other places. In fact, there are fewer and fewer people left in the tundra, and almost all reindeer camps nowadays consist of one chum.
vvtrofimov.livejournal.com
vvtrofimov.livejournal.com
A couple of hours later we arrived at Maxim Kanev’s brigade. The team has four people and manages a herd of more than a thousand deer. Along with the collective farm reindeer, the herd includes their own. The foreman is quite young. The local foreman Vasily Petrovich Yavtysy, 1960, called himself an assistant foreman, but it seems that he is in charge here. The herd belongs to the Kharp collective farm, which is based in the village of Krasny. “Harp” is translated from Nenets as “northern lights,” although this natural phenomenon is extremely rare in these places. In addition to collective farm brigades, there are private reindeer herds in the district. “Individual farmers,” Vasily Petrovich said about their owners. The brigade roams near Naryan-Mar in winter, and goes to the Barents Sea in the summer. In the village of Krasny, members of the brigade have houses, but they rarely live in them until they retire. And Petrovich told about a couple of cases when Nenets, even after retiring from regular city work, went to the tundra.
vvtrofimov.livejournal.com
vvtrofimov.livejournal.com
The farm has not only deer and chum, but also an electric generator, a Buran snowmobile with drags, and more than a dozen sleighs for wandering. The sleds are made independently, the wood is taken from small forests.
vvtrofimov.livejournal.com
Although there is a system of boarding schools at schools to educate children of reindeer herders, usually children are not taught for a long time: 4th grade and back to the tundra. In the photo of Dima, he graduated from 7th grade and no longer studies. Although, of course, some young Nenets graduate high school and continue to study further.
vvtrofimov.livejournal.com
The first night in the tent went generally well, although I was a little cold. As soon as they stop lighting the stove, the temperature inside quickly drops. And overboard - minus 30 degrees. In general, I greeted the morning with joy.
vvtrofimov.livejournal.com
The dogs are “not hot.”
vvtrofimov.livejournal.com
But Petrovich is not bothered by the frost.
vvtrofimov.livejournal.com
vvtrofimov.livejournal.com
Riding reindeer are kept separately from the main herd. Both herds are located at some distance from the plague, 2-3 kilometers, but in different sides. In the morning I was taken to the main herd for filming and picked up a couple of hours later.
vvtrofimov.livejournal.com
vvtrofimov.livejournal.com
The deer shied away from me at first, but quickly got used to it.
vvtrofimov.livejournal.com
One young important woman generally followed me, biting my jacket and making eyes at me. As it turned out later, she wanted to get bread and salt from me, of course, in the literal sense.
vvtrofimov.livejournal.com
Due to my inexperience, I didn’t have any bread and salt and she returned to her reindeer moss.
vvtrofimov.livejournal.com
In the spring, you need to have time to leave the forest before the flood. The task is complicated by the mass calving of females in May, which means they need to migrate north before calving and before the flood. There were cases when the brigade did not have time and was delayed for a long time in the winter place.
vvtrofimov.livejournal.com
During the mushroom season in summer, deer “go crazy.” No one can stop them from eating mushrooms - neither people nor dogs. The herding dogs get tired of chasing the deer and lay down to rest. Then people get tired, and no one bothers the deer. And so on until the mushrooms run out.
vvtrofimov.livejournal.com
Despite the fact that the local meat processing plant purchases 35 thousand deer annually, there is a lot of venison and it is difficult to sell it in Naryan-Mar. It is even more difficult to remove it from remote camps. Delivery to other regions is scanty. They say that it is due to the lack of roads, although from November to April there is a good winter road to Usinsk. I think that in the central regions of Russia they would treat venison as a delicacy, although its taste is not very different from beef. In addition to meat, horns are harvested, which are accepted at the same price and used for the production of medicines and dietary supplements.
vvtrofimov.livejournal.com
Returning to the tent, I discovered that work was in full swing in different directions. Dima, the youngest reindeer herder, is engaged in the pre-sale preparation of antlers.
vvtrofimov.livejournal.com
Petrovich makes a new reindeer chase.
vvtrofimov.livejournal.com
Maxim feeds the dogs.
vvtrofimov.livejournal.com
And then, together with Dima, he works as a “deer”.
vvtrofimov.livejournal.com
vvtrofimov.livejournal.com
Petrovich is stocking up on firewood in the tent. It’s good if the camp is located next to a small forest. If there is no forest, then a problem with firewood automatically arises. At some camps in winter it is necessary to heat the stove in the tent just to cook food. And the temperatures here in winter are either low or very low.
vvtrofimov.livejournal.com
vvtrofimov.livejournal.com
Don't go for the stove.
- Why?
- You can’t, it’s a custom, don’t you know?
- Now I know.
The chum cools down quickly after the wood in the stove burns out, so in the cold it becomes cold within an hour after going to bed. Everyone sleeps on reindeer skins, but covers themselves with ordinary blankets from the store (and pillows from the same place). As I understand it, during the day there is almost always a quiet hour, apparently in order to sleep in the warmth.
vvtrofimov.livejournal.com
For a snack, chopped and sawn frozen deer meat. I cut myself a few pieces, put it in salt and put it in my mouth. In principle, it is not forbidden to fry a few pieces of venison by throwing them directly on the stove. For lunch, the meat is boiled or soup is made; in my case, rice was added to it, but this is not always the case. Sausage and cheese are brought from the city. This is a delicacy, a treat.
vvtrofimov.livejournal.com
vvtrofimov.livejournal.com
vvtrofimov.livejournal.com
The water is taken from the lake, and the snow is not melted, as I expected.
vvtrofimov.livejournal.com
In general, I can say that the Nenets turned out to be quiet, intelligent and hospitable people, despite the harsh life they live.
vvtrofimov.livejournal.com
I was lucky, I arrived at the camp the day before migrating to a new place. At the beginning of spring, the reindeer herd begins to move north. First of all, because the deer themselves want it that way. As the Great Doctor of Tundra Sciences said, either people control the deer, or the deer control the people - you won’t understand. The food supply in the tundra is scarce, especially in winter, and it is necessary to periodically change the pasture. It is equally important to escape to the north in the summer from blood-sucking insects, otherwise the deer may not need food.
The process of migration itself has not changed much in the last few hundred years, except that various useful things have appeared, such as snowmobiles, electric generators, radios, televisions and satellite communications. Modern clothing became available and some materials for the construction of tents changed. Modern cities have grown up at some distance from the pastures, but reindeer herding itself is inextricably linked with the traditional way of life of the northern peoples. Simply put, we do not have industrial reindeer breeding. The design of the chum, sled, and harness is still the same. And the process itself. Look at the photo here.
vvtrofimov.livejournal.com
They begin to prepare for migration a couple of days in advance. They are slowly putting away non-essential items, checking the sledges and harness, sawing off the collected deer antlers. On the appointed day, get up early, at five o'clock. It all starts with collecting blankets, reindeer skins, pillows, clothes and everything that can be taken out of the tent and placed on the sleds.
Then the chum is quickly dismantled, in about a minute. See for yourself.
vvtrofimov.livejournal.com
Relatively freely, but separately from the main herd, grazing riding reindeer (bulls) are driven into a corral, from where they are caught by hand and harnessed to sleds.
vvtrofimov.livejournal.com
vvtrofimov.livejournal.com
vvtrofimov.livejournal.com
vvtrofimov.livejournal.com
Reindeer have no chance of avoiding labor conscription. The guys know the desired deer by sight and look for them in the herd.
vvtrofimov.livejournal.com
Echelons are formed from sledges and captured “bulls”. The leading sledges are pulled by a troika of reindeer, all the following ones are pulled by one or two reindeer.
vvtrofimov.livejournal.com
The sledges are equipped; it won’t hurt to refresh yourself before the journey.
vvtrofimov.livejournal.com
vvtrofimov.livejournal.com
Go! The brigade also has a snowmobile, for which there is no man. After a brief briefing, I am entrusted with distilling it. Thank you for your trust and I cope with the task without any complications. I manage to periodically overtake the convoy, wait for it, take photos and overtake again.
vvtrofimov.livejournal.com
The reindeer are loaded into the sleds using a “step”.
