What is the language in Vietnam for tourists. What language is spoken in Vietnam: the official language, the language of communication, necessary colloquial and useful phrases for tourists

Language of Vietnam

What is the language in Vietnam

Official language in Vietnam- Vietnamese (tieng viet).

The Vietnamese language is also widely spoken in Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, Malaysia, Australia, France, Germany, the USA, and Canada. It is spoken by more than 80 million people worldwide.

Language of Vietnam has characteristics in different regions of the country. There are three main dialects: northern, central and southern.

Since Hanoi is a city with a developed tourist infrastructure, the staff in hotels, restaurants and cafes speaks spoken English. In the service sector, French and Russian are also spoken. Difficulties in translation Russian travelers are ignored in developed tourist centers of Vietnam.

Language of Vietnam has a complex phonological structure. One word, pronounced with different intonation and tone, can have up to six meanings.

For a long time Vietnamese language was influenced by the Chinese language. Two-thirds of the words in the Vietnamese language come from Chinese, and during the period of French rule, Vietnamese vocabulary was enriched with French words.

Until the beginning of the 20th century Vietnamese alphabet was hieroglyphic. But a little over a century ago, the Latin alphabet was introduced in the country. Diacritics were added to Latin vowels to indicate the tone of pronunciation of the letter. The modern Vietnamese alphabet consists of 29 letters.

Vietnamese language(tiếng việt / 㗂越) is an Austroasiatic language with approximately 82 million speakers, primarily in Vietnam. In addition, Vietnamese speakers are found in the USA, China, Cambodia, France, Australia, Laos, Canada and several other countries. Vietnamese has been the official language of Vietnam since 1954, when the state gained independence from France.

Story

The distant ancestor of modern Vietnamese was born in the Red River Delta in northern Vietnam. Initially he was under strong influence Indian and Malayo-Polynesian languages, but everything changed after the Chinese began to rule the coastal people from the 2nd century. BC

For a millennium, about 30 dynasties of Chinese rulers dominated Vietnam. During this period, it was the language of literature, education, science, politics, and was also used by the Vietnamese aristocracy. Ordinary people, however, continued to speak the local language, which was written using the symbols ti-nom (chữ nôm jũhr nawm). This writing system consisted of Chinese characters, adapted to Vietnamese sounds, and was used until the beginning of the twentieth century. More than two-thirds of Vietnamese words come from Chinese sources—this vocabulary is called Sino-Vietnamese (Hán Việt haán vee·ụht).

After a century of struggle for independence, the Vietnamese began to rule their land in 939. The Vietnamese language, written using the characters chữ nôm, gained authority as the people were reborn. This was the most fruitful period in the development of Vietnamese literature, during which such great works as the poetry of Ho Xuan Huong and the Poem of Kieu (Truyện Kiều chwee·ụhn ğee·oò) by Nguyen Du appeared.

The first European missionaries came to Vietnam in the 16th century. The French gradually established themselves as the dominant European power in the region, displacing the Portuguese, and annexed Vietnam to Indochina in 1859 after establishing control of Saigon.

French vocabulary began to be used in Vietnam, and in 1610, based on Latin alphabet a new official writing system for the Vietnamese language, quốc ngữ gwáwk ngũhr script, was created, which further strengthened French rule. This 29 letter phonetic alphabet developed in the 17th century. French Jesuit monk Alexandre de Rod. Nowadays, quốc ngữ (quốc ngữ) is almost always used in writing.

Despite many conflict situations, which Vietnam has had to face since the middle of the last century, little has changed in the Vietnamese language. Some changes in Quốc ngữ did occur in the 1950s and 60s, due to which the Middle Vietnamese dialect was reflected in the Vietnamese letter, which combines initial consonants characteristic of the south with vowels and final consonants characteristic of north.

Vietnamese is currently the official language Socialist Republic Vietnam. The language is spoken by about 85 million people worldwide, in Vietnam and expat communities in Australia, Europe, North America and Japan.

Writing

Vietnamese was originally written using a script based on Chinese characters called Chữ-nôm (喃) or Nôm (喃). At first most Vietnamese literature retained the structure and lexical composition of the Chinese language. In later literature, the Vietnamese style began to develop, but still there were many words borrowed from the Chinese language in the works. The most famous literary work in Vietnamese is "The Poem of Kieu" written by Nguyen Du (1765-1820).

The letter tyn-nom was used until the twentieth century. Educational courses on T'n Nom were available at Ho Chi Minh University until 1993, and the script is still studied and taught at the Han Nom Institute in Hanoi, where a dictionary of all T' Nom characters has recently been published.

In the seventeenth century. Roman Catholic missionaries introduced a writing system in Vietnamese in Latin based, Quốc Ngữ ( state language), which has been in use ever since. Until the beginning of the twentieth century. the Kuokngy writing system was used in parallel with the Tin. Nowadays, only kuokngy is used.

Vietnamese alphabet and phonetic transcription

Notes

• The letters "F", "J", "W" and "Z" are not part of the Vietnamese alphabet, but are used in foreign loanwords. "W" (vê-đúp)" is sometimes used instead of "Ư" in abbreviations. In informal correspondence, "W", "F", and "J" are sometimes used as abbreviations for "QU", "PH", and "GI", respectively.
• The digraph "GH" and trigraph "NGH" generally replace "G" and "NG" before the "I" to avoid confusion with the digraph "GI". By historical reasons, they are also used before "E" or "Ê".
• G = [ʒ] before i, ê, and e, [ɣ] in other position
• D and GI = [z] in northern dialects (including Hanoi dialect), and [j] in central, southern and Saigon dialects.
• V is pronounced [v] in northern dialects, and [j] in southern dialects.
• R = [ʐ, ɹ] in southern dialects

Vietnamese is a tone language and has 6 tones, which are designated as follows:

1. flat = ghost
2. high rising = cheek
3. descending = but
4. ascending-descending = grave
5. descending-ascending = horse
6. sharply descending = rice shoot

Vietnamese language (tiếng Việt, tieng viet) belongs to the Austroasiatic family of languages ​​(Viet-Muong group). It is the mother tongue of the Viet or Kinh ethnicity. It is spoken by 87 million people in Vietnam and approximately another 5 million in other countries (mostly by expatriate Vietnamese).

Vietnamese alphabet

Capital letters are shown, and below them the corresponding lowercase letters. Total in Vietnamese alphabet 29 letters.

The Vietnamese language took shape in the distant past among people living in the Red River Delta. First millennium AD Vietnam was under Chinese rule and the Vietnamese language was greatly influenced by the Chinese language, as was the entire culture of Vietnam. Two-thirds of the words in Vietnamese come from the language of its northern neighbor. Classical Chinese was the official written and literary language until the end of the 19th century.
Many loanwords in Vietnamese are derived from Thai languages.
During the period when Vietnam was ruled by the French colonial administration, many French words entered the Vietnamese language. At the beginning of the 21st century, Americanisms are intensively penetrating.

Book by Vietnamese writer Nguyen Du in Vietnamese in the museum

Dialects, tones

Vietnam is divided into four dialectal regions. Dialects of the Vietnamese language differ in the number of tones (from 4 to 6) and lexically. The Hanoi dialect of the northern dialect is considered the basis of the modern literary Vietnamese language.

The tone in which a word or phrase is pronounced is very important. One word, pronounced with different intonations, can have up to six meanings.

The Russian hearing system is not used to perceiving speech with so many tones. AND speech apparatus He also struggles with pronunciation. People with good hearing, with musical education, accustomed to hearing and distinguishing tones and semitones. Trying to pronounce something in Vietnamese and neglecting the tone can get you into a funny situation. However, even people without an ear for music can learn Vietnamese.
In turn, although Vietnamese are generally good at learning foreign languages, they pronounce sounds incorrectly and are difficult to understand when they speak, for example, English.

At self-study If you speak Vietnamese, you can use the translation service of the global search engine Google (Google.com or Google.ru). It has the function of voicing a word or sentence.

Vietnamese alphabet

Throughout long history Vietnam used the Nom (Tinnom) writing system based on Chinese characters, but adapted to the Vietnamese language. At the beginning of the 20th century, writing based on the Latin alphabet was introduced. It was developed back in the 17th century by the Catholic missionary Alexandre de Rod.
Writing in Latin makes life a little easier for visitors: you can read names and surnames on business cards and cards.
The main difference between Vietnamese letters and Latin ones is the addition of diacritics to the vowels at the top and bottom of the letter. This is caused by the need to correctly define the tone.

There are 29 letters in the Vietnamese alphabet. Although it is based on Latin, it officially does not contain the letters F, J, W and Z. But, nevertheless, they can be found in foreign names and names.

Basic concepts, rules of the Vietnamese language

Words in Vietnamese do not change by case. The definition comes after the word it defines. For example: rong (long) wang is a golden dragon, not a golden dragon.
The most common sentence model: subject + predicate + object (for example, toy muon an_chya - I want to have lunch), that is, just like in Russian.
Question words “what”, “how”, “where” and others can be at the end of a sentence. It would be more correct: “where is the hotel?”, and not “where is the hotel?”
Combinations of letters ch are read as Russian “ch” or soft “t”. The combination tr is read as a middle term between “tr” and “ch”. The letter h after n softens it, for example binh is read as “binh”. R, Gi, D (not to be confused with D with a horizontal line) are read as the Russian “z”.
The letter combination gia is read approximately as “zya”.

Common signs

Khách sạn (kha shan) - hotel
Chợ (ợ) - market
Ga (ga) - railway station
Sân bay (san bay) - airport

How to learn Vietnamese on your own?

Vietnamese language textbooks for Russian-speaking readers are not widely available. But perhaps the publishing houses of those universities (MSU, St. Petersburg State University, FEFU) where the Vietnamese language is taught publish such textbooks. They also offer commercial courses.
Second key point is communication with native Vietnamese speakers. In Russia they can be found in large cities, in “Vietnamese” markets. Perhaps some of them will agree to give lessons for a fee.
The third way is online learning.
Tourists will find this short Russian-Vietnamese phrasebook useful.

Foreign languages ​​in Vietnam

The most common foreign language in Vietnam it is English. It is studied in schools, in higher education educational institutions, in various courses and independently. The second one is Chinese. It is also often taught in schools and universities. After these two languages, French, Russian and German languages. It is rarely taught in schools and universities. Several tens of thousands of graduates of universities and institutes of the USSR and several thousand graduates of Russian universities speak Russian. Those 300-400 thousand Vietnamese who traded in markets in Russia and then returned to their homeland do not speak Russian well. IN lately Due to the increase in the number of tourists coming to Vietnam from the CIS countries, in places where they gather, trade and service workers began to speak Russian at an entry level.

February 14th, 2012

I spent two months in Vietnam, leisurely traveling through the country from the southern border with Cambodia to the northern border with China. The most surprising thing is that this journey turned out to be much easier to accomplish than I thought. Firstly, the geography of the country itself determines the route - either you go from north to south, or vice versa. Since I have a lot of free time, I drove around Vietnam slowly, stopping in the most interesting places and periodically hanging out there.

The note is addressed to novice travelers who want to see Vietnam, but do not know how to properly organize everything.

The country now has a socialist regime and they say that previously it was more difficult to travel around Vietnam on your own; permits and a guide were required. Nowadays there is no such thing; you can come to almost any point in the country yourself. However, for example, you must go to the Cham Islands in central Vietnam with guides and a permit. I stayed in Vietnam from the end of December to the end of February 2012. I traveled alone for a month and a half, accompanied by my backpack and netbook, so I can say that girls can travel alone in Vietnam! If you behave appropriately, dress decently and do not show off your property to others, then it is unlikely that anyone will touch you. Although, of course, they warn that it is better not to walk around the city at night unaccompanied.

So, the most popular question is: Is it possible to go to Vietnam on your own without buying a ticket from a travel agency? Of course you can! An independent trip is much more interesting than a standard 10-day tour, where you won’t even see the country, because you will be brought to a tourist ghetto, checked into an expensive hotel with meals included, thereby tying you to the location. A lot of money will be spent on vacation, but the impressions are unlikely to remain. To see real Vietnam, you need to go yourself and try to avoid places where Russian tourists gather in the popular resorts of Phan Thiet and Nha Trang. Having traveled through Vietnam, I can say that these are the most boring places tailored for Russian tourists, with all the ensuing consequences. So, instead of a flute surrounded by colored Chinese lanterns, you will have to listen to Russian pop music against a background of obscurantism while drinking bitters.

Where to start preparing for a trip? How to navigate the country without a guide?

First, read information about the country on the Internet and sketch out an approximate travel route. Which places do you find most attractive? Write them down in geographical sequence, checking the cities with the map on Google Maps. In general, Google maps has become my number 1 assistant, here you can conveniently look at the city map, understand where I am and look at marks, for example, where the nearest bank is located or where buses to the airport depart from. When planning routes, you can use information from the Vinsky forum (section about Vietnam) or guidebooks. Most Russian guidebooks are very stupid; there is no useful information for independent tourism, because the compilers are, as a rule, incompetent and simply rewrite articles from encyclopedias. However, at the route planning stage, such guidebooks can come in handy; you will read them, select the most interesting places and add them to your plan. This completes the function of Russian-language guidebooks. The most or less interesting books are published by Afisha and Around the World; high-quality publications edited by Krylov are also good, but the information in them is not the freshest. But it’s better to avoid thin brochures and the “Polyglot” series, because the books that I saw were complete nonsense and even the illustrations in them did not correspond to the place being described. The best option is practical guidebooks Lonely Planet or Rough Guide on English.

How to use the guide?

Lonely Planet (or LP) guides contain all the latest information about cities, hotels, guest houses, cafes, restaurants, banks, and travel agencies of the country. There are clear maps, route descriptions, useful tips based on local prices. For example, you can quickly find any guesthouse in Hanoi on the map, see its address and price. With the help of LP you can quickly figure out where to go, where to spend the night, what to see in the city. The only drawback is high price. However, in Southeast Asia you can buy fake guidebooks printed on paper slightly worse quality. The texts and maps are clearly visible, and the illustrations, in general, can be viewed on the Internet. For example, in Siem Reap I bought a pirated LP with 1000 pages for only $10, and you have to bargain, because they will tell you the maximum price! You can download the LP in pdf format to your computer - version 2006-2008 for free or buy the latest one on the official website.

What language is spoken in Vietnam? Suddenly I will have problems.

IN tourist places– Saigon, Mui Ne, Da Lat, Nha Trang, Hue, etc. most people speak English. The main one is Vietnamese. In the northern part of the country, English is used less. For example, it was difficult for me to explain myself in Hanoi; even the hotel staff understood almost nothing. However, most often common phrases will be enough! The main thing is to be able to ask the price, order lunch and book transport tickets. At the train station in Hanoi, I didn’t see any signs in English, and the staff didn’t speak either, but it wasn’t difficult to board the train. It is better to have street names or information in Vietnamese written on a piece of paper with you. Locals After reading what is written, they will always show you which direction to go or help you take you on a motorbike to your destination. The main rule is to speak slowly, 1-2 words, then maybe you will be understood. Excuse me, could you tell me how I can get to the center of the city? - too difficult. Better this way: Center? The Vietnamese generally divide all words into syllables – Viet Nam or Ha Noi, so it’s better to save masterly word forms in English for a trip to Foggy Albion.

How much money do you need for such a trip?

How much money to take with you depends on your ability to spend. If you are used to saving and spending money rationally, then most likely you will be able to calculate a budget and get by with a small amount. If you are planning a dynamic backpacker trip with frequent moves, then you will need more money than renting a nice room by the sea and living in place for a whole month. On average, in Vietnam you can live on $12 a day, this will include a room for two, meals in local economy class cafes. You will have to pay extra for excursions, entrance fees to parks and museums, taxi rides, motorbike rentals, and massages. Thus, the average daily consumption can range from $12 to several hundred - it depends only on you.

It cost me from $14 a day, despite the fact that I rented a room alone (for $8, $10, $15). She often went to parks, museums, swimming pools, for massages, sometimes used the services of taxi drivers and ate in cafes. Of course, if I need to save, I could spend much less. There was always an alternative to choose a cheaper room (for $6 instead of $8), but I was ready to pay extra for the picturesque view, comfort or breakfast. You can also dine in local cafes for $1 per serving, or in European cafes for $3-4 per serving. The food in local cafes is much tastier, but you often have to eat in cafes for tourists, because in Vietnam it is difficult to find vegetarian food, but in European cafes there is always at least minimal choice vegetarian dishes.

At a minimum, $400-500 should be enough for a month of settled life in Vietnam. In travel mode, this amount, in my experience, doubles or triples if you visit many attractions and actively move around the country. In addition, Tet fell during my stay here - Vietnamese New Year, when prices in the country rise for 2 weeks. For example, I paid $30 for a bus from Nha Trang to Hoi An during the holidays, ordinary days such a ticket costs about $10. And no rooms were found below $15.

What are the prices in Vietnam?

Food at markets - vegetables, fruits, juices, noodles, etc. they are cheap. 1 kg of tangerines in Sapa – 20 rubles, a large portion of pho soup – 20-30 rubles, fresh baguette – 3-6 rubles, juice in a bottle – 15 rubles, 1 kg of strawberries – 100 rubles, 1.5 liters of water – 7-10 rubles You can eat at the markets; hot dishes are prepared here to the maximum affordable prices, but most of them are meat and hygiene rules are not observed in all places. If you're lucky, you might find a dog or cat in the soup; unfortunately, it's a common practice here to eat pets. There is even a 1 km long dog market in Hanoi where unfortunate dogs are taken.

Food in restaurants and cafes costs differently everywhere. In Nha Trang, the average cost of a bill (1-2 dishes + drink) per person is $4-5, in Mui Ne – $1-2, in Hue – $2-3, in Hoi An – $1-2, in Hanoi – 4-5$, in Sapa – 2-3$, in Saigon – 2-3$. Again, in all cities you can find budget cafes where local and expensive restaurants eat. Vegetarian food and local Vietnamese dishes are cheaper than the European menu - salads, soups, pasta, pizza, meat, fries.

From Vietnamese cuisine, you should try traditional pho soup with noodles, nems or spring rolls - pancakes in rice paper with fillings, fried rice with vegetables, fried noodles with additives. Seafood and all sorts of reptiles are very popular - crocodiles, turtles, snakes. The Vietnamese even eat cats and dogs, washed down with snake blood. In general, I didn’t particularly like Vietnamese cuisine; it is not as rich and varied as Thai. And finding something original for vegetarians is quite difficult. In some cities, public veg canteens are popular - very tasty and affordable, with a large selection of dishes with soy and tofu. And prices are $1-2 per person. Most often they are called Bo De. For a variety of tastes, I went to Indian or Italian cafes. There is an excellent vegetarian restaurant in Hanoi Com Chay Nang Tam on Trang Hung Dao street. The illusionist chef prepares amazing dishes that imitate chicken, crabs, cutlets and more. Try snow balls, BBQ chicken and stuffed grilled tomatoes.

Transport prices are reasonable except for taxis. The most common method of fraud among taxi drivers is through speed meters. Landing costs 10,000 dong, then the counter starts accelerating the amount, not even per kilometer, but it’s unclear how. When I arrived in Hanoi at 5 am, the bus dropped me off on the outskirts, it was deserted and dark, it was raining, I had to take the first taxi I could find to get to the Old Quarter. The meter counted me almost $20 for a 15-minute drive, and it looked like it was a shame, bring it, pay. The services of motorbikers are cheaper, but you need to bargain and reduce the price several times. City buses cost 3,000 dong (4 rubles). Perhaps this best way move around the city. However, once you buy a card, the drivers and conductors speak no English at all. So I showed a map of the city and asked to stop at the place where I was going.

Bus prices between cities: Nha Trang - Saigon $10, Hanoi - Hue $20, Hoi An - Hue $4, Dalat - Nha Trang $7, train Hanoi - Lao Chai $25 for a hard sleeper. Rent a motorbike for a day – $4-5. Bicycle rental – $1-1.5 per day.

How to get from the airport to the city center?

If you're flying into Hanoi or Saigon and want to save money, take advantage of the public buses or minibuses that depart from the terminal on the lower level of the airport. If it’s difficult to figure it out on your own the first time, then it’s best to ask the airport staff where the buses depart from. The airport website always has information about options for how best to get to the city. Don't be lazy to look. For example, a public bus to the center of Hanoi costs only 5,000 dong (10 rubles), and a minibus costs 40,000 dong (60 rubles). A taxi ride will cost $10-15 per car. Minibuses from Vietnam Airlines ($2) run every hour from the center of Hanoi to the airport. The stop at the center is at the Quang Trung intersection next to the Old Quarter. How to find this street? Open Google Maps, all Vietnamese guesthouses have wi-fi.

What's the best way to get around the country?

The most common ways to travel around Vietnam are buses and trains. Buses are much cheaper, but trains are much more comfortable. Train schedules and ticket prices can be viewed. You can buy train tickets at the guesthouse or at travel agencies, which are literally dotted everywhere. However, you will have to pay a commission to the agents. It is much more economical to buy a train ticket yourself at the train station. Considering the lack of knowledge of English among the Vietnamese, you need to write on a piece of paper the train number, date and time of departure, destination, type of place. For example, 02/10/2012, SE8 Ha Noi – Ninh Binh, 06:15 a.m., 1 soft seat.

A ticket from Hanoi to Ninh Binh cost me 80,000 dong ($4), Hanoi – Lao Chai 500,000 dong ($25) for a night hard sleeper.

Vietnamese train carriages are divided into several types: soft seats, hard seats, hard sleepers, soft sleepers, soft compartments. Seated carriages are the cheapest; as a rule, locals travel there. I traveled in a hard sleeper, and overall it was very comfortable. The Vietnamese hard sleeper is a separate compartment for 6 people, the mattresses are hard, the linen is of average freshness, and the level of cleanliness is average. Tourists mainly go to soft coupes for 4 people, it is much more comfortable and cleaner there, but the price is higher than in proletarian carriages. There were no tourists among my fellow travelers. Train tickets must be purchased at the Ha Noi Ga central train station; most trains depart from here. There are other stations in Hanoi, but I did not use them. You can buy a ticket right before the train departs. I arrived in Hanoi from Sapa early in the morning and immediately at this station at the ticket office I bought a ticket for the early train to Ninh Binh. It is better to check the time of arrival at the desired point in advance on the Internet, since among your neighbors on the train it is unlikely that anyone will tell you the desired station. The Vietnamese only blink their eyes in surprise or say their favorite phrase YesYes, which does not at all mean that they understood you.

Sleeper buses run regularly between cities, but it is better to buy tickets in advance, especially during holidays. Buses have two-story bunks and sometimes a toilet. The cost of travel by bus will be two times lower than traveling by train. I can’t say that I liked the Vietnamese buses; they were all old and not particularly comfortable. Some passengers did not have a seat and rode on the floor. However, you can travel around the country using them. There is also an open tour bus ticket system - for example, you buy a ticket in Saigon to Hanoi for $30-40 and travel across the country, stopping for several days in any place. Before departure you need to make notes in the offices, but I did not use this system. Once, however, I had the opportunity to ride on such a bus from Nha Trang to Hoi An during Tet, because there were no others. Mostly Western backpackers travel on them, the buses are broken and old, and the drivers don’t even stop for the toilet.

And most importantly, if you take a tourist bus, you will most likely be taken directly from your guesthouse to the door of another guesthouse. So you won’t get lost, and you can easily choose a place to stay at will.

How to look for housing?

Every city has streets and entire neighborhoods adapted to the needs of tourists. There are guesthouses, cafes, ATMs, travel agencies, shops. Arriving in such an area, you can easily find a room to your liking. In Saigon it is Phan Ngu Lao, in Hanoi Old Quarter, in Hue Nguyen Tri Phuong, in Hoi An Ba Trieu and neighboring streets, in Nha Trang Tran Phu 64B and two parallel lines from the beach, Mui Ne and Phan Thiet represent a single strip of tourist infrastructure, there is no single street in Dalat, you can stay in the area Pink Villa. The most poorly developed town on my way is Ninh Binh, there are several guesthouses near the train station.

What interesting things to see in Vietnam?

My route in Vietnam looked like this: Saigon-Mekong Delta-Phan Thiet-Mui Ne-Dalat-Nha Trang-Hoi An-Hue-Ninh Binh-Hanoi-Lao Chai-Sapa-Hanoi-Ha Long. Almost every city deserves attention, but it depends on personal preferences. Some are interested in temples and monasteries, some are interested in beach holidays, some are interested in the authentic Vietnamese atmosphere, others nightlife and discos, for some people mountains...

I definitely recommend the alpine Sapu and Dalat– you need to go there for beautiful landscapes, treks, walks, fresh air and colorful local peoples. , where I would gladly return because of the special Vietnamese-Chinese atmosphere. There is no beach holiday in Vietnam, perhaps because in winter it is cold, waves, and winds. In Mui Ne the sea is dirty, but there are many kite schools in Nha Trang and Da Nang high waves and the descent into the sea is very steep, in addition, 90% of vacationers in these places are Russian package tourists. Accordingly, the prices and atmosphere are appropriate. Hue seemed gloomy and rainy to me; apart from crypts, tombs and ancient architecture, there was nothing to see there. In Hanoi, you should definitely take a walk along the streets of the Old Quarter, go to the Temple of Literature, where calligraphers gather, walk around Lake of the Returned Sword, and visit the national water puppet theater near Hoan Kiem. I liked the Mekong Delta for its landscapes and fragrant coconut sweets. For beautiful pictures and boat rides among the karst mountains, it is worth visiting Ninh Binh, 2 hours from Hanoi, where the Tam Coc mountains and the ancient capital of Hoa Lu are located. In the north of the country there are many national parks and, perhaps, for their sake I will return to Vietnam. You most likely know Ha Long Bay - it is a symbol and business card countries. In general, Vietnam seemed to me quite fussy and Europeanized, sometimes the feeling of Asia that I love so much was completely lost.

And northern Vietnam is also different from South Vietnam. The Vietnamese here are not as friendly and hospitable as the southerners, and are happy to rob tourists of a few extra bucks. Before you get into a taxi or make a purchase, it is better to check the cost in several places. The northerners don’t give you change, you have to count it, and there’s nothing to say about smiles, they do everything with a stretch, lazily, as if you’re asking them to come. Southerners smile, northerners frown, but in the north nature is more generous, and in the south it is warmer in winter. Northern Vietnam is best seen in spring and summer, and southern Vietnam in winter. If you have any questions – welcome!

it is this language that is spoken by the vast majority of the population, although experts estimate that there are about 130 languages ​​spoken in the territory of this state. Vietnamese language also serves as a means of communication in higher levels, and for conversations among ordinary people, in addition, it is the language of education and business.
In addition to Vietnam, this language is considered one of the main ones in, and is also found in the USA, Australia, and others European countries. If we talk about total number of all Vietnamese speakers, there are already more than 75 million people around the world.

Features of the Vietnamese language

If we talk about classification, then Vietnamese belongs to the Austroasiatic family and the Vietnamese group. Judging by its origin, it is very close to the Muong language, and then simply separated from it. Initially, the Vietnamese language was classified as a group of Thai languages, but after numerous studies it “returned” to the Vietnamese group.
Like any other language, Vietnamese has many dialects, of which there are 3 main ones, which, in turn, also have their own dialects and dialects. In the center the northern dialect is common, in the city - central, but in the surrounding areas - southern. Dialects belonging to the central ones are more archaic. All dialects differ from each other in phonetics and vocabulary.

Vietnamese language and its grammatical features

The language has about 2,500 syllables, but depending on the different dialects, this number may vary. Vietnamese belongs to the group of isolating languages, being also a syllabic and tonal language. In almost all languages ​​of the Vietnamese group difficult words are reduced to monosyllabic ones, but this often concerns only historical words, now there is a tendency towards the opposite process.
There are no inflections in the Vietnamese language, just as there are no analytical forms. This means that's all grammatical relations are being built thanks to official words, and not by inflection (adding suffixes, prefixes and affixes). Parts of speech related to nominatives include adjectives, verbs, and predicates. Related terms are used instead of personal pronouns. The language has prepositions, but no postpositions.

Words in the Vietnamese language are formed by adding affixes, moreover, of Chinese origin, root formation and reduplication (doubling a word, syllable or the entire stem). A feature of word formation can also be called the fact that all those components with the help of which words are formed are monosyllabic, i.e. monosyllabic. By the way, one syllable can have several meanings, and the meanings change when the intonation of their pronunciation changes.
In Vietnamese sentence fixed order words that fit the “subject – predicate – object” scheme. The word being defined precedes the word being defined, and all classifiers stand between the numeral noun.
Most of the words in the Vietnamese language are borrowed from and, and they belong to different time periods. The language also contains a lot of native Austroasiatic vocabulary. People's names in Vietnam consist of 3 words: father's/mother's surname, nickname and given name. You can’t call Viets by their last name, like ours, but by their first name – as many as you like. If we talk about the peculiarities of Vietnamese names, then previously the middle name indicated the gender of the child; for girls there was only one word, but for boys there were several dozen. Then this tradition disappeared.

Why is Vietnamese so popular now?

Since this language is spoken in many European and Asian countries, it is not surprising that everyone wants to study it more people every year. Some people learn it simply “for themselves,” while others need it to do business and open branches in this state.

Many goods from this country are now comparable in price and quality, and their culture and traditions are so interesting that many are starting to think about learning the Vietnamese language. In Vietnam itself, in resort areas they speak English, and other popular languages.
Students of the Vietnamese language note that it is very similar to Chinese: the syllables in both carry meaning. Intonation plays a very important role: if you say it wrong, the conversation doesn’t work out. In general, this language is quite rare, since very few language schools exists in our country. Classes often begin only after groups have been recruited, and you have to wait. It is better to find an individual teacher, which will be faster and sometimes better. By the way, you should not forget that if you go to the country of the language you are learning and live there for a month or two, you will learn the language by itself.