Complex sentences with different types communications- This complex sentences , which consist of at least from three simple proposals , interconnected by coordinating, subordinating and non-union connection.
To understand the meaning of such complex constructions, it is important to understand how the simple sentences included in them are grouped together.
Often complex sentences with different types of connections divided into two or several parts (blocks) connected by coordinating conjunctions or non-union; and each part in structure is either a complex sentence or a simple one.
For example:
1) [Sad I]: [there is no friend with me], (with whom I would drink the long separation), (whom I could shake hands from the heart and wish many happy years)(A. Pushkin).
This is a complex sentence with different types of connections: non-union and subordinating, consists of two parts (blocks) connected non-union; the second part reveals the reason for what is said in the first; Part I is a simple sentence in structure; Part II is a complex sentence with two attributive clauses, with homogeneous subordination.
2) [Lane was all in the gardens], and [grew at the fences linden trees, now casting, under the moon, a wide shadow], (so fences And gates on one side they were completely buried in darkness)(A. Chekhov).
This is a complex sentence with different types of connections: coordinating and subordinating, consists of two parts connected by a coordinating connecting union and, the relations between the parts are enumerative; Part I is a simple sentence in structure; Part II - complex sentence with subordinate clause; the subordinate clause depends on the main thing and is joined to it by the conjunction so.
A complex sentence can contain sentences with different types of conjunction and non-conjunction connections.
These include:
1) composition and submission.
For example: The sun set and night followed day without interval, as usually happens in the south.(Lermontov).
(And is a coordinating conjunction, as is a subordinating conjunction.)
The outline of this proposal:
2) composition and non-union communication.
For example: The sun had long since set, but the forest had not yet died down: turtle doves were murmuring nearby, a cuckoo was crowing in the distance.(Bunin).
(But - coordinating conjunction.)
The outline of this proposal:
3) subordination and non-union connection.
For example: When he woke up, the sun was already rising; the mound obscured him(Chekhov).
(When - subordinating conjunction.)
The outline of this proposal:
4) composition, subordination and non-union connection.
For example: The garden was spacious and there were only oak trees; they had only recently begun to bloom, so that now through the young foliage the entire garden with its stage, tables and swings was visible.
(And is a coordinating conjunction, so that is a subordinating conjunction.)
The outline of this proposal:
In complex sentences with coordinating and subordinating conjunctions, coordinating and subordinating conjunctions may appear side by side.
For example: The weather was beautiful all day, but as we approached Odessa, it began to rain heavily.
(But - a coordinating conjunction, when - a subordinating conjunction.)
The outline of this proposal:
Punctuation marks in sentences with different types of communication
In order to correctly place punctuation marks in complex sentences with different types of connections, it is necessary to select simple sentences, determine the type of connection between them and select the appropriate punctuation mark.
As a rule, a comma is placed between simple sentences in complex sentences with different types of connections.
For example: [In the morning, in the sun, the trees were covered with luxurious frost] , and [it went on like this two hours], [then the frost disappeared] , [the sun has closed] , and [the day passed quietly, thoughtfully , with a drop in the middle of the day and anomalous lunar twilight in the evening].
Sometimes two, three or more simple offers most closely related to each other in meaning and can be separated from other parts of a complex sentence semicolon . Most often, a semicolon occurs in place of a non-union connection.
For example: (When he woke up), [the sun had already risen] ; [the mound obscured it].(The sentence is complex, with different types of connections: with non-union and union connections.)
At the site of the non-union connection between simple sentences within a complex possible Also comma , dash And colon , which are placed according to the rules for placing punctuation marks in the non-union complex sentence.
For example: [The sun has long since set] , But[the forest has not yet died down] : [doves gurgled nearby] , [the cuckoo crowed in the distance]. (The sentence is complex, with different types of connections: with non-union and union connections.)
[Leo Tolstoy saw a broken burdock] – and [lightning flashes] : [the idea of an amazing story about Hadji Murad appeared](Paust.). (The sentence is complex, with different types of connections: coordinating and non-conjunctive.)
In difficult syntactic constructions, breaking up into large logical-syntactic blocks, which themselves are complex sentences or in which one of the blocks turns out to be a complex sentence, punctuation marks are placed at the junction of the blocks, indicating the relationship of the blocks, while maintaining internal signs placed on their own syntactic basis.
For example: [The bushes, trees, even stumps are so familiar to me here] (that wild felling has become like a garden to me) : [I caressed every bush, every pine tree, every Christmas tree], and [they all became mine], and [it’s the same as if I planted them], [this is my own garden](Priv.) – there is a colon at the junction of blocks; [Yesterday a woodcock stuck his nose into this foliage] (to get a worm from under it) ; [at this time we approached], and [he was forced to take off without throwing off the layer of old aspen foliage from his beak](Priv.) – there is a semicolon at the junction of blocks.
Particular difficulties arise placement of punctuation marks at the junction of the composing And subordinating conjunctions (or coordinating conjunction and allied word). Their punctuation obeys the laws of forming sentences with coordinating, subordinating and non-union connections. However, there are also special attention require sentences in which several conjunctions appear nearby.
IN similar cases a comma is placed between conjunctions if the second part of the double conjunction does not follow then, yes, but(in this case the subordinate clause may be omitted). In other cases, a comma is not placed between two conjunctions.
For example: Winter was coming and , When the first frosts hit, living in the forest became difficult. - Winter was approaching, and when the first frosts hit, it became difficult to live in the forest.
You can call me, but , If you don't call today, we'll leave tomorrow. – You can call me, but if you don’t call today, then we’ll leave tomorrow.
I think that , if you try, you will succeed. – I think that if you try, you will succeed.
Syntactic analysis of a complex sentence with different types of connection
Scheme for parsing a complex sentence with different types of connection
1. Determine the type of sentence according to the purpose of the statement (narrative, interrogative, incentive).
2. Specify the type of offer for emotional coloring(exclamation or non-exclamation).
3. Determine (based on grammatical basics) the quantity simple sentences, find their boundaries.
4. Determine the semantic parts (blocks) and the type of connection between them (non-union or coordinating).
5. Give a description of each part (block) by structure (simple or complex sentence).
6. Create a proposal outline.
SAMPLE EXAMPLE OF A COMPLEX SENTENCE WITH DIFFERENT TYPES OF CONNECTION
[Suddenly a thick fog], [as if separated by a wall He me from the rest of the world], and, (so as not to get lost), [ I decided
Complex sentences with different types of connections- This complex sentences , which consist of at least from three simple sentences , interconnected by coordinating, subordinating and non-union connections.
To understand the meaning of such complex constructions, it is important to understand how the simple sentences included in them are grouped together.
Often complex sentences with different types of connections are divided into two or several parts (blocks), connected using coordinating conjunctions or without unions; and each part in structure is either a complex sentence or a simple one.
For example:
1) [Sad I]: [there is no friend with me], (with whom I would drink the long separation), (whom I could shake hands from the heart and wish many happy years)(A. Pushkin).
This is a complex sentence with different types of connections: non-union and subordinating, consists of two parts (blocks) connected non-union; the second part reveals the reason for what is said in the first; Part I is a simple sentence in structure; Part II is a complex sentence with two attributive clauses, with homogeneous subordination.
2) [Lane was all in the gardens], and [grew at the fences linden trees, now casting, under the moon, a wide shadow], (so fences And gates on one side they were completely buried in darkness)(A. Chekhov).
This is a complex sentence with different types of connections: coordinating and subordinating, consists of two parts connected by a coordinating conjunction and, the relations between the parts are enumerative; Part I is a simple sentence in structure; Part II - a complex sentence with a subordinate clause; the subordinate clause depends on the main thing and is joined to it by the conjunction so.
A complex sentence can contain sentences with different types of conjunction and non-conjunction connections.
These include:
1) composition and submission.
For example: The sun set and night followed day without interval, as usually happens in the south.(Lermontov).
(And is a coordinating conjunction, as is a subordinating conjunction.)
The outline of this proposal:
2) composition and non-union communication.
For example: The sun had long since set, but the forest had not yet died down: turtle doves were murmuring nearby, a cuckoo was crowing in the distance.(Bunin).
(But - coordinating conjunction.)
The outline of this proposal:
3) subordination and non-union connection.
For example: When he woke up, the sun was already rising; the mound obscured him(Chekhov).
(When - subordinating conjunction.)
The outline of this proposal:
4) composition, subordination and non-union connection.
For example: The garden was spacious and there were only oak trees; they had only recently begun to bloom, so that now through the young foliage the entire garden with its stage, tables and swings was visible.
(And is a coordinating conjunction, so that is a subordinating conjunction.)
The outline of this proposal:
In complex sentences with coordinating and subordinating conjunctions, coordinating and subordinating conjunctions may appear side by side.
For example: The weather was beautiful all day, but as we approached Odessa, it began to rain heavily.
(But - a coordinating conjunction, when - a subordinating conjunction.)
The outline of this proposal:
Punctuation marks in sentences with different types of communication
In order to correctly place punctuation marks in complex sentences with different types of connections, it is necessary to select simple sentences, determine the type of connection between them and select the appropriate punctuation mark.
As a rule, a comma is placed between simple sentences in complex sentences with different types of connections.
For example: [In the morning, in the sun, the trees were covered with luxurious frost] , and [this went on for two hours] , [then the frost disappeared] , [the sun has closed] , and [the day passed quietly, thoughtfully , with a drop in the middle of the day and anomalous lunar twilight in the evening].
Sometimes two, three or more simple offers most closely related to each other in meaning and can be separated from other parts of a complex sentence semicolon . Most often, a semicolon occurs in place of a non-union connection.
For example: (When he woke up), [the sun had already risen] ; [the mound obscured it].(The sentence is complex, with different types of connections: with non-union and union connections.)
At the site of the non-union connection between simple sentences within a complex possible Also comma , dash And colon , which are placed according to the rules for placing punctuation marks in a non-union complex sentence.
For example: [The sun has long since set] , But[the forest has not yet died down] : [doves gurgled nearby] , [the cuckoo crowed in the distance]. (The sentence is complex, with different types of connections: with non-union and union connections.)
[Leo Tolstoy saw a broken burdock] – and [lightning flashes] : [the idea of an amazing story about Hadji Murad appeared](Paust.). (The sentence is complex, with different types of connections: coordinating and non-conjunctive.)
In complex syntactic constructions that break up into large logical-syntactic blocks, which themselves are complex sentences or in which one of the blocks turns out to be a complex sentence, punctuation marks are placed at the junction of the blocks, indicating the relationship of the blocks, while maintaining the internal signs placed on their own syntactic basis.
For example: [The bushes, trees, even stumps are so familiar to me here] (that wild felling has become like a garden to me) : [I caressed every bush, every pine tree, every Christmas tree], and [they all became mine], and [it’s the same as if I planted them], [this is my own garden](Priv.) – there is a colon at the junction of blocks; [Yesterday a woodcock stuck his nose into this foliage] (to get a worm from under it) ; [at this time we approached], and [he was forced to take off without throwing off the layer of old aspen foliage from his beak](Priv.) – there is a semicolon at the junction of blocks.
Particular difficulties arise placement of punctuation marks at the junction of the composing And subordinating conjunctions (or coordinating conjunction and allied word). Their punctuation is subject to the laws of the design of sentences with coordinating, subordinating and non-conjunctive connections. However, at the same time, sentences in which several conjunctions appear nearby stand out and require special attention.
In such cases, a comma is placed between conjunctions if the second part of the double conjunction does not follow. then, yes, but(in this case the subordinate clause may be omitted). In other cases, a comma is not placed between two conjunctions.
For example: Winter was coming and , When the first frosts hit, living in the forest became difficult. - Winter was approaching, and when the first frosts hit, it became difficult to live in the forest.
You can call me, but , If you don't call today, we'll leave tomorrow. – You can call me, but if you don’t call today, then we’ll leave tomorrow.
I think that , if you try, you will succeed. – I think that if you try, you will succeed.
Syntactic analysis of a complex sentence with different types of connection
Scheme for parsing a complex sentence with different types of connection
1. Determine the type of sentence according to the purpose of the statement (narrative, interrogative, incentive).
2. Indicate the type of sentence based on emotional coloring (exclamatory or non-exclamatory).
3. Determine (based on grammatical basics) the number of simple sentences and find their boundaries.
4. Determine the semantic parts (blocks) and the type of connection between them (non-union or coordinating).
5. Give a description of each part (block) by structure (simple or complex sentence).
6. Create a proposal outline.
SAMPLE EXAMPLE OF A COMPLEX SENTENCE WITH DIFFERENT TYPES OF CONNECTION
[Suddenly a thick fog], [as if separated by a wall He me from the rest of the world], and, (so as not to get lost), [ I decided
Non-union and allied coordinating connections are one of the ways of constructing. Without them, speech is poor, because they give more information and are capable of containing two or more sentences telling about different events.
Complex sentences and their types
Depending on the number of parts, complex structures are divided into two- and polynomial. In any of the options, the elements are connected either by a conjunction (which, in turn, is provided by the corresponding part of speech) or by a non-conjunction.
Depending on what types of relationships are present, complex formations create the following groups:
- Complex sentence with non-union and allied coordinating connection: The sky suddenly darkened, a distant rumble was heard, and a wall of rain covered the ground, driving down dust and washing away the city smog.
- Constructions that combine elements with a subordinating relationship, for example: The house we entered was depressing, but in this situation we had no choice.
- Complex sentences with subordinating and non-union types of connections: No matter how he hurried, his help was late: another car took the wounded.
- IN polynomial constructions Subordinating, non-union and allied coordinating connections can be used simultaneously. The next time the phone rang, my mother answered it, but all she heard was a robotic voice telling her that her loan was overdue.
It is important to be able to distinguish between complex sentences and complex structures, e.g. homogeneous predicates. As a rule, in the first case in the syntactic lexical unit there are several grammar basics, while in the second there will be one subject and several predicates.
Non-union designs
In this type of lexical constructions, 2 simple sentences or more can be combined, which are connected by intonation and meaning. They can communicate with each other in the following ways:
- Sentences are linked by enumeration. The evening gradually faded, night fell on the earth, the moon began to rule the world.
- Constructions in which elements are divided into several parts, two of which are opposite fragments. The weather was as if to order: the sky cleared of clouds, the sun was shining brightly, light breeze blew on his face, creating a slight coolness. In this non-union construction, the second fragment, consisting of 3 simple sentences connected by enumerative intonation, explains its first part.
- Binary connection simple elements into a polynomial complex structure in which the parts are combined into semantic groups: The moon rose above the ridge, we did not immediately notice it: the haze hid its radiance.
A non-conjunctive, like a conjunctive coordinating connection, in a complete connection separates individual sentences from each other with punctuation marks.
Commas in non-union polynomial constructions
IN complex connections their parts are separated by commas, semicolons, dashes and colons. Commas and semicolons are used in enumerative relations:
- The parts are small in size and connected to each other in meaning. After the storm there was silence, followed by a light whisper of rain.
- When parts are too common and not connected by a single meaning, a semicolon is used. Chamomiles and poppies covered the entire clearing; Grasshoppers were chirping somewhere below.
Unionless designs are most often used for transmission large quantity information that is not always related in meaning.
Dividing marks in non-union formations
These signs are used for the following types of relationships between elements of a syntactic structure:
- Dash - when the second part is sharply opposed to the first, for example: We knew about his fears - no one knew about his readiness to die.(In such a construction with a non-union, as well as a union, coordinating connection between parts, I would like to put the conjunction “but”).
- When the first part talks about a condition or time, then a dash is also placed between it and the second fragment. The rooster crowed - it's time to get up. In such sentences, the meaning of the conjunctions “if” or “when” is appropriate.
- The same sign is placed if the second part contains a conclusion about what was discussed in the first. There was no strength to object - he silently agreed. In such conjunction constructions, “therefore” is usually inserted.
- When the second part of the sentence is compared and determined by what is narrated in the first. He makes a speech - he breathes hope into people. In these constructions you can add “as if” or “as if”.
- In sentences with an explanatory connection and justification of the reason, a colon is used. I’ll tell you to the point: you can’t let your friends down.
Sentences with a non-union, as well as a union, coordinating connection between parts are separated by signs depending on their semantic relationship.
Complex constructions
In sentences of this type, a coordinating connection is used, carried out using coordinating conjunctions. In this case, between their parts there may be:
- Connective relationships interconnected by unions and, yes or, particles also, also and neither...nor. No birds chirp, no mosquito squeaks, no cicadas chirp.
- In separating relationships, conjunctions are used what and, or, particles either... or, not that... not that and others. Either the wind brings an incomprehensible sound, or it itself is approaching us.
- Sentences with both non-union and allied coordinating connections with comparative relations indicate the identity of events, but in the second case with the use of conjunctions namely And that is. Everyone was happy to see him, that is, that’s what he read on their faces.
- Explanatory relationships tend to use conjunctions yes, but, ah, particles but, and therefore and others. A blizzard was raging outside the window, but it was warm near the fireplace in the living room.
Often it is conjunctions and particles that explain what connects simple sentences into a single complex structure.
Complex sentences with mixed types of communication
Constructions where there is both a non-union and a union coordinating connection at the same time are found quite often. They can contain separate blocks, each of which contains several simple sentences. Within blocks, some elements are connected to others in meaning and are separated by punctuation marks with or without conjunctions. In a complex sentence with a non-conjunctive and a conjunctive coordinating connection, the line between them is separators, although individual blocks may not be connected in meaning.
Subordination, or subordinating connection- the relationship of syntactic inequality between words in a phrase and a sentence, as well as between the predicative parts of a complex sentence.
In this connection, one of the components (words or sentences) acts as main, the other - like dependent.
The linguistic concept of “subordination” is preceded by more ancient concept- “hypotaxis”.
Features of subordinating communication
To distinguish between coordinating and subordinating connections, A. M. Peshkovsky proposed a criterion of reversibility. Submission is characterized irreversible relations between the parts of the connection: one part cannot be put in place of another without prejudice to general content. However, this criterion is not considered decisive.
The significant difference between a subordinating connection (according to S. O. Kartsevsky) is that it functionally close to dialogical unity informative (question-and-answer) type, firstly, and predominantly has pronominal nature of means of expression, secondly.
Subordination in phrases and simple sentences
Types of subordinating connections in phrases and sentences:
- coordination
- adjacency
Subordination in a complex sentence
The subordinating relationship between simple sentences as part of a complex sentence is made using subordinating conjunctions or allied (relative) words. A complex sentence with such a connection is called a complex sentence. The independent part in it is called main part, and dependent - subordinate clause.
Types of subordinating connection in a complex sentence:
- allied subordination
- subordination of sentences using conjunctions.
I don't want the world to know my mysterious story(Lermontov). - relative subordination
- subordination of sentences using allied (relative) words.
The moment came when I realized the full value of these words(Goncharov). - indirect interrogative submission(interrogative-relative, relative-interrogative)
- subordination with the help of interrogative-relative pronouns and adverbs connecting the subordinate part with the main one, in which the explained subordinate clause a member of a sentence is expressed by a verb or a noun with the meaning of statement, perception, mental activity, feelings, internal state.
At first I couldn’t realize what exactly it was(Korolenko). - sequential submission (inclusion)
- subordination, in which the first subordinate clause refers to the main part, the second subordinate clause - to the first subordinate clause, the third subordinate clause - to, the second subordinate clause, etc.
I hope that this book says quite clearly that I was not shy about writing the truth when I wanted to.(Bitter). - mutual submission
- mutual dependence of the predicative parts of a complex sentence in which the main and subordinate clause; relations between parts are expressed lexically syntactic means.
Before Chichikov had time to look around, he was already grabbed by the arm by the governor(Gogol). - parallel subordination (subordination)
Notes
Links
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See what a “Subordinate relationship” is in other dictionaries:
The connection between two syntactically unequal words in a phrase and a sentence: one of them acts as the main word, the other as the dependent one. New textbook, execution of the plan, answer correctly. see coordination, control, adjacency; IN… …
A connection that serves to express the relationship between the elements of a phrase and a sentence. Subordinating connection, see subordination. Compositional connection, see essay... Dictionary of linguistic terms
A connection of words that serves to express the interdependence of the elements of a phrase and a sentence. Subordinating connection. Coordination… Dictionary of linguistic terms
The connection that arises between the components of a complex sentence. Contents 1 Description 2 Types of syntactic connection 3 Notes ... Wikipedia
Subordinating connection, formally pronounced dependence one syntactic element (word, sentence) from another. Based on P., syntactic units of 2 types of phrases and complex sentences. Word (in... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia
This article or section describes some linguistic phenomenon in relation only to the Russian language. You can help Wikipedia by adding information about this phenomenon in other languages and typological coverage... Wikipedia
Subordination, or subordinating relationship, is a relationship of syntactic inequality between words in a phrase and a sentence, as well as between the predicative parts of a complex sentence. In this connection, one of the components (words or sentences) ... ... Wikipedia
- (SPP) is a type of complex sentence, which is characterized by division into two main parts: the main part and the subordinate clause. The subordinating relationship in such a sentence is determined by the dependence of one part on the other, that is main part assumes... ... Wikipedia audiobook
Basic syntactic units (word form, phrase, sentence, complex syntactic whole), their functions and structural characteristics.
Syntactic units- these are constructions whose elements (components) are united by syntactic connections and relationships.
Word forms- minimal syntactic structures serving the semantic side syntactic constructions; elements of word forms are endings and prepositions. Word forms are building elements of syntactic units: phrases, simple sentences, complex sentences, complex syntactic wholes, which are the main syntactic units.
Collocation- a form of grammatical combination of two or more historically established in a language significant words, devoid of the basic features of a sentence, but creating a dismembered designation of a single concept. Collocations: 1) are not communicative units of language, they are included in speech only as part of a sentence; 2) do not have predicative meanings or intonation of the message; 3) act as nominative means of language, naming objects, their characteristics, actions; 4) have a paradigm change. The phrase - syntactic unit, consisting of 2 or more significant words united by a subordinating connection.
Simple phrases consist of two full words. Simple phrases also include those that include analytical forms words: I will speak frankly, the bluest sea; and those in which the dependent component is a syntactic or phraseological unity: a person of short stature (= undersized).
Complex phrases consist of three or more full-valued words and represent various combinations simple phrases or words and phrases. 1. A simple phrase and a separate word form dependent on it: a beautiful dress with polka dots. 2. The core word and the simple phrase dependent on it: a building with white columns.3. A core word and two (or more) dependent word forms that do not form a phrase (not related to each other). These are some verb phrases in which the verb can be extended by two nouns: put the boards in a row, involve friends in the work.
The main feature offers as a syntactic unit is predicativity, which includes the values of objective modality and syntactic time (basic grammatical meanings offers). Each offer has a specific intonation design. Central grammatical unit The syntax is a simple sentence. This is determined by the fact that a simple sentence is elementary unit, designed to convey relatively complete information.
Complex syntactic whole, or superphrasal unity, is a combination of several sentences in the text, characterized by the relative completeness of the topic (microtheme), semantic and syntactic cohesion of the components. Complex syntactic wholes are a means of expressing semantic and logical unities.
Individual offers as part of complex syntactic wholes they are united by interphrase connections, which are carried out using lexical continuity, as well as special syntactic means. Structural means of organization independent proposals complex syntactic wholes include conjunctions in the adjunctive sense, anaphorically used pronouns, adverbs, adverbial combinations, modal words, word order, correlation of aspectual and tense forms of verbs, possible incompleteness of individual sentences.
You throw up a single-barreled shotgun, heavy as a crowbar, and shoot straight away. Crimson Flame with a deafening crack it will flash towards the sky, blind for a moment and extinguish the stars, and a cheerful echo will ring out like a ring and roll across the horizon, fading far, far away in clean air
. - Sentences as part of a complex syntactic whole are connected by the designation of the action (first sentence) and its result (second sentence), the commonality of aspectual forms of predicate verbs and the unity of intonation.
2. The system of syntactic relations and syntactic connections in the Russian language and grammatical means their expressions.
Syntactic relations in sentences and phrases:
1. Predicative (coordination - grammatical characteristics both words have
(I’m sitting), juxtaposition - there are no grammatical correspondences (I’m in despair. Are you at home?), gravity - the connection between the subject and the predicate is carried out through the third component (The lecture turned out to be boring))
2. Subordinate (this is a direct and one-way directional connection, a connection between a subordinate and a subordinate. Such a connection is realized in three main ways: coordination, control and adjacency.)
3. Essays
4. Semi-predicative (between the word being defined and separate member)
5. Accessions (for maximum actualization. I will kiss you later. If you want. (if you want - parcel))
Determinants are the free distributor of supply. Usually located at the beginning of a sentence.
Syntactic connections in a phrase are as follows:
-Attributed(other parts of speech are subordinate to the noun): desire to learn, first home.
-Object(subordination to a verb or noun, adj. in a meaning close to the verb): shoot a pistol, meritorious (= receive an award).
-Subjective(submission to the passive verb): given by people.
-Circumstantial: run through the forest, say as a joke.
-Replenishing(there is a lack of meaning in both words): be considered a klutz.
3. Collocation as a syntactic unit. Word combinations are free and non-free. Typology of phrases.
A phrase is a semantic and grammatical combination of two (or several) significant words or forms of words, manifesting their subordinating properties. The components of a phrase are: 1) the main word (or core) and 2) the dependent word. The main word is a grammatically independent word. A dependent word is a word that formally obeys the requirements emanating from the main word. The phrase is always built on the principle of subordination - subordinating and subordinate. This is a non-predicative combination of words. However, in some phrases the connection between the core and the dependent word can become stronger, as a result of which both lose part of their meaning separately: these are phraseological units, or the connections are complementary (replenishing) - four houses, become a teacher.
The following are not phrases: subject and predicate; words connected by a coordinating connection; the word and the isolation related to it; analytical forms (I will read); forms of comparative and superlatives(more interesting).
Types phrases:
*by structure: simple ( kick your ass) and complex (more than two significant words: always ready to beat old fools to a pulp), spoke in a loud voice– cannot be decomposed into two phrases, therefore simple
*By reference word : verbal ( shoot accurately), nominal ( lunch time) and adverbial ( funny to tears),
* by syntactic connection: 1. Agreement: the dependent word adjusts its form in accordance with the main one (full agreement: our A cat; incomplete (in number, case): this time And winds). 2. Control: the dependent word changes form under the built-in control of the main one (strong control (the form of the dependent word always changes): break the silence at ; weak (optional change): water from a watering can And or water the color s ) 3. Adjunction: “attached” words do not change form, because this property is not included in them: shoot at random, I will be treated.
* in meaning: determinative, objective, circumstantial.
*By freedom: free (sleep on your back) And unfree (sleep without hind legs, tall girl). Available phrases consist of words that retain their lexical meaning; the components of a free phrase can be replaced by words of the corresponding category: late autumn - early autumn- cold autumn, love science - love work - love children, speak quietly - speak affectionately - speak excitedly. However, free word combinations can be lexically limited: eavesdropping on a conversation is lexically limited, since the semantics of the word eavesdropping does not allow wide combinability (impossible: eavesdropping on a lecture).
Unfree phrases consist of words that are lexically dependent, i.e. words with weakened or lost lexical meaning. Non-free phrases are divided into not free syntactically and not free phraseologically. Syntactically non-free phrases are phrases that are lexically related and indivisible in in this context: for example, A tall girl came up to me - the non-free phrase tall, it performs a single defining function. And in a sentence: Tall singled out this girl in the group - both words are lexically complete.
Phraseologically non-free phrases are phrases that reveal the lexical independence of components in relation to any context. They are constant and indivisible for such a context: upside down, carelessly, kicking ass.
4. Sentence as a constructive unit of syntax. Concept block diagram offers. General characteristics two-part and one-part sentences.
A sentence is a grammatically formulated according to the laws of this language, an integral unit of speech, which is the main means of formation, design and expression of thoughts. The concept of grammatical organization includes the idea of the main feature of a sentence as a syntactic unit - predicativity. Predicativity is a meaningful feature of a sentence. This is the relationship between the content of a sentence and reality. Distinguishes a sentence from other units. Predication includes modality, syntactic tense and person.
Block diagram- that abstract pattern on which the sentence is constructed. The structural diagram is built from a subject and a predicate. Structural diagrams are the basis different offers– one-component and two-component. For example, sentences Winter has come; The student draws; The buds have blossomed on the trees are constructed according to the verbal-nominal pattern; sentences Brother is a teacher; Rainbow - atmospheric phenomenon have a two-name scheme; sentences It's getting dark; It gets colder are built according to the verb pattern. The proposal paradigm is possible modifications of the structural diagram. The complete seven-member paradigm: present, past, future, subjunctive mood, conditional action, desirability of action, imperative.
Actually, division is the division of a sentence into two parts, predetermined by the communicative connection. The topic is part of the question, and the rheme is the answer to the question to the sentence. Word order and intonation are a mechanism.
Offers are considered two-part, if its predicative core is represented by two positions - subject and predicate, and one-piece, if the sentence structure requires only one position of the main member.
The subject together with its distributors is usually called the composition of the subject, and the predicate with its distributors is the composition of the predicate. For example, in the sentence Troekurov's usual occupations consisted of traveling around his extensive possessions - two compounds: Troekurov's always-present activities - the composition of the subject, consisted of traveling around his extensive possessions - the composition of the predicate. In the sentence I somehow felt sad in the monotonous steppe of one grammatical structure.
At syntactic characteristic In one-part and two-part sentences, intonation plays an important role, which is determined communicative task offers. A broom at the threshold - one composition. Broom - at the threshold - two compositions, a pause indicates a structural ellipse.
5. Basic grammatical features sentences: objective modality, syntactic tense and person. Subjective modality. The concept of predicativity.
A sentence is an integral unit of speech, grammatically designed according to the laws of a given language, which is the main means of formation, design and expression of thoughts. The concept of grammatical organization includes the idea of the main feature of a sentence as a syntactic unit - predicativity. Predicativity is a meaningful feature of a sentence. This is the relationship between the content of a sentence and reality. Distinguishes a sentence from other units. Predicativeness includes modality, syntactic tense (the flow of what is being reported within a certain time) and person.
Modality– application of the category of verb mood to a sentence. The expressive is the predicate. Modality real – indicative mood, unreal modality – subjunctive and imperative. Except general meaning modality as the relationship of what is being communicated to reality, a sentence can also contain the meaning of the speaker’s attitude to what is being communicated. The first plan modality is called objective, secondary modality – subjective. The objective modality is necessarily expressed, the subjective modality may or may not be expressed. Subjective modality – the presence of the author. There is a whole category of words that expresses the author’s attitude - introductory words.
Each sentence has a certain intonation design and completeness.
6. Types of subordinating connections in phrases (complete and incomplete agreement, strong and weak control, adjacency).
The connection between the components of a phrase is always subordinating, because there are always grammatically independent and grammatically subordinate components. (dependence, I remind you, is when the dependent word obeys the requirements of the main word (gender, case or number changes because the dominant word orders so)
3 ways:
1. Coordination- forms gender, number and case the dependent word is predetermined by the forms of gender, number and case of the subordinating word.
The agreement is complete (i.e. in gender, number and case): green grass, little boy, wooden product or incomplete: our doctor, former secretary (agreement in number and case); Lake Baikal, on Lake Baikal (agreement in number); on the seven winds, by nine boys (case agreement).
2. Control - the subordinate word accepts form of one case or another depending on the grammatical capabilities of the dominant word and the meaning it expresses.
Controlled word form- noun or its equivalent: approached to the neighbor, came up to the departing. Dominant- verb, name and adverb.
Control strong(transitive verbs + what exactly controls case form dependent words: send a letter, break the silence; nine days, a lot of time;, true to duty) and weak(the case does not necessarily change: knock on the table, thank you for a gift, smile at a friend, interruptions in supplies, interruptions in supplies, poor in spirit, deep in thought).
3. Adjacency- subordinate word, being immutable part speech or word form, isolated from the system of cases, expresses its dependence on the dominant word only by location and meaning.
Adjacent are adverbs (or functionally close word forms), gerunds, and infinitives. For example: read aloud, arrive late, walk during the day; drive faster; want to learn; very good; very close, an opportunity to relax.
7. Predicative syntactic connections in a sentence (coordination, juxtaposition, gravity).
A sentence is characterized by special syntactic connections that are different from those in a phrase. Between subject and predicate- the main members of a two-part sentence arise mutually directed syntactic connection , which is called coordination: I'm writing, they came
Coordination is a mutually directed connection, since, on the one hand, the form of the singular pronoun or plural predetermines the form of the verb-predicate; on the other hand, the form of the predicate is likened to the subject-pronoun. Additionally, alignment occurs across the entire paradigm (warm weather, warm weather, warm weather...), and when coordinating, only two word forms are combined (I write, she says), when coordinating, attributive ones are noted syntactic relations, and in coordination - always predicative syntactic relations.
Connection between subject and predicate may not be formally expressed: predicative relations are revealed based on their relative position. This connection is called juxtaposition. For example: Garden on the mountain. Trees in bloom. The forest is nearby. He is one of the employees.
In the above sentences, the connection is established on the basis of logical sequence, the juxtaposition of word forms relative to each other - the concept of an object always precedes the concept of a characteristic.
Some two-part sentences with a special predicate structure are characterized by a syntactic connection called gravity, Where nominal part compound predicate relates to the subject through the third component, For example: He came tired. The night was cold.
8. Typology of simple sentences (narrative, interrogative, incentive, affirmative and negative, common and non-common, one-part and two-part, complete and incomplete).
Sentences as a syntactic unit have different levels organizations: grammatical structure represents the predicative basis of the sentence; semantic structure – components expressing the meaning of the subject and its predicate, action; bussubjective state, etc.; communicative structure– components denoting theme and rheme.
Therefore, the typology of sentences in the Russian language is based on taking into account different signs– substantive, functional, structural.
According to the correlation between the components of thought (the subject of thought and its attribute), sentences are divided into affirmative(what is stated about the subject of thought is affirmed) and negative(what is expressed about the subject of thought is denied).
According to the communicative purposefulness and the corresponding intonation of the sentence - narrative, interrogative, incentive. Each of these types of sentences can become exclamatory with a corresponding emotional coloring, conveyed by a special exclamatory intonation.
Offers are divided into one- And two-part depending on whether they have one or two main members (subject and predicate) as organizing centers of the sentence.
By presence or absence minor members proposals are divided into common And not widespread.
IN full sentences verbally represent all the necessary formal links of a given structure (all syntactic positions), and in incomplete– not all, i.e. one or more syntactic positions of a given sentence structure turn out to be unsubstituted due to the conditions of the context or situation.
Coordinating and subordinating connections in a sentence.
There are two types of word connections: composition and subordination.
Composition- this is a combination of syntactically equal parts that do not depend on one another (words in a sentence, predicative parts of a complex sentence). Relationships between elements when coordinating connection reversible; compare: newspapers and magazines – magazines and newspapers; It was raining and blowing cold wind. - A cold wind was blowing and it was raining.
Subordination is a combination of syntactically unequal elements (words, parts of a complex sentence): read a book, admire the sunset; When it got dark, the lights were turned on in the room.
A sentence uses both types of connections - composition and subordination, while a phrase uses only a subordinating connection.
