Phraseologisms in English. English phraseological units as a reflection of English national culture

It's no secret that every language has its own stable phrases - phraseological units or idioms. Some English idioms with translations similar to their Russian counterparts are easy to understand and do not require excellent knowledge of the language. Other idioms in English are very specific and to understand them you need to constantly enrich your speech with idioms and sayings. Examples English idioms can serve: “So far as” - “Since”, “A man and a brother” - “Neighbor”, “Cut and run” - “To flee.”

Phraseologisms in English with translation

Idioms and phraseological units of the English language are not translated literally. The use of phraseological units makes the English language brighter and more figurative, but makes it difficult to understand speech and books where the use of phraseological units is quite common. Stable phrases present in every language are translated with a fixed meaning, and sometimes very figuratively: “A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush” - “Better one bird in the hands than two in the bushes” (nothing about a tit and a crane Doesn’t that remind you?), “A dime a dozen” - “A dozen 10-cent coins” (that’s what they say about something you can get cheap). You can get acquainted with these and many other idioms and phraseological units thanks to our newsletter.

Busy English businessmen, just like everyone else business people in the world, have their own jargon - specific words and expressions that are incomprehensible to a foreigner. Each foreign company or enterprise has its own director, employees and accountants. Like all organizations, they can experience periods of success and continuous loss. This, of course, is reflected in English idioms.

Those who studied English came across so-called idioms - stable expressions in the language. A literal translation of such phrases rarely explains, if not distorts, their meaning. Therefore, when communicating in a foreign language, it is important not only to have a large vocabulary, but also to use such expressions.

The names of body parts are mentioned by the British in conversation not only when discussing well-being or someone's appearance, but also to designate some abstract, non-physical states - mood, character traits, relationships between people.

Course work

English phraseological units as a reflection of English national culture.

"Linguistic support intercultural communications(foreign economic relations)"

Introduction

Conclusion

Bibliography

Summary

Theme of the course work

"English phraseological units as a reflection of English national culture"

Coursework contains: 29 pages, 10 sources.

Keywords: phraseology, phraseological unit, idiom, idiomatic expression.

Targetwork - to identify the specifics of English phraseological units that reflect the English national character.

Tasks works:

• Consider phraseology as an independent discipline of the English language.
• Cover the subject and main tasks of phraseology.
• Consider the concept of idiom and idiomatic expression.
• Explore the specifics of English phraseological units that reflect the characteristics of English national culture.

Objectresearch is the study of the phraseology of the English language and its features.

Subjectresearch are English phraseological units reflecting national character, as one of the aspects of English culture.

Introduction

The course work is devoted to the study of phraseology and the reflection of English phraseological units in English culture. Phraseology is a branch of linguistics that studies the phraseological composition of a language in its current state and historical development.

A phraseological unit is a stable combination of words, which is characterized by a constant lexical composition, grammatical structure and a meaning known to native speakers of a given language (in most cases, figurative) that cannot be deduced from the meaning of the components that make up the phraseological unit. This meaning is reproduced in speech in accordance with historically established norms of use.

RelevanceThe topic of the study is determined by the importance of using phraseological units in our speech, because it is the properties of phraseological units, such as imagery, expressiveness and unity of meaning that make our speech brighter, more emotional, more figurative and expressive, regardless of what language we speak - Russian or English .

Targetwork - identifying English phraseological units and determining how English culture is reflected in them, finding their Russian equivalents.

Chapter I. Fundamentals of phraseology as a branch of linguistics

1.1 The main tasks of phraseology and the subject of its study

Phraseology is a branch of linguistics that studies stable combinations in language. Phraseology is also called a set of stable combinations in the language as a whole, in the language of a particular writer, in the language of an individual work of art etc. The range of studies of phraseology includes only phraseological units (PU), which are called differently in different sources: “indecomposable combinations” (Shakhmatov), ​​“stable combinations” (Abakumov).

We can identify some tasks of phraseology. Firstly, phraseological units need clear systematization and classification. Secondly, without tracing the path of its historical development, it is impossible to fully understand the essence of phraseological units and, therefore, accurately determine their meaning and application in speech. Having considered the tasks of phraseology, we can confidently say that this relatively new science no longer fits into the framework of lexicology and stylistics, although it closely borders on them. The term phraseology was introduced by the Swiss scientist C. Bally in 1905 to mean a section of stylistics that studies related combinations. He is also considered the founder of the theory of phraseology, since, firstly, he included a chapter on phraseology in his textbook on stylistics, and, secondly, he systematized phrases in two of his books: “Essays on Stylistics” and “French Stylistics.” So, the tasks of phraseology as a linguistic discipline include a comprehensive study of the phraseological fund of a particular language.

English phraseology verbalization linguistics

1.2 Phraseologisms of modern English

1.2.1 Method of classification of phraseological units according to V.V. Vinogradov

As you know, phraseological units arise from a free combination of words, which are used in a figurative meaning. Gradually, the portability is forgotten, erased, and the combination becomes stable. Depending on how much the nominative meanings of the components of a phraseological unit are erased, how strong the figurative meaning is in them, Academician V.V. Vinogradov divides them into three types: “phraseological fusions, phraseological unities and phraseological combinations,” which was a huge contribution to the development of the theory of stable combinations from the point of view of the semantic unity of their components:

· Phraseological adhesionsnecessarily characterized by semantic indecomposability and, optionally, grammatical or syntactic indecomposability.

· The second group includes phraseological unities, which differ from the first group of combinations by greater independence of components and semantic decomposability.

· To the last group V.V. Vinogradov took phraseological combinations, which are closest to variable combinations, although they consist of words with limited compatibility.

Let us consider these types of phraseological units in relation to modern English.

1.2.2 Phraseological adjunctions

Phraseological adhesions, or idioms, are absolutely indivisible, indecomposable stable combinations, the general meaning of which does not depend on the meaning of their constituent words: kick the bucket (colloquial) - bend over, die; = stretch your legs; send smb. to Coventry - boycott someone, stop communicating with someone; at bay - driven, in a hopeless situation; be at smb. s beck and call - to be always ready for services; = to be at your beck and call; to rain cats and dogs - pour like buckets (about rain); be all thumbs - to be awkward, clumsy; Kilkenny cats are mortal enemies. Phraseological adhesions arose on the basis of figurative meanings of their components, but subsequently these figurative meanings became incomprehensible from the point of view of modern language. “The imagery of phraseological fusions is revealed only historically.” For example, the words “bay” and “beck” are archaisms and are not used anywhere except the phraseological unit given above. Or, for example, the expression to be all thumbs was historically formed from the expression one s fingers are all thumbs. We see something similar in the phraseological units Kilkenny cats (which, apparently, goes back to the legend of a fierce struggle between the cities of Kilkenny and Irishtown in the 17th century, which led to their ruin and send smb. to Coventry (in Clarendon’s book “The History of the Great Rebellion and Civil Wars in England" says that during English revolution in the city of Coventry there was a prison in which exiled Royalists were kept.

Thus, in phraseological fusions the connection between direct and figurative meanings has been lost; the figurative has become the main one for them. That is why phraseological fusions are difficult to translate into other languages.

Phraseological fusions have a number of characteristic features:

They may include so-called necrotisms - words that are not used anywhere except for this fusion and are therefore incomprehensible from the point of view of modern language;

The adhesions may include archaisms;

They are syntactically indecomposable;

In most cases, it is impossible to rearrange the components;

They are characterized by impenetrability - they do not allow additional words into their composition.

Losing their independent lexical meaning, “...words included in the structure of a phraseological fusion turn into components of a complex lexical unit, which approaches the meaning of a separate word.” Therefore, many phraseological combinations are synonymous with the words: kick the bucket - to die;; send smb. to Coventry - to ignore, etc.

1.2.3 Phraseological unities

Phraseological unities are such stable combinations of words in which, in the presence of a common figurative meaning, the signs of semantic separation of components are clearly preserved: to spill the beans to burn bridges to have other fish to fry, to throw dust into smb. s; to burn one s; to throw mud at smb.; to be narrow in the; to paint the devil blacker than he is - to thicken the paint; to put a spoke in smb. s wheel - to put spokes in the wheels; to hold one s cards close to one s chest - ; to gild refined gold - ; to paint the lily. Characteristic features of phraseological units:

Vivid imagery and the resulting possibility of coincidence with parallel existing phrases (cf.: to throw dust into smb. s eyes, to be narrow in the shoulders, to burn one's fingers, to bridge burns);

Preserving the semantics of individual components (to put a spoke in smb. s wheel);

Inability to replace some components with others (to hold one s cards close to ones chest);

Emotionally expressive coloring plays a decisive role (to throw dust into smb. s eyes, to paint the devil blacker than he is);

The ability to enter into synonymous relationships with individual words or other phraseological units (to gild refined gold = to paint the lily).

1.2.4 Phraseological combinations

Phraseological combinations are stable phrases that include words with both free and phraseologically related meanings: a bosom friend, a pitched battle, (to have) a narrow escape, to frown one s eyebrows, Adam s apple, a Sisyfean labor - , rack one s brains, to pay attention to smb. In contrast to phraseological adhesions and phraseological unities, which have a holistic, indecomposable meaning, “phraseological combinations are characterized by semantic decomposability.” In this respect, they come close to free phrases.

The promotion of reproducibility as the main feature of phraseological units allowed Professor N.M. Shansky to further develop the classification of Academician V.V. Vinogradov and identify the fourth type of phraseological units - the so-called “phraseological expressions”.

1.2.5 Phraseological expressions

Phraseological expressions include those phraseological units that are stable in their composition and use, which consist entirely of words with “a free nominative meaning and are semantically divisible.” Their only feature is reproducibility: they are used as ready-made speech units with a constant lexical composition and certain semantics.

Phraseological expressions are only phrases with the literal meaning of the components. Phraseological expressions include numerous English proverbs and sayings that are used in their literal meaning and do not have a figurative allegorical meaning: live and learn; better untaught than ill taught; many men, many minds; easier said then done; nothing is impossible to a willing heart.

Good knowledge of a language is impossible without knowledge of its phraseology. Reasonable use of phraseological units makes speech more idiomatic. Unfortunately, in English and American linguistic literature there are few works specifically devoted to the theory of phraseology, but even the most significant works available (A. McKay, W. Weinreich, L.P. Smith) do not pose such fundamental questions as scientifically based criteria for identifying phraseological units , correlation of phraseological units and words, systematicity of phraseology, phraseological variability, phrase formation, method of studying phraseology, etc.

Chapter II. Verbalization of phraseological units reflecting the English mentality

Transmitting phraseological units into English is a very difficult task. "Due to its semantic richness, imagery, brevity and brightness, phraseology plays a very important role in the language important role". It gives expressiveness and originality to speech. Phraseologisms are used especially widely in oral speech, in fiction and political literature.

IN English character Anglo-Saxon practicality with Celtic dreaminess, the pirate courage of the Vikings with the discipline of the Normans were embodied.

The first and most obvious feature of this nation is the stability and constancy of character of its constituent individuals. They are less susceptible to the influence of time than others. The curiosity of the British allowed them to get acquainted with the best of what other peoples have, and yet they remained true to their traditions. While an Englishman admires French cuisine, he will not imitate it at home. Representing the embodiment of conformism, the British at the same time retain their individuality. It cannot be said that the British have never changed. Changes occur constantly, but these differences, so visible on the surface, do not affect nations. The British are slow to move and tend to get around sharp corners, they have an inherent desire to be outside of prying eyes, which gives rise to a cult of privacy.

Modern Englishmen consider self-control to be the chief virtue of human character. In joy and sorrow, in success and failure, a person must remain unperturbed at least externally, and even better if internally. From childhood, an Englishman is taught to calmly endure cold and hunger, overcome pain and fear, curb attachments and aversions.

He loves good transport, a fresh suit, a rich library.

No noise or scream will confuse him. He won't stop for a minute. The English people of the common class are extremely friendly and helpful. An Englishman will take a foreigner with some question by the shoulder and begin to show him the way with various visual techniques, repeating the same thing several times, and then he will look after him for a long time, not believing that the questioner could understand everything so quickly.

No one knows how to manage their time and money as strictly as an Englishman. He works extremely hard, but always finds time to relax. During working hours, he works without straightening his back, straining all his mental and physical strength, V free time he willingly indulges in pleasure.

The Englishman is very vain. Therefore, he looks at the foreigner arrogantly, with pity and often with complete contempt. This deficiency among the English developed as a result of a lack of sociability and an exaggerated consciousness of their superiority over others.

The British travel a lot and always try to learn more facts, but they get very little close to the people of the countries they visit. Etiquette, pride, misunderstanding of foreign customs and contempt for them do not allow them to get close to foreigners in a foreign land.

The house serves as a fortress for the Englishman, where he is able to hide not only from uninvited visitors, but also from annoying worries. Outside the threshold of his home, he is completely freed from everyday affairs. The British know how to feel at home as if in another world and at the same time respect the home life of other people.

They like to live surrounded by familiar things. In home decoration, as in many other things, he primarily values ​​antiquity and good quality. Gardening is the national passion of the British, the key to understanding many aspects of their character and attitude to life. Thanks to the moderate, humid climate in England, the grass is green all year round and something is almost always in bloom, so the gardener for a long time can work in the fresh air and admire the fruits of his labor. Roses and chrysanthemums continue to bloom in the open ground almost until Christmas, and already in early March the buds of crocuses and daffodils remind of the arrival of spring.

Another passion in which the personal qualities of an Englishman are manifested is pets.

There are a surprising number of people here who raise dogs, cats, horses, cows, sheep or pigs. London parks can rightly be called a land of unafraid birds and animals.

Every living creature in England is accustomed to seeing a person as a friend and benefactor. Dogs and cats are surrounded by such care. For them, a dog or cat is the most beloved member of the family and often seems to be the most pleasant company.

The British believe that excessive displays of parental love and tenderness harm children's character. It is their tradition to treat children with restraint, even coolness.

This instructs parents to curb their feelings, and children - willy-nilly to get used to it. The disciplining influence of parents is exerted on children from a young age.

1. Strictness in education and discipline

One of the most important life principles Englishmen can be expressed the following formula: “We did not come into this world to have fun.” It is on this that many distinctive features of their character and way of life are based. And it all starts with the birth and upbringing of a child. It is customary to keep children strictly, and the higher in society you are, the more strict there is.

English proverbRussian equivalentA sound mind in a sound body. In a healthy body healthy mind. After dinner sit (sleep) a while, after supper walk a mile. After lunch, sit (sleep) a little, after dinner, walk a mile. An apple a day keeps the doctor away. Eat an apple a day and you won't need a doctor. An early riser is sure to be in luck. Good luck awaits those who get up early. An hour in the morning is worth two in the evening. The morning is wiser than the evening. Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise. If you go to bed early and get up early, you will become healthy, rich and wise. Go to bed with the lamb and rise with the lark. Go to bed with the chickens, get up with the rooster. The early bird cleans its sock, and the late bird opens its eyes. Hasty climbers have sudden falls. The quieter you go, the further you'll get. Not that will thrive, must rise at five. Whoever gets up early, God bless him. If you get up early, you will work more. Rome was not built in a day. Moscow was not built in a day. The early bird catches the worm. Whoever gets up early, God gives him.

2. Restraint in words, emotions and actions

The result of strict upbringing is the famous English restraint, the desire to hide emotions and save face. “Silence is golden,” “empty oars make louder noise” are taught to English children from a very early age.

English proverbRussian equivalentA word spoken is past recalling. A word is stronger than an arrow. Anger and haste hinder good counsel. Be angry, but do not sin. Don't punish in anger. Be swift to hear, slow to speak. Listen more, talk less. Better the foot slip than the tongue. It's better to slip up than to make a mistake. The word is not a sparrow: if it flies out, you won’t catch it. First think, then speak. If you say it, you won’t turn it back. Think first, and then tell us. Give every man thy ear, but few thy voice. Listen more, talk less. Cannot speak well that cannot hold his tongue. He who does not know how to be silent cannot speak well. Doesn't know much who knows how to hold his tongue. A smart person does not throw words to the wind. Keep your mouth shut and your ears open. Talk less, listen more. Least said, soonest mended. The less said, the faster it is fixed. Silence is golden. The word is silver, silence is gold.

. Efficiency and prudence

The British also went down in history as shrewd entrepreneurs, energetic and tireless in inventing ways to do business and get rich.

English proverbRussian equivalentA bargain is a bargain. A bargain is a bargain. A civil denial is better than a rude grant. A thin world is a better place good fight. A heavy purse makes a light heart. If you have something to clink, you can also grunt. A light purse is a heavy curse. The worst of all troubles is when there is no money. A penny saved is a penny gained. A penny saves the ruble. A penny soul never came to twopence. To feel sorry for an altyn is to lose half a dime. Better give a shilling than lend a half-crown. It is better to give a shilling than to lend half a crown. Debt is the worst poverty. Debt is a painful burden - it takes away sleep and time. Even reckoning makes long friends. The expense of friendship is not a hindrance. The friendship score does not spoil. Counting more often means friendship is sweeter. Not that has no money needs no purse. He who doesn't have money doesn't need a wallet. Keep a thing seven years and you will find a use for it. Any rag will come in handy at three years old. No bees, no honey; no work, no money. If you want to eat rolls, don’t lie on the stove. Strike while the iron is hot. Strike while the iron is hot.

. Love of order and queues

Perhaps the strongest emotional indignation among the British is caused by a disdainful attitude towards queues, which are the subject of special worship. The British themselves apt expression, form a queue even of one person.

English proverbRussian equivalentAll in good time. Everything has its time. Cleanliness is next to godliness. Cleanliness is the best beauty. Custom is a second nature. Habit is second nature. The goat shakes his beard, he’s used to it from a young age. Failing to plan is planning to fail. He who does not plan his own victory is planning someone else's. First come, first served. Those who came late will have a gnawed corn. The late guest gnaws at the bone. Came late, found the bones. Doesn't smells best that smells of nothing. The one that smells best is the one that doesn’t smell like anything.

. Gluttony

This trait is recognized as typical of the English and is condemned.

English proverbRussian equivalentGluttony is the sin of England. Gluttony is the sin of England. Gluttony kills more men than the sword. More people die from gluttony than from the sword. They don’t die of hunger, they only become plump, but they burst from gluttony. Greedy eaters dig their grades with their teeth. Disease enters through the mouth, and trouble comes out.

. Man is the master of his destiny

In a number of proverbs there is a theme about a person as the master of his destiny, that a person should not give up, but achieve his goal, hope for the best.

English proverbRussian equivalentCheek brings success. Cheek brings success. Success is inseparable from the brave. Every man for himself. Trust in God, and don’t make a mistake yourself. Every man is an architect of his own fortune. Everyone is a blacksmith to his own fortune. Happiness does not float in the air, but is achieved by hand. Faint heart never won fair lady. He who dared ate it. The city takes courage (prowess). God helps those who help themselves. Trust in God, and don’t make a mistake yourself. Not who hesitates is lost. Delay is like death. If at first you don t succeed, try, try, try again. Patience and a little effort. Nothing is impossible to a willing heart. If there was a hunt, there would be an opportunity. Where there s a will there s a way. If there was a hunt, any job would work out. Where there is will, there is ability. You never know what you can do till you try. The eyes are afraid, but the hands are doing.

. The value of time

The British value time and emphasize its transience and variability. This can be judged by the following proverbs:

8. Family

All in good time. Everything has its time. An hour in the morning is worth two in the evening. The morning is wiser than the evening. Never put off till tomorrow what you can do today. Never put off until tomorrow what you can do today. One cannot put back the clock. You can't undo the past. One today is worth two tomorrows. One "now" better than two tomorrows . The early bird catches the worm. Whoever gets up early, God gives him. What greater crime than loss of time? Money is lost - you can make money; time is lost - you will not get it back. The theme of family relationships, the relationship between parents and children, is very common in English proverbs.

English proverbRussian equivalentA good Jack makes a good Jill. U good husband and the wife is good. A good wife makes a good husband. A good wife and an honest husband. A good wife and a bad husband will do well. A man s mother is his other God. Mother is the second God. A miserly father makes a prodigal son. It happens that the father saves, and the son wastes money. The father saved up, but the son became cowardly. The stingy die, and the children open the chests. Behind every great man there s a great woman. The husband is the head, and the wife is the neck. Husband and wife, one of Satan. Children are poor men s riches. What a treasure when the children get along well. Every mother thinks her own gosling a swan. Although the child is crooked, it is a wonder for the father and mother. Happy is he that is happy in his children. What's the treasure if the children get along well? Parents are patterns. You can't expect a good breed from a bad seed.

. House

The importance of home in a person's life is a special feature characteristic of the Englishman. The house is the center of one’s own space, opposed to someone else’s.

English proverbRussian equivalentEast or West - home is best. There is no place like home. Being a guest is good, but being at home is better. Every bird likes its own nest. There is nothing like leather. The bird that doesn't like its nest is stupid. Every dog ​​is a lion at home. Every sandpiper is great in its swamp.

. Favorites

Special treatment British attitude towards pets - cats and dogs - has become the talk of the town. They treat animals much better than their own children. And this is confirmed by the fact that in the English language there are a huge number of proverbs and sayings in which pets appear.

English proverbRussian equivalentA cat in gloves catches no mice. You can’t even pull a fish out of a pond without difficulty. A cat may look at a king. They don't charge money for a look. A dog in the manger. The dog is in the manger: it doesn’t eat itself and doesn’t give it to others. A good dog deserves a good bone. According to merit and honor. A shy cat makes a proud mouse. A timid cat has a mouse frolicking. All cats are gray in the dark (in the night). At night all the horses are black. At night all cats are gray. An old dog barks not in vain. An old dog won't bark at an empty tree. The old raven does not croak for nothing. Barking dogs rarely bite. A dog that barks rarely bites. Care killed the cat. Troubles and sorrows rolled off your feet. The bitterness will dry up even the splinter. Those of the sea are drowned by the sea, and those of the land are drowned by grief. It is not work that ages, but care. Cat and dog life. Lead a cat and dog life. Cat's concert. Some in the forest, some for firewood. Cheshire cat. Cheshire cat. Curiosity killed the cat. If you know a lot, you will soon grow old. Dog does not eat dog. The raven will not peck out the crow's eye. Dog eats dog. Man is a wolf to man . Dogs that put up many hares kill none. If you chase two hares, you won’t catch a single one. It will be a holiday on our street. Like a cat, there are 9 lives. to make a cat laugh. It rains cats and dogs. It’s a bold mouse that nestles in the cat’s ear. It’s no place to swing. a cat. There is no room for an apple to fall. Let sleeping dogs lie. Don't stir it up while it's quiet. Like a cat on hot bricks. Sit as if on pins and needles. Live under the cat s foot. Being under your wife's thumb. Love me, love my dog. If you love currants, endure and set your teeth on edge. You love warmth, tolerate smoke. One cannot run with the hare and hunt with the hounds. They don't serve two masters. You can't sit between two chairs. The cat shuts its eyes when it steals the cream. My uncle would gasp, looking at himself. The cat knows whose meat it ate. The cat would eat a fish and would not wet her feet. And I want and inject. The scalded cat fears cold water. The frightened crow is afraid of the bush. There is more than one way to kill a cat. The light did not converge like a wedge. To buy a cat in a poke. Buy a pig in a poke. Too much pudding will choke the dog. If you scoop it up well, you won’t be able to carry it home. Wait for the cat to jump. Keep your nose to the wind. Let's see which way the wind blows. Watch one as a cat watches a mouse. Watch for a mouse like a cat. When the cat is away, the mice will play. Without a cat, mice have freedom. You can have no more of a cat but her skin. You can't take seven skins from one ox.

. Work

The Englishman works extremely hard, but always finds time to relax. During working hours, he works without straightening his back, straining all his mental and physical strength; in his free time, he willingly indulges in pleasure.

English proverbRussian equivalentA busy bee has no time for sorrow. There is no such thing as boredom when your hands are busy. A lazy sheep thinks its heavy wool. A lazy horse's tail is a burden. All lay loads on a willing horse. Those who are lucky are driven. The eager horse carries all the luggage. As busy as a bee. Busy as a bee. Feather by feather a goose is plucked. Patience and a little effort. He that would eat the fruit must climb the tree. With your arms dangling, you cannot thresh the sheaf. Not who would eat the nut must first crack the shell If you don’t crack the nut, you won’t eat the kernel. He who would search for pearls must dive for them. You can’t even take a fish out of a pond without difficulty. If at first you don"t succeed, try, try, try again. Patience and labor will grind everything down. No bees, no honey; no work, no money. If you want to eat rolls, don’t lie on the stove. No sweet without sweat. You plow - you cry, you reap - you jump. Plow deeper - chew more bread. With time and patience the leaf of the mulberry becomes satin. Patience and labor will grind everything.

. Prudence, caution

Another typical feature of the British, which is reflected in proverbs and sayings, is caution.

English proverbRussian equivalentA danger foreseen is half avoided. Forewarned is forearmed. Caution is the parent of safety. God protects those who are protected. Discretion is the better part of value. Hurry up slowly. If you hurry, you will make people laugh. Don t trouble troubles till trouble troubles you. Don't stir it up while it's quiet. Give never the wolf the weather to keep. Don't let the goat into the garden. Let sleeping dogs lie. Don't stir it up while it's quiet. Put not your hand between the bark and the tree. Your own dogs squabble - don’t interfere with someone else’s. The scalded cat fears cold water. The frightened crow is afraid of the bush.

. Arrogance, pride

The Englishman is very vain. He looks at the foreigner arrogantly, with pity and often with complete contempt. This deficiency among the English developed as a result of a lack of sociability and an exaggerated consciousness of their superiority over others.

English proverbRussian equivalentA cock is valiant on his own dunghill. The rooster is brave on his dung heap. Better die standing than live kneeling. Better a glorious death than a shameful life. Better to reign in hell than serve in heaven. It's better to be the first in the village than the last in the city. The highest tree has the greatest fall. He who flies too high falls low.

Conclusion

A phraseological unit is a stable combination of words, which is characterized by a constant lexical composition, grammatical structure and a meaning known to native speakers of a given language (in most cases, figurative) that cannot be deduced from the meaning of the components that make up the phraseological unit. The term phraseology (from the French phraseologie) was introduced by the Swiss scientist C. Bally in 1905 in the meaning of “a branch of stylistics that studies related combinations.” As you know, phraseological units arise from a free combination of words, which are used in a figurative meaning. Gradually, the portability is forgotten, erased, and the combination becomes stable. types of phraseological units in relation to modern English. Phraseological expressions include phraseological units that are stable in their composition and use, which consist entirely of words with “a free nominative meaning and are semantically divisible.”

When translating a phraseological unit, the translator needs to convey its meaning and reflect its imagery, finding a similar expression in English and not losing sight of it stylistic function phraseology. If there is no identical image in English, the translator is forced to resort to searching for an “approximate match.”

Actually, the British are the product of a mixture of many ethnic groups - the ancient Iberian population with peoples of Indo-European origin: Celtic tribes, Germanic tribes of the Angles, Saxons, Frisians, Jutes, to some extent Scandinavians, and later the Franco-Normans. So, the English character embodied Anglo-Saxon practicality with Celtic dreaminess, the pirate courage of the Vikings with the discipline of the Normans.

The first and most obvious feature of this nation is the stability and constancy of character of its constituent individuals.

The British are slow-moving, tend to avoid sharp corners, and have an inherent desire to be away from prying eyes, which gives rise to a cult of privacy.

Modern Englishmen consider self-control to be the chief virtue of human character. The words: “Be able to control yourself” perfectly express the motto of this nation. The better a person can control himself, the more worthy he is. From childhood, an Englishman is taught to calmly endure cold and hunger, overcome pain and fear, curb attachments and aversions.

The English people of the common class are extremely friendly and helpful. An Englishman will take a foreigner with some question by the shoulder and begin to show him the way with various visual techniques, repeating the same thing several times, and then he will look after him for a long time, not believing that the questioner could understand everything so quickly.

No one knows how to manage their time and money as strictly as an Englishman. He works extremely hard, but always finds time to relax. During working hours, he works without straightening his back, straining all his mental and physical strength; in his free time, he willingly indulges in

Money is the idol of the British. No one holds wealth in such esteem. Whatever the social position of an Englishman - be it a scientist, a lawyer, a politician or a clergyman - he is first and foremost a businessman.

The British travel a lot and always try to learn more facts, but they get very little close to the people of the countries they visit. The house serves as a fortress for the Englishman, where he is able to hide not only from uninvited visitors, but also from annoying worries. Outside the threshold of his home, he is completely freed not only from everyday affairs, but also from outside pressure. The British know how to feel at home as if in another world and at the same time respect the home life of other people.

Gardening is the national passion of the British, the key to understanding many aspects of their character and attitude to life. Thanks to the moderate, humid climate in England, the grass is green all year round and something is almost always in bloom, so the gardener can work in the fresh air for a long time and admire the fruits of his labor.

Another passion in which the personal qualities of an Englishman are manifested is pets. There are a surprising number of people here who raise dogs, cats, horses, cows, sheep or pigs. London parks can rightly be called a land of unafraid birds and animals.

Paradoxically, in English families, pets clearly occupy a higher position than children. This manifests itself both materially and morally, since it is the dog or cat that serves as the center of everyone’s concerns.

Deep down, the British are convinced that it is better for parents to be too strict with their children than to be soft. There is also a proverb here: “To spare the rod is to spoil the child.”

Thus, in Great Britain, more than in any other European country, adherence to the traditions, way of life, and habits established since ancient times has been preserved.

Bibliography

1. Alekhina, A.I. Phraseological unit and word // A.I. Alekhina. - Minsk, 2010. Alekhina, A.I. Phraseological unit and word / A.I. Alekhina. - Minsk, 2011.

Vinogradov, V.V. On the main types of phraseological units in the Russian language / V.V. Vinogradov. - Lexicology and lexicography: Selections. Tr. - M.: Nauka, 1986.

Zhukov, V.P. Semantics of phraseological units. - M., 1990.

Komissarov, V.N. Modern translation studies. - M., 2011.

Kunin, A.V. English-Russian phrasebook. 3rd ed., stereotype. // M.: Russian language, 2011.

Prokolyeva, S.M., Mechanisms for creating phraseological imagery. - M., 2008.

Smith, L.P. Phraseology of the English language. - M., 1998.

Shansky, N.M., Phraseology of the modern Russian language.

9. Weinreich, U., Problems in the Analysis of Idioms: Substance and Structure of Language. - University of California Press, Berkley and Los Angeles, 1984.

Makkai, A. Idiom Structure in English, - The Hague, 2007.

11. EnglishProverbsAndSayings [electronic resource]. - Access mode: http://0s. onuxizlt. m5xw6z3mmuxgg33n. biglu.ru/site/englishproverbsandsayings/

Access date: 04/15/2014.

Guide to Great Britain [electronic resource]. - Access mode: - Access date: 04/15/2014.

Around the world [electronic resource]. - Access mode: . - Access date: 04/17/2014.

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In the languages ​​of various peoples of the world, there are words and combinations of words that give speech an emotional coloring, making it richer, more interesting and lively. With the development of language, constantly used combinations of words acquire a stable character. In philology, such combinations are usually called phraseological units. What is so remarkable about phraseological combinations? How and why were they created? What are their features?

Learning English is widespread in our country. A foreign language remains one of the most popular subjects, and the complex of “ignorance of the language” greatly complicates the life of Russian schoolchildren. Good knowledge of a language, including English, is impossible without knowledge of its phraseology.

In English lessons we often work with literary, journalistic and other texts. Knowledge of phraseology greatly facilitates reading both journalistic and fiction

Such texts often contain phraseological units that represent great difficulty when translating, since they are often mistakenly translated verbatim, in which case all or many communication connections are broken and the text remains incomprehensible.

When you have to face the problem of translating phraseological units containing proper names, you always have to choose how to translate them correctly in order to preserve their meanings and make them understandable and understandable.

History of proper names, their origin

Widespread English names, used in speech every day, have become components of many phraseological units and often give them a pronounced expressive and emotional coloring. Words such as Betty, Tom, Jack, John, Mary (Maria), etc. have become carriers of certain character traits of people.

Thus, the name Jack, which appears in many phraseological units, is most often associated with a cheerful, agile and cunning guy.

An echo of the ancient custom of calling all people belonging to a particular profession by one name is the phraseological unit Tom Tailor, which denotes a person or people involved in the tailoring craft.

In a generalized meaning, very close to the meaning of pronouns, personal names are used in the expressions: to astonish the Browns “to challenge public opinion; Browns, Jones and Robinson "simple, ordinary Englishmen"; every Tom, Dick and Harry “everyone, everyone, the first person you meet”; Tom o'Bedlam "crazy". Here the proper name means “every Englishman” or simply “man”. For example: Jack of all trades “jack of all trades”; Jack out of office “fired from work.”

Phraseologisms containing historical proper names are also widespread. So, “Bloody Mary,” for example, was nicknamed Mary Tudor. In colloquial speech, this phraseological unit is used in a completely different meaning: “Bloody Mary” - Bloody Mary is a cocktail of vodka and tomato juice with ice.

Another example: according to Cocker “correctly, exactly” (named after the author of an English arithmetic textbook, widely distributed in the 17th century) or Joe Miller “an old joke, a hackneyed joke” (named after the person who published the first collection of anecdotes and jokes).

Phraseologisms reflecting the culture and traditions of the country.

It is well known that English literature and oral folk art have significantly enriched the language, giving it many bright, expressive images that have become part of everyday speech. Often the names of characters in novels, plays, poems, and fairy tales in their use are close to common nouns, denoting certain character traits or behavior of a person, such as, for example, insatiable curiosity - Peeping Tom “an overly curious person.” At the core of this phraseological unit lies the legend of Lady Godiva. Let me give you a few more examples here:

Jack Horner - smug boy

A Paul Pry - a man who sticks his nose into other people's affairs

The plays of W. Shakespeare became a rich source of English phraseological units.

a Daniel come to Judgment - an honest, insightful judge;

King Charles's head is an obsession, a subject of insanity.

I would like to give an example of phraseological units with proper names borrowed from American, French, and Arabic literature.

The last of the Mohicans - the last of the Mohicans;

Puss in Boots - puss in boots;

Alnascharn’s – empty dreams, fantasies;

An open Sesame - Sesame, open! Fast and easy way achieving something.

Many of them store information about past eras, changes of peoples, migrations, etc. At the same time, they are a source of not only speech, language, but also encyclopedic information, understood as a complex of knowledge about an object that uses a given name. The realities denoted by the phraseological units of this group are most closely related to the geography and history of the country, the traditions existing in one or another area of ​​England, or the characteristic features of the inhabitants of certain areas:

A) phraseological units containing the names of countries included in the United Kingdom:

The curse of Scotland – nine of diamonds;

Prince of Wales - Crown Prince.

B) phraseological units with names of streets, areas of London, names of English counties, regions, districts.

The names of streets and areas of London over time began to indicate occupation or social status people living or working there.

Fleet Street – “English press” (the editorial offices of the largest newspapers were located here);

Harley Street - " medical practice» (a street in London where the offices of leading private consultant doctors are located);

To talk Billinsgate - swear like a market woman (the name of the fish market in London Billinsgate, being reinterpreted, turns out to be associated with the idea of ​​​​varieties of social dialect);

Smithfield bargain - dishonest deal (Smithfield - London meat market);

Donnybrook Fair - noisy gathering, market;

A wise man of Gotham - a narrow-minded person, a simpleton (according to legend, the inhabitants of the village of Gotham were famous for their simplicity);

A Norfolk dumping – fat man

It should be noted that there is a group of phraseological units that include the word Dutch, used with a negative meaning. Everything Dutch was considered bad, and, conversely, any negative phenomenon could be assigned the epithet “Dutch”:

Double Dutch - nonsense;

Dutch treat - chipping in, treating at your own expense.

Another source of replenishment of the phraseological fund is the Bible, and no other language has experienced such a noticeable influence from the Bible as English. For centuries, the Bible was the most widely read and quoted book in England. Not only words, but also entire expressions entered the English language from its pages.

Biblical proper names are found in the following phraseological units:

The old Adam - Old Adam

To raise Cain - cause a scandal, make a fuss;

Jobs comforter - to comfort Job

To be at ease in Zion - blissful in the promised land

The English language, as well as the languages ​​of other European peoples who are heirs of ancient culture, was greatly influenced by the diverse expressions that arose among the ancient Greeks and Romans. Many of them contain proper names:

Augean stables - Augean stables;

To give a sop to Cerberus - throw a sop to Cerberus (pacify with a bribe);

A labor of Hercules - Herculean labor;

4. Main sources of replenishment vocabulary phraseological units of the English language.

So, as the studies have shown, the main sources for replenishing the vocabulary of phraseological units in the English language are:

Mythology;

Literature;

Story;

Modern reality.

Phraseological phrases, being an integral part of any language, significantly increase its expressiveness, they decorate speech, make it more vivid and emotional.

Currently, international cooperation is actively developing, and there is a gradual interpenetration of cultures through the exchange of information in various spheres of human activity. Human communities belonging to different nations and countries cease to be isolated. We are united by common interests. All this requires interaction, mutual understanding and cooperation. This requires a basic understanding of each other, knowledge of the language and culture of another people. In particular, this happens when mastering phraseological units containing proper names.

Toropova Ekaterina

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Municipal educational institution secondary school with in-depth study of individual subjects No. 52 in the city of Kirov.

Students of class 10A

Toropova Ekaterina

Supervisor:

English teacher

Klestova Irina Leonidovna.

Kirov, 2009

I. Introduction

II. Main part: “Phraseology and phraseological units of the English language”

2.2. Classification of phraseological units of the English language

2.3. Translation of phraseological units into Russian

2.4.Biblicalisms

2.5. Phraseologisms borrowed from the fiction of Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome

2.6. Phraseologisms borrowed from the works of Shakespeare

2.7. The meaning of phraseological units and their regional value

III.Conclusion

I.Introduction

Phraseologisms are widespread both in oral speech and in fiction. In the process of studying, I often come across literary texts; we often refer to them in English lessons, analyze excerpts from the works of various writers. In one of these texts I came across the following phrase:to spill the beans, which means to give away a secret. I had some questions: why the translation of the whole phrase differs from its literal translation, and why it was used as a single whole in the sentence. I decided to find answers to these questions. It turned out that such phrases are called phraseological units or phraseological units. I was interested in this topic because I have been studying English for nine years, this language is widely used at present, and its knowledge is necessary for my future profession. In the process of this work, I would like to find out whether English phraseological units have equivalents in the Russian language and how phraseological units are translated from one language to another.

II. Main part

Phraseology and phraseological units of the English language.

2.1. What is phraseology and phraseology

Phraseology (gr. phrasis - “expression”, logos - “science”) is a linguistic discipline that studies stable combinations of words with a completely or partially rethought meaning - phraseological units (or phraseological units). Phraseology studies only such combinations of words existing in speech, the total meaning of which is not equal to the sum individual values words that make up a phraseological phrase (“give in the paw” - give a bribe, and not anything else.).

A phraseological unit, or phraseological unit, is a phrase that is stable in composition and structure, lexically indivisible and integral in meaning, performing the function of a separate lexical unit. A phraseological unit is used as a whole, ready-made combination of words that is not subject to further decomposition and usually does not allow rearrangement of its parts within itself.

Phraseologisms include phrases of the following types:

1. idioms (drink till all "s blue (drink up to the green serpent), drink smb. under the table (drink someone), burn the candle at both ends (burn through life));
2. collocations (heavy rain, make a decision, grain of truth, pose a question);
3. proverbs (if you drive more quietly, you will go further, don’t get into the wrong sleigh); sayings (here's Yuryev's day for you, grandma; the ice has broken!);
4. grammatical phraseological units (almost; almost; whatever it may be);
5. phrase patterns (...he is in Africa...; to all...-am...;...like...).

Phraseology emerged relatively recently as an independent linguistic discipline. The tasks of phraseology as a linguistic discipline include a comprehensive study of the phraseological fund of a particular language. Important aspects studies of this science are: the stability of phraseological units, the systematic nature of phraseology and the semantic structure of phraseological units, their origin and main functions. A particularly complex branch of phraseology is the translation of phraseological units from language to language, which requires considerable experience in the field of research in this discipline. Phraseology develops the principles of identifying phraseological units, methods of studying them, classification and phraseography - descriptions in dictionaries. Phraseology uses various research methods, for example, component analysis of meaning. Phraseology offers various types of classifications of the phraseological composition of a language, depending on the properties of phraseological units and methods of their study.
The subject of the history of phraseology is the study of the primary, original forms and meanings of phraseological units, the determination of their sources from all available monuments, the identification of areas of their use in different eras of the existence of the language, as well as the establishment of the volume of phraseological composition and its systemic ordering in one or another historical era language development.
Unfortunately, in the English and American linguistic literature there are few works specifically devoted to the theory of phraseology, but even the most significant works available (A. McKay, W. Weinreich, L.P. Smith) do not pose such fundamental questions as scientifically based criteria for identifying phraseological units , the relationship between phraseological units and words, the systematic nature of phraseology, phraseological variability, phrase formation, the method of studying phraseology, etc. Also, English and American scientists do not raise the question of phraseology as a linguistic science. This explains the lack of a name for this discipline in English.
Phraseologisms are an integral and specially highlighted component of the language, the brightest, most original, unusual, “individual”, culturally significant and nationally specific, capable of concentrated expression not only of the characteristics of a given language, but also of its speakers, their attitude, mindset, mentality, national character and style of thinking.

2.2 Classification of phraseological units of the English language.

As in any other language, in English phraseological units are a very important and valuable component. There is also a classification of phraseological units.They are divided into three types:

1. phraseological adjunctions,
2. phraseological unities,
3. phraseological combinations.

Let us consider these types of phraseological units in relation to modern English.

1. Phraseological adhesions

Phraseological combinations, or idioms, are absolutely indivisible, indecomposable stable combinations, the general meaning of which does not depend on the meaning of their constituent words:

Kick the bucket (colloquial) - to bend over, die; = stretch your legs; send smb. to Coventry - boycott someone, stop communicating with someone; at bay – driven, in a hopeless situation; be at smb.’s beck and call – to be always ready for services; = to be at your beck and call; to rain cats and dogs – pour like buckets (about rain); be all thumbs - to be awkward, clumsy; Kilkenny cats are mortal enemies.

Phraseological adhesions arose on the basis of figurative meanings of their components, but subsequently these figurative meanings became incomprehensible from the point of view of modern language.
The imagery of phraseological fusions is revealed only historically. For example, the words “bay”, meaning “dead end”, and “beck” - “wave of the hand” are archaisms and are not used anywhere except the phraseological unit given above. Or, for example, the expression to be all thumbs historically developed from the expression one’s fingers are all thumbs. We see something similar in the phraseological units Kilkenny cats (which, apparently, goes back to the legend of a fierce struggle between the cities of Kilkenny and Irishtown in the 17th century, which led to their ruin).
Thus, in phraseological fusions the connection between direct and figurative meanings has been lost; the figurative has become the main one for them. That is why phraseological fusions are difficult to translate into other languages.
Phraseological fusions have a number of characteristic features:

They may include so-called necrotisms - words that are not used anywhere except for this fusion and are therefore incomprehensible from the point of view of modern language;

The adhesions may include archaisms;
- they are syntactically indecomposable;
- in most cases, it is impossible to rearrange the components;
- they are characterized by impenetrability - they do not allow additional words into their composition.

Losing their independent lexical meaning, “...words included in the structure of a phraseological fusion turn into components of a complex lexical unit, which approaches the meaning of a separate word” (No. 32 p. 73). Therefore, many phraseological combinations are synonymous with the words: kick the bucket - to die; ; send smb. to Coventry – to ignore, etc.

1. Phraseological unities

Phraseological unities are such stable combinations of words in which, despite the presence of a common figurative meaning, the signs of semantic separation of components are clearly preserved:

to spill the beans - give away a secret; to burn bridges - burn bridges; to have other fish to fry – to have more important things to do; to throw dust into smb.’s eyes – to speak one’s teeth; to burn one’s fingers – to get burned on something; to throw mud at smb. – throw mud; to be narrow in the shoulders - not to understand jokes; to paint the devil blacker than he is – to thicken the paint; to put a spoke in smb.’s wheel - insert spokes into the wheels; to hold one’s cards close to one’s chest – to keep something secret, not to disclose something, to keep quiet, ~ keep one’s mouth shut; to gild refined gold - to gild pure gold, try to improve, decorate something that is already quite good; to paint the lily - tint the color of a lily, try to improve or decorate something that does not need improvement.
Unlike phraseological adjuncts, portability is understood from the point of view of modern language.

Characteristic features of phraseological units:
1). vivid imagery and the resulting possibility of coincidence with parallel existing phrases (to throw dust into smb.’s eyes, to be narrow in the shoulders, to burn one’s fingers, to burn bridges);
2). preserving the semantics of individual components (to put a spoke in smb.’s wheel);
3). the impossibility of replacing some components with others (to hold one’s cards close to one’s chest);
4). emotional and expressive coloring plays a decisive role (to throw dust into smb.’s eyes, to paint the devil blacker than he is);
5). the ability to enter into synonymous relationships with individual words or other phraseological units (to gild refined gold = to paint the lily).

1. Phraseological combinations

Phraseological combinations are stable phrases that include words with both free and phraseologically related meanings:

A bosom friend - a bosom friend, a pitched battle - a fierce fight, (to have) a narrow escape - to be saved by a miracle, to frown one's eyebrows - to furrow one's eyebrows, Adam's apple - an Adam's apple, a Sisyfean labor - Sisyphean labor, rack one's brains - rack your brain (think hard, remember), to pay attention to smb. – pay attention to someone, etc.
Unlike phraseological adhesions and phraseological unities, which have a holistic, indecomposable meaning, phraseological combinations are characterized by semantic decomposability. In this respect, they come close to free phrases.
Characteristic features of phraseological combinations:
1). in them, variation of one of the components is allowed (a bosom friend - a bosom friend, a bosom buddy - a bosom buddy);
2). a synonymous replacement of the core word is possible (a pitched battle - a fierce fight, a fierce battle - a fierce fight);
3). it is possible to include definitions (he frowned his thick eyebrows, he frowned his thick eyebrows);
4). permissible rearrangement of components (a Sisyfean labor - Sisyphus's work, a labor of Sisyphus - the work of Sisyphus);
5). the free use of one of the components and the associated use of the other is mandatory (a bosom friend - a bosom friend: a bosom friend cannot be an enemy or anyone else).

2.3. Translation of phraseological units into Russian.

Transmitting phraseological units into English is a very difficult task. Imagery, conciseness, and integrity determine their significant role in language. Phraseologisms add originality and expressiveness to speech, which is why they are widely used in artistic and oral speech. Translating phraseological units from English into Russian is very difficult, because it is necessary to convey the meaning and display the imagery of the phraseological unit.

Phraseological equivalents can be complete or partial.
Full phraseological equivalents are those ready-made English equivalents that coincide with Russian ones in meaning, lexical composition, imagery, stylistic coloring And grammatical structure; for example: rest on one's laurels - rest on one's laurels, the salt of the earth, play with fire - to play with fire, the hour has come (struck) - one's hour has struck, there is no smoke without fire - there is no smoke without fire, hardworking like a bee - busy as a bee. With such a translation, the meanings of phraseological units in different languages ​​may diverge slightly.

Partial phraseological equivalents can be divided into three groups.
The first group includes phraseological units that coincide in meaning, stylistic coloring and are similar in imagery, but diverge in lexical composition: promise mountains of gold - to promise wonders, to promise the moon; visiting is good, but home is better – East or West, home is the best; buy a pig in a poke – to buy pig in a poke; the first swallow – the first portent (sign); the game is not worth the candle. Some of these phrases are translated using antonymic translation, i.e. the negative meaning is conveyed by the translator using an affirmative construction or, vice versa (chickens are counted in the fall - don’t count your chickens before they are hatched).

The second group includes phraseological units that match in meaning, imagery, lexical composition and stylistic coloring; but they differ in such formal characteristics as the number and order of words, for example: to play into someone’s hands - to play into smb.’s hands (here there is a discrepancy in number); all is not gold that glitters (divergence in word order); not to see the forest for the trees - not to see the wood for the trees (divergence in word order).

The third group includes phraseological units that coincide in all respects, with the exception of imagery. In Russian we say - go to the side, while the English equivalent is the usual - to go to bed. In Russian there is a phrase - to be in full view, and in English in such cases it is customary to say - to spread before the eyes, to be an open book.

When translating, first of all it is necessary to establish what kind of phraseological unit it is: complete or partial. We should also not forget that phraseological units are also characterized by homonymy and polysemy. For example, the phrase to burn one’s fingers has the meaning 1. to burn one’s fingers and 2. to get burned on something, to make a mistake. “Don’t mention it” can mean: “Don’t remind me of this” and “No thanks, please.”

Particularly difficult for translation are the author’s transformations, which may include:

1. introduction of new components into phraseological circulation. For example, to put the cart before the horse (do the opposite) - “Let’s not put the cart too far ahead the horse” (E.S. Gardner).

2. updating the lexical and grammatical composition of a phraseological unit as a result of replacing its individual components with other words. For example, to have a millstone about one’s neck (wear a heavy stone on your heart) - have an albatross about one’s neck (literally – wear an albatross on your neck)

3. splitting a phraseological unit and using its component (or components) as part of a variable phrase.

1. bringing the phraseological unit incompletely, retaining only part of the components.

2.4 Biblicalisms

The Bible is the main literary source of phraseological units. This greatest work has enriched not only the English language with phraseological units, but also many other languages ​​of the world. She had a significant influence on the formation of worldview and linguistic consciousness different nations peace. The "Book of Books" became the source infinite number quotations and allusions, many lexical units and set expressions, as well as symbolic notations.

Recently, researchers have begun to show more interest and attention to biblicalisms. Dictionaries-reference books appear, which explain the origin of many biblical words, as well as works devoted to them, as in individual languages, and in several languages. However, a holistic multidimensional description of these phraseological units, as well as a comparative analysis of biblical units in such related but diverse languages ​​as English, Spanish and Russian, has not yet been undertaken.
Research of phraseological units biblical origin represents in several languages special interest due to their specificity: on the one hand, biblical words have all the properties of phraseological units, and on the other hand, they represent a phraseological microsystem, the basis for unification into which is a common source - the Bible. For centuries, the Bible was the most widely read and quoted book in England. The number of biblical phrases and expressions that have entered the English language is so large that collecting and listing them would be a very difficult task. Among the expressions used in modern English speech and whose biblical origin is firmly established are the following:

The apple of Sodom is a beautiful but rotten fruit; deceptive success;

The beam (the mote) in one’s eye - “log” in one’s own eye; own big flaw;

The blind leading the blind - the blind leads the blind;

By the sweat of one’s brow - by the sweat of one’s brow;

The camel and the needle’s eye is an allusion to the Gospel saying, translated from Latin: It is easier for a camel to go through the eye of a needle than for a rich man to enter the kingdom of heaven.

Can the leopard change his spots? - leopard change his spots;

A crown of glory - crown of glory;

Daily bread - daily bread, livelihood;

A drop in the bucket - a drop in the sea;

A fly in the ointment is a fly in the ointment;

Loaves and fishes - earthly goods (loaves and fishes with which Christ, according to the Gospel tradition, fed hundreds of people who gathered to listen to him);

No man can serve two masters - two masters are not served;

The prodigal son - the prodigal son;

The promised land - the promised land;

A prophet is not without honor, save in his own country - there is no prophet in his own country.

Phraseologisms of biblical origin often differ in meaning from their biblical prototypes. This could happen due to the fact that over time the biblical prototypes are rethought, in them some words are replaced by others. For example, to kill the fatted calf in the parable of the prodigal son is used in the literal meaning of “slaying a fatted calf.” Later, this turn took on a new meaning of treating the best that is available at home.

2.5. Phraseologisms borrowed from the fiction of Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome

In addition to phraseological units taken from the Bible, in the English language, as well as in the languages ​​of other European nations that are heirs of ancient culture, there are many proverbs, aphorisms and figurative expressions that arose from the ancient Greeks and Romans. For example:

the golden age – golden age;

the apple of discord - apple of discord;

Pandora's box - Pandora's box;

Achilles' heel - Achilles' heel;

the thread of Ariadne - Ariadne's thread, a guiding thread, a way to help get out of a difficult situation;

a labor of Sisyphus - Sisyphus’s labor;

Homeric laughter - Homeric laughter (the turnover is associated with Homer’s description of the laughter of the gods);

to blow hot and cold - hesitate, do mutually exclusive things, take an ambivalent position.

Phraseological units that came into the English language from the literature of Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome are endowed with extraordinary colorfulness and expressiveness, which explains their prevalence not only in English, but also in other languages ​​of the world.

2.6. Phraseologisms borrowed from the works of Shakespeare.

In modern English there are many phraseological units, the main function of which is to enhance the aesthetic aspect of the language. Many phraseological units originated in connection with customs, realities, historical facts, but most of the English phraseological fund one way or another arose thanks to artistic and literary works.
The works of the famous English classic W. Shakespeare are one of the most important literary sources by the number of phraseological units that have enriched the English language. Their number is over a hundred. Examples of some of the most common Shakespeareanisms:

"Macbeth"
To make assurance double sure - that which fills life, everything in life;

The milk of human kindness - “balm of good nature” (ironically), compassion, humanity;

To win golden opinions - to earn a favorable, flattering opinion about yourself;

"Hamlet"
To be or not to be? - To be or not to be?;

To cudgel one’s brains - to puzzle over (something);

To be hoist with one’s own petard - fall into your own trap;

From whose bourne no traveler returns - where no one has ever returned from (i.e. in the kingdom of death);

"Othello"
The green-eyed monster - “monster with green eyes”, jealousy;

To chronicle small beer - to note little things, insignificant events, to deal with trifles;

The seamy side - the unsightly side, the wrong side of something;

Curled darlings - rich suitors, “golden youth”, rich slackers;

"King Henry IV"

To eat one out of house and home - to ruin a person by living at his expense;

The wish is father to the thought - desire gives rise to thought; people willingly believe what they themselves desire;

The better part of value is discretion - one of the adornments of courage is modesty;

Midsummer madness - insanity;

"Romeo and Juliet"

A fool’s paradise - a fantasy world; illusory happiness;

Neither rhyme nor reason - neither in tune nor in harmony, without any meaning;

In modern English, Shakespearean words can be used with some modifications. For example, the expression to wear one’s heart upon one’s sleeve for days to peck at (“Othello”) - to flaunt one’s feelings (This phraseological unit is associated with the medieval knightly tradition of wearing the colors of one’s lady on the sleeve). In modern English it is usually used in abbreviated form: to wear one’s heart upon one’s sleeve. Also, instead of the preposition upon, another preposition can be used - on. Many Shakespearean expressions acquire lexical variants over time. In modern English speech, Shakespeareanisms are also used, which include obsolete words, i.e. archaisms that are not used anywhere other than this phraseological unit. For example, from whose bourne no traveler returns - where no one has ever returned from (i.e. in the kingdom of death). The word bourne is an archaism and means a boundary or limit; it is used in modern English only within the framework of this phraseological unit.
A large number of phraseological units created by Shakespeare have come into general use, which testifies to both the linguistic genius of Shakespeare and his colossal popularity.

2.7. The meaning of phraseological units and their regional value

The regional value of English phraseological units is very great, because by getting acquainted with a foreign language, assimilating, studying it, a person simultaneously penetrates into a new national culture and receives enormous spiritual wealth stored in the language being studied. In particular, a Russian schoolchild, student, ordinary man in the street, mastering foreign language, V in this case English, gets a highly effective opportunity to join the national culture and history of the people of Great Britain. Phraseology, as an integral part and a kind of treasury of any language in the world, can especially strongly contribute to this familiarization. Phraseologisms and phraseological combinations reflect the centuries-old history of the English people, the originality of their culture, way of life, and traditions. Therefore, phraseological units are highly informative units of the English language. Most idiomatic expressions were created by the people, so they are closely related to the interests and daily activities of ordinary people. Many phraseological units are associated with beliefs and legends. However, most English phraseological units arose in professional speech. All nations, all people should protect and will preserve phraseological units in their integrity, because they are a real treasure that helps to comprehend all the secrets and mysteries of language.

III.Conclusion

As a result of this work, I expanded my knowledge of the English language. I also answered all my questions about phraseology. I found out that in Russian there are equivalents of English phraseological units. Translating English phraseological units into Russian is a very complex process, since it is necessary to take into account the stylistic features of the phraseological unit and preserve its lexical meaning. English is a rich and beautiful language, which is filled with various phraseological units. They give the language figurativeness and expressiveness.

Bibliography:

1. Amosova N.N. Basics of English phraseology. - L., 1989.
2. Zakharova M.A. Strategy for the speech use of figurative phraseological units of the English language. – M., 1999.
3. Komissarov V.N. Modern translation studies. – M., 2001.
4. Kunin A.V. English-Russian phraseological dictionary. 3rd ed., stereotype. – M.: Russian language, 2001.
5. Litvinov P.P. English-Russian phraseological dictionary with thematic classification. – M.: Yakhont, 2000.
   

   Slide captions:

   Phraseologisms of the English language The work was completed by a student of class 10A of Municipal Educational Institution Secondary School No. 52 Toropova Ekaterina Supervisor: Klestova Irina Leonidovna

   What is phraseology and phraseological units Phraseology (gr. phrasis - “expression”, logos - “science”) is a linguistic discipline that studies stable combinations of words with a completely or partially rethought meaning - phraseological units (or phraseological units). A phraseological unit, or phraseological unit, is a phrase that is stable in composition and structure, lexically indivisible and integral in meaning, performing the function of a separate lexical unit.

   Phraseologisms include: idioms (burn the candle at both ends); collocations (heavy rain, make a decision); proverbs (if you drive more quietly, you will drive further); sayings (here’s St. George’s day for you, grandma); grammatical phraseological units (almost; almost; whatever it may be); phrase schemes (Y he and in Africa Y).

   Classification of phraseological units of the English language Phraseological conjunctions; Phraseological unities; Phraseological combinations.

   Translation of phraseological units into Russian Translating phraseological units from English into Russian is very difficult, because it is necessary to convey the meaning and display the imagery of the phraseological unit. When translating, first of all it is necessary to establish what kind of phraseological unit it is: complete or partial. We should also not forget that phraseological units are also characterized by homonymy and polysemy.

   Biblicalisms The Bible is the main literary source of phraseological units. This greatest work has enriched not only the English language with phraseological units, but also many other languages ​​of the world. Phraseologisms of biblical origin often differ in meaning from their biblical prototypes. The blind leading the blind - the blind leads the blind; By the sweat of one’s brow - by the sweat of one’s brow;

   Phraseological units borrowed from the fiction of Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome Phraseological units that came into English from the literature of Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome are endowed with extraordinary colorfulness and expressiveness, which explains their prevalence. the golden age - golden age; the apple of discord - apple of discord;

   Phraseologisms borrowed from the works of Shakespeare. The works of the famous English classic W. Shakespeare are one of the most important literary sources in terms of the number of phraseological units that have enriched the English language. Their number is over a hundred.

   Examples of some of the most common Shakespearean sayings: To make assurance double sure - that which fills life, everything in life; To be or not to be? - to be or not to be?; The seamy side - the unsightly side, the wrong side of something; To eat one out of house and home - to ruin a person by living at his expense; A fool’s paradise - a fantasy world; illusory happiness.

   The significance of phraseological units and their regional value The regional value of English phraseological units is very great, because by getting acquainted with a foreign language, assimilating, studying it, a person simultaneously penetrates into a new national culture and receives enormous spiritual wealth stored in the language being studied. All nations, all people should protect and will preserve phraseological units in their integrity, because they are a real treasure that helps to comprehend all the secrets and mysteries of language.

   Thank you for your attention

English idioms and phraseological units - English idioms and phraseological units

English phraseological unit (phraseological unit/phrase) is a stable, lexically indivisible and integral in meaning construction (phrase or sentence).

Quite often, the meaning of a phraseological unit is equated to the meaning of an English idiom, which is not entirely correct. Although deepening into the subtleties of terminology for learning English is not always useful and takes a lot of time, it would not hurt to still understand this issue. English phraseology is a general concept. And the English idiom is particular.

Idioms and phraseological units of the English language are divided into several types

Just like in the section with English proverbs and sayings, this section contains Russian phraseological units (including idioms), which are displayed in alphabetical order according to the principle of availability English equivalent. All of them are provided with literal translations and will be useful for those interested in English culture. The first line contains a Russian phraseological unit, the second - its English equivalent, followed by its literal translation. This method of presentation greatly simplifies the memorization process and eliminates cramming, since it allows you to create a direct association of English and Russian phraseological units. Explanations of their meanings are also provided for phraseological units.

English idioms with translation