Dahl's Dictionary– meaning of the word Basman.

m. old (from weight, Tatar batman? Swedish steelyard?) palace or state bread; basmannnik, resident of the Moscow settlement, palace baker, bread maker.

Dahl's Dictionary

Words close in meaning

Basmanovs (a.d., F.a., P.f., I.f.)

Basmanovs. 1) Alexey Danilovich, the son of Daniil Andreevich Pleshcheev, nicknamed Basman and who died in Lithuanian captivity, was first mentioned in history in 1543. He was then on the side of the Shuiskys and, together with other boyars, their adherents, participated in the persecution of the Fed. Sem. Vorontsov, who enjoyed the favor of John IV. In 1552, he distinguished himself during the siege of Kazan, revealing his courage during one attack on the fortress together with the famous prince. Vorotynsky and in the same year he was awarded the rank of okolnichy. Three years later, he had the opportunity to once again show his remarkable courage and abilities as a leader: with 7,000 soldiers, in 1555 he withstood the onslaught of 60,000 men for one and a half days Crimean army, the leader of which was Khan Devlet-Girey himself. IN next year he receives the boyar rank and is appointed second governor in Novgorod. Opened in 1558 Livonian War Alexey Danilovich leaves Novgorod and takes an active part in this war. The capture of Narva and participation in the siege of Polotsk finally confirmed his glory as a brave military leader. But the military exploits of Alexei Danilovich do not end there. After 1563, when Polotsk was taken, hostilities seemed to cease for a while, and some detachments of Russian troops were able to return to their homeland. Among those who retired was Alexey Danilovich B. Living in his rich estate on the banks of the Oka, in 1564 he learned about the invasion of Devlet-Girey. He immediately armed his people and, together with his son Fyodor Alekseevich, settled in Ryazan, which Devlet-Girey was advancing on. But despite the dilapidation of the walls, the Crimeans failed to take the city: all their desperate attacks were unsuccessful due to the brave and skillful defense of Alexei Danilovich B. Here B.’s commendable exploits end, and invincible commander To satisfy his ambition, he acts as a courtier. With the art of entertaining, boastful zeal and attentiveness to the will of the monarch, he creeps into the soul of John, gains control over him strong influence and in his name commits a number of atrocities with impunity, among which not the first place is even occupied by the shameful expulsion of Metropolitan Philip from the temple (1568). The very plan of the oprichnina, according to some news, belonged to Alexei Danilovich B. ““ with comrades “”. But soon after this, the sovereign’s favorite had to become a victim of John’s suspicion and cruelty. In 1570, a certain Pyotr Volynets reported to the sovereign that the Novgorodians were being demolished Polish king and they want to restore their former privileges and that they have already written a letter about this and placed it in the St. Sophia Cathedral behind the image of the Mother of God. The famous defeat of Novgorod took place and an investigation into the case began. During the investigation, many eminent citizens died, including John’s favorites: Alexey B. and his son Fyodor, who were accused of relations with the Novgorodians and the intention to place Vladimir Andreevich Staritsky on the throne. According to Kurbsky and some foreigners, John enjoyed the picture of parricide, forcing Fyodor Alekseevich to kill his father. 2) Fyodor Alekseevich, the son of Alexei Danilovich, is known in history as the favorite of John IV, without whom he “could neither have fun at feasts nor rage in atrocities.” For his participation in the defense of Ryazan, he was awarded a gold medal, and two years later he was elevated to the rank of governor. In 1570, together with his father, he was tried and executed, probably around 1571 (in the same year he is listed as retired from the boyar lists). 3) Pyotr Fedorovich, the son of the latter, remained a minor after the death of his father. His mother married another time to the boyar Prince Vasily Yuryevich Golitsyn, who died in 1585. In the house the last Peter Fedorovich received a good upbringing, which had a beneficial effect on the development of his rich natural abilities. Freed together with his brother, Tsar Fyodor Ioannovich, from family disgrace, he was granted a rank of steward, and from that time on, the rise and glory of Peter Fedorovich began, who inherited, according to Karamzin, “the spirit of the reigns of his father and grandfather, with an inclined, not strict conscience.” , ready for good and evil for primacy between people." Boris Godunov, who saw only merit in him, in 1599 sent him with the rank of voivode to build a fortress on the Valuyki River, where now the district town of the same name, in 1601 granted him okolnichy and in 1604 sent him along with Prince Trubetskoy with an army against the first Impostor, mainly to protect Chernigov. But since on the way they heard about the capture of this city by the Pretender, they decided to lock themselves in Novgorod-Seversky, which was soon approached by the troops of False Dmitry. It was then, in a moment of danger, that B. appeared in all the splendor of his virtues and took over Trubetskoy. He took over the leadership of the city and, with his courage, loyalty and prudence, successfully fought against the treason and fear of the townspeople; repelled the attack of False Dmitry, rejected all his flattering offers and gained time for the appearance of the militia under the walls of the city of Borisov. With the arrival of reinforcements, with a successful foray (December 21, 1604), he finally forced the Pretender to lift the siege. For such an extraordinary feat, P. F. B. was awarded by Tsar Boris and a rare award. Summoned to Moscow, he was met the noblest boyars and for his ceremonial entry Boris sent his own sleigh. From the royal hands he received a golden dish with chervonets, many silver vessels, a rich estate, the rank of Duma boyar and 2 thousand rubles in money (about 100 thousand today's rubles). Such favors shown by Boris forced all the boyars who stood at the helm of the government to look at B. as the best and most reliable defender of the fatherland, and they did not hesitate to entrust him, after Boris’s death, with the main command over the troops. But having achieved such greatness, B. went even further in his ambitious aspirations. He wanted to become the first in a row of boyars and the only royal adviser. Sent by Boris Godunov’s successor, his son Fyodor, and admonished with the words: “serve us as you served my father,” B. swears allegiance and on April 17 swears in the army entrusted to him to Fyodor Borisovich, and on May 7 he goes to the camp of False Dmitry , and behind him his army. By his transition, he opened up the long-desired path to Moscow for the Pretender and by this alone acquired the right to a significant reward. And indeed, throughout the reign of False Dmitry, B. played an outstanding role, was his only faithful minion and defender until the last minute. Fortunately, False Dmitry and B. did not triumph for long. The memorable morning of May 17, 1606 came, the alarm sounded in Moscow, people rushed into the Kremlin. B., who spent the night in the palace of the Pretender, was awakened by the noise that arose, and decided to defend False Dmitry to the last opportunity. With a sword in his hands, he stopped in the doorway, blocking the entrance to inner chambers, where the Pretender was located, cut the head of one unarmed nobleman who burst in, and he himself immediately fell under the blows of the nobleman Tatishchev’s knife. His naked remains, along with the corpse of False Dmitry, were exhibited on frontal place, and only a few days later his half-brother Golitsyn received permission to bury the body at the Church of St. Nicholas the Mokroy. 4) Ivan Fedorovich, the youngest son of the Kray Fedor Alekseevich, was raised in the same Golitsyn family as his brother Pyotr Fedorovich, and at the same time received liberation from family disgrace. Initially served as a nobleman under royal court. In 1603, Boris Godunov promoted him to okolnichy and the following year entrusted him with separate detachment against the robber chieftain Khlopok. The latter with his gangs appeared near Moscow and entered into battle with Ivan Fedorovich, which ended with the death of B., the extermination of most of the robbers and the captivity of Khlopk. Thus, Ivan Fedorovich, the only one of all the Basmanovs, died with a name untainted by treason or atrocities, in a stubborn and cruel battle against the enemies of the fatherland. His body, by order of the king, was buried with honor in the Trinity-Sergius Lavra. B.'s family ended with the death of Ivan Fedorovich's widowed and childless only daughter in 1642. Wed. Karamzin “History of the Russian State” (vols. VIII and IX); Bantysh-Kamensky "Dictionary of Memorable People of the Russian Land"; Soloviev “History of Russia” (vols. VI and VIII).

And therefore, another explanation for the occupation of the local Sloboda residents seems more reasonable.

Basma in Rus' was the name for thin sheets of metal (silver, copper, gold) with an extruded, embossed relief pattern, used for various decorations. In particular, they were used to decorate icons. Therefore, it becomes clear that metal minters lived in the settlement.

Basmannaya Sloboda was one of the largest palace settlements in Moscow, second only to Sadovaya, Barashskaya and Ogorodnaya in terms of the number of courtyards - in 1638 there were 64 courtyards here, and by 1679 there were already 113 of them. Its center was the Sretenskaya Church with the chapel of the Great Martyr Nikita, known since 1625. In 1722 the church was already listed as stone, and eight years later it was dilapidated stone building. But only a quarter of a century later, in 1751, the existing beautiful Baroque structure was built (Staraya Basmannaya Street, 16). It is believed that it included the remains of a former stone church. However, it is unlikely that the old Sloboda church was so large. Beautiful shapes“Elizabethan” Baroque is visible in the broken roof and dome, window frames, broken sandstones and crepe cornices. The authorship of the building is usually attributed to the famous architect D.V. Ukhtomsky. According to I.E. Grabar, “one can hardly admit that the matter here would have happened without his participation, if not in the construction, then at least in the consultation.”

TO end of XVII V. The Basmannaya settlement expanded to the north. A new street appeared, on which, no later than 1695, a “newly built” wooden church of Peter and Paul, the Tsar’s heavenly patrons, stood. Her parish consisted of 44 households - drafts Basmannaya Sloboda and “suburban” people who lived outside the city. However, this territory, located next to Basmanniki, is called differently - New Soldiers', or Captain's, Settlement; less often - Novaya Basmannaya. Here, by decree of the tsar, the military were settled, and since 1714, merchants were allowed to build courtyards in both Basmanny settlements. By 1702, the population of the area had more than doubled - there were 114 households in the parish.

According to foreign travelers, here, next to the German settlement, lived those foreigners who switched to Russian service and converted to Orthodoxy.

Luchnikovaya Sloboda

Several settlements in the area were located within White City. , located between the current and, reminds of Luchnikovaya Sloboda. According to one version, onions were traded here, according to another, artisans lived who made throwing weapons - bows. The center of the settlement was the St. George Church, “which is in Starye Luchniki,” mentioned as wooden since 1625 and rebuilt in stone in 1693.

Blinnikovaya Sloboda

Another settlement - Blinniki - is reminiscent of the Church of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker, “what is in Blinniki” (sometimes it is referred to as “what is in Klenniki”), located at the beginning. The predecessor of this temple was the wooden church of Simeon Divnogorets, built in 1468 by Ivan III. In the 17th century it was replaced by the wooden church of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker, rebuilt in stone by 1657. The settlement was inhabited by pancake makers - masters who made pancakes.

In ancient Rus', pancakes were baked, as a rule, on two occasions - during Maslenitsa and funeral services, being an indispensable attribute of them. The custom of celebrating Maslenitsa, the week preceding Lent, was transferred to Rus' through Byzantium from ancient Rome, where the meeting of the March Kalends was preceded by the days of remembrance of the dead. In Rus', in the old days, the first Maslenitsa pancake was always given to the poor to commemorate the souls of the deceased.

Gavrilovskaya Sloboda

Ogorodnaya Sloboda

Other settlements are located between modern Boulevard and Garden Rings. Between the current ones was the palace Ogorodnaya Settlement, whose inhabitants supplied various vegetables. Of these, cabbage and cucumbers were in greatest demand. Of other vegetables, the most common crops were carrots, onions, garlic, radishes, and beets. The most popular fruit was apples. Despite the harshness of the Moscow climate, for the needs of the yard, local gardeners managed to grow even watermelons and melons in “sodils” (greenhouses).

The memory of the settlement is preserved in the name. It was one of the largest in Moscow. In 1638, there were 174 courtyards, and by 1679 their number had increased to 373. The main one here was the church of St. Chariton the Confessor, mentioned in sources since 1625, after which Kharitonevsky lanes were named. In addition, there was another church in the settlement - the Three Saints, “in Starye Ogorodniki,” documented in 1635 and rebuilt in stone by 1680.

Barashevskaya Sloboda

Several large palace settlements were located to the south. Barashevskaya Sloboda gave its name. About the occupations of the sheep who inhabited it in literature for a long time There were disputes until it became clear that sheep were the name given to the princely and then the royal servants who carried tents for the sovereign on campaigns and spread them out in the field for the royal rest. This becomes known from the mention in one of the letters of 1615 sent to Perm, where it was ordered to find and return to Moscow the tax-payers of this settlement, who left the capital during the difficult times of the Time of Troubles early XVII V. In it we read: “The headman of the Barash settlements, Ivanko Kortsov, beat us with his forehead and there is a place in all the sheep, and said: from the Moscow devastation they serve our tent service in our campaigns and pull the tax with the rest of the people.” In 1632 there were 69 courtyards in the settlement, and in 1679 there were already 183 courtyards. Documents note two parish churches in Barashevskaya Sloboda: Resurrection and Vvedenskaya. The first of them has been mentioned since 1620, and the second went down in the history of Moscow because in the 1660s one of the first Moscow schools known to us operated under it, which was established at his own expense by the local priest I. Fokin. According to some information, before the settlement of the Barash there was a small Ilyinskaya Slobodka.

Kazennaya Sloboda

As an independent village, Elokhovo did not exist for very long - after the construction of the Kamer-Kollezhsky Wall, it was included in the boundaries of the Mother See and became one of the outskirts of the city.

Pokrovskoye-Rubtsovo

The easternmost village in this area was the village of Pokrovskoye-Rubtsovo. For more than two centuries, Pokrovskoye has been part of Moscow, preserving all the features of the old area - stone churches, bourgeois houses and merchant factories. The village was located on both sides of the road, starting from the Church of the Epiphany in Elokhov and ending with the Intercession Bridge over the Yauza. The main highway of the village has been greatly altered by modern multi-storey buildings. In the past, it was part of the Pokrovskaya road, which led to the village from the Kremlin through modern streets, and.

Although the village was first mentioned in surviving documents only in the 16th century, it can be assumed that it existed at least two centuries earlier. At the prominent boyar of the time Dmitry Donskoy Ivan Rodionovich Kvashnya had a grandson, Vasily Ilyich, who bore the nickname Rubets. Youngest son the latter, Alexander, was already written by Rubtsov and served the Novgorod Archbishop Macarius. It is likely that the village received its second name from representatives of this genus.

The first reliable information about the village dates back to 1573. At this time, Rubtsovo, located in Vasiltsovo camp, was listed as the patrimony of the steward Protasy Vasilyevich Yuryev. His father, boyar Vasily Mikhailovich Yuryev, according to historians, was one of the initiators of the oprichnina. Being a cousin of Ivan IV's first wife Anastasia, he took a prominent position at court. Protasius also served in the oprichnina. But his career ended sadly: in October 1575 he was executed, accused of treason. Despite this, Rubtsovo remained in the Yuryev family. According to the appearance list of 1584, it belonged to the executed man’s cousin Nikita Romanovich Yuryev, the owner of neighboring Izmailovo. Nikita Romanovich was the grandfather of Tsar Mikhail Romanov, and later the village became the property of the royal family.

After the Time of Troubles, Rubtsovo quickly rises and grows. In 1615, in the presence of Emperor Mikhail Fedorovich, a wooden church in the name of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker was consecrated in the village. And in 1619, according to the sovereign’s vow, in memory of the deliverance of Moscow from the troops of the Polish prince Vladislav, the stone Church of the Intercession was laid. Construction, which lasted several years, was completed by 1626, the year of the Tsar’s wedding to Evdokia Streshneva. In October, the sovereign came here for the consecration ceremony. New Temple was of medium size. The façade was divided by blades into three equal parts. Two rows of cornices seem to cut off the upper parts from the main volume. The rows of kokoshniks, decreasing with height, created an upward movement. They were purely decorative elements, because inside the temple was pillarless. A small dome with slit-like windows crowned the structure. The chapels of Sergius of Radonezh (southern, 1627) and Tsarevich Demetrius (northern, 1677) balance the composition and expand it from north to south. The similarity of volumes and decorations makes the Intercession Church similar to monuments late XVI century, the era of the Godunov style. In the 17th century there was a small cemetery nearby.

Unlike St. Nicholas Church, which became a parish church, the Intercession Church entered the royal estate. In the 17th century it received the status of a cathedral, and its clergy were supported by the sovereign. In 1657, Patriarch Nikon, the “soviet friend” of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, held a service here. After the temple, the village began to be called Pokrovsky-Rubtsov, and then simply Pokrovsky. The royal estate was developed under Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich. The mansions included many rooms. Not far from them there were stables, kitchens and other outbuildings. The wooden palace was facing the road and the Gnilushka river. In 1632, the river was dammed and the Rybinsk Pond was formed. The latter was located on the site of the present one: its remains were liquidated in the 1920s. Fish were bred here, for which purpose a small Rybnaya Sloboda was settled on the opposite bank. All this was adjacent to a mill and a wooden bridge across the Yauza. In 1635, an orchard was laid out on the shore of the pond, fenced with railings and planted with forest trees. Six years later, it was updated by the “doctor” Vindiminus Sibilist, who planted “overseas” trees, shrubs, medicinal herbs and flowers here. In 1640, a stone gazebo was built in the garden. Throughout the 17th century. garden art in Pokrovsky did not fade away. According to the inventory of 1701, there were three gardens with apple trees, currants and raspberries.

In the first half of the 17th century. The population of Pokrovsky is increasing greatly. The Tsars populated the sides of the nearest section of the Pokrovskaya Road with “new arrivals.” In 1646, there were 139 households in the village and villages, a third of which belonged to artisans and palace servants. Among them were silversmiths, beaver makers, fish catchers, a miller, a tailor, a dye maker, a hat maker, and a butcher. Among the silversmiths mentioned was Mitka Danilov Pososhkov, the grandfather of the famous Ivan Pososhkov, a Russian economist and publicist of the era of Peter I. The settlement of Pokrovsky was active throughout the 17th and early 18th centuries, which necessitated the need to streamline and consolidate the development. It was exclusively made of wood, which is why severe fires often occurred.

The villages that “pulled” towards the village - Chernitsyno, Syrkova, Obramtsovo, Kobylino, Oreftsova - were located to the side, to the east, in the area of ​​​​the upper reaches of the Sosenka River. There, in the second half of the 17th century. The village of Golyanovo, assigned to Pokrovsky, is known. Another settlement, Novoe Vvedenskoye, was located near modern Lefortovo. Only one village, Khalilovo, or Khapilovo, adjoined the village from the south, located within the boundaries of the current Postal Streets.

The Tsar came to his Moscow region mainly in the spring and summer, often during the hunting season. The letters of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich written by him in the Pokrovsky “camp” have been preserved. In one of them, dating back to April 1646, the “quietest” informed his friend, steward A.I. Matyushkin that “there are countless ducks in the puddles,” but, unfortunately, “it’s swampy to drive through the fields, but there’s nothing to seize—the hawks didn’t have time.” The royal “fun” interspersed with bear fights and the display of outlandish elephants. But since 1665, the palace ranks almost do not note the sovereign’s “exits” to Pokrovskoye - Alexey Mikhailovich is engaged in the arrangement of Izmailovo, often visits Semenovskoye and Preobrazhenskoye. Pokrovskoye goes to his sister Princess Irina. She is erecting a wooden church on the edge of the village in the name of Irina the Great Martyr. In 1681, after Irina’s death (1679), a stone dam with a crossing bridge was built here on Rybinsk Pond. At the end of the 17th century. Pokrovsky was in charge of the Workshop Chamber. Among the people serving the royal household, two yard watchmen, a goose keeper with a goose yard, one gardener and two cow sheds are named. It cannot be said that the estate was abandoned, but it had already given way to its neighbors.

The new flourishing of the estate is associated with Empress Elizaveta Petrovna, who, removed from the court by Anna Ioannovna, lived here in her youth with her relatives Skavronsky and Gendrikov. While still a princess, in 1733 she rebuilt the palace in a tree. The building takes on a baroque composition with two side projections extended towards the pond. The nearby garden was decorated with galleries - “arcs”.

Having become empress, Elizabeth invites the major Russian architect M.G. to work in her beloved Moscow region. Zemtsova. The last one in 1742-1743. erected a one-story stone palace with a two-story hall, repeating the previous composition. It was ordered to level all the mounds located in the courtyard of the rebuilt residence. Opposite the palace, on the left bank of the Rybinsk pond, the architect erected a luxurious wooden Church of the Resurrection (1742). It was decorated with English sculptures, a carved gilded iconostasis and picturesque panels made by a team of painters Login Doritsky. The church existed until 1790, when it was abolished, and the wooden frame was given to the Izmailovo village of Nikolskoye to renovate the local church. The church was connected to the palace by a bridge. Plan mid-18th century V. shows the temple in the center of the garden with vista-alleys extending from it. The Pokrovsky Palace and the Church were the last significant works of M.G. Zemtsova.

Ten years later, in 1752, the Empress orders new perestroika estate to the famous F.B. Rastrelli, author Winter Palace in St. Petersburg. The architect draws up a design for the superstructure and facade. According to his plan, it was supposed to be a two-story magnificent structure with an elevated central volume, an entrance to it and rusticated side parts. It is believed that the restructuring was not carried out. However, Rastrelli is credited with breaking up the estate regular garden(1752), and the architect himself considered the palace one of his buildings.

The time of Catherine II became a period of decline of the Pokrovskaya estate. The Empress visited Pokrovskoye only a few times. By the time of his arrival in 1763, a ski mountain was built near the palace (architect Vasily Neelov), which had begun a year earlier. It included upper and lower chambers with doors and glass windows. The 400-meter slope consisted of pine beams. They lifted sleighs and carriages with ropes using a machine driven by horses. This was, perhaps, the only remarkable building of the new reign in Pokrovskoye. In 1765, it passed from the Patrimonial Office to the jurisdiction of the Palace Chancellery. In 1781 the ski mountain was broken, and in 1782 the wooden outbuildings were dismantled. Other structures are also disappearing. From the end of the 18th century. estate lands began to be leased to private individuals. In 1870, the palace building, along with the Intercession Church and adjacent buildings, went to the Intercession Community of Sisters of Mercy. The palace was renovated again, and its façade lost its former features.

Since the era of Peter I, capital life has gradually moved to the Yauza settlements. Residents of Pokrovsky easily learned the urban way of life. By decree of 1714 they were prohibited from being “enlisted into the peasantry and the fortress.” The majority were engaged in trade and crafts - spinning, weaving, making braids, drawing gold and silver. Knowing the wealth of the villagers, the tsar in 1716 imposed on them the “tenth money”, a very burdensome tax of 10% of profits, which was abolished only in 1736. Nevertheless, in ten years, from 1725 to 1735, out of 684 quitrent peasants 134 people, or a fifth, signed up as merchants. In the market at Novonemetskaya Sloboda, located between modern Bakuninskaya and Baumanskaya streets, near the Church of St. Irina, about half of the trading places belonged to residents of Pokrovsky. In 1785, a contemporary noted that “in Pokrovsky... in every house there is a camp of some kind of craftsmanship.” In 1775, 818 camps were registered here with 232 owners.

Large enterprises began to appear here already in the era of Peter I. In 1719, a state-owned spinning yard for the production of fine yarn was organized. At first, it was considered a subsidiary of the manufactory in Yekateringhof. There was an abundance of raw materials and workers in the new place. Warden Volkov reported that “a lot of spinners are going to enroll without permission,” so that “there are up to 100 women and girls.” The rest had to be refused.

Pokrovskoe already in the 17th century. was big. Residents who became rich enrolled in urban population, and the constant outflow led to the fact that the digital indicators in the village grew slightly. According to statistics of 1775, there lived 98 “free labor” and 128 arable peasants (male), not counting, obviously, the urban population. “Arable workers” paid an annual quitrent of 13 rubles 10 kopecks per capita—five times more than artisans. The prosperity of the local inhabitants is evidenced by the stone construction of the parish churches - St. Nicholas the Wonderworker (1766) and Irene the Great Martyr (1792). According to P.V. Sytin, in the parish of St. Nicholas Church in the 40-50s of the 18th century. consisted of the famous future commander A.V. Suvorov.

By decree of March 22, 1782, residents of Pokrovsky were allowed to enroll in the philistinism and merchant class. Soon, on May 11 of the same year, Moscow Governor-General Count Z.G. Chernyshev reported to Catherine II: “In the village of Pokrovskoye near Moscow (recorded - author) there were 14 peasants in the second guild, 158 in the third - a total of 172; into the philistinism - 134 people, 14 remained in the same state. The new merchants announced a capital of 44,125 rubles.” It can be considered that from that time on, the village, which had been police subordinate to Moscow since 1752, finally became part of the city. An independent Pokrovskaya police unit was allocated. The number of factories increased. Among the wooden estates began to appear stone houses. Of these, the so-called “Shcherbakov Chambers” of the 1770s (Bakuninskaya St., 24) with an upper residential floor and cellars below have survived to this day - an example of typical urban development.

XIX century turned Pokrovskoye into an ordinary Moscow suburb with enterprises, private residential properties, cobblestone streets and kerosene lanterns. Former fields crossed streets and alleys. Small officials, artisans and merchants lived in mostly wooden houses. At the Ryazanskaya freight station railway(Gavrikov lane and square, in 1919 renamed Spartakovskie and) there was a rich market with many storefront shops, where they sold mainly grain supplies. The main street preserved the memory of the village for a long time, until in 1918 it was renamed .

* Evangelical Church (die evangelische Kirche, German) is the designation of a Lutheran church accepted in Germany. At the beginning of 1686, services were already taking place in the stone church. In common parlance it was called the “old mass”. Information about its dimensions has also been preserved: it was 18 fathoms long and 9 wide. The community collected money for construction on its own - only Hamburg merchants provided assistance.

* Capuchins are members of the Catholic monastic order, established in 1525 in Italy.

Based on materials from the book by Averyanov K.A. "History of Moscow districts."

This Moscow district owes its name to the palace Basmannaya Sloboda. A common version is that this name comes from the word “basman”; for Dahl it is “palace or state bread”. From the name of the bread came the Basman bakers, and from them living in this settlement came its name. However, it is difficult to believe that in Moscow there were so many bakers making special bread that they formed a special settlement, and not a small one, judging by the length of its main street, Staraya Basmannaya, or the number of residents in 1638, there were 64 households here, and in 1679 - 113 households. In addition, the palace bakers lived in a completely different area of ​​Moscow - on the site of the current Khlebny Lane. Therefore, another explanation for the occupation of the local Sloboda residents seems more reasonable. Basma in Rus' was the name for thin sheets of metal with an embossed, embossed relief pattern, used for decoration. And in the area of ​​​​the present-day Staraya Basmannaya, perhaps there lived Basman artisans who made such decorations, i.e. "Basmili". Basma was also the name of a message with the khan’s seal pressed on it, and the origin of the word could be as follows: first the khan’s “basma”, then relief images in general, and it is possible that “basman” was the name of a special type of bread on which some kind of stamp was pressed.
Basmannaya Sloboda was one of the largest palace settlements in Moscow; in 1638 there were 64 courtyards here, and by 1679 there were already 113. Its center was the Sretenskaya Church with the boundary of the Great Martyr Nikita, known since 1625. In 1722, the church was already listed as a stone church, and eight years later it was listed as a dilapidated stone structure. But only a quarter of a century later, in 1751, the beautiful Baroque building that now exists was built (Old Basmannaya Street 16). It is believed that it included the remains of a former stone church. Beautiful forms of “Elizabethan” baroque are visible in the broken roofs and, most importantly, window frames, broken sandstones and crepe cornices.
By the end of the 17th century, Basmannaya Sloboda expanded to the north. A new street appeared, on which, no later than 1695, a “newly built” wooden church of Peter and Paul, the Tsar’s heavenly patrons, stood. This territory, located next to Basmanniki, was called differently - the new soldier's, or Captain's, settlement, or less often - Novaya Basmannaya. Here, by decree of the tsar, the military were settled, and since 1714, merchants were allowed to build courtyards in both Basmanny settlements. By 1702, the population of the area had more than doubled - there were 114 households in the parish.
On the territory of the region there were several settlements, such as: Luchnikov Sloboda, Blinniki, Kolpachnaya, Khokhlovskaya, Kotelnikov Sloboda, Ogorodnaya Sloboda, Barashevskaya, Kazennaya Sloboda, Kozhevnikov and Syromyatnikov Sloboda. Nowadays, the names of some streets are reminiscent of the settlements that were located here: Kolpachny Lane, Khokhlovskie lanes, Ogorodnaya Sloboda lane, Barashevsky lane, Bolshoi and Maly Kazenny lanes, Upper, Lower, Novaya Syromyatnicheskaya streets, 1st, 3rd, 4th Syromyatnicheskaya lanes and Syromyatnicheskaya embankment and passage.
But perhaps the most famous of the Moscow settlements in this area was the German settlement. According to the royal decree of October 4, 1652, foreigners who did not accept Orthodoxy were to leave prestigious areas of Moscow and form a heterodox settlement in a place remote from the city center. For Novonemetskaya Sloboda, the government allocated an empty section of the right bank of the Yauza, west of Basmanny Sloboda and south of the palace village of Pokrovskoye. Already in the 16th century, this place was chosen by the “Germans” who settled in Moscow - Europeans of different nationalities who came here as captives, and also as hired specialists. The people called them “Germans”, as “dumb” people who did not understand the Russian language, hence the name of the settlement. The first German settlement in this place disappeared during the Time of Troubles; in 1610, the troops of False Dmitry II plundered and burned the settlement, and its inhabitants fled, leaving their homes, and for a long time on the site of the former German settlement there were only wastelands and fields with vegetable gardens. Until the Novonemetskaya Sloboda was founded in 1652.
The Russians nicknamed the Moscow foreign suburb Kukuy, after the name of the stream that flowed in these places, a tributary of the Chechera River.
IN mid-17th century centuries, this site on the banks of the Yauza was really empty, and foreigners, reluctantly leaving their homes in the city, built it up with wooden houses. Wooden houses foreigners in the city center were ordered to be dismantled and moved to a new location. Sites for buildings were allocated to everyone according to his personal condition, position or trade.
The oldest evangelical church in the Novonemetskaya Sloboda was considered to be the Church of St. Michael, which already existed in 1576 before the destruction of the Old German Settlement by the guardsmen. The church was not much different in appearance from an ordinary house.
In 1626, the Moscow Lutheran community was divided into merchants and officers - the “old” Church of St. Michael remained with the merchants. Their wealth, ample opportunities and extensive connections made it possible to build a stone church already in 1684-1685. Church of St. Michael's was the first stone church on the territory of the Novonemetskaya Sloboda. The resulting officer community built a separate Lutheran church, which was restored in 1661 with funds from General Nikolai Bauman, one of the most influential people in the settlement.
At the end of the 70s of the 17th century, the foreign settlement took on the appearance of a real European town with gardens and even embankment alleys. It was so different from appearance surrounding settlements. Flower beds in front of houses, small fountains, multi-colored painting of houses - many things caused misunderstanding and even laughter among Muscovites.
The end of the 17th century was the heyday of the settlement, many of whose inhabitants found favor with the young Tsar Peter I. In 1694, the officer community began the construction of a stone church instead of the previous wooden one. According to German legend
Peter I gave a large sum for construction, or at least was present at its foundation. The temple was named in honor of the tsar's patron saint, the Apostle Peter. The community of this church was larger than that of St. Mikhail. It included ambassadors from Prussia, Denmark and Sweden, who settled in Moscow.
Simultaneously with the construction of the church of St. Peter, the construction of the Dutch Reformed Church was underway. In 1629, the Reformed were allowed to build a small wooden church outside the White City, near Pogany Pond. Later, the Dutch began to build a brick temple and brought it to the roof. However, no official permission was received, and, citing this, in 1642 the Russian authorities ordered the building to be demolished. Despite this, the Reformed Church is listed as having been built in 1647.
Unlike Protestants, Catholics in Moscow had their rights restricted for a long time; Catholic services were held sporadically, often only with the arrival of ambassadors. In the settlement, Catholics often prayed together with Protestants - a rare reconciliation that took place only far from their homeland. Even the zealous Catholic Patrick Gordon, colonel of the Butyrsky regiment and associate of the young Peter I, got married and had his children baptized by a Reformed pastor. Having settled in Moscow, Gordon put a lot of effort into building the church. On May 5, 1687, a Catholic tent was consecrated, in which a service was held.
There were many fewer influential Catholics who served under the king than Protestants. Realizing this, Colonel Patrick Gordon took on the main construction concerns. While preparing for Azov campaign Catholic priests submitted a petition to the king, in which they asked for official permission to build a stone church. It was only in 1698 that Catholics built a wooden church. According to the notes of the Austrian ambassador, the temple was very cramped. In the summer of 1706, instead of a wooden church, a stone one was built, named in honor of St. the apostles Peter and Paul, the king's heavenly patrons. Its construction became possible only at a time when Peter I ruled autocratically, and the influence of the Russian Orthodox Church noticeably weakened. The church became the fourth and last foreign stone church in the German settlement.
The September fire of 1812 dealt a terrible blow to the German Settlement. Almost the entire area was burned out, including the Catholic Church and St. Petra. After 1812, only St. Church, which survived the fire, continued to exist on the territory of the German Settlement. Michael and for some time a renewed cold Catholic Church. The remaining communities began to buy plots in other parts of Moscow, closer to the city center. So, in 1817, the community of St. Petra bought for the renovation of the temple land plot Lopukhina's estate not far from Pokrovka, in Kosmodamiansky Lane. Soon Catholics also resumed their warm church in the Myasnitskaya part of the city.
Church of St. Mikhail stood in the German settlement until Soviet times. The surrounding area was planned for the construction of an aerohydrodynamic institute (TsAGI). In 1928, the church was closed, and soon the church was demolished. The oldest evangelical church in Moscow, which survived both the Troubles and the fire of 1812, was destroyed. The German settlement seemed to be beheaded. Her name reminds me today of long history and about the destroyed traditions of a unique Moscow region.

golden link

"Dahl's House" was found.

What does V.I.Dal mean these days? What is the attractive power of his personality and talent? V.I. Dal is dear and necessary to us both as the author of a unique dictionary, which no other Slavic people has, and as a person who accomplished a scientific and patriotic feat with the creation of this dictionary.

V.I. Dal collected words, recorded living, sounding Russian speech everywhere. He did this everywhere and always: whether he was riding in a wagon (listening to the coachman), or sailing on a ship (recording the speech of sailors), during the first Russian-Turkish war, V.I. Dal the doctor found time and during rest hours he recorded the conversations of soldiers, mobilized for the war from all the provinces of Russia. Later, as a high-ranking official in Orenburg and in Nizhny Novgorod, constantly traveling around these provinces, annually visiting famous Nizhny Novgorod fairs, he listened and wrote down Russian folk speech, sayings, jokes, parables, original words of lively traders, he himself entered into conversations. IN permanent job in collecting linguistic and ethnographic material, V.I. Dal, being a gifted and educated person, met like-minded assistants, from whom he found, in his words, “intelligent and efficient sympathy for his work.” Literary fame of V.I. Dahl in the 40-50s years XIX centuries occupied by him high position and wide acquaintance with representatives of various social circles in St. Petersburg allowed him in 1846-1847. publish an “Ethnographic Circular” - an appeal to subscribers of the magazines “Domestic Notes”, “Sovremennik”, “Moskvityanin”, “Notes of the Russian Geographical Society”, in which V.I. Dal asked subscribers to send a variety of lexical material to the editors of these magazines or to his name to the office of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. And this appeal found a response among readers: the richest vocabulary material constantly came from the field to the office. This material was carefully processed by V.I. Dahl himself and his assistants and colleagues.

“...Each word (V.I. Dalem) was prepared along with an explanation for it on a piece of paper (1/16 of a sheet). These sheets of paper were collected in rather thick bundles, tied with threads and folded into cardboard boxes (35 cm), open at the top, which were glued together by Dahl himself. -” (From the memoirs of V.I. Dahl’s contemporaries).

The result of this titanic long-term work was the “Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language.” It contains more than 200 thousand words and more than 30 thousand Russian proverbs and sayings, which V.I. Dal widely used in the dictionary as examples when explaining and interpreting words.

The dictionary is called “explanatory” because it not only translates one word into another, but also interprets and explains the details of the meaning of words and concepts subordinate to them. V.I. Dal used the term “Great Russian” instead of Russian because he excluded from the dictionary, as they said then, “Little Russian” and “Belarusian” dialects, the church language.

By the term “living” V.I. Dal shows that the dictionary includes words that exist among the people, indicating a desire to cover everything that can be heard or read among “the current Great Russian people.”

The content of the dictionary goes far beyond the scope of a lexicographic work. This is a kind of encyclopedia of the Russian people, mainly the peasantry, mainly of the mid-19th century. In his fundamental dictionary, V.I. Dal combined the vocabulary of the literary language with folk vocabulary, including regional words. Many years of work on the creation of a dictionary helped V.I. Dahl to act as a linguist theorist: in his work “On the dialects of the Russian language” (1852), he proposed a classification of Russian dialects, i.e. V.I. Dal stood at the origins of dialectology as a scientific discipline.

Lasting value " Explanatory dictionary"V.I. Dal, the need for it in our days lies in the fact that V.I. Dal showed the use of these regional words in the life of the peasantry and thus provided invaluable information about the spiritual and material life our people.

From V.I. Dahl's dictionary we learn when, how and where it is best to sow this or that agricultural crop, how to harvest crops, how to build houses and make household items and agricultural tools. The dictionary tells us about peasant holidays and traditions. All this makes it possible to imagine how the spiritual image of the Russian people was formed, how its economic and social foundation took shape.

It is difficult to overestimate the importance of V.I. Dahl and his dictionary for modern Russian lexicography and all philological science. This is peculiar golden link in the Russian lexicographical chain, the rise of domestic vocabulary.

The purposeful compilation of Russian language dictionaries within the Academy of Sciences began in late XVIII century, about a hundred years before the publication of V.I. Dahl’s dictionary. But Russian lexicography received special development in the 20th century; it is called the “century of lexicography.”

And indeed, we currently publish dozens of a wide variety of dictionaries: multi-volume dictionaries of the modern Russian literary language, orthoepic, spelling dictionaries different types, word-building, special dictionaries of the Russian language for foreigners and many others. And without exaggeration we can say that each of the authors and editors of these dictionaries turned to the dictionary of V.I. Dahl in his daily work on his dictionary. This means that Dahl’s dictionary is modern, it still works today. Dahl's dictionary is modern, like everything ingenious, regardless of the time of creation.

Vladimir Ivanovich Dal died on September 22 (October 4), 1872. He was buried at the Vagankovskoye cemetery.

Shortly before his death, at the end of 1871, the house on Presnya was visited by the philanthropist and owner of the famous gallery P.M. Tretyakov and informed V.I. Dahl of his intention to order his portrait from the artist V.G. Perov.

At the beginning of 1872, the portrait was completed. Now it is in the Tretyakov Gallery.

After the death of V.I. Dal, his son Lev Vladimirovich Dal (1834-1878), an academician of architecture, a discoverer of monuments of Russian wooden architecture, and the author of many studies on the history of art, lived in the “Dal House” (as it became common to call this house). L.V. Dal reconstructed this house, he introduced elements of wooden architecture into its appearance, while preserving the characteristic features of classicism, as a result of which the house became an original, unique mansion in Moscow in the 70s of the last century.

In 1902-1917, an academician, the founder of the Russian school, lived in this house organic chemistry A.M. Butlerov, and in 1920-1924 - professor, doctor philological sciences, major researcher of Russian folk versification M.P. Shtokmar.

The subsequent fate of the Dahl House was not easy.

The wooden mansion, which miraculously survived the fire of Moscow in 1812, has survived many hardships. In the spring of 1942, a fascist land mine fell near the house, but did not explode. When the sappers defused the bomb, it turned out that it was filled with sand instead of explosives and someone’s kind and friendly hand put a Czech-Russian dictionary into it.

Nowadays, the area surrounding the Dahl House is completely different from the former outskirts of Moscow. Due to the development of this corner of Moscow, the Dahl House ended up in the courtyard of an administrative building, thereby becoming invisible from Bolshaya Gruzinskaya Street.

By the 60s of this century, the Dahl House had fallen into such a dilapidated state that it was considered long lost. And only thanks search activity painstaking researcher of old Moscow Viktor Vasilyevich Sorokin (chief bibliographer Scientific library named after A. Gorky Moscow State University, now honorary member All-Russian Society for the Protection of Historical and Cultural Monuments)"Dahl's House" was found.

But the building is under threat of demolition. The Moscow city branch of the All-Russian Society for the Protection of Historical and Cultural Monuments took all necessary measures to preserve the Dahl House as unique monument national culture. They advocated its preservation famous figures science and culture: architect-restorer P.D. Baranovsky, academicians I.G. Petrovsky, D.S. Likhachev, I.V. Petryanov-Sokolov, writers I.L. Andronnikov, L.M. Leonov, N.S. Tikhonov, K.A. Fedin, artist A.A. Plastov and others. "Dal's House" was preserved, in 1971-1972 it was restored according to the design of the architect V.A. Vinogradov (in the guise of a mansion of the 70s of the 19th century) and placed on state security as a historical and architectural monument of republican significance.

In one of the rooms of the Dahl House, with the help and expense of the Moscow city branch of the All-Russian Society for the Protection of Historical and Cultural Monuments, the Vladimir Ivanovich Dahl Museum Room was created and opened in 1986.

In 1992, a security memorial plaque was installed on the facade of the Dahl House. It, as a document in durable material, clearly demonstrates the recognition by our contemporaries of the significant contribution of Vladimir Ivanovich Dahl to the treasury of Russian history and culture

Scientific consultant: Smolitskaya G.P. - lexicographer, Doctor of Philology.

Galina Dmitrievna ZASUKHINA-PETRYANOVA

RESCUE OF THE HOUSE V.I. DALYA

House V.I. They decided to demolish Dahl. Various public organizations spent a lot of time to ensure that the house survived. It was all in vain. The departmental interests of the USSR Ministry of Geology were higher than the preservation of the precious monument that survived the fire of Moscow in 1812. Before me is a copy of the letter written in the hand of Igor Vasilyevich to the XXIV Congress of the CPSU - the last possible authority. The history of the house in which they lived is briefly told: the founder of Russian linguistics V.I. Dahl, friend of A.S. Pushkin, who died in his arms; academician of architecture, pioneer of Russian wooden architecture L. V. Dal; writer P.I. Melnikov-Pechersky (author of the epics “In the Forests” and “On the Mountains”); world famous scientist, creator of the theory of structure chemical compounds Academician A.M. Butlerov.

The most “important” argument was reserved at the very end of the letter. Accurate calculations showed that the demolition of the house and its restoration will cost approximately the same, but in the case of restoration, Moscow will receive 600 m2 usable area. It is difficult to assess which arguments won, but V.I. Dahl’s house was saved.

From the book: PETRYANOV-SOKOLOV I.V. " About yourself and your business, about him and his business" (M., 1999)

Basmanny District occupies a special place in the history of Moscow. It was here that the famous Royal Road from the Kremlin. All the nobility settled here, competing with each other with luxurious estates, European statehood was born here, as a result close connection young Peter with mentors from the German Settlement. The history of the development of the district is also connected with the formation of Russian culture, science and art... The territory of the district is crossed by 15 highways. Main places mass celebration population - Garden named after. Bauman, Chistoprudny and Pokrovsky boulevards.

The district received its name from the palace Basmannaya Sloboda, the memory of which was preserved in the names of Old and New Basmanny streets. Basmanniks lived here. There are several versions of their occupation. According to one of them, bakers lived here, preparing special palace or state bread, which was called basman. But from history books we know that bakers settled in a different place - in the area of ​​​​current Khlebny Lane. According to another version, basma in Rus' was the name for thin sheets of metal (silver, copper, gold) with an extruded, embossed relief pattern, used for various decorations. In particular, they were used to decorate icons. Therefore, the version that metal minters lived in the settlement seems more likely.

In addition to Basmannaya Sloboda, in the territory of the present Basmanny district included: Luchnikovaya Settlement, whose inhabitants manufactured small arms; Blinnikovaya Sloboda, where the pancake bakers lived; Gavrilovskaya Sloboda, named after the Church of the Archangel Gabriel located here; village of Kulishki. Kulishki got its name from the word “kuliga” - a wet, swampy place. According to legend, it was here that one of the villages of boyar Stefan Ivanovich Kuchka, the original owner of Moscow at a time when it was still a rural settlement, was located; the village of Podkopaevo, the village of Gligishchi - where clay workers and kiln masters lived; Kolpachnaya Settlement, where caps were sewn - special, princely headdresses; Khokhlovka, where Ukrainians settled; Kotelniki, where boilers were made; The garden settlement, whose inhabitants supplied vegetables to the royal table, and even managed to grow watermelons and melons; Barashevskaya Sloboda, where the sheep lived - princely and then royal servants, who carried tents for the sovereign on campaigns and spread them in the field for the royal rest; The state settlement, where the guardians of the royal property (or treasury) lived; Rawhide, where tanners lived; the village of Elohovo - according to the dictionary of V.I. Dahl, “elokha” meant alder, a tree that grew in abundance along the banks of the local Olkhovets stream, the right tributary of the Chechera river, which flowed into the Yauza; the village of Pokrovskoye-Rubtsovo, which used to be a nearby suburb of Moscow, and, of course, the German settlement (or Kukuy), where foreigners settled after the Tsar’s decree on October 4, 1652. It was here that the first university, pharmacy, porcelain factory and much more appeared. Here, thanks to Gordon and Lefort, Peter became infected with the idea of ​​reforming the Russian state, and during the time of Peter’s reforms, the technical renewal of Russia, military and naval reform was born.

The occupation of the residents of ancient Moscow settlements largely determined the names of modern streets in the Basmanny district. The continuity of generations is so interesting, and no amount of European-quality renovations will be able to erase the memory of its first inhabitants from the face of Moscow.

The history of the region is closely connected with the activities of famous representatives of Russian culture, the most prominent of them: Rokotov - in art, - in literature, Chaadaev - in philosophy, Zhukovsky - in aviation science. Uncle Pushkin's house on Staraya Basmannaya is associated with the stay of leading people of that time - Derzhavin, Vyazemsky, Karamzin and others. Muravyov-Apostol, the father of the three Decembrists Muravyovs, lived on the same street. Beautiful architectural monuments and valuable historical buildings have been preserved in the area.