State budgetary professional educational institution Penza region
"Kuznetsk Multidisciplinary College"
METHODOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT
COMBINED LESSON
Subject: " Vocabulary. Regulatory use in the speech of professional vocabulary. Lexical errors and ways to eliminate them"
Discipline: “Russian language and culture of speech”
Lesson duration: 90 minutes
Compiled by: Suleymanova N.R.,
Russian language teacher
and literature
highest qualification
categories
2017
MOTIVATION OF THE TOPIC
The norms of oral and written speech are included in the classification of norms of the Russian literary language. Directly related to knowledge of the norms of the Russian literary language is the fundamental communicative quality speech - its correctness. Lexical and lexico-stylistic norms of the Russian literary language are directly related to knowledge of the lexical meaning of a word, synonyms, antonyms, paronyms, homonyms, etc. Without knowledge of lexical and lexical-stylistic norms, our speech will not be accurate, appropriate, rich and expressive and, accordingly, will not achieve the goal. In this regard, the study of lexical and lexico-stylistic norms of the Russian literary language is necessary for every educated person.
OBJECTIVES OF THE LESSON:
Educational:
expand the vocabulary and horizons of students;
develop the ability to attribute words to a specific layer of vocabulary of the Russian language;
improve the ability to choose the correct spelling, which is determined by the lexical meaning of the word (pre-; at-; mak-; mok-; equal-; even-;).
Developmental:
speech development through enrichment and complexity of vocabulary;
development of communicative properties of speech: expressiveness, expressiveness.
Educational:
to cultivate an attentive attitude to words and interest in language;
influence the motivational sphere of students’ personality: create interest in academic subject and chosen profession;
educate creative activity students.
After studying this topic, the student should
KNOW: basic concepts of vocabulary and words; layers of vocabulary of the Russian language: synonyms, antonyms, homonyms, paronyms, neologisms and outdated words; classification of oral norms and written speech; the main types of lexical and lexico-stylistic norms of the Russian literary language; causes of lexical and lexico-stylistic errors and ways to eliminate them;
BE ABLE TO: assign words to a certain layer of Russian vocabulary; build your speech in accordance with the lexical and lexical-stylistic norms of oral and written speech of the Russian literary language;identify and eliminate errors and inaccuracies in your speech and in the speech of others, in accordance with the lexical and lexico-stylistic norms of oral and written speech of the Russian literary language;improve the ability to choose the correct spelling, which is determined by the lexical meaning of the word (pre-; at-; mak-; mok-; equal-; even-;); be able to use dictionaries.
Intrasubject connections : spelling and spelling.
Interdisciplinary connections : history, literature
Class equipment: tasks for input and output control, dictionaries, textbooks, decorated board.
LESSON PLAN
I . Organizational part ……………………………………………………………………….5 minutes.
II . Incoming control
1 ) Orthoepic warm-up …………………………………………………………………………………..3min.
2) Spelling warm-up………………………………………………………………………..5 minutes.
3) Checking professional vocabulary …………………………………………………….4 min.
III . Learning new material
1) Teacher’s word about the “Vocabulary” section………………………………………………………2min.
2) Student message “Unambiguous and ambiguous words»………… 5 minutes.
Independent work…………………………………………………………………………………5 min.
3) Student message “Synonyms. Antonyms. Paronyms. Homonyms"……………………………………………………………………………………………………………...5 minutes.
Independent work 7 min.
4) Students' message "Archaisms and neologisms"…………………………….. 3min.
Independent work using cards..………………………………………………………….5 min.
5) Teacher’s word………………………………………………………………..3 min.
IV . Output control
1) Work with cards………………………………………………………………………………………………7 min.
2) Solving the crossword puzzle………………………………………………………………………10 min
V . Summarizing
1) Questions to summarize the material studied 3 min.
2) Giving and commenting on ratings 4 min.
VI . Homework ………………………………………………………………………………………..4 min.
PROGRESS OF THE CLASS
Lesson steps
Teacher's activities
Student activities
Methodological justification
I .
Organizational
Part
1) Greeting.
2) The teacher assesses the students’ readiness for the lesson:
Appearance;
Board design;
Availability of necessary accessories;
Marks those who are absent.
3) Informs the topic, objectives of the lesson and suggests writing down the date and topic in the notebooks.
4) Notes the need to study this topic. Motivation.
Students greet the teacher by standing up.
Listen and write down the date and topic of the lesson in their workbooks.
Creating a psychological climate for the lesson, business and work environment.
Formation cognitive interest to educational activities, classes.
II.
Incoming control
1) Orthoepic warm-up
(Appendix No. 1)
2) Spelling warm-up.
(Appendix No. 2)
Analysis of errors.
3) Checking professional vocabulary.
(Appendix No. 3)
Error analysis.
Results of incoming inspection.
Students write in their workbooks. Then they check the correctness of the task and point out any mistakes made.
Answer the teacher's questions
Formation of the ability to use lexical knowledge. Formation and improvement of spelling skills.
Control and updating of knowledge
III.
Learning new material
1) The teacher’s word about the “Vocabulary” section
2) Student message “Single-valued and polysemous words”
Independent work. The teacher suggests making sentences using these words in different meanings.
3) Student message “Synonyms. Antonyms. Paronyms. Homonyms."
4) Students' message "Archaisms and neologisms"
Independent work. Teacher
for completing tasks using cards(Appendix No. 5)
5) The teacher’s word about lexical and lexico-stylistic norms.
Students listen and answer questions.
Students listening
students report, make notes in notebooks.
Make up proposals.
They check the correctness of the task and point out any mistakes made.
Students listen carefully and take notes in their notebooks.
Students complete assignments in writing.
Then they check whether the tasks are completed correctly.
Students listen carefully and take notes in their notebooks.
Disclosure of essential features of the phenomena being studied.
Perception of the material.
Training in the ability to apply acquired knowledge in practice. Development of creative thinking.Control and updating of knowledge.
Development of cognitive activity. The ability to independently analyze language facts and make generalizations.
Monitoring the completion of the task. Development of creative thinking.
Perception of the material.
Development logical thinking. Monitoring the completion of the task.
The ability to analyze language facts and make generalizations.
IV.
Output control
1) Independent work.
Finding and correcting errors made in sentences.
(Appendix No. 6)
Solving a crossword puzzle on knowledge of the names of medical institutions.
Find and correct errors.
Students complete assignments in writing.
Development of logical thinking, linguistic vigilance.
Systematization of knowledge and the ability to apply it in practice.
Development of oral speech.
Development of mental activity.
V.
Summarizing
1) Questions for summing up:
What new did you learn?
What have you learned?
What did they repeat?
What qualities of speech have you developed?
2) Giving and commenting on ratings
Students answer questions.
They are listening. Pay attention to comments.
Determining the conscious assimilation of new material.
Understanding the results.
VI.
Homework
The teacher explains the homework in detail:
ex. 1, 2,3(p.75)
(school "Russian language"
and culture of speech"
N.V. Kuznetsova)
Students write down homework. Listen to instructions.
Cultivating a responsible, conscientious attitude towards doing homework.
Development thought processes. Practicing skills for independent work with a book, additional literature
Appendix No. 1
Orthoepic warm-up:
On the board are the words: BalovA t, gas pipeline, gasoline pipeline, two pairs of boots, socks, stockings, more beautiful,A Vgustovsky, vzI t – takenA , callAnd t, mat ToA , O rgA n
What words can be pronounced with stress on different syllables?
What does this depend on? (from lexical meaning)
Answer:
Mat ka – severe physical suffering
MookA – bread grains ground into powder
ABOUT organ - part of the body
OrgA n – musical instrument
Appendix No. 2
Spelling warm-up:
Read the following words and fill in the letters:
I V. II V.
1. R...take in (the road) 1. Dig out...take in (the beds)
2. Swipe...whip (feather) 2. Wipe...kick (about shoes)
3. Prom...whip (in the rain) 3. Prom...whip (paper)
4. Pr…create (door) 4. Pr…create (to life)
5. Approach...close 5. Approach (friend)
6. Pr...open 6. Pr...road
7. Pr...formation 7. Pr...burnt
8. Average…opinion 8. R…valuable
Answer:
I V. II V.
1. Level (road) 1. Level (beds)
2. Dip (feather) 2. Blot (on shoes)
3. Get wet (in the rain) 3. Blotter (paper)
4. To close (the door) 4. To bring (to life)
5. Get closer 5. Betray (friend)
6. Open slightly 6. Roadside
7. Transformation 7. Burnt
8. Comparison 8. Equivalent
Appendix No. 3
Professional vocabulary
Exercise. Find out the word's lexical meaning:
Increased sensitivity body to a specific allergen (allergy)
Lack of appetite if present physical needs(anorexia)
Choking due to oxygen starvation body (asphyxia)
Digestive disorder accompanied by heaviness in the stomach (dyspepsia)
Swallowing disorder; disruption of the passage of food through the esophagus from the pharynx to the stomach (dysphagia)
Chronic illness respiratory system (asthma)
Slow heart rate (bradycardia)
Increased blood pressure (hypertension)
Low blood pressure (hypotension)
The body's protective reaction (immunity)
Appendix No. 4
Exercise. Match the words:
Option 1 Option 2
Synonyms: Antonyms:
big, alive,
essence, deep,
battle, bring,
weak, angry,
explain, easy,
set, center,
go out, little,
darkness is here
ANSWER
Option 1 Option 2
Synonyms: Antonyms:
Big - large, alive - dead
Essence - being, deep - shallow,
battle - fight, bring - carry,
weak - frail, anger - joy,
explain - explain, light - heavy,
multitude - majority, center - outskirts,
go out - leave, little - a lot,
darkness - darkness here - there
Exercise. Write down paronyms and homonyms in two columns:
Braid, signature, club, painting, Sweden, Austria, castle, Australia, Switzerland, long, desirable, long-lasting, desirable.
ANSWER
Paronyms: Homonyms:
Signature – painting by Kos
Sweden – Switzerland club
Austria – Australia castle
Long – long
Desired – desirable
Appendix No. 5
Exercise. Divide the given words into three groups: the first includes words that still retain a touch of novelty; to the second - words that have lost this connotation and entered into active stock vocabulary; to the third - words that have become obsolete.
Glas, people's commissar, lunar, TV, village council, website, biophysics, morning star, airplane, programming, byte, computer, Red Army soldier, Internet, motor track, landing.
ANSWER
1st group: site, byte, Internet, computer, programming
Group 2: landing on the moon, TV, biophysics, airplane, motodrome, landing
Group 3: voice, people's commissar, village council, constellation, red army soldier
Appendix No. 6
Exercise. Eliminate lexical errors.
1. After writing your autobiography, you need to put your signature on it.
2. Oleg put on his raincoat and hurried to work.
3. The girl had surprisingly true facial features.
4. Oleg poured hot boiling water into the mug.
5. Nothing can throw Oblomov out of balance.
6. Tanya came running in tears and told Vera about her offense.
ANSWER:
1. After writing your autobiography, you need to put your signature. - mixing of paronyms.
2. Oleg put on his raincoat and hurried to work. - mixing of paronyms.
3. The girl had regular, correct facial features. – an error in the use of a synonym.
4. Oleg poured boiling water into the mug. Hot is an unnecessary word.
5. Nothing can make Oblomov angry. - inappropriate use of a foreign word.
6. Tanya came running in tears and told Vera about her offense. – inappropriate use of archaism.
Depending on the area of use, the vocabulary of the Russian language can be divided into several groups:
1) Vocabulary is national;
2) Dialectal vocabulary;
3) Professional and special vocabulary;
4) The vocabulary is slang.
Popular vocabulary of the Russian language constitute words whose use is common to all people who speak Russian and is not limited geographically. This includes important concepts, actions, properties, qualities: Water, earth, man, father, mother.
It can be replenished with words that previously had a limited (dialectal or professional) scope of use. So, for example, the words burning, motley, loser, tyrant, regular, boring and some others were not known to all Russian speakers even in the first half of the 19th century. Over time, some popular words may go out of general circulation and narrow the scope of their consumption, for example: Zobat - in the meaning “there is”; Time - meaning “dawn” (cf. cognate verb disdain).
Non-national vocabulary: dialect and special
Dialectal vocabulary - words whose use is typical for people living in a certain area . Dialect words are used primarily in spoken language. Dialect- a type of language that is used as a means of communication between people connected by the same territory. Types of dialects: lexical- these are words known only to native speakers of the dialect and beyond: golitsy-mittens. Ethnographic- these are dialects that name objects known only in a certain area: shanezhki - potato pies. Lexico-semantic- these are words that have an unusual meaning in the dialect: bridge - the floor of a hut, lips - mushrooms of all types except white ones. Phonetic- words that have received a special phonetic design: chai-tsai, passport - paspart. Derivational- words that have received a special affixal design: always-always, ikhniy-ikh. Morphological- words that have forms unusual for the literary language: go-go.
Special vocabulary is officially accepted and regularly used special terms.
30. Special vocabulary: professional and terminological. Professional vocabulary are words and expressions that are used in various fields production technology, but are not commonly used. They function in oral speech. They are used to designate production processes, tools, and raw materials. Terminological vocabulary- these are words or phrases that call special concepts any sphere of production, science, art.
Term- a word or phrase that accurately and unambiguously names a concept and its relationship with other concepts within a special field. The terms within the scope of application are unambiguous and lack expression. Terms exist within a certain terminology, that is, they are included in a specific terminological system of the language. Types of terms: general scientific– are used in various fields of knowledge and belong to the scientific style. There are many of them and they are often used. Special - words that are assigned to certain scientific disciplines, branches of production and technology.
For term basic characteristic function is a definition function called definitive.
31 . Professional and special vocabulary consists of words whose use is typical for people of certain professions.
Professional vocabulary (professionalism) - These are words and expressions characteristic of many professions, taken from general circulation.
Difference between technical terms and professionalisms can be shown in the following examples.
In metallurgy the term got cold, indicate the remains of frozen metal in the ladle, and workers call these remains goat hence, froze - official term, that is, special vocabulary, and goat - professionalism.
Special vocabulary is created by the conscious and purposeful efforts of people - specialists in any field. Professionalisms less regular, since they are born in the oral speech of people, as a result of which they rarely form a system.
Unlike special terms, professionalisms have a bright expressive coloring and expressiveness due to their metaphorical nature and, often, figurativeness.
It should be remembered that, despite the limited scope of use of special and professional vocabulary, there are differences between it and popular vocabulary. constant communication and interaction. Literary language masters many special terms: they gradually, in the process of use, begin to be rethought, as a result of which they cease to be terms.
32 .
Slang vocabulary(jargon) is everyday vocabulary and phraseology, endowed with reduced expression and characterized by socially limited use. Example: I wanted to invite guests to a holiday, but the shack does not allow it. Khibara is a house. Nowadays, we usually talk about the jargon of people of a certain profession, about student, school, and youth jargon in general. For example, the following jargon is typical for the student environment: Babki - money; Cool - special, very good; To net - to idle; Hut - apartment; stipuh - scholarship, etc. Some reinterpreted words of popular vocabulary are also jargons: Wheelbarrow - car; To fade away - to leave unnoticed; Ancestors - parents, etc.
The speech of certain socially closed groups (thieves, tramps, etc.) is called argot. This is a secret, artificial language of the underworld (thieves' music), known only to initiates and also existing only in orally: thieves, mokrushnik, pero (knife), raspberry (stash), split, nix, fraer.
Professionalisms act as colloquial equivalents of terms accepted in a certain professional group: typo - a blunder in the speech of journalists; the steering wheel is a steering wheel in the speech of drivers.
But the unmotivated transfer of professionalism into general literary speech is undesirable. Such professionalisms as sewing, tailoring, listening and others spoil literary speech.
Self-test exercises
No. 1. Indicate the type of error associated with the incorrect use of phraseological units. Make any necessary corrections.
Thousands of Russian people laid down their fair-haired heads at the Battle of Kulikovo. And I, foaming at the mouth and in faces, rush to prove the opposite. Oleg Nikolaevich knew him all the ins and outs of his life. Well, at least hit the wall! The police detained the man in all his glory. This act became a legend. Thus, the Arcancil pencil killed two inconvenient birds with one stone. Their project fell apart soap bubble. Director Dmitry Fiks, who ate the dog on “Old Songs about the Main Thing,” will show a story about four young ladies. You can't measure everyone with the same brush. Russian government has not yet turned its face to the problems of demography. And at this time N.A. Nekrasov decided to start his own magazine business. It is not words that are thrown into the wind, but valuable materials. This story is shrouded in complete mystery behind seven seals. Before being sold, TVs are thrown into hot and cold temperatures. Right-wing forces play an important role in this movement. I'm used to giving myself full reports. I know this yard like the back of my hand. Letters and requests to the editor remain a voice crying in the wilderness.
- Use of professional vocabulary.
- Use of scientific terms.
Words, the use of which is typical for people of certain professions, having the scope of their use in some special branch of science or technology, constitute vocabulary professional and special. We need these two definitions - professional and special - in order to distinguish, in the general layer of words identified in this way, firstly, officially accepted and regularly used special terms (they are special vocabulary) and, secondly, those characteristic of many professions expressively rethought, altered words and expressions taken from general circulation.
The difference between special terms (otherwise called professionalism) can be shown with this example. Sandpaper is the official, terminological name, and sandpaper is a professionalism, widely used in non-professional vernacular.
Special terminology usually “covers” the entire given special area of science or technology: all basic ideas, concepts, relationships receive their terminological name. The terminology of a particular branch of knowledge or production is created by the conscious and purposeful efforts of people - specialists in this field. There is a tendency here, on the one hand, to eliminate doublets and ambiguous terms, and on the other, to establish strict boundaries for each term and its clear relationships with the other units that form a given terminological system.
Professionalisms are less regular. Since they are born in the oral speech of people engaged in a particular profession, they rarely form a system (no one specifically cares about creating such a system).
Sometimes professionalisms can be used as official terms.
Although special and professional vocabulary has limited scope usage, there is a constant connection and interaction between it and the popular vocabulary.
Questions for self-control:
- What is special vocabulary?
- What are professionalisms?
Relevance: When parents come home and start talking to each other, we children become unwitting listeners to these conversations. Their conversation is mainly about work. We often hear words from our parents that are incomprehensible to us.
I want to understand what my parents do and what they talk about. Therefore, the topic “Professional vocabulary of my parents” became relevant for me, which is why I chose it.
Target: get acquainted with the professional vocabulary of my parents.
Tasks:
Get acquainted with the phrase “professional vocabulary”.
Compare jargons, professionalisms and terms. What is their difference?
Find out what my parents' job is. Be present at my parents’ workplace and write down words that are unfamiliar to me.
Decipher words unknown to me from the professional vocabulary of my parents.
Observe how often they are used professional words mom and dad are at home.
Object of study: mother, father.
While doing the work I set hypothesis: Professional vocabulary is needed for the laconic and precise expression of thoughts in communication between people of certain professions.
Research methods:questioning of students of grade 6 “b” of MBOU “Secondary School No. 1” with subsequent statistical processing and analysis of the obtained data.
Self-education is a difficult matter,
and improving its conditions -
one of the sacred duties of every person,
because there is nothing more important
as the education of oneself and one's neighbors.
Socrates
The main source of professionalisms, first of all, are native Russian words that have undergone semantic rethinking. They appear from common vocabulary: So, for electricians, a hair becomes a thin wire.
Another source of the appearance of special words is borrowing from other languages. The most common of these professionalisms are examples of words in medicine. Whatever the name, it’s all Latin, except for the duck under the bed.
There are three ways to develop professionalism:
– Lexical. This is the emergence of new special names. For example, fishermen from the verb “shkerit” (to gut fish) formed the name of the profession - “shkershik”.
– Lexico-semantic. The emergence of professionalisms by rethinking an already known word, that is, the emergence of a new meaning for it. A trumpet for a hunter means nothing more than the tail of a fox.
– Lexico-word formation. Examples of professionalisms that arose in this way are easy to identify, since they use suffixes or addition of words. For example, the editor-in-chief is the editor-in-chief.
Chapter 1. Professional vocabulary.
Professional vocabulary- this is vocabulary characteristic of a given professional group, used in the speech of people united by a common profession, that is, they are not commonly used.
"Balda"(a heavy hammer for crushing stones and rocks) - in the speech of miners.
"Galley"(kitchen on the ship), cook(cook) - in the speech of sailors
Professional vocabulary ( professionalism) are expressively rethought words and expressions, characteristic of many professions, taken from general circulation. Professionalism is given in explanatory dictionaries marked “special”, sometimes the scope of use of a particular term is indicated: physics, medicine, mathematics, astronomer. etc.
Professionalisms- circle conditionals some profession that has limited application. Inappropriate, unmotivated use of them can reduce the artistic dignity of the text (L.I. Timofeev).
Professionalisms- words and phrases related to the production activities of people of a certain profession or field of activity.
Many professionalisms are based on a vivid figurative idea of the named object, and it is often random or arbitrary. Examples of such expressive words are paws and fir-trees (names of types of quotation marks in the professional environment of printers and proofreaders); give a goat (for pilots this means “to land the plane hard”, i.e. land it so that the plane bounces on the ground); undershot and overshot (in the speech of pilots, these words mean, respectively, undershooting and overshooting the landing sign); skinner (among kayakers this is the name for a shallow and rocky section of a river).
Professionalisms can be grouped according to the area of their use: in the speech of athletes, miners, doctors, hunters, fishermen, etc.
Professionalisms appeared by transferring the properties of an object or phenomenon to some other object based on external similarity or similarity in the sound of a word. For example, the word “hat” (a general title for several notes) is used in the speech of printers, in everyday life “hat” is a headdress; “slopes” - wheel tires (driver’s); “piggy” - boiler heat exchanger (from boilermakers)
Some linguists believe that professional vocabulary is "semi-official" compared to terminology:
Professionalism required:
For a better understanding of people of the same profession.
For convenience of explanation of the term.
To understand professionalism in the 6th grade Russian language course.
For better assimilation of information through the imagery of special vocabulary.
To be able to quickly remember the text due to the capacity of concepts
Professionalisms function primarily in oral speech as “semi-formal” words that do not have a strictly scientific nature. Such special words can be found in explanatory dictionaries, and in newspapers and magazines, and in literary works, they often perform a figurative and expressive function in these texts.
Chapter 2. Comparison of jargons, terms from professionalisms.
Some professionalisms denote scientific concepts; these are terms (from the Latin terminus - limit, boundary) that have definitions (definitions) used in the corresponding field of science and/or technology
Unlike terms, professionalisms are usually a specialized part colloquial vocabulary, not literary.
There is a lot of confusion, vagueness, and disagreement in judgments about professionalism. We should probably proceed from the fact that professionalisms are precise vocabulary, normative in nature, and their share in the literary vocabulary is enormous.
The ways of education of professionalisms and, in particular, scientific and technical terms are diverse. the term may be a commonly used word in figurative meaning, which is recorded in the corresponding dictionaries. This is how the computer terms mouse, virus, window, field, cell, menu, etc. appeared.
Despite the fact that in some scientific sources professionalisms and professional jargon are defined almost identically, they have their own characteristics. Unlike jargon, professionalisms are used in a literal sense, they are not figurative. Jargons, like professionalisms, perform the function of distinguishing between “us” and “strangers”, a sign of the speaker’s belonging to a certain social group. Professional jargon is figurative and may be incomprehensible outside the profession.
Professional jargons are more familiar, emotional and expressive compared to professionalisms. Professionalisms can sometimes be used by specialists in official speech(in reports and speeches at conferences and interviews), while the scope of use of professional jargon is limited orally specialists in an informal setting.
Like jargon, professionalism is corporate vocabulary; it is used to recognize “our own people” (a doctor is a doctor, a physicist is a physicist, etc.). but unlike slang, professional vocabulary is stylistically neutral, it is part of literary vocabulary. Like jargon, professionalisms are perceived differently in different contexts. The same word (phrase), depending on the context, can be common, jargon, or professionalism. For example, everyone understands the word work, i.e. any business, but in criminal jargon it means a crime, while for physicists work is a measure of the action of force. Let's take another word - gold. V common meaning- is a precious material for the manufacture of many expensive things; for chemists, gold is one of the elements periodic table Mendeleev with its own properties, and for economists gold is a special commodity, the use value of which expresses and measures the value of all other goods.
Imagery, expressiveness, and emotionality distinguish professionalism from always neutral terms and phrases of an official nature.
Chapter 3. My parents' work
My mother works at the Central District Hospital as the chief nurse.
I attended my mother's work.
In a conversation with her employees, she used such professional words as: grandma-violator, aiknuty, disco, liuski, UFO, teletubby, etc.
Chapter 4. Explain the meaning of words unknown to me.
Aiknuty is a patient after an operation performed using a heart-lung machine (ACB).
Disco - siren and emergency lights on.
In the field of specialized and professional communication and exchange of scientific, technical and other knowledge, professional vocabulary is a significant, capacious carrier of special scientific information. This is explained by the nature of its information function as a carrier of special information. The use of professional vocabulary by representatives of the same field of activity determines the degree of effectiveness, efficiency and productivity of professional communication, and, consequently, quality result their joint work.
Aiknuty is a patient after an operation performed using a heart-lung machine (ACB).
Granny-narushka is an elderly patient with acute cerebrovascular accident. See Violator.
BNVPB is a blockade of the lower branch of the right bundle branch, an abbreviation often found in descriptions of electrocardiograms.
Tug - sodium hydroxybutyrate - a psychotropic drug. See Ksyukha, Oksana.
Batseshnik is a patient who has been diagnosed with both hepatitis B and hepatitis C.
Deadwood - a ward with bedridden patients. See Lounger.
Galochka with Fenechka is a combination of haloperidol and phenazepam. Used to load the patient.
An accordion is a manually operated artificial lung ventilation device. They brought the client in on an accordion - the ambulance delivered the patient connected to a ventilator.
Pull the esophagus - perform transesophageal (therapeutic or diagnostic) electrical cardiac stimulation. See CHPECSnut.
Childhood - children's department hospitals.
Disco - siren and emergency lights on. See Color music.
Toad - angina pectoris. Sometimes - a particularly unpleasant patient from the cardiology department.
Starting a patient - restoring sinus (normal) rhythm after cardiac arrest.
Load the patient - administer psychotropic drugs.
Zebra is a patient after a demonstrative suicide attempt with typical superficial incised wounds of the forearm. See Fiddler.
Caesareans are women who have had a caesarean section.
The client is a patient, most often an ambulance.
Clinic - clinical death. See Stop.
Canned food - patients who are in a department (usually a surgical department) on a conservative basis, i.e. non-surgical treatment.
Ksyukha is the same as Tug. See Oksana.
Bedbed - a bedridden patient.
A lazy eye is an eye that deviates from visual axis with strabismus.
The skiers are elderly patients, leaning on a cane and shuffling down the corridor with their slippers.
Lyuska is a patient with syphilis.
Magnolia - magnesium sulfate - a drug used to lower blood pressure. Intramuscular injection of magnesium sulfate is very painful.
Flicker, Mertsukha - atrial fibrillation, atrial fibrillation.
Tinsel - film for single-channel electrocardiograph. Usually rolled up, accidentally released from the hands and unfolds like a serpentine.
Kaltenbrunner's anesthesia is insufficient pain relief. See Operation under crycaine.
Violation is an acute disorder of cerebral circulation.
A non-ablable patient is a patient with an arrhythmia that cannot be corrected by radiofrequency ablation.
Nepruha - intestinal obstruction.
UFO - a motionless object; most often a patient in a coma.
An operation under Krikain is the same as anesthesia according to Kaltenbrunner. From the words “scream” and “novocaine”.
The stop is the same as the Clinic.
Paratroopers are patients who have been injured in a fall from a height.
Overinfusing a patient means administering too many intravenous solutions, most often through an IV.
Submarine- revenge for a false call or simulation; a combination of a strong antipsychotic droperidol and a diuretic furosemide. Theoretically, it should cause uncontrolled urination in a state of medicinal sleep. A submarine on the ground is the same cocktail with the addition of proserine, one of the effects of which is the emptying of the rectum.
Waif is a patient with age-related mental changes who has forgotten the way home.
Soak the grandmother - to achieve the release of urine through the catheter after surgery or an acute condition accompanied by cessation of urination. It is considered a good prognostic sign. In intensive care units this is a very anticipated event.
Recidivist - a patient with a relapse (recurrence) of the disease.
Pink puffer - a patient with severe emphysema, usually with a pink-gray skin tone. Speech and any movement of such a patient is accompanied by increasing shortness of breath.
Samodelkin is a traumatologist. During operations in traumatology, a large number of tools similar to metalworking tools are used: hammers, wire cutters, saws, chisels, etc.
Blue puffy - a patient with chronic obstructive bronchitis. Such patients are characterized by diffuse diffuse cyanosis (blue discoloration) and swelling of the face and neck.
Slides - 1. A piece of tissue taken during endoscopy or surgery for histological examination. 2. Smear.
Shoot, knock - restore heart function with the help of electrical discharge defibrillator.
Planed fingers are typical scalped wounds on the dorsum of the fingers, resulting from careless handling of carpentry tools.
TV - fluoroscopy.
Teletubby is a patient with jaundice and severe ascites (accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity).
Chatter - atrial flutter.
Pipe - a plastic tube for insertion into the trachea (intubation), used to connect artificial lung ventilation devices (ALVs). Place on the tube - intubate the patient.
Platypus is a medical student doing a nursing internship. Usually he is entrusted with servicing bedridden patients, including bringing in and taking out “ducks”.
Ears - phonendoscope.
Trunk is the same as Trumpet. Inserting a trunk is the same as placing it on a pipe.
Chelyuskinites, jaws - patients of the department maxillofacial surgery.
Turtle is a surgical helmet-mask that covers the entire head and leaves only the eyes open.
Sharmanka - electrocardiograph (device for recording ECG).
A sword swallower is a patient with metal foreign bodies of the gastrointestinal tract (paper clips, needles, etc.), allegedly swallowed by accident.
The jugular is a plastic venous catheter in the internal jugular vein.
Shitty asshole - patient with diarrhea
"Pipes are burning" - problems with appendages
Negro - a stranger brought in to help transport the patient to the car
Breathe - perform mechanical ventilation
"ass" - enter intramuscularly
“skull (stomach, kidney) by the window” - a client is lying on a bed by the window, diagnosed with a TBI (appendix, kidney disease).
Sector prize" - car at night, on the way home.
"The Last Chuck" is a drug.
“Play a war game” - wake up the neighbors at 3 am to drag a stretcher.
"Field of Miracles" - service area.
“Pick mushrooms” - go on duty.
“Mom is calling for lunch” - the dispatcher returns for lunch.
"Enema room" - the manager's office.
"Tinsel" - ECG film.
“Warm up” - get up at night under a lantern and write a map.
“Rats” are random night passers-by, witnesses.
“Whose back to rub” - who am I in line for?
“Drag on the snot” - use a raincoat stretcher.
"Boy" is the driver.
"Girl" is an ambulance.
"Wheelbarrow" - a gurney.
"Kindergarten" - sobering-up station.
"Indians" are cops.
"Banker" - homeless
Light music - siren, flashing lights (with light music)
Yelp - call back
Rooms - sobering-up station (we go to the rooms)
Gift - homeless (bring a gift)
"accordion" - electrocardiotransmitter
"yellow suitcase" - medical storage box
"BTR" - ambulance transport
"magnet" - magnesium sulfate
"vitamin A" - aminazine
"pilot, driver" - drove
"wheezy" - walkie-talkie
"aquarium" - the room in which dispatchers sit
Flushka - fluorography,
Ray - fracture of the radius,
Fiza - physical. solution,
Film - ECG,
Dropper - dropper, system,
Tube - endotracheal tube,
Tube - tuberculosis.
Some professionalisms denote scientific concepts; these are terms (from the Latin terminus - limit, boundary) that have definitions (definitions) used in the corresponding field of science and/or technology. For example
being natural and necessary in the oral and written speech of specialists, professionalisms are inappropriate, incomprehensible or insufficiently understandable in other communication situations, because every statement is constructed taking into account its addressee.
inaccurate and inappropriate use of professionalism can lead to funny things.
The logic of life is such that everyday life is constantly updated, replenished with new things, so many professionalisms eventually become commonly used words. A clear example Such processes are facilitated by the mass distribution of computer technology and, accordingly, computer vocabulary; V last decade The following words have become commonplace: monitor, display, printer, cartridge, file, cursor, scanner, modem, spam, joystick, etc.
The ways of education of professionalisms and, in particular, scientific and technical terms are diverse. a commonly used word in a figurative meaning can be used as a term, which is recorded in the corresponding dictionaries. This is how the computer terms mouse, virus, window, field, cell, menu, etc. appeared.
Many professionalisms, due to the universality of science and technology (and corresponding languages), are used in different types activities
when isolating professionalisms as part of vocabulary national language, their delimitation from common words and jargon, researchers face considerable difficulties associated with constant development, updating of vocabulary, diversity functional styles and contexts of word use.
professionalism in the speech of the narrator and characters is often motivated by the theme of the work or part of it.
However, Tolstoy cares about his general reader, for which he resorts to “translation”, an explanation in parentheses of words that may be incomprehensible.
The average reader, however, does not understand everything in these dialogues, and needs a real commentary on the texts. it is necessary, for example, to explain that ....etc.
What unites the speech of the characters and the narrator is the proximity of professionalisms and personifying metaphors, the same comparisons and epithets
professionalisms are often used when depicting comic contradictions and characters - in satirical and humorous works. One type of comedy is the character's false self-esteem. a hack and an ignoramus who considers himself an expert can be exposed by testing his knowledge, in particular his command of terminology and professional vocabulary.
in the novel and Ilfa and Evg. Petrov's "The Twelve Chairs" Nikifor Lapis, the creator of the new "Gavriliad", makes numerous "blunders", introducing professionalism into his template texts in order to show a thorough knowledge of the subject. The staff of the Stanok newspaper hung a newspaper clipping with a sketch of Lapis on the wall, surrounding it with a mourning border. the essay began like this: “the waves rolled over the pier and fell down with a swift jack..." Already from this phrase, snide fellow journalists doubted Lapis' knowledge of the meaning of the word "jack".
they ask him:
"- how do you imagine a jack? Describe in your own words.
- so... falling, in a word...
- the jack falls. notice everything! The jack is falling rapidly!..”
and Lapis is brought a volume of the Brockhaus encyclopedia with the definition of a jack - “one of the machines for lifting significant weights” (chapter xxix. “author of the Gavriliad”).
the work of many writers indicates that professional vocabulary is not on the outskirts of literature. in the arsenal stylistic means she has a prominent place.
Professionalisms are words and phrases associated with the production activities of people of a certain profession or field of activity. Unlike terms, professionalisms are usually a specialized part of colloquial vocabulary, rather than literary.
At the heart of many professionalisms lies a bright figurative representation about the named object, and it is often random or arbitrary. Examples of such expressive words are paws and fir-trees (names of types of quotation marks in the professional environment of printers and proofreaders); give a goat (for pilots this means “to land the plane hard”, i.e. land it so that the plane bounces on the ground); undershot and overshot (in the speech of pilots, these words mean, respectively, undershooting and overshooting the landing sign); skinner (among kayakers this is the name for a shallow and rocky section of a river). With their expressiveness, professionalisms are contrasted with terms as precise and mostly stylistically neutral words. Some linguists believe that professional vocabulary is "semi-official" compared to terminology: these are informal synonyms of official scientific names.
The use of professional vocabulary allows the speaker to emphasize his belonging to certain circle persons, by these words you can identify “your own”. Thus, typographic workers are identified by such words and expressions as corral, meaning “spare typed up texts”; clogged font - “erased, worn-out font; font that has been in typed proofs for a long time”; tail - “bottom edge of the book”; header - "large heading"; marashka - “marriage in the form of a square”, etc. In the acting environment there are many specific professional expressions: to abandon or leave the text means “to quickly repeat it with a partner”; go through the text with your feet - “say the text while moving around the stage”; not giving the bridge to someone - “to complete some scene emotionally.”
The closer any area of professional or industrial activity is to the interests of society as a whole, the faster professionalisms become generally known and become common words. Thus, in particular, in the modern Russian language many professionalisms from among specialists in the field have become widespread. computer technology. Among them there are old words with new meanings (mouse, virus, menu, hardware), and neologisms, mainly borrowings from in English(spam, monitor, file, hacker, joystick).
