The rules for wearing uniforms, insignia, departmental insignia and other heraldic insignia of federal state civil servants of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation are established by Order of the Ministry of Defense dated November 8, 2016 No. 725 “On approval of the Rules for wearing uniforms, insignia, departmental insignia and other heraldic signs of federal state civil servants of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation."

The standards for the supply of uniform items to federal civil servants of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation were approved by Order of the Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation dated October 1, 2015 No. 585 “On approval of the Standards for the supply of uniform items to federal civil servants of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation.”

These Rules determine the procedure for wearing uniforms, insignia, departmental insignia and other heraldic insignia issued for free use by federal state civil servants of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation.

The uniform of civil servants is divided according to the type of uniform into dress and casual, and each of these types of uniform is divided into summer and winter according to the season.

Civil servants wear a uniform:

• Parade (provided only for civil servants who have the class ranks of active state advisers of the Russian Federation and state advisers of the Russian Federation 1st class) - when participating in parades and at official events with the participation of troops (forces), on holidays of a military unit, upon receipt state awards, when presenting a military unit with the Battle Banner, when launching a ship entering service, when lifting Naval flag on a ship, when appointed to the honor guard. It is allowed to wear dress uniforms on weekends and off-duty;
• Everyday - in all other cases.

Civil servants wear their everyday uniform in khaki color, and in administrative bodies where military service is not provided - black.

Civil servants wear uniforms, sleeves and badges, set for this control.

Dress uniform for active state advisers of the Russian Federation and state advisers of the Russian Federation 1st class (except for female civil servants)

• Summer - sea green wool cap; gray woolen jacket; sea ​​green wool trousers; white shirt; black tie with gold bartack; black low shoes;
• Winter - a gray (black) astrakhan hat with a visor; winter casual jacket in protective (black) color; gray woolen jacket; sea ​​green wool trousers; white shirt; black tie with gold bartack; white muffler.

Everyday uniform of active state advisers of the Russian Federation and state advisers of the Russian Federation 1st class (except for female civil servants)

• Winter - a gray (black) astrakhan hat with a visor; winter casual jacket in protective (black) color; casual suit (jacket and trousers) in protective (black) color; khaki (white) T-shirt; protective (black) muffler;

Dress uniform of active state advisers of the Russian Federation and state advisers of the Russian Federation 1st class female

• Summer - black hat; blue wool jacket; blue woolen skirt; white blouse; blue bow tie; black shoes;
• Winter - a gray (black) astrakhan hat with a visor; winter casual jacket in protective (black) color; blue wool jacket; blue woolen skirt; white blouse; blue bow tie; white muffler.

Casual uniform for female active state advisers of the Russian Federation and 1st class state advisers of the Russian Federation

• Winter - a gray (black) astrakhan hat with a visor; winter casual jacket in protective (black) color; casual suit (jacket and trousers) in protective (black) color; khaki (white) T-shirt; protective (black) color muffler.

Casual uniform (except for active state advisers of the Russian Federation and state advisers of the Russian Federation 1st class and female civil servants)

• Summer - casual cap in protective (black) color; casual suit (jacket and trousers) in protective (black) color; protective (white) T-shirt; black low shoes;
• Winter - gray (black) fur hat with earflaps; demi-season casual jacket in protective (black) color; casual suit (jacket and trousers) in protective (black) color; protective (white) T-shirt; protective (black) color muffler.

Everyday uniform for female civil servants (except for actual state advisers of the Russian Federation and state advisers of the Russian Federation 1st class)

• Summer - casual cap in protective (black) color; casual suit (jacket and trousers) in protective (black) color; khaki (white) T-shirt; black shoes;
• Winter - gray (black) fur hat with earflaps; demi-season casual jacket in protective (black) color; casual suit (jacket and trousers) in protective (black) color; khaki (white) T-shirt; protective (black) color muffler.

Uniform of civil servants

DESCRIPTION OF UNIFORM ITEMS OF CIVILIAN STAFF OF THE ARMED FORCES OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

Hat with ear flaps The gray (black) fur coat consists of a cap, a visor and a back cover with headphones. The visor and backplate with headphones are made of treated sheepskin. The top of the cap, the lining of the visor and the back plate with headphones are made of gray (black) woolen fabric. A ribbon for tying is sewn to the ends of the headphones. Inside the hat with ear flaps there is a fur lining of gray (black) color.

In the front, in the center of the visor of a gray (black) fur hat with earflaps, is placed cockade made of metal in the form of a convex ellipse-shaped rosette, consisting of 32 dihedral corrugated rays of golden color, in the center - a five-pointed star of golden color, superimposed on an ellipse covered with black enamel, framed by concentric elliptical stripes: the first (inner) is covered with orange enamel, the second - black, the third is orange (hereinafter referred to as the cockade). On the reverse side of the cockade there is a device for attaching to a headdress.

Astrakhan hat gray (black) color with a visor consists of a six-wedge cap, a rim, a visor and a strap. The cap is made of black leather. In the center of the leather cap there is a button covered with leather. The okol is made of natural astrakhan gray (black) color. The visor is varnished, prefabricated in black. On the visor of the astrakhan hat there is silver embroidery in the form of oak branches and piping along the outer edge of the visor. A black strap made of artificial patent leather is fastened above the visor, consisting of two ribbons connected to each other using belt loops, at the ends there are two holes (hereinafter referred to as the black strap) for fastening on two buttons with a convex relief image State emblem Russian Federation, with a side (hereinafter referred to as a uniform button with a diameter of 14 mm, silver color). Inside the hat with a visor made of astrakhan fur there is a gray (black) lining.

In front, in the center of the forehead part of the band, there is a cockade.

Hat black, solidly molded, consists of a cap, brim, braided cord and black ribbon. Cap - oval shape. Along the lower edge of the cap in front, on the outer side there is a black ribbon with silver embroidery in the form of laurel branches and a braided silver cord made of truntal, which forms two loops at the ends using belt loops for fastening onto two uniform buttons with a diameter of 14 mm silver colors. The margins on the back and sides are turned up. The brim of the hat is edged with braid. Inside the hat is a forehead piece.

At the front, in the center of the sewing, located on a black ribbon, there is a cockade.

Woolen cap sea ​​green color consists of a bottom, a crown, a silver band, a visor and a braided cord. Along the edge of the bottom and the upper edge of the band of the woolen cap there are silver-colored edgings. Above the visor, along the band, a silver-colored braided cord made of truntal is fastened, which forms two loops at the ends with the help of belt loops for fastening onto two shaped buttons with a diameter of 14 mm of silver color. On the front, in the center of the band of the woolen cap, there is silver embroidery in the form of laurel branches, tied at the bottom with a ribbon with stripes in the center and edges. In front, in the upper part of the crown of the cap, there is a woolen cap, in the center there is silver embroidery in the form of the emblem of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation. The bottom, crown and band are made of woolen fabric. The visor is varnished, prefabricated, black. On woolen caps along the outer edge of the visor there is embroidery in the form of silver laurel branches. The inside of the cap is made of wool - a sea-green lining, a browband and a leather overlay.

Casual cap protective (black) color, the design is the same as a woolen cap, but without a piping along the edge of the bottom. Everyday cap (except for civil servants who have the class ranks of Active State Advisor of the Russian Federation and State Advisor of the Russian Federation 1st class) with metal emblem Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, silver in color and without sewing on the band and visor.

Casual cap protective (black) color consists of a bottom, walls, a visor and a band. Inside the casual cap there is a gray (black) lining.

At the front, in the center of the band, is a cockade.

Casual winter jacket protective (black) color consists of shelves, back, sleeves and hood. Lined jacket with insulation. Shelves with upper slanted welt pockets with leaves and side horizontal welt pockets with flaps fastened with buttons and a central side zipper. On the lining of the left and right shelves there are welt pockets with a zipper. The back is one-piece. In the area of ​​the shoulder seams there are belt loops and loops for fastening shoulder straps. The sleeves are two-seam, with lining and cuffs. On the left sleeve there is a welt pocket with a zipper. On the sleeves for attaching insignia there are stitched elements from the loop part of the textile fastener. Set-in hood. To adjust the volume, there is a tightening strap at the back of the head. Internal facing of the front cutout of the hood is made of fur.

The shoulder straps are removable.

Demi-season casual jacket protective (black) color consists of shelves, back, sleeves and hood. Jacket with fur lining. Shelves with vertical raised seams, with a central side hidden zipper and a windproof flap with five hidden buttons, upper slanted welt pockets, leaflets and side welt pockets with flaps fastened with buttons. The ends of the side pockets are decorated with stitching details made of leather. In the area of ​​the shoulder seams there are belt loops and two uncut loops are sewn for fastening shoulder straps. On the fur lining of the left shelf there is an internal patch pocket fastened with a textile fastener. On the sides there are welt pockets with leaves, fastened with a textile fastener. Back with stitched yoke. The sleeves are two-seam, with stitched cuffs. The elbow parts of the sleeves consist of three parts: upper, lower and central - with darts along the elbow line. Lined sleeves with stitched cuffs. On the sleeves, for attaching insignia, there are stitched elements from the loop part of the textile fastener. Set-in hood, lined with fur. There is a drawstring with a cord along the front neckline.

The shoulder straps are removable.

Woolen jacket gray with offset side fastening, double-breasted, consists of shelves, back, collar, sleeves. The fronts of the woolen tunic with three uniform buttons with a diameter of 22 mm of golden color, a collar, lapels, vertical reliefs and side welt pockets with flaps. Turn-down collar. Set-in sleeves with cuffs. Gray lining to the bottom. The shelves are lined with internal pockets. The jacket is made of wool with silver embroidery in the form of laurel branches at the ends of the collar and cuffs and silver piping along the edge of the collar and the upper edge of the cuffs.

Shoulder straps are sewn on.

Woolen jacket blue single-breasted, consists of shelves, back, collar and sleeves. The fronts of the woolen jacket have three shaped buttons with a diameter of 22 mm in silver color, a collar, lapels and side welt pockets with flaps. Shelves with a raised cut-off side from the armhole to the bottom. The back has a center seam and two raised seams from the armhole to the bottom. Sleeves are set-in, two-seam with cuffs. Blue lining to the bottom. The jacket is made of wool with silver embroidery in the form of laurel branches at the ends of the collar and cuffs and silver piping along the edge of the collar and the upper edge of the cuffs.

Shoulder straps are sewn on.

Woolen trousers aqua (blue) consists of front and back halves and a waistband. The front halves of woolen trousers have side pockets. The right back half of the trousers has a welt pocket fastened with a button with a diameter of 14 mm in khaki color. Belt with belt loops. The trousers feature a metal hook and loop closure at the waist and a zipper located at the codpiece. The front halves of the wool trousers are lined in sea green.

Woolen skirt blue color consists of front and back panels and a stitched belt. Back panel with zipper at top and vent. The belt is fastened with a blue button with a diameter of 17 mm. There are belt loops on the waistband above the front and back darts.

Uniform shirt white with a central side fastener, it consists of shelves, a back, a collar and long (short) sleeves. Shelves with buttons with a diameter of 11 mm of white color (uniform shirt with short sleeves - with a yoke, the left shelf - with a placket), upper patch pockets with two vertical folds and flaps fastened with buttons on legs with a diameter of 14 mm of white color. Back with yoke. The waistband in the area of ​​the side seams is tightened with elastic bands. Turn-down collar on the stand. The sleeves are set-in, with cuffs fastened with buttons on legs with a diameter of 14 mm in white, and vents fastened with buttons with a diameter of 11 mm in white (for a uniform shirt with short sleeves, the cuffs are 30 mm wide). In the area of ​​the shoulder seams there are belt loops and loops for shoulder straps.

The shoulder straps are removable.

Uniform blouse white with a central internal side fastener, it consists of shelves, a back, a collar and long (short) sleeves. Shelves with buttons with a diameter of 11 mm in white, yokes and upper patch pockets with two vertical folds and flaps fastened with buttons on legs with a diameter of 14 mm in white. Back with yoke. Turn-down collar on the stand. The sleeves are set-in, with cuffs fastened with buttons on legs with a diameter of 14 mm in white, and vents fastened with buttons with a diameter of 11 mm in white (for a uniform blouse with short sleeves, the cuffs are 30 mm wide). In the area of ​​the shoulder seams there are belt loops and loops for shoulder straps.

The shoulder straps are removable.

Casual suit protective (black) color consists of a jacket and trousers (skirt). The suit jacket has a casual straight silhouette with a central side zipper and consists of shelves, a back, a collar and long (short) sleeves. Shelves with top welt pockets with leaves and flaps fastened with textile fasteners, side welt pockets with a zipper. For attaching insignia to the flaps of the top pockets and to outside The sleeves have a stitched loop part of the textile fastener. On the lining of the left shelf there is a patch pocket made of waterproof fabric with a one-piece flap and a loop and button closure. Back with yoke. Turn-down collar. The sleeves are set-in, with cuffs fastened with a textile fastener (for a casual suit jacket with short sleeves, the cuffs are 50 mm wide). In the area of ​​the shoulder seams there are belt loops and loops for shoulder straps. The bottom of the jacket has a stitched belt. Casual suit trousers with stitched creases, a zipper located on the codpiece, and a stitched belt (lined skirt with a stitched belt).

The shoulder straps are removable.

Tie black with a gold-colored fastener, it consists of a main part, a knot and a neck. The wide end of the main part ends at an angle, the sides are inclined. The neck consists of a strip of main fabric, elastic braid and accessories for attaching a tie. The bartack is a curved metal plate with the emblem of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation on the front side. The back of the bartack has a curve for attaching a tie.

Bow tie blue color consists of a bow in the form of strips superimposed on each other, diverging downwards at an angle of 45°, elastic braid and metal fittings for attaching a bow tie.

Muffler protective (black, white) color, knitted, in the shape of a rectangular panel with fringe on the short sides.

T-shirt protective (white) color with long (short) sleeves, made of knitted fabric, with a round high neckline.

Low shoes black leather, they consist of vamps, boots, heels, tongues, bottoms (soles and heels) and laces. In the front part of the beret there are blocks for laces. The inside of the low shoe is lined.

Shoes black, made of leather and consists of upper and lower parts (soles and heels). There is a lining inside the shoes.

Features of wearing uniform items for civil servants

Fur hats with earflaps with earflaps down can be worn at air temperatures of minus 10 °C and below. When the earmuffs of fur earflaps are raised, the ends of the braid are tied and tucked under the earmuffs; when the earmuffs are lowered, they are tied under the chin.

Woolen caps, casual caps, and casual caps are allowed to be worn in winter clothing. On the crown of woolen and casual caps there is a metal (for active state advisers of the Russian Federation and state advisers of the Russian Federation 1st class - embroidered) emblem of the Ministry of Defense in silver color.

Hats are allowed to be worn with winter clothing.

Hats with a visor, hats with earflaps, hats, caps and caps are worn straight, without tilting. In this case, the visor of a hat with a visor, hat, cap and cap is at the level of the eyebrows, and the lower edge of the hat with earflaps is at a distance of 2 - 4 cm above the eyebrows.

In inclement weather, it is permitted to wear winter casual jackets and demi-season casual jackets with a hood.

Casual suit jackets are worn with the zipper unbuttoned 3 - 4 cm above the level of the top of the chest pockets.

On the corners of the jacket collars of the suits of everyday active state advisers of the Russian Federation and state advisers of the Russian Federation 1st class, embroidered silver insignia is placed:

• for the Deputy Ministers of Defense of the Russian Federation - in the form of oak branches;
• for all others - in the form of laurel branches.

SEWING ON THE UNIFORMS OF ACTIVE STATE ADVISERS AND STATE ADVISERS OF THE CIVIL SERVICE 1st CLASS

A casual skirt can be worn with summer and winter uniforms.

Shirts with long sleeves are worn with a tie, without a woolen jacket in summer (in office premises- in winter and summer) dress uniform.

Shirts with short sleeves are worn with the top button undone, without a tie, without a woolen jacket, or with a tie in a summer dress uniform.

Blouses with long sleeves are worn with a bow tie, without a woolen jacket, in summer (in office premises - in winter and summer) dress uniform.

Blouses with short sleeves are worn with the top button undone, without a bow tie, without a woolen jacket, or with a bow tie in summer dress uniforms.

Ties are attached to the shirt with a gold-colored tack between the third and fourth buttons from the top.

Mufflers are worn neatly tucked under the collar of a winter casual jacket and a demi-season casual jacket, so that the upper edge evenly protrudes above the collar the specified item clothes by 1 - 2 cm.

Civil servants wear their uniforms in good condition, clean and ironed. Trousers must have longitudinal ironed folds on the front and back halves of the trousers (except for trousers in casual suits). On other items of clothing, folds are not ironed out.

Items of clothing must be worn with a zipper, all buttons or snaps (except as otherwise provided in these Rules).

Uniform shoes must be in good condition and cleaned. Boots must be neatly laced.

Rules for wearing shoulder straps and insignia for civil servants

In full dress shoulder straps are worn (only by actual state advisers of the Russian Federation and state advisers of the Russian Federation 1st class):

• On winter casual jackets - removable, with trapezoidal upper edges, with a button with a convex relief image of the State Emblem of the Russian Federation, with a side with a diameter of 14 mm of silver color (hereinafter referred to as a uniform button) in the upper part, with a field of galun of a special protective weave (black) colors with white edging on all sides except the bottom;
• On woolen tunics and woolen jackets - sewn on, with beveled upper edges, with a field of braid of a special silver weave with white piping on all sides except the bottom;
• On shirts (blouses) - removable, with trapezoidal upper edges, with a shaped button in the upper part, with a field of galun of a special weave of white color.

Shoulder straps for a dress uniform

For casual wear shoulder straps are worn on casual winter jackets, demi-season casual jackets, casual suit jackets - removable, with trapezoidal upper edges, with a uniform button in the upper part, with a field of galun of a special weave of a protective (black) color, with red gaps (actual state advisers of the Russian Federations and state advisers of the Russian Federation 1st class, secretaries of the state civil service of the Russian Federation - without gaps) with white edging on all sides except the bottom.

On the shoulder straps of civil servants, in accordance with the class rank of the state civil service of the Russian Federation, metal five-pointed stars (actual state advisers of the Russian Federation and state advisers of the Russian Federation 1st class - embroidered) of silver color are placed. The stars are oriented with one of the rays towards the upper edge of the shoulder strap.

Shoulder straps for everyday clothing

The stars on the shoulder straps are located:

• For active state advisers of the Russian Federation 1st class - on the longitudinal center line, above the star - an image of the embroidered emblem of the Ministry of Defense framed by a wreath;
• For other federal government civil servants - on the longitudinal center line.

The insignia of civil servants consists of sleeve and breastplates.

Sleeve insignia for belonging to the Ministry of Defense, branches (branches of troops) of the Armed Forces, troops not included in the branches (branches of troops) of the Armed Forces are located on the outer side of the left sleeve of clothing items.

Sleeve insignia according to specific controls are located on the outer side of the right sleeve of the uniform.

Civil servants of government bodies who do not have sleeve insignia for belonging to specific government bodies wear insignia for belonging to a higher government body.

Sleeve insignia are placed:

• On woolen jackets, woolen jackets - at a distance of 80 mm from the top point of the sleeve to the top point of the sleeve insignia;
• On winter casual jackets, casual demi-season jackets, casual suit jackets in the places provided for their placement.

Breast stripes are worn on the jackets of everyday suits in the places provided for their placement:

• On right side chest - chest patch with the inscription "MINISTRY OF DEFENSE OF THE RUSSIA" and white edging;
• On the left side of the chest there is a chest patch with an inscription showing the surname and initials, and a white edging, for example: “IVANOV I.I.”

Shoulder straps and insignia must be sewn (attached) correctly and neatly. Shoulder straps are clean, not wrinkled, without inserts. Metal insignia of civil servants should not be deformed, chipped or abraded.

Rules for wearing departmental insignia and other heraldic signs

Wearing departmental insignia and other heraldic signs on items of clothing for civil servants is carried out in accordance with the order of the Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation dated June 22, 2015 N 300 “On approval of the Rules for wearing military uniform clothing, insignia, departmental insignia and other heraldic signs in the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation and the Procedure for mixing items of existing and new military uniforms in the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation" (registered with the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation on April 15, 2016, registration N 41814) .

MINISTER OF DEFENSE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

ORDER

On approval of the Rules for wearing uniforms, insignia, departmental insignia and other heraldic insignia of federal state civil servants of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation

Document with changes made:
(Official Internet portal of legal information www.pravo.gov.ru, November 21, 2018, N 0001201811210019).
____________________________________________________________________

In accordance with subclause 27.1 of clause 10 of the Regulations on the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, approved by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of August 16, 2004 N 1082 “Issues of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation” (Collection of Legislation of the Russian Federation, 2004, N 34, Art. 3538; 2005, N 37, art. 3740; N 38, art. 3799; 2006, N 17 (part II), art. 1819; 2007, art. 2391; ; 2008, N 31, art. 4921; 2009, no. 2550; 2010, no. 2435; ; N 28, art. 3656; N 1, art. 191; N 15, art. 2082; 3405; N 28, Art. 4170; N 33, Art. 4924; 2012, N 1194; .II), Article 7857; 2013, No. 3314; No. 30 (Part II), Article 4085; No. 52 (Part II), Article 7137; N 7, art. 671; N 44, art. 6041; N 1 (part I), art. 200; N 25, art. 3644; , N 1 (Part II), Art. 211; N 14, Art. 1986; N 39, Art. 5624; N 49, Art. 6885; N 50, art. 7078; 2017, N 14, art. 2049; N 23, art. 3313; N 34, art. 5264; N 37, art. 5505; N 41, art. 5932; N 47, art. 6957; N 48, art. 7193; 2018, N 1 (part I), art. 320; N 7, art. 1015; N 32 (part II), art. 5313),
(Preamble as amended, put into effect on December 2, 2018 by order of the Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation dated October 31, 2018 N 614.

I order:

Approve the Rules for wearing uniforms, insignia, departmental insignia and other heraldic signs of federal state civil servants of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation (appendix to this order).

Minister of Defense
Russian Federation
army General
S. Shoigu

Registered
at the Ministry of Justice
Russian Federation

registration N 44531

Application. Rules for wearing uniforms, insignia, departmental insignia and other heraldic insignia of federal state civil servants of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation

Application
to the order
Minister of Defense
Russian Federation
dated November 8, 2016 N 725

I. General provisions

1. These Rules determine the procedure for wearing uniforms, insignia, departmental insignia and other heraldic insignia issued for free use by federal civil servants of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation*.
________________
* Further in the text of these Rules, unless otherwise stated, will be referred to for brevity as: the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation - the Armed Forces; Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation - Ministry of Defense; federal state civil servants of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation - civil servants; uniform for civil servants of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation - uniform, central authorities military command - command and control bodies.

II. Rules for wearing uniform items for civil servants

2. The uniform of civil servants is divided by type of uniform into dress and casual, and each of these types of uniform according to the season - into summer and winter.

3. Civil servants wear a uniform:

parade (provided only for civil servants who have the class ranks of active state advisers of the Russian Federation and state advisers of the Russian Federation 1st class) - when participating in parades and at official events with the participation of troops (forces), on holidays of a military unit, when receiving state awards , when presenting a military unit with the Battle Banner, when launching a ship entering service, when raising the Naval flag on a ship, when being appointed to the guard of honor. It is allowed to wear dress uniforms on weekends and off-duty;

everyday - in all other cases.

Civil servants wear their everyday uniform in khaki color, and in administrative bodies where military service is not provided - black.

Civil servants wear the uniform, sleeve and breastplates established for this governing body.

4. Dress uniform of active state advisers of the Russian Federation and state advisers of the Russian Federation 1st class (except for female civil servants):

1) summer:

sea ​​green wool cap;





white shirt;



black low shoes;

2) winter:





gray woolen jacket;

sea ​​green wool trousers;

white shirt;

black tie with gold bartack;

white muffler.

5. Everyday uniform of active state advisers of the Russian Federation and state advisers of the Russian Federation 1st class (except for female civil servants):

1) summer:





black low shoes;

2) winter:

gray (black) astrakhan hat with a visor;

winter casual jacket in protective (black) color;

casual suit (jacket and trousers) in protective (black) color;

khaki (white) T-shirt;

protective (black) muffler;

6. Dress uniform for female active state advisers of the Russian Federation and 1st class state advisers of the Russian Federation:

1) summer:

black dress hat;
by order of the Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation of October 31, 2018 N 614.

blue wool jacket;

blue woolen skirt;

white blouse;

blue bow tie;

black shoes;

2) winter:


(Paragraph as amended, put into effect on December 2, 2018 by order of the Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation dated October 31, 2018 N 614.

winter casual jacket in protective (black) color;

blue wool jacket;

blue woolen skirt;

white blouse;

blue bow tie;

white muffler.

7. Everyday uniform of female active state advisers of the Russian Federation and 1st class state advisers of the Russian Federation:

1) summer:


(Paragraph as amended, put into effect on December 2, 2018 by order of the Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation dated October 31, 2018 N 614.

casual suit (jacket and trousers) in protective (black) color;

khaki (white) T-shirt;

black shoes;

2) winter:

gray (black) astrakhan hat;
(Paragraph as amended, put into effect on December 2, 2018 by order of the Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation dated October 31, 2018 N 614.

winter casual jacket in protective (black) color;

casual suit (jacket and trousers) in protective (black) color;

khaki (white) T-shirt;

8. Casual dress code (except for active state advisers of the Russian Federation and state advisers of the Russian Federation 1st class and female civil servants):

1) summer:

casual cap in protective (black) color;

casual suit (jacket and trousers) in protective (black) color;

khaki (white) T-shirt;

black low shoes;

2) winter:

fur hat with earflaps, gray (black) color;


casual suit (jacket and trousers) in protective (black) color;

khaki (white) T-shirt;

protective (black) color muffler.

9. Everyday uniform of female civil servants (except for actual state advisers of the Russian Federation and state advisers of the Russian Federation 1st class):

1) summer:

casual hat in protective (black) color;
(Paragraph as amended, put into effect on December 2, 2018 by order of the Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation dated October 31, 2018 N 614.

casual suit (jacket and trousers) in protective (black) color;

khaki (white) T-shirt;

black shoes;

2) winter:

fur hat of protective (black) color;
(Paragraph as amended, put into effect on December 2, 2018 by order of the Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation dated October 31, 2018 N 614.

demi-season casual jacket in protective (black) color;

casual suit (jacket and trousers) in protective (black) color;

khaki (white) T-shirt;

protective (black) color muffler.

III. Features of wearing uniform items for civil servants

10. Fur hats with ear flaps with earflaps down may be worn at air temperatures of minus 10°C and below. When the earmuffs of fur earflaps are raised, the ends of the braid are tied and tucked under the earmuffs; when the earmuffs are lowered, they are tied under the chin.

11. Wool caps, casual caps are allowed to be worn in winter uniform.
(Paragraph as amended, put into effect on December 2, 2018 by order of the Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation dated October 31, 2018 N 614.

On the crown of woolen and casual caps there is a metal (for active state advisers of the Russian Federation and state advisers of the Russian Federation 1st class - embroidered) emblem of the Ministry of Defense in silver color.

12. Hats are allowed to be worn in winter clothing.

13. Hats with a visor, hats with ear flaps, astrakhan hats, fur hats, hats and caps are worn straight, without tilting. In this case, the visor of a cap with a visor, a hat and a cap is at the level of the eyebrows, and the lower edge of a hat with earflaps, an astrakhan cap, a fur hat is at a distance of 2-4 cm above the eyebrows.
by order of the Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation of October 31, 2018 N 614.

14. In inclement weather, it is permitted to wear winter casual jackets and demi-season casual jackets with a hood.

15. Casual suit jackets are worn with the zipper unbuttoned 3-4 cm above the level of the top of the chest pockets, and in their absence, the chest stripes.
(Paragraph as amended, put into effect on December 2, 2018 by order of the Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation dated October 31, 2018 N 614.

On the corners of the jacket collars of the suits of everyday active state advisers of the Russian Federation and state advisers of the Russian Federation 1st class, embroidered silver insignia is placed:

for the Deputy Ministers of Defense of the Russian Federation - in the form of oak branches;

for all others - in the form of laurel branches.

16. A casual skirt may be worn with summer and winter uniforms.

17. Shirts with long sleeves are worn with a tie, without a woolen jacket, in summer (in office premises - in winter and summer) dress uniform.

Shirts with short sleeves are worn with the top button undone, without a tie, without a woolen jacket, or with a tie in a summer dress uniform.

18. Blouses with long sleeves are worn with a bow tie, without a woolen jacket, in summer (in office premises - in winter and summer) dress uniform.

Blouses with short sleeves are worn with the top button undone, without a bow tie, without a woolen jacket, or with a bow tie in summer dress uniforms.

19. Ties are attached to the shirt with a gold-colored tack between the third and fourth buttons from the top.

20. Mufflers are worn neatly tucked under the collar of a winter casual jacket and a demi-season casual jacket, so that the upper edge evenly protrudes above the collar of the specified item of clothing by 1-2 cm.

21. Civil servants wear their uniform items in good condition, clean and ironed. Trousers must have longitudinal ironed folds on the front and back halves of the trousers (except for trousers in casual suits). On other items of clothing, folds are not ironed out.

Items of clothing must be worn with a zipper, all buttons or snaps (except as otherwise provided in these Rules).

22. Uniform shoes must be in good condition and cleaned. Boots and low shoes must be carefully laced.
(Clause as amended, put into effect on December 2, 2018 by order of the Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation dated October 31, 2018 N 614.

23. Options for wearing a uniform are given in the appendix to these Rules.

IV. Rules for wearing shoulder straps and insignia for civil servants

24. When wearing full dress uniform, shoulder straps are worn (only actual state advisers of the Russian Federation and state advisers of the Russian Federation 1st class):

on winter casual jackets - removable, with trapezoidal upper edges, with a button with a convex relief image of the State Emblem of the Russian Federation, with a side with a diameter of 14 mm of silver color (hereinafter referred to as the uniform button) in the upper part, with a field of galun of a special protective weave (black) colors with white edging on all sides except the bottom;

on woolen tunics and woolen jackets - sewn on, with beveled upper edges, with a field of braid of a special silver weave with white piping on all sides except the bottom;

on shirts (blouses) - removable, with trapezoidal upper edges, with a shaped button in the upper part, with a field of galun of a special white weave.

25. In everyday wear, shoulder straps are worn on winter casual jackets, demi-season casual jackets, casual suit jackets - removable, with trapezoidal upper edges, with a shaped button in the upper part, with a field of galun of a special weave of a protective (black) color, with red gaps colors (actual state advisers of the Russian Federation and state advisers of the Russian Federation 1st class, secretaries of the state civil service of the Russian Federation - without gaps) with white edging on all sides except the bottom.

26. On uniform:

Civil servants in accordance with the class rank of the state civil service of the Russian Federation are placed with metal five-pointed stars (actual state advisers of the Russian Federation and state advisers of the Russian Federation 1st class - embroidered) of silver color. The stars are oriented with one of the rays towards the upper edge of the shoulder strap.

The stars on the shoulder straps are located:

for active state advisers of the Russian Federation 1st class - on the longitudinal center line, above the star - an image of the embroidered emblem of the Ministry of Defense framed by a wreath;

for other federal government civil servants - on the longitudinal center line.

27. Placement of stars on shoulder straps - according to the table.

Table

28. The insignia of civil servants consists of sleeve and breastplates.

Sleeve insignia for belonging to the Ministry of Defense, branches (branches of troops) of the Armed Forces, troops not included in the branches (branches of troops) of the Armed Forces are located on the outer side of the left sleeve of clothing items.

Sleeve insignia according to specific controls are located on the outer side of the right sleeve of the uniform.

Civil servants of government bodies who do not have sleeve insignia for belonging to specific government bodies wear insignia for belonging to a higher government body.

Sleeve insignia are placed:

on woolen jackets, woolen jackets - at a distance of 80 mm from the top point of the sleeve to the top point of the sleeve insignia;

on winter casual jackets, casual demi-season jackets, casual suit jackets in the places provided for their placement.

29. Breast stripes are worn on the jackets of casual suits in the places provided for their placement:

on the right side of the chest there is a chest patch with the inscription “MINISTRY OF DEFENSE OF THE RUSSIAN” and a white edging;

on the left side of the chest there is a chest patch with an inscription showing the surname and initials, and a white edging, for example: “IVANOV I.I.”

30. Shoulder straps and insignia must be sewn (attached) correctly and neatly. Shoulder straps are clean, not wrinkled, without inserts. Metal insignia of civil servants should not be deformed, chipped or abraded.

V. Rules for wearing departmental insignia and other heraldic signs

31. Wearing departmental insignia and other heraldic insignia on items of clothing for civil servants is carried out in accordance with the order of the Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation dated June 22, 2015 N 300 “On approval of the Rules for wearing military uniforms, insignia, departmental insignia and other heraldic insignia signs in the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation and the Procedure for mixing items of existing and new military uniforms in the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation" (registered with the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation on April 15, 2016, registration N 41814).

Appendix to the Rules. Options for wearing uniform items

Application
to the Rules (clause 23)
(As amended,
put into effect
from December 2, 2018
by order of the Minister of Defense
Russian Federation
dated October 31, 2018 N 614. -
See previous edition)

Options for wearing uniform items

Rice. Winter dress uniform (with cap) of active state advisers of the Russian Federation and state advisers of the Russian Federation 1st class

Rice. Summer dress uniform (in a shirt) of active state advisers of the Russian Federation and state advisers of the Russian Federation 1st class

Rice. Summer dress uniform (in a shirt with short sleeves) of active state advisers of the Russian Federation and state advisers of the Russian Federation 1st class

Rice. Summer dress uniform (shirt with short sleeves, no tie) of active state advisers and state advisers of the civil service 1st class

Rice. Winter casual uniform (with a cap) for active state advisers of the Russian Federation and 1st class state advisers of the Russian Federation

Rice. Summer casual uniform (in a jacket with short sleeves) of active state advisers of the Russian Federation and state advisers of the Russian Federation 1st class

Rice. Winter dress uniform of active state advisers of the Russian Federation and state advisers of the Russian Federation 1st class

Rice. Winter dress uniform (with parade hat) of active state advisers of the Russian Federation and state advisers of the Russian Federation 1st class

Rice. Summer dress uniform for active state advisers of the Russian Federation and state advisers of the Russian Federation 1st class

Rice. Summer dress uniform (in blouse) of active state advisers of the Russian Federation and state advisers of the Russian Federation 1st class

Rice. Summer dress uniform (in a blouse with short sleeves) of active state advisers of the Russian Federation and state advisers of the Russian Federation 1st class

Rice. Summer dress uniform (in a blouse with short sleeves, without a bow tie) of active state advisers of the Russian Federation and state advisers of the Russian Federation 1st class

Rice. Winter casual uniform of active state advisers of the Russian Federation and state advisers of the Russian Federation 1st class

Rice. Winter casual uniform (with a casual hat) for active state advisers of the Russian Federation and 1st class state advisers of the Russian Federation

Rice. Summer casual uniform of active state advisers of the Russian Federation and state advisers of the Russian Federation 1st class

Rice. Summer casual uniform (jacket with short sleeves, skirt) of active state advisers of the Russian Federation and state advisers of the Russian Federation 1st class

Rice. Winter casual uniform (with a cap) for civil servants (except for active state advisers of the Russian Federation and state advisers of the Russian Federation 1st class)

Rice. Summer casual uniform (in a jacket with short sleeves) for civil servants (except for active state advisers of the Russian Federation and state advisers of the Russian Federation 1st class)

Rice. Winter casual uniform for civil servants (except for active state advisers of the Russian Federation and state advisers of the Russian Federation 1st class)

Rice. Winter casual uniform (with a casual hat) for civil servants (except for active state advisers of the Russian Federation and state advisers of the Russian Federation 1st class)

Rice. Summer casual uniform for civil servants (except for active state advisers of the Russian Federation and state advisers of the Russian Federation 1st class)

Rice. Summer casual uniform (jacket with short sleeves, skirt) for civil servants (except for active state advisers of the Russian Federation and state advisers of the Russian Federation 1st class)

Sewing on the uniforms of active state advisers and state advisers of the civil service 1st class

Catherine's WarsII barely noticeable

On currently The following concept has emerged: real story The Russian Empire becomes extremely clear, logical and easily understandable if we consider it from right point view from the Baltic.

1. Let's start with well-known facts: the capital of the Russian Empire was St. Petersburg, ruling dynasty- Romanovs.

2. "Romanovs" is a local pseudonym for the Holstein-Gottorp branch of the Oldenburg dynasty, which ruled the Baltic Sea. Cozy Jutland(Roman Empire of the German nation in pictures).

3. Petersburg elected by the Oldenburgs aka “Romanovs” as the capital, as the most convenient springboard for penetration from the Baltic Sea into the Volga basin, isolated from all seas, in order to expand the sphere of their economic influence (see more in part 1 motivational Petersburg is stupid + part 2 basic Petersburg is irreplaceable ).

4. Main vector The conquest and development of the territories of Russia by the Romanovs is directed from St. Petersburg (the Baltic Sea) into the continent, to the Volga basin along waterways. This part of the history of the Romanovs’ gradual conquests was disguised as various “internal” events to create the illusion of long-standing possession.

5. Simultaneously additional vectors The Romanovs’ actions were directed there, to the Volga basin, from the Black and Azov Seas. This part of history is well known as the continuous “Romanov wars with Turkey.”

Events of the period 1762-1801. (the reign of Catherine-2 + Paul-1) are systematized on this index page.

The reign of Alexander I from 1801 to 1814. (preparation for the war and the war itself) on the next page “Focuses of the wars of 1812”, the post-war period on the index page “After the War of 1812”.

To expand the sphere of your economic influence Romanov-Oldenburg it was necessary to create direct waterways from the Baltic to the Volga basin, which was done about 15 years before the outbreak of the invasion known as the Russian War of 1812.

The directions of movement of the Oldenburgs in the Baltic are indicated in red. Blue - the main rivers of the European part of Russia. Green - direct waterways formed after the construction of St. Petersburg Oldenburgs(Romanov) water systems (from left to right, bottom to top): Berezinskaya, Vyshnevolotskaya, Tikhvinskaya, Mariinskaya.

Then, quite naturally, came the military invasion of the Romanovs, known in history as the “War of 1812 in Russia.”

But the military invasion of 1812 affected only a small part of the territory, the watershed between the Dnieper and Volga basins, the Moscow-Smolensk Upland. Before this, the Romanovs made many efforts to develop the Volga basin, including military efforts. Since the Oldenburgs everywhere imitate the locals, history colonization of the Volga basin was also cleared. However, traces of military operations at least since the time of Catherine II (abbreviated E-2) can be detected. That’s why the page is so ambiguously titled “E-2 Wars are noticeable” = “Wars are barely noticeable.”

General idea: effective advancement from St. Petersburg deep into the mainland under E-2 could only be along the Vyshnevolotsk water system, the remaining routes are portages, although they should not be completely discounted. Therefore, we assume that the seizure of territories had to go up the Vyshnevolotsk system to Tver, then down the Volga (most likely, primarily along the left bank), and up - two already known paths: through Lama to Volokolamsk and further through Ruza to Moscow ; through Vazuza to Gzhatsk and Tsarevo Zaimishche. All military actions must be disguised as completely diverse, unrelated events - peasant riots, natural disasters, etc., so that it is not visible a single vector of combat operations.

The thick red line indicates the limit of direct natural water reach from the basins of the Baltic and White Seas, respectively, at the top the red arrows show the main directions of colonization from these seas (for example, the Oldenburg and Hanoverian dynasties and their comrades):

Chronology significant events reign of Catherine II (Princess Sophia-Frederica-Augusta of Anhalt-Zerbst Sophie Auguste Friederike von Anhalt-Zerbst-Dornburg(pseudonyms “Ekaterina Alekseevna”, “Catherine the Great”), links to existing articles and ideas for future articles.

Let's look at what Catherine II did in just the first two years after the start of her reign:

1762 – beginning of reign. In the first month of her reign, Catherine II formed a Military Commission.

1763 May - first created General base, as a special body for planning military operations in Peaceful time, tasked with bringing the army into combat readiness, expanding military production, building arsenals and barracks, and building military roads. Combat training was carried out on the basis of the newly created “Infantry drill regulations” of 1763 and the “Charter for military and equestrian exercises” of 1763.

Part General Staff also included forty column-leader officers, surveyors and topographers, who laid the foundation for the Military Topographical Service.

1763 g., September 1, Catherine-2 signed a manifesto on the establishment in Moscow "Syropital House"(since 1768, preparations were made for the smallpox epidemic of 1770-1772 in Moscow).

Preparation by Ekaterina-2 for the settlement of new territories:

– December 4 (15) 1762 Empress Catherine II signed the Manifesto “On allowing foreigners, except Jews, to leave and settle in Russia and on the free return of Russian people who fled abroad to their fatherland.”

– As soon as it became clear that the first manifesto on calling foreign colonists dated December 4, 1762 did not live up to the hopes placed on it, Catherine II already on July 22, 1763 published a new “calling” manifesto “On allowing all foreigners entering Russia to settle in which Gubernias they will also wish for the rights granted to them.”

– On the same day as the manifesto was issued on July 22, 1763, Catherine II created a new central institution for managing the colonies, the so-called Office of the Guardian of Foreign Colonists, which existed until 1782. Count Grigory Grigorievich was appointed President of the Special Office of Guardianship of Foreigners Orlov. Apparently, the colonization office continued to exist under other names, since “After Alexander II abolished the status of a colonist in 1870, the committee for their provision was abolished in 1871.” (“Als der Zar 1870 den Kolonistenstatus aufhob, wurde das Fürsorgekomitee 1871 aufgelöst.») .

– personal decree of Empress Catherine II of March 19, 1764. "On order in the colonies", which became the basis of the colonial policy of the tsarist government for decades and predetermined the legal system of the colonies. (Die Kolonisten unterlagendem bereits von Katharina der Großen 1764 eingeführten Kolonisationsgesetz, in Kriminalsachen jedoch der staatlichen Gerichtsbarkeit).

1763 – decree of Catherine II"About making everyone cities, their structures and streets special plans for each province separately,” a special commission was created for implementation under the leadership Betsky. “We immediately turned around unusual in scale of work. An army of land surveyors plotted existing city plans on paper. The architects, in turn, applied new, geometrically correct, “regular” grids of streets and squares to them. At the same time, existing ancient kremlins, churches, and monasteries were especially carefully taken into account. Work proceeded at an unprecedented pace. The commission existed for 34 years, and during all this time it annually released an average of 10-12 new city plans...”

« It all started from Tver. In the spring of 1763, the city burned almost to the ground. Its restoration was entrusted to the Betsky Commission. The work was led by a famous architect A. Kvasov. Architect P.Nikitin did new plan cities. It had nothing in common with old Tver, its narrow crooked streets. All that remained from that Tver were the fortifications of the Kremlin and the churches that were not damaged by the fire. Along the Volga, through the fire, Nikitin laid straight, wide streets leading from the Moscow road to the Kremlin. On the central Millionnaya Street and on the Volga embankment, beautiful stone two-story houses were built at the state expense according to specially made designs. All other houses in the center were also ordered to be built of stone according to special projects. In the 1770s, Tver had already acquired the previously unprecedented appearance of a “regular” city...”

« Demolishing cities was relatively easy, especially since countless fires helped. After all, the bulk of the houses were wooden, and sometimes cities burned down almost entirely. Only in the 1760s did Tver, Kargopol, Torzhok, Kazan, Kharkov, Astrakhan, Yaroslavl, Staraya Russa, Nizhny Novgorod, Tikhvin, Cheboksary, Voronezh and so on, not counting small towns, burn down ... "

“The results of the activities of the Betsky Commission are clearly visible even now. In the central part of any old city in Russia you will walk along streets laid out according to the plans of the Commission. Kostroma and Smolensk, Vologda and Astrakhan, Yekaterinburg and Vladimir - everywhere you will find the results of the great restructuring of Russian cities of the 18th-19th centuries. Let the houses on the streets be different, but the streets themselves were laid then, 200 years ago...”

1771 – the “plague epidemic” and “plague riot” in Moscow were actually the use of E-2 black (hemorrhagic) smallpox as a bacteriological weapon mass destruction followed by finishing off by selected regular troops. See “Soviet tractor = plague” + “Smallpox – the first weapon of mass destruction”.

1773-1775 - “a revolt under the leadership of Emelyan Pugachev” - the so-called “internal rebellion” naturally coincided with the next Romanov war against Turkey and began four months after the “plague riot” in Moscow - in January 1772, unrest began among the Yaik Cossacks - “ Old Believers,” and in the fall of 1773 the Don Cossack Emelyan Pugachev came to Yaik.

A.S. Pushkin in “The History of the Pugachev Rebellion” writes (p. 253) that he did not read the investigative file about Pugachev, “not daring to print it without the highest permission,” and therefore his History does not say much. He could not, for example, openly talk about “his lesser-known accomplices,” and only hints at them in the note: “Who were these clever accomplices who controlled the actions of the impostor?” (see Peasant War of 1773-1775. Where are the peasants? author A. Zayats).

July 10 (21) 1774 in the village of Kuchuk-Kainardzhi in Rumyantsev’s tent, a peace treaty was signed on a drum (who is from Turkey?), according to which Turkey recognized the independence of Crimea, Kuban and all north coast Black Sea; ceded to Russia Azov, Kerch, Yenikale, Kinburn with part of the territory between the Dnieper and Bug; refused Greater and Lesser Kabarda; provided Russian ships with freedom of navigation in the Black Sea and passage through the Dardanelles and Bosporus, recognized the right of Russian residents to intercede in the affairs of Moldova and Wallachia; declared an amnesty for its subjects who participated in the war on the side of Russia; paid four and a half million rubles in indemnity.

1775 June - Catherine II ordered the disbandment of the Zaporozhye Sich, which was carried out by order of Grigory Potemkin to pacify the Zaporozhye Cossacks by General Peter Tekeli. The Sich was disbanded, most of the Cossacks were disbanded, and the fortress itself was destroyed. See Troops of the Confederation of the Rhine and German colonization of the Slavs in the 18th and 19th centuries.

1775-1778 Actions to capitalize the wealth and territories inherited by the colonialists of the Roman Empire to the German nation:

– first declared these territories as their governorships; (so-called " provincial reform 1775");

– a register listing villages;

– appointed the formation of their own archive;

– allowed to use old voivodeship seals in office work “before receiving official ones”;

1776 g. – After the defeat of Pugachev’s uprising, the Tsaritsyn guard line and the Volga Cossack army were abolished.

1785 – A charter granted to the nobility, which consolidated class privileges, and a charter granted to cities, which established a new system of elected city institutions and expanded the composition of voters.

1787 g. - Catherine II, together with Potemkin, visited the Crimea, where she was met by the Amazon company created for her arrival; in the same year, the Army of the Faithful Cossacks was created, which later became the Black Sea Cossack Army.

The entire 17th century the Romanovs allegedly fought with “Poland”, i.e. actually with White Russia = Lithuania, in their own historiography they attributed part of this war to the 16th century. like the war between Ivan the Terrible and “Lithuania”. In the fight against Poland-“Lithuania”, the motive of the struggle for Orthodoxy against the “Uniates” was actively used. Both Moscow and Warsaw unsuccessfully tried to either single-handedly conquer White Rus' = Lithuania (i.e., the Horde “Ancient Rus'”), or divide it among themselves. Moscow-Warsaw feuds over the division of White Rus' ended with the death of Sigismund III (1632) and the Great Sovereign and Patriarch Philaret (1633) with the Treaty of Polyanovsky in 1634, along which the border between Romanov's Muscovy and the Horde's White Russia - Lithuania passed from northwest to southeast along the line Pskov - Vyazma - Mozhaisk - Kolomna and further down the Oka to Nizhny. The Romanovs first tried to win over the Horde Cossacks to their side with the tacit connivance of their common overlord - the Ottoman Empire, whose main target of military operations was Catholic Europe. In particular, the Cossacks of Hetman Ostranitsa in 1638 controlled the lands from Chuguev (present-day Kharkov region) to Azov, including the Nogai Way from Ryazan to the Lower Volga, which in Romanov’s history is described as the creation of “an abatis line from Akhtyrka (near present-day Kharkov) to Ufa.”

This was the border of a short-term alliance White Rus'- Muscovy with the Crimean and Nogai Hordes, controlled by not Moscow, A Cossacks of White Rus': Akhtyrka (Ak-Tyr, i.e. the White Tower) - Belgorod - Ufa (Belatyr, i.e. the same White Tower). The alliance between Moscow and the Cossacks did not last very long: in particular, the Cossacks of Hetman Ostranitsa “left Muscovy,” that is, they refused to obey Moscow. For example, after the serfdom Council Code (1649) in 1655, the “White Russian” (i.e., Horde) Cossacks expelled the Moscow governor from the village of Tsarev-Alekseev, built in 1647, and the village was renamed Novy Oskol, because it was located near the Horde Stary Oskol (known since 1593), etc.

This was followed, again, by a short-term alliance between Moscow and the hetman of Left-Bank Ukraine Khmelnytsky, who was later called in Moscow “annexing Little Russia,” and in Soviet time- “the reunification of Ukraine with Russia.”

As a result of skillful political game prominent Moscow politician Afanasy Ordina-Nashchokina (i.e. Nashchokina- Ordynsky) on the contradictions within Cossack freemen, as well as by attracting mercenaries and restructuring the army on a regular basis, the Romanovs as a result of almost continuous wars with White Russia in 1638–1676. managed to attach the Smolensk and Novgorod-Seversky lands to Muscovy in the southwest, and in the south and southeast - the current Trans-Oka Tula and Ryazan lands and Kaluga.

The Romanovs tried to stake out the territory of the modern Voronezh and Tambov regions and take control of the Nogai Way. Tambov is considered to have been founded by the Romanovs in 1636, and southeast border fortress Penza (this is not even the Volga region yet!) - in 1663. Meanwhile, on foreign maps pre-Catherine there is no time for Tambov or Penza even close. No wonder the brilliant Pushkin, speaking about events mid-18th century V., wrote that “Tambov on the map general not always marked with a circle.” The Romanov fortresses of Dankov (in the current Ryazan region), Voronezhets and Sinbirsk, which allegedly existed then, are marked on the map of 1706 as destroyed. But nearby, in Mordovia, in the same 1706, not only the ancient city of Temnikov on the river was noted. Moksha (since 1536, famous for the production paper), but also Mr. Inserat(since 1641) on the river. Insar, renamed Saransk under Catherine II.

Meanwhile, Mordovian Inserat in Hebrew it's called Nasserat, i.e., in Russian, Nazareth. This is the hearth medieval Judaism in Russia (the Jews of the 16th–17th centuries should not be confused with the “ancient Jews,” i.e., the Armenians!). Name of the Finno-Volga people Mordovians means “followers of Mordecai”, i.e. the main “scribe” - the keeper of the Library-Babylon of Marduk (Morduchai). The two closely related Mordovian languages, Moksha and Erzya, reflect the two varieties of the population of Rus': moksha(aka Mokosh, i.e. Moscow - followers of Mosoh-Moses) - this is just a designation urban population (Greek language equivalent moksha- kafarevus) and Erzya, i.e., in language Yiddish, Reyzya, i.e. Rus, i.e. rural population (Greek language equivalent Erzya- dimotika, see also the article “The ancient population of Europe and its rulers”). That is why there are Mordovian and Nizhny Novgorod villages with the amazing name “Canaanite”, i.e. the place where the Canaanites live, i.e. the land of Canaan, i.e. the land of John = Khan, that is, the Russian land, i.e. the Promised Land !

It was under Elizabeth that it began, and under Catherine II it began permanent political method the “great migration” of peoples, for example: half of the inhabitants of the Nizhny Novgorod village of Canaanite were resettled to Mordovia - to the promised land, across the ravine from the Mordovian village, and so the second Canaanite appeared. And next to Russian villages, villages of immigrants from Germany similarly appeared - for example, in the same newly conquered Simbirsk land the village Yurmanki(i.e. German women). Yes and now ethnically Russians Jewish immigrants from the village of Ilyinka after the collapse of the USSR husk imported seeds in a well-maintained reservation in the center of modern Jerusalem.

The area in the Volga region where the Mari, Mordovians and Chuvashs lived in the 16th–18th centuries. was no less revered center of religious worship than the Kaaba in Mecca, since fragments apparently fell there too large meteorite- "white-flammable" Alatyr-stone" from Russian epics and legends. This altar-alatyr (i.e. “god’s stone”) gave its name to two cities of the same name and the Alatyr river, a tributary of the Sura. (Those who come from Surahs, called As- suras, otherwise iceors, i.e. Assyrians). The current village of Vasilsursk (known since 1523) was a royal city: it is named so on foreign maps - Vasilgorod, like Cheboksary, which was called Saba-char, or Saba-tsar (French Sabaczar, aka Shepushkar, aka the King of Sheba). The name of the city Yoshkar-Ola means “Old God”, Isker-Alla. Official name of the Mari people in the Russian Empire until 1918, “Cheremis” means “sorcerers, sorcerers, wise men” (cf. also the city of Chermoz in the Perm region).

This is how the colonization of the right bank of the Volga below Saratov took place: in 1627, Cherny Yar (Chernogor) was founded by the Don Cossacks; during Alexei Mikhailovich's attempt to conquer the Volga region, fortresses were founded - Krasny (Svetly) Yar (1667) and Dmitrievsky (1668, renamed Kamyshin in 1780); after Peter’s successful second Azov campaign in 1700 - Solenoye Zaimishche (Chari) and only in 1720 - the village. Bezrodnoye (present-day Akhtubinsk). In 1733 Anna Ioannovna invited 1757 families Don Cossacks“for a free settlement” between present-day Volgograd and Kamyshin (Dubovka, 1734). Under Elizabeth, Enataevka was founded in a similar way in 1742 and 1746 - Cossack villages on the right bank of the Volga. In 1743, the Dubov Cossack Army was created from settlers from the Caucasus. The Astrakhan province generally appeared only in 1745 and, at first, included the fortresses of Astrakhan, Tsaritsyn and Saratov. But under Catherine II in 1773, a decree was issued on the first “organized settlements” in the Lower Volga, i.e. enslavement free Cossacks, and after the defeat of “Pugachev” in 1776, the Astrakhan Army was created from new displaced people on the former free lands of old settlers. (“Historical Travels”, Regional Publishing House “Stalingrad”, 1936, p. 26.)

The peoples of the Volga region did not join the Russian Empire voluntarily, as evidenced by their active participation in the “uprisings” of Razin and Pugachev, i.e. the population of these places in the Moscow-Horde wars was mainly on the side of the Horde. It was neither Orthodox nor Muslim population, in particular Tatar word Sabantui means "Sabbath holiday", "Sabbath feast", it is the equivalent of the Hebrew Shabes-Saturday, which until the 17th century and in Russian it was a day off, a day of doing nothing, i.e. week. On this day " blue people" - farmers ("Rus") did not plow, "red people" - warriors (Cossacks-Janissaries-Tatars) did not fight, but feasted, and "white people" - priests-magi-Jews prayed: some to one God, and some to different to the gods. That's the whole religion of the 16th–17th centuries.

The forcible imposition of Moscow Orthodoxy in the 17th century. caused protest from the originally peaceful Finno-Ugric tribes. The serfdom policy of Muscovy aroused no less sharp protest, not only among the peoples of the Volga region, but also among the population of the Russian Black Earth Region, the Don and Cherkasy Cossacks (i.e., Lithuania-Belarus and the Nogai Horde). The story of the capture of Azov by the Don Cossacks in favor of Muscovy in 1637 with the subsequent proposal to “take it under the hand of Moscow” and the alleged refusal of the Council (!) from such an acquisition is completely fictitious. Central Black Earth Russia broke with Moscow almost already in 1648 (“ salt riot", etc.). The absolutist Romanov "Code", adopted at the Council of 1649, by representatives of the South of Russia except for the Tula armory, where there was a garrison of mercenaries, was rejected. As a result, the Moscow-Horde War broke out, described as the “rebellion of Stepan Razin.” As a result of this war, the Tula and Ryazan-Voronezh lands remained for Orthodox Moscow, and the lands west of Voronezh (i.e. Slobodskaya Outskirts) - for Orthodox or White Russia.

Naturally, at the same time, the motive of the struggle of the “Orthodox” with the “Uniates” fizzled out, so Peter, having come to power, in order to untie his hands, sequester church wealth for military needs and attract non-believers, got rid of the “Orthodox flag” in the fight against Central Russia and actually abolished the patriarchate already in 1700 (Officially abolished in 1703 and restored only in November 1917 as a result of Lenin’s deal with Orthodox Church, who promised to help the Bolsheviks with money. When required they didn’t give the money, Lenin was so angry that he ordered the “priesthood to be destroyed at the root.”)

Kazan and Astrakhan were autonomous, although they were By geographical reasons in vassal dependence on Muscovy, which at the same time she herself still remained in vassalage from the Ottoman Empire and Crimean Khanate. It is known that the tribute to the Crimean Khan Peter stopped paying only in 1700. - after the successful second Azov campaign and consolidation of control over the Nogai Way. On the map of 1706, Sarai-Batu (i.e., the city of Tsarina) on the island of Akhtuba in the Volga delta is indicated as destroyed, and opposite it on the right bank of the Volga there is a fortress Queen(present Volgograd), built in 1615 and moved there from Saray-Batu in 1589. (!) Below on the same Akhtuba in 1706, the supposedly destroyed city of Berke, i.e., the New Barn of Khan Berke, still calmly existed!

From Romanov history it is known that by the reform of Peter I in 1708, only 8 provinces were formed, of which “Kiev”, “Azov” and “Siberian” had no territorial division. At the same time, the GDR is forced to explain that the border between the Kyiv and Azov provinces ran approximately along the Tula meridian, since the lands corresponding to the Romanov Kharkov province of the 20th century. in the 18th century“were not yet inhabited” - and this is in the black earth zone of Russia! This - obvious lie Romanov historians, since this territory was called Slobodskaya Outskirts until 1765 and was free the territory of “service Cossacks - single-dvortsev”, i.e. base the hereditary military class of the Horde Empire (they are also the notorious “streltsy” hated by Peter).

“Azov” province of Peter I in 1708–1711. included the lands around the Nogai Highway along the Voronezh-Tambov-Azov line. The “Kiev” province of the Russian Empire then consisted of Kyiv itself, which had been a disputed city since 1648, and a narrow corridor to it through Chernigov, since to the north was “Polish Lithuania”, and to the south was another part of the Little Russian Horde: the Zaporozhye Sich , later (in 1775) liquidated by Catherine with the forced resettlement of Zaporozhye Cossacks to Kuban. This is a more or less known part great power historiography of Russia.

Petrovskaya “region of the Tula meridian” (aka Moscow meridian), first of all included the famous Muravsky Way. Traditional history says that both major land trading routes along river watersheds from South to North - Muravsky Way from the mouth of the Dnieper to the Upper Oka River (with a branch from the city of Izyum) and Nogai Way, served until the 18th century. only for “the raids of the Crimean Tatars, who drove Russians into slavery at the rate of 150–200 thousand a year.” This lie.

As evidenced foreign cards, before 1765 Muravsky Way- the most important Great Horde the trade route passed through a territory almost independent of Moscow and St. Petersburg Vorotyn Principality(Vorotyn) with its capital in the city. Vorotyn i.e. “gate to the Horde.” As part of this principality there were still existing ancient (and what!) Russian cities (on modern map from northeast to southwest): Przemysl (traditionally founded allegedly in 1147), Kozelsk (1146), Likhvin (since 1565, now Chekalin), Belev (1147), Bolkhov ( from the 13th century), Mtsensk (1147), Orel (1566), Kromy (1147), Rylsk (1152), Kursk (1036), Putivl (1146). Cities bordering Vorotyn: in the west Mosalsk (in Muscovy), in the southwest Poltava (in Zaporozhye Sich), in the northeast Tula in Muscovy, in the east Novosil and in the southeast Belgorod (both in the Slobodskaya Outskirts). The entire territory south of Vorotyn - the area between the Dnieper and Don rivers - was also not part of the Russian Empire, but remained Horde- Free Cossack Confederation (Wild Field).

In 1707, Peter I made a forceful attempt to subjugate the independent Vorotyn and Slobodskaya Outskirts, which did not recognize either the “abolition of localism” by regent Sophia (“Khovanshchina” of 1682), or a similar reform of Peter I (“streltsy rebellion” of 1698). Peter's troops under the command of Yu. V. Dolgorukov invaded the territory of Vorotyn (Verkhovsky principalities) under the pretext of “searching for fugitive peasants,” but were completely broken. In Romanov history this is described as “the uprising of the Verkhovsky Cossacks under the leadership of K. Bulavin.” In 1708 Peter moved to the Don bypassing Vorotyn 32,000-strong army of V.V. Dolgorukov. And this army could not do anything either with Vorotyn or with the Slobodskaya Outskirts - it succeeded in 1708 in a short time capture the village of Livny and declare it your city. Horde troops not only liberated Livny, but went on the offensive in the East, and occupied present-day Kamyshin and Tsaritsyn on the Volga, and besieged Saratov and Azov. Peter was forced to seek a truce, since it was more important for him to defeat the Swedish troops in Ukraine. The Horde Cossacks were forced to sign a truce by the treacherous murder in Cherkassk of their Supreme Ataman K. Bulavin by agents of Peter’s secret office. Even official history cannot hide the real state of affairs here.

In Romanov historiography of pre-Petrine times, the city of Kursk, in particular, is mentioned only briefly among the 30 cities in which an uprising against the Romanovs broke out in 1648, while other cities of Black Earth Russia are not mentioned at all. Most likely, it was at this time that the leaders of Black Earth Russia (Slobodskaya Outskirts), including the Vorotynsky princes, who for the time being maintained neutrality regarding the Moscow-Warsaw “showdowns”, refused to obey Moscow. The biographies of these princes, written later, were moved by the Romanovs to the 16th century, where first the “good” Mikhail Vorotynsky valiantly fights for Ivan the Terrible, and then the traitor Mikhail Vorotynsky, who became “bad,” was allegedly executed in 1572. Also Yaroslavl Prince Andrei Kurbsky (the village of Kurba is located in the Yaroslavl region) turns first into an equally valiant associate of Ivan the Terrible, and then a “traitor” who fled to “Lithuania” (i.e. Vorotyn). The real last Prince Vorotynsky may have actually been executed, but only 200 years later: January 10, 1775 on Bolotnaya Square in Moscow.

Vorotyn is an area south of Kaluga left from the Tula meridian. Part of the Slobodskaya Outskirts (indicated on french map 1692 as “Outskirts”), i.e. on right south of the Tula meridian also did not belong to the Romanovs until 1769. And this is practically the entire territory of modern Oryol and Lipetsk, parts of Kursk, Voronezh, Lugansk, Belgorod, Sumy and Kharkov regions with the capital in Belgorod (founded allegedly in 1237) , with the cities of Sokolsk (allegedly from the 13th century, in 1779 renamed Catherine II to Lipetsk), Lebedyan (from the 16th century), Ostrogozhsk (1652), Valuiki (1593), Izyum (1591), Tsarev Borisov (1600, now Lugansk), Akhtyrka (1641 .), Sudzha (1664), Sumy (1652), Fatezh and Oboyan ( mid-17th century V.). In the official history, this territory was supposedly “captured by Lithuania” (i.e., Ltava - Poltava) before Ivan the Terrible, and it was he who returned these lands “under the hand of Moscow.”

No less interesting is that the ancient city in the very center Black Earth Russia, Dace(1146), on the academic French map of 1706 indicated as Galich(Galicz), i.e. similar as well as Galich-Kostroma. (On this map, in both cases, the explosive pronunciation of the initial “g” and clinking a variant of the northern pronunciation of the final consonant, as in the name of the city of Mtsensk: Moschenecz. On the map of 1692 (compiled by H. Iaillot) Elets and Galich-Kostromskoy are indicated with the transfer of the South Russian palatal initial "g" and clucking Kursk pronunciation: Eylats(Eylatz, cf. also Eilat in Israel) and Galets(Galetz), respectively, cf. Mtsensk is also there: Mochiensk.) It is possible that the current Yelets is the famous Galich"Ancient Rus'". It was in this city that Pugachev was arrested by Suvorov’s troops at the end of 1774 and transported to Simbirsk, and from there along the Volga to Moscow - in a sort of roundabout way, and not directly to the north, because military resistance in Central Russia it was still going on! (Only after this time, in particular, did Princes Daniil of Galicia and Daniil of Moscow finally become different characters of the “Catherine’s edition” of Russian history, separated in time and space.)

Romanov historians write that the Russian Empire “gained nothing from the Belgrade Peace of 1739, although Anna Ioannovna organized a magnificent celebration on this occasion and distributed many awards to generals and officers (GDR).” In fact, the Russian Empire acquired and acquired a lot... Russian and Ukrainian lands, having bargained with Turkey for the right to populate the territory of present-day Lugansk, Donetsk and Rostov regions and even parts of the Kremenchug region in Right Bank Ukraine. Here again the flag of defense of “Orthodox co-religionists” was pulled out. Here, in order to consolidate the power of the Romanovs, even under Anna Ioannovna, they began to resettle paramilitary settlement Serbs from Serbia: the left-bank settlement in history was called Slavyanoserbia with its center in Bakhmut (now the city of Artemovsk), and the right-bank settlement was called New Serbia with its center in Novomirgorod.

From the Serbs, in particular, in 1753–1764. 2 hussar and 2 pikemen regiments were formed, standing at the turn of the Slobodskaya Outskirts (White Rus'). This is still evidenced by the name of the city. . Rubizhne on the border of the current Donetsk and Lugansk regions. (Later, the “Serbian” principle of resettlement was repeatedly used to resettle Cossacks to the lands of other Cossacks and foreign Horde formations in the 19th century (“Region of the Don Army”, “Kuban Cossacks”, “Azov Cossacks”, “ Terek Cossacks"), and in the 20th century. (under Stalin).

On the western border of the Slobodskaya Outskirts was located “Little Russia,” which was autonomous until 1764, until Catherine II abolished both its autonomy and the hetmanate, deceiving the hopes of Field Marshal Hetman G. Razumovsky. Catherine installed Stanislav Poniatowski, dear to her heart, as king in Poland, and Catherine’s troops stood in his rear, in Prussia, just in case. Poland itself was generally threatened with the loss of independence, which soon happened.

Today, if desired, you can restore how the border changed on right from the Tula meridian between the Romanov Moscow and Azov provinces and the non-Romanov (Horde) Central Russia. One precisely identifiable northern point this border until 1769 was Kaluga on the border of the Moscow province. Further to the southeast is Oranienburg (from 1778 - Ranenburg, now Chaplygin, Lipetsk region), founded by Peter in 1702 and which became a border point after Peter’s Azov campaign in 1700. Even further, the border ran along the Tambov - Voronezh, then east of Horde Novy Oskol, Yelets, Ostrogozhsk and Valuykov. Neither in pre-Petrine times, nor Peter I and his successors after 1707 and until 1770, did they dare to march from Moscow from Ordynka Street to the south directly along the Muravsky Way - all trips were in bypass Horde Central Russia.

All the cities of Vorotyn were on the maps before 1768, all of them are on the modern map, except for one... himself capital city of Vorotyn at the confluence of the Upa and Oka rivers! Why? Because this one is closest to Moscow Russian Horde the city was razed to the ground by order of Catherine II after 1769. It was after the conquest of Vorotyn and the seizure of the regalia of Prince George Danilovich stored there on November 26, 1769 that Catherine II “deigned to confer on herself the insignia of the Order of the Holy Great Martyr and Victorious George,” i.e. e. became first Knight of St. George. (Or rather, the first lady. First gentleman this order became, naturally, conqueror of Vorotyn- Suvorov.)

With the conquest of Vorotyn, the victorious for the Russian Empire began Russian-Turkish war, in which the main characters were P. A. Rumyantsev, V. M. Dolgorukov, admirals G. A. Spiridov and S. G. Greig and, of course, the invincible A. V. Suvorov. It is far from accidental that in the area of ​​the former city of Vorotyn there is now a city in the Tula region that bears the name of a native Muscovite of Swedish origin, Suvorov.

A.V. Suvorov was and remains the only historically real unsurpassed and invincible commander of all times and peoples. It was under his leadership that the troops of the brilliant Empress Catherine defeated the Great Horde, both with its old tactical weapons (“Tatar dance”, “Cossack lava”, “Roman square”, etc.) and with its fundamentally new strategy and ground combat tactics, set out in his brilliant book “The Science of Victory.” Suvorov was also an example of a military man - a man of honor, word, oath, absolutely selfless and incorruptible (all these are Horde ideals!) and merciless to a non-surrendering enemy: “If the enemy does not surrender, he is destroyed.” A typical Suvorov ultimatum (for example, during the siege of Izmail): “24 hours for reflection and surrender is freedom, my first shots are already bondage, assault is death.”

He was destined to become the main commander of the conquering empress Catherine II, who conquered a vast space - from Krakow to Vladivostok and from the Baltic to the Caucasus Mountains and the Tien Shan. Here is an exhaustive description given to Suvorov by Catherine herself in her “Notes”: “Suvorov is very devoted to me and in high degree incorruptible; he easily understands when some important matter arises in the secret office; I would like to trust only him, but I must keep his severity in check so that it does not cross the boundaries that I have prescribed for myself.” (italics mine. Note Auto.)

It all started in secret chancellery: first, under Anna Ioannovna, Peter’s plan for conquest began to be carried out Central Asia and a wedge of Orenburg-Orsk fortresses was driven (1735–1742) on the border of Bashkiria and Kazakhstan, then under Elizaveta Petrovna with militarized Serbian settlements in the lower reaches of the Don and Dnieper. Finally, Catherine II, with the active participation of Suvorov, developed a plan for the final destruction of the Horde and the creation of a great Russian Empire. Historians never cease to wonder why Catherine II did not cancel the peace with Prussia concluded by her husband and very unpopular in Russia and did not finish off Frederick. This world has become tactical concession to Europe. But strategically this was a very far-sighted move: bearing in mind the further annexation of Belarus-Lithuania, part of Poland, Ukraine, Crimea and the expansion of expansion to the south and east, it was much better to have an exhausted, but forced-friendly Prussia in the rear, rather than be under the constant threat of the opening of a second front in Western Europe from the Habsburgs, England and France.

Catherine, who wrote that “her husband is indifferent to her, but the Russian crown is not indifferent,” with amazing composure and cynicism not only brilliantly carried out the operation to seize power, she also maximized used her distant husband. Her “Notes” preserve the instructions she wrote for Peter III before the death of Elizabeth: what he should say and in what order when taking power and coronation, what papers to sign and what are the first decrees to issue?. She signed it with his hands she needs peace be with Friedrich, she held it with his hands mine a decree on freedom for the nobility, and with his own hands she signed popular among the people but disastrous for him, a decree on the liquidation of the secret chancellery. Having come to power, she immediately confirmed the freedom of the nobility with her first decree: for the policy of conquest, reliance on the nobility was extremely necessary. But the decree on the liquidation of the secret chancellery was immediately canceled: in fact, its general staff did not stop working on preparing for future wars of conquest.

After the liquidation of the autonomy of Left-Bank Ukraine in 1764 and the bringing of Poniatowski to power in Poland, in 1765 troops moved out from the Slavyanoserbian bridgehead and captured an important strategic point of the Sloboda Outskirts - Izyum, which immediately received the status of a city. With the capture of Izyum, the main Horde line was cut transport artery- Muravsky Way... Sweden, the nobility of the Kingdom of Poland-Lithuania, which did not recognize Poniatowski, and the Sloboda Outskirts, felt a serious military threat from Catherine. With the support of Turkey and Crimea, they formed a confederation to protect their interests and began to gather troops in Left Bank Ukraine. Then Catherine, at the suggestion of Suvorov, ordered a pre-emptive strike. In 1768, a specially created separate brigade Suvorov (an analogue of modern special forces) first struck with lightning speed the northernmost flank of the confederation: “scattered scattered detachments near Landskrona” (look at the map, the port city of Landskrona is Southern Sweden!), then went south and defeated the Polish army of Pulatovsky near Zamosc ( East of Krakow) and, finally, going south of Orel, in the area of ​​​​the present city of Stanovoy Well Oryol region, connected with Serbian regiments of Elizabethan hussars, came out from Bakhmut, cutting off the path from Vorotyn to the south (Kursk Bulge!).

Selected Cossack regiments of Vorotyn found themselves surrounded. They were offered an ultimatum: serve in Catherine's guard or die. Some of the Cossacks surrendered, and 5 regiments were subsequently formed from them Catherine's Hussars, the other part chose death. The city of Vorotyn, which did not surrender, was destroyed. The ruins of Krapivna can still be seen today. During the defeat of the “Confederates,” the father of the Polish composer Michal Oginski also died. Later, Oginski's world-famous minor polonaise became actual Requiem for the Horde. (Oginski also wrote the melody of the Polish anthem “Poland Has Not Yet Perished.”)

All of the above South Russian Horde cities in traditional history referred to as the so-called Verkhovsky principalities, “which moved away from Lithuania to Moscow by the 2nd third of the 16th century.” These principalities did not “go” anywhere - they were conquered by Catherine II. And instead of the unsurrendered and destroyed Vorotyn, Catherine’s history sent it back to the distant year 1238... Kozelsk, which became a legendary example of the unbending defense of the “Russians” from the “Tatar-Mongols” of Batu.

After the destruction of Vorotynya, the Horde city of Sharukhan-Donets (otherwise Sarukhan, Saryn) was demolished in the same way as it was, and Kharkov was allegedly built in its place. And vice versa, the supposedly destroyed capital of Razin, the so-called “Kagalnitsky town”, or rather, the city. Kagalnik at the merger of the Seversky Donets and the Don, it existed perfectly under this name until 1779, until it was no longer renamed to Konstantinovsk on the occasion of the birth of Catherine II’s second grandson, Konstantin. (In general, all large cities in the south of Russia and Siberia, “built” in the 18th century, are, as a rule, former “Cossack towns”, renamed by Catherine II.)

A stunningly informative map has been preserved Great And Little Russia cartographer from Nuremberg Johann Baptist Homann (Ioh. Batist Homann. Tabula Geographica qua Pars Russiae Magnae, Pontus Euxinus seu Mare Nigrum et Tartaria Minor.) The date is not indicated on the map itself, but from its toponymy it is easy to determine the time of compilation - around 1770 ( in particular, already designated as the city of Izyum, which became a city in 1765, Kharkov appeared, which was not on the map of the Encyclopedia Britannica as of 1768, but Orsha and Mstislav were still in Poland, i.e. until 1772, Ryazan was still designated as Pereyaslavl-Ryazan (i.e. until 1775), Taganrog was not built (1775), etc.

On this map Great Russia(unlike Muscovy, which was not part of Great Russia at that time!) is called the entire Central Chernozem zone of Russia south of the Oka, including most of the current Kaluga and Tula regions, the current Bryansk, Sumy and Kharkov regions, i.e., the entire former Vorotyn and Slobodskaya Outskirts before the confluence of the Don and Seversky Donets.

IN great Russia This map is divided into two parts: Sevsk Occupation Zone (Seviensis Exercitus) and Belgorod Governorship (Palatinatus Belgradiensis)! Sevskaya Occupation the zone is located south of Likhvin (now Chekalin), including Belev, Bolkhov, Bryansk, Trubchevsk, Orel, Kromy, Sevsk, Rylsk and Putivl. Everything east of this zone is assigned to the Belgorod governorship, including the cities. Mtsensk, Kursk, Belgorod, Kharkov, Sumy, Stary Oskol, Valuyki, Izyum and further to the northeast along the Boguchar and Bolshoi Chir rivers, including the Voronezh fortress, which was at that time unimportant. To the southeast of this border, the lands of the Don Cossacks with the cities of Aidar (now Stanichno-Luganskoe) and Razdory, which along the lower Don bordered Cherkassia, which was also still independent at that time, still remained. The border with the “Small Horde” at that time passed south of Cherkassy, ​​the capital of which was the city. Besminda(French Besinada, now Zimovniki, Rostov region, also known as “Zimoveyskaya village”, i.e. “homeland of Razin and Pugachev”). To the south of Tsaritsyn, the lands were still controlled by the “Grebensky Cossacks” = Nogai Horde.

After the occupation of Central Black Earth Russia, i.e. Great Russia and Little Russia, the transformation of Crimea into a vassal obediently awaiting a decision on its fate and the first partition of Poland, Catherine’s expansion in 1773 developed both to the southeast - beyond the Danube, and to the southwest into the Caspian lands and to Yaik (Ural). At this time, the four-year “Pugachev uprising” began there.

In 1777, Suvorov's troops invaded Crimea and defeated the troops of the Crimean Khan Devlet-Girey. By order of Catherine, her protege Shagin-Girey, who was essentially preparing the annexation of Crimea, was temporarily appointed Khan Russian Empire. He became the last Horde khan in Europe (until 1783). What Catherine did to the population of Crimea can be judged by at least the following two facts. In 1783, after Crimea was cut off from the rest of the world for several weeks, only 60,000 inhabitants remained in it (before that, at least half a million Human)! Moreover, genocide was carried out primarily against Russians and Orthodox: the head of the Crimean Christians, Metropolitan Ignatius, was ordered to move to the shores with all the “Christians” Sea of ​​Azov. In 1778, 31,386 people, including all the monks of the oldest Orthodox center of Crimea - the Assumption Monastery (with now destroyed minarets!), escorted by Suvorov's troops, set off - on your last journey, for there are no traces of these migrants on the shores of the Sea of ​​Azov. But as a result of the “peaceful annexation”, empty, deserted popular popular “Potemkin Villages” appeared.

It was at this time that the former Horde territories of Central Russia, Ukraine and the Black Sea region became provinces, and their cities became district ones, for example: Efremov and Zhizdra in 1777, Bolkhov in 1778, Boguchar, Oboyan, Fatezh, Lgov, Shchigry, Novy Oskol , Kupyansk, Bobrov, Morshansk, Kozlov (now Michurinsk) Lebedyan, Lipetsk ( renamed Catherine II Sokolsk), Dmitriev-Lgovsky in 1779, Saratov, Ardatov, Chuguev, Petrovsk in 1780, Dmitrovsk-Orlovsky in 1782, Bakhmut, Boguslav in 1783, etc. Taganrog was built (1775 .), Kherson (1778, a city since 1783), Berislav (1784), and Novogoroditsk on the river Samara in the current Dnepropetrovsk region was renamed in the same 1784 Novomoskovsk etc.

In place of the city of Aksai, the city of Rostov-on-Don appears, and in place of the city of Tuya - Kalach-on-Don. The names “Rostov” (from the Yaroslavl region) and “Kalach” (from near Voronezh) were transferred to the Don by the names of Suvorov regiments, who destroyed the Slobodskaya Outskirts.

After the final defeat of Turkey in 1791, Turkey, which did not want to surrender, was erased from the face of the earth. Turkish fortress Hadji Bey, and in its place in 1795 Odessa was “founded”. The large city of Tsarev Borisov, which was known from the “pre-Petrine” Romanov edition of the 17th century, but its name did not fit into the “Catherine’s” edition, was renamed in 1795 to the supposedly newly founded Lugansk, Uman became the district town (1795). ) and Syzran (1796).

The Ekaterinoslav province and Crimea, formed by Catherine, began to be intensively populated by “co-religionists” according to the Elizabethan “Serbian” principle: Armenians and Greeks resettled with North Caucasus, which was conquered by the same Suvorov. (Crimean Tatars began to be evicted later, after the annexation of Crimea.)

Another city allegedly founded by Catherine in 1783 is Ekaterinoslav(now Dnepropetrovsk) is a large Horde city renamed after the destruction Kudak. It is significant that immediately after Catherine’s death in 1796, Paul I, in order not to irritate the extremely indignant population of the Ukraine conquered by Catherine, renamed Ekaterinoslav to Novorossiysk. After the assassination of Paul I, Alexander I returned the name Ekaterinoslav to the city, and the name Novorossiysk, founded in 1838, received the current city with this name. But Mr. Chigirin, allegedly twice destroyed by Moscow Russians and “good Cossacks” during the Chigirin campaigns of 1667–1668. existed calmly both in 1692 and in 1768, and was by no means “rebuilt” in 1775. After the fall of the Crimean Khanate, the city of Kafa was renamed Feodosia (1783). In place of g.g. Balaclava, Inkerman and the destroyed Korsun (aka Sary-Kermen, aka Corazon, i.e., in Spanish and by Portuguese Heart, also known as “ancient Chersonesos,” which supposedly existed 1800 years before) was founded in 1785 in Sevastopol. They are now trying to convince us that the best harbor of Crimea was little used by the Crimeans, and the city of Korsun was abandoned since the 15th century. And in this case, Paul I, who tried to somehow soften the bloody deeds of his brilliant and hated mother, renamed Sevastopol to Akhtiyar (Alexander I immediately canceled his decree after the murder of Paul.)

Korsun, which did not surrender, was destroyed in the same way as Vorotyn, Sarukhan, and Kudak. Only amazing unique The beauty of the Sultan's palace with drip fountains in Bakhchisarai saved it from destruction, thanks to the intercession of Potemkin. It’s not just the capital itself, but a system of cities Bakhchisaray(i.e. Capital-Garden, aka Scythian Naples), despite its "Gardens of Babylon", was liquidated. The city of Sultan-Saray was also almost completely destroyed. On the site of the destroyed Kermenchik fortress, Simferopol was “founded” in 1784. Golden Horde city Krymenda was practically wiped off the face of the earth, and the village built in its place was called Old Crimea. On the site of the destroyed fortresses of Gezlev (Kozlov) and the city of Soshalom, Evpatoria was “founded” in 1784. The name of the destroyed Korsun was transferred to Kherson, founded in 1778.

All these movements are closely related to composed by Catherine's edition « ancient Russian history" For example, an allegedly “Old Russian” was placed in Crimea Surozh, which is now identified with Sudak. In fact, Mr. Suraj exists quietly today, but not in Crimea, but in present-day Bryansk areas. This Lithuanian = white the Russian city did not fit into Romanov’s “Russian” history in any way, therefore its name in Polish pronunciation and “transported” to Crimea after the annexation of Crimea in 1783 (Names of the city. Zander(otherwise: Suda, Sugdeya), like Messrs. Suja(fr. Sosa), Suzdal, Suzak in Kyrgyzstan, Szeged in Hungary, as well as the “ancient” Suz And Sogd etc. mean “court, judgment seat” from the root xxg- common as for Russian words trial, execution, repent, on show, and German sondern, English sentence"sentence" and castigate"to execute", and for Arabic kazi(kadi, judge), cf. Also say, lit. sakyti, English say, German sagen etc. B Kostroma region, by the way, there are still cities - former Horde courts- in the names of which there are both c/s phonetic forms: Sudislavl, Sudai and Kady.)

Regarding the history of the conquest of the North Caucasus, one special point is worth highlighting. Until now, historians are looking for where the legendary capital of the Khazar Kaganate, Semender, was located. Only at the end of the 19th century. they had difficulty establishing that she was somewhere in the northern Caucasus. Meanwhile, find the location of this one more Horde capital destroyed under Catherine II The city of Semender is still possible today. Semender, Persian Zamindar, means "Land Ownership". Both Cossacks and nomadic tribes spent the winter in the Salsky steppes - where there were winter pastures. These pastures were distributed from natural geographical center- the already mentioned Besminda - the current Zimovniki (Rostov region), i.e., the “stanitsa Zimoveyskaya” of Razin and Pugachev, the capital of Pyatigorye, i.e. from the city of Bes-minda, i.e. Semender. It is also important to note here that Khazar Khaganate as part Great Horde with its capital in Semender existed until the second half of the 18th century., and not lost in “antiquity”.