New order concept in the Second World War. Hitler's "new order" for the USSR and occupied countries

On August 29, 1941, the world media announced the German-Italian declaration on the establishment of their “new order” in Europe. Today, few people know about the contents of this document and other similar plans. There are even opinions that Hitler’s power for Europe would be a lesser evil than the USSR’s dominance over Eastern and South-Eastern Europe.

Therefore, it makes sense to familiarize yourself with the main provisions of the plans of Hitler and Mussolini in order to find out what the world would have become if not for the victory of the USSR. Everything that the German Nazis planned for their “new world order” was spelled out in “Mein Kampf” - this is Adolf Hitler’s book “My Struggle”, in German Mein Kampf, which was published in 1925, it combined elements of an autobiography outlining the ideas of German National Socialism. Other ideas for the future can be gleaned from the relevant orders and transcripts of meetings at A. Hitler’s headquarters.

In accordance with the hierarchy introduced by the Nazis, Europe was supposed to have several vassal pro-fascist regimes, like the regime of Horthy or Antonescu. For all other states of the planet, a certain “differential” approach was planned: for countries Western Europe(like France, Belgium, Holland, England, etc.) the main principle of conquest was “Germanization”; For Eastern Europe, the most important raw materials, including oil-bearing regions of Asia - “colonization”; For Central Russia, Caucasus and Transcaucasia - “depopulation”.

About “Germanization”, using the example of France, on Nuremberg trials said the representative of the French prosecution, Faure: “The Germans sought to eliminate any elements of the French spirit. First of all, they prohibited in an extremely rude manner the use French... Even the inscriptions on the gravestones had to be written only in German...” That is main blow applied to the language, one of the main foundations of any people. Then there was active propaganda of the concept of Nazism, the elimination of the ideological foundations of people, this undermined their psychological spirit.

Robert Jackson, the chief US prosecutor at the same trial, made his own addition to the description of the “new German order": "The population of the occupied territories was mercilessly treated. Terror was the order of the day." Civilians were arrested without any charges, they were not given the right to have a lawyer, and they were executed without trial or investigation at all. And this is in Western Europe, where the Nazis behaved, in their opinion, in a “civilized” manner.

In the East, a regime of complete, unlimited terror was established. With the practicality and rationality inherent in the German Nazis. Reichsführer SS Heinrich Himmler, instructing his troops and political police, said: “Our tasks do not include the Germanization of the East, which consists in educating the population German language and German laws; We only want to ensure that only people of pure German blood live in the East.” To solve the problem of “people of exclusively Aryan blood” living in the East, Hitler invented the technology of “depopulation.” In 1940, the essence of this technology was announced in Rauschning’s book ( former comrade German Fuhrer) published in New York, according to Hitler, it was about “the elimination of entire racial units.”

For the USSR, this technology of “depopulation” resulted in the fact that during the war years we lost only about 17 million civilians, and about 10 million more were driven into slavery. Legalization of slavery, including of children, is one of characteristic features"new European order" Not only citizens of the USSR, but also the French, Poles, Baltic states, etc. worked at industrial and agricultural enterprises of the Third Reich. If not for the Victory Soviet Union these slaves would die at the construction sites of the “new world order,” and millions more people all over the planet would become slaves.

In fact, Hitler’s “new world order” meant a global concentration camp for the peoples of the planet. Huge territories would have been “deserted”, they were connected by transport highways running from one important raw material deposit to another. Huge concentration camps would have been created, those that were built in Europe would be simply “pygmy” in comparison with them. After all, the “racially impure units” were huge masses of people. Unfortunately, these ideas are currently alive and, according to many analysts, constitute the essence of the ideology of the elite of the so-called countries. "golden billion" In their opinion, the planet is already overpopulated in order to preserve high level life of the “chosen ones”, the population must be significantly thinned out.

If Hitler and his allies had prevailed, with political map world, the Slavic peoples, the Baltic peoples would have disappeared - the Baltic states should have become part of German Empire. At the beginning they had to create a protectorate, then pour it into the Third Reich, through colonization by the Germans and “destruction of undesirable elements.” Some of the Balts were supposed to become servants, faithful “dogs” - overseers of slaves, punishers.

The Mediterranean Sea was to become the sea of ​​the Italian Empire. It would include the lands of the North and parts East Africa. In Europe, Mussolini's ambitions extended to parts of the Balkan Peninsula.

Long before the start of the war, Hitler did not hide his plans to establish a “new order”, which provided for the territorial redivision of the world, enslavement independent states, extermination of entire nations, establishment of world domination.

In addition to the peoples of Austria, Czechoslovakia and Albania, who became victims of aggression even before the start of the war, in the summer of 1941 the Nazis occupied Poland, Denmark, Norway, Belgium, Holland, Luxembourg, a significant part of France, Greece and Yugoslavia. Germany gained control of a huge geopolitical space. Hitler's Asian ally, militaristic Japan, occupied some areas of China and Indochina.

"New order", which relied on bayonets, was also supported by pro-fascist elements of the occupied countries - collaborationists.

The Reich included Austria, the Sudetenland of Czechoslovakia, Silesia and western regions Poland, the Belgian districts of Eupen and Malmedy, Luxembourg, the French provinces of Alsace and Lorraine. Slovenia and Styria were transferred from Yugoslavia to the Reich. Even before the war, a puppet Slovak state was created under the auspices of fascist Germany, and the Czech Republic and Moravia were turned into a fascist protectorate.

Hitler's allies also received significant territories: Italy - Albania, part of France, Greece, Yugoslavia; Bulgaria controlled Dobruja, Thrace; Lands from Slovakia, the Czech Republic, Romania and Yugoslavia were transferred to Hungary.

As a rule, puppet governments were formed from collaborationist elements in the occupied countries. However, it was not possible to create such governments everywhere. So, in Belgium and Holland the agents German fascists was weak enough to form such governments. After the surrender of Denmark, its government obediently carried out the will of the occupiers. Virtually vassal relations were established with some “allied” states (Bulgaria, Hungary, Romania). They sold their agricultural products and raw materials to Germany for next to nothing in exchange for expensive industrial products.

IN further state fascist bloc intended to change the then distribution colonial possessions: Germany sought to regain the British, Belgian and French colonies, which it lost after defeat in the First World War, Italy - to take possession of the Mediterranean and the Middle East, and Japan - to establish control over the entire Southeast Asia and China.

The most inhumane fascist “order” was established in the countries of Eastern and Southeast Europe, since the Slavic peoples were expected to participate in the slaves of the German nation. According to imperial policy Most of the work, which is simple, minor, primitive, should not be performed by the Germans, but exclusively by persons who were the so-called auxiliary peoples (for example, the Slavs). Guided by this principle, the Nazis exported thousands of people to Germany for slave labor. As of May 1940, there were 1.2 million foreign workers in Germany, in 1941 - 3.1 million, in 1943 - 4.6 million.

Since the summer of 1942, the Nazis in all occupied countries moved to the massive and systematic extermination of Jews. People of Jewish nationality were required to wear identification marks- a yellow star, they were denied access to theaters, museums, restaurants and cafes, they were subject to arrest and sent to death camps.

Nazism as an ideology was an outright, cynical denial of all the progressive values ​​that humanity has developed over its history. He imposed a system of espionage, denunciations, arrests, torture, and created a monstrous apparatus of repression and violence against peoples. Either come to terms with this “new order” in Europe, or take the path of fighting for national independence, democracy and social progress- such was the alternative facing the peoples of the occupied countries.

The system created by the Nazis in the countries they captured was called "new order". This was a German-ruled Europe whose resources were put at the service of the Reich and whose peoples were enslaved." Aryan race gentlemen." “Undesirable elements,” primarily Jews and Slavs, were subject to extermination or expulsion from European countries.

Occupied Europe was subjected to complete plunder. The enslaved states paid Germany 104 billion marks in indemnity. During the years of occupation, 75% of the rice harvest, 74% of the steel produced, and 80% of the oil produced were exported from France alone.

It was much more difficult for the occupiers to “manage” the war-ravaged Soviet territories. But from there, in 1943, 9 million tons of grain, 3 million tons of potatoes, 662 thousand tons of meat, 12 million pigs, 13 million sheep were exported to Germany. The total value of the loot in Russia, according to the Germans themselves, amounted to 4 billion marks. It is clear why the population of Germany until 1945 did not experience such material deprivation as during the First World War.

When Germany had already captured almost all European continent, it had not yet been determined how the Nazi empire would be structured. It was only clear that the center should be the German Reich itself, which directly included Austria, Bohemia and Moravia, Alsace-Lorraine, Luxembourg, the part of Belgium inhabited by the Flemings, and the “returned” Polish lands along with Silesia. From the protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, half of the Czechs were supposed to be evicted to the Urals, and the other half to be recognized as suitable for Germanization. Norway, Denmark, the Netherlands and the Walloon-inhabited part of Belgium were to “dissolve” in the new German Reich, and it remained unclear whether they would become imperial regions or retain remnants state independence. France, towards whose population Hitler had great distrust, was supposed to be turned into a German colony. Sweden and Switzerland were also to be annexed to the future empire, since they “did not have the right” to independent existence. The Fuhrer was not particularly interested in the Balkans, but his future empire was to include Crimea (called Gotenland), populated by people from South Tyrol. Picture of a new one great empire supplemented by the allies and satellites of the Third Reich, located within varying degrees dependencies, starting from Italy with its own empire and ending with the puppet states of Slovakia and Croatia.

Life was difficult for people in occupied Western Europe. But it could not be compared with what befell the inhabitants of Poland, Yugoslavia, and the Soviet Union. In the East, the “Ost” master plan was in force, which probably arose at the turn of 1941 - 1942. That was the plan colonization of Eastern Europe, where 45 million people lived. Approximately 30 million people declared “racially undesirable” (85% from Poland, 75% from Belarus, 64% from Western Ukraine) were subject to relocation to Western Siberia. The project was supposed to be implemented within 25-30 years. The territory of future German settlements was to occupy 700 thousand square kilometers (while in 1938 the entire area of ​​the Reich was 583 thousand square kilometers). The main directions of colonization were considered northern: East Prussia– Baltic and southern: Krakow – Lviv – Black Sea region.

When redrawing the map of Europe during World War II, the Germans were very selective about its population. While some were immediately sent to concentration camps, others were allowed to enjoy life for the time being.

"New Order"

Already in the first weeks of the occupation of Europe, the Nazis began to establish a “New Order” in it, which included various shapes dependence: from vassal (Hungary or Romania) to open annexation (parts of Poland and Czechoslovakia). Ultimately, political and geographical boundaries Europe had to dissolve into Greater Germany, and some peoples were wiped off the face of the earth.

The Nazi version of the European Union included different relationships to the enslaved countries. This was explained by their “ethnic purity”, cultural level and the degree of resistance shown to the occupying authorities. Under such conditions, the predominantly Slavic population of Eastern Europe was noticeably inferior to its western neighbors.

If, for example, the non-annexed territories of Poland were declared a German “government general,” then Southern France was self-governing by the collaborationist Vichy regime. However, not always in Western Europe Nazi regime was a success. In Holland and Belgium, German agents turned out to be too weak, and therefore the German proteges Mussert and Degrelle were not popular among the population.

In Norway, according to statistics, only 10% of residents supported occupation authorities. Perhaps it was precisely because of the tenacity of the Scandinavians that the Reich created special program to “improve the gene pool”, in which several thousand Norwegian women gave birth to children from German soldiers.

Europe without war

If western territories The USSR turned into a continuous battlefield, then the life of a significant part of Europe was not much different from peacetime. IN European cities Cafes, museums, theaters, entertainment venues were open, people went shopping and relaxed in parks. The only thing that caught your eye was the presence of German soldiers and signs in German.
Particularly in this regard, Paris was indicative, which the Germans valued because of the opportunity for a relaxing holiday and fun leisure.

Fashionistas paraded around Rivoli, and cabarets entertained local and visiting audiences seven days a week. More than a hundred Parisian establishments were specially opened to serve Wehrmacht soldiers. “I have never been so happy,” admitted the owner of one of the brothels.
In general, German policy in France was flexible and encouraging. The intellectual and creative elite were given scope for activity here, certain concessions were provided for various French institutions. So, if Germans from other countries are in a huge number valuables and antiques were exported, then, for example, the Louvre reserved the right to prohibit the export of any work of art to Germany.

The French film industry operated without any restrictions. During the years of occupation, 240 full-length films and 400 documentaries, as well as many cartoon years, which surpassed the production of Germany itself. Note that it was during the war that the talent of future world cinema stars, Jean Marais and Gerard Philippe, flourished.

There were, of course, certain difficulties associated with wartime. For example, many Parisians had to go to villages for butter and milk, some food products was issued by coupons, and some restaurants served only Germans; a ban was also introduced on the free sale of radios. However, these restrictions could not be compared with life in most cities in Eastern Europe.

Working days

Europe, as a raw material appendage of Germany, worked in full force from the first days of the war - almost all of its resources were switched to maintaining the power of the Third Reich and to providing a rear base in the confrontation with the USSR. Austria gave iron ore, Poland - coal, Romania - oil, Hungary - bauxite and sulfur pyrites, Italy - lead and zinc.

Human resources also played a big role in this. One of the confidential memos from a German official contained demands that “for most types of work that are simple, minor and primitive”, the active use of “auxiliary peoples”, mainly of Slavic origin.

To meet the needs of the Wehrmacht, branches of German companies - Krupp, Siemens, IG Farbenindastri - were opened in many parts of Europe, and local factories, such as Schneider-Creusot in France, were reoriented. However, if the conditions of the workers of Western Europe were quite bearable, then their eastern colleagues worked extremely hard to give the profits promised by Hitler, which “history has not known.”

For example, average duration The period of work of an employee at the Polish Bunaverk plant did not exceed two months: every three weeks workers were examined, following which the weak and sick were sent to the crematorium, and their place was taken by new victims of this monstrous conveyor of death.

Ghetto

Jewish ghettos are one of the unique layers of life of Europeans during the fascist occupation and at the same time an example of amazing adaptability and survival in extremely unfavorable conditions. Having deprived the Jews not only of all valuables and savings, but also of a minimal means of subsistence, the German authorities isolated them in closed parts of some large European cities.

Actually, it’s hard to call it life. Jews were usually housed in several families in one room - on average, the population density in the quarters “cleared” for the ghetto was 5-6 times higher than previous figures. Jews here were forbidden to do almost everything - trade, engage in crafts, study, and even move freely.

Nevertheless, through holes in the fences, teenagers entered the city and mined so much necessary for residents“quarantine zone” food and medicine.
The largest ghetto was Warsaw, where at least half a million people lived. Its inhabitants, despite the prohibitions, managed not only to survive, but also to receive education, lead cultural life and even have some leisure time.

It was the Warsaw ghetto that turned out to be the center of the largest anti-fascist resistance in Poland. The German authorities spent almost more effort suppressing the uprising of Warsaw Jews than capturing Poland itself.

Concentration camps

In the occupied countries, following the German model, the new authorities created a network concentration camps, the number of which, taking into account modern data, exceeded 14,000 points. About 18 million people were kept here in unbearable conditions, of which 11 million were killed.

For example, let's take the Salaspils camp (Latvia). The prisoners huddled 500-800 people in cramped barracks; their daily ration consisted of a 300-gram piece of bread mixed with sawdust and a cup of soup made from vegetable waste. The working day usually lasted at least 14 hours.
But the Germans also created exemplary camps, which were supposed to show the world German “progressiveness and humanity.” This was the Czech Theresienstadt. The camp mainly housed European intellectuals - doctors, scientists, musicians, artists.

Family barracks were created for some prisoners. On the territory of the camp there were prayer houses, libraries and theaters, exhibitions and concerts. However, the fate of many Theresienstadt residents was sad - their lives ended in the gas chambers of Auschwitz.

"New Order"

(Neuordnung), Hitler's concept of a complete reorganization of the German public life in accordance with the Nazi worldview. Speaking in June 1933 to the leadership Nazi Party, Hitler stated that "dynamism national revolution still exists in Germany and that it must continue until its complete end. All aspects of life in the Third Reich must be subordinated to the Gleichschaltung policy. In practice, this meant the formation of a police regime and the establishment of a brutal dictatorship in the country.

Reichstag like legislature, was rapidly losing its power, and the Weimar Constitution ended immediately after the Nazis came to power.

Nazi propaganda tirelessly tried to convince the German public that the “new order” would bring true freedom and prosperity to Germany.