). This time we will talk about the Finno-Ugric peoples, i.e. peoples speaking Finno-Ugric languages. This branch of languages is included in the Uralic language family, another branch of which is the Samoyed languages (currently spoken by the Nenets, Enets, Nganasans and Selkups).
Finno-Ugric languages are divided into 2 groups: Finno-Permian and Ugric. The Finno-Permian group includes the following peoples: Finns (sometimes Ingrian Finns are considered an independent ethnic group), Estonians, Karelians, Vepsians, Izhorians, Livs, Vods, Sami, Mordovians (this people actually represent two different peoples: Erzyans and Mokshans), Mari, Udmurts, Komi-Zyryans, Komi-Permyaks. The Ugric group includes the Hungarians, Khanty and Mansi.
Currently there are 3 independent Finno-Ugric states: Hungary, Finland and Estonia. In Russia there are several Finno-Ugric national autonomies, however, in all of them the Finno-Ugric nations are inferior in number to the Russians.
The total number of Finno-Ugric peoples is 25 million people, of which more than half are Hungarians (14.5 million). The second largest population is occupied by Finns (6.5 million), third by Estonians (1 million). The most numerous Finno-Ugric people in Russia are the Mordovians (744 thousand).
The ancestral home of the Finno-Ugric peoples is Western Siberia, from where the ancestors of modern Finno-Ugric peoples settled throughout Eastern Europe and the Scandinavian Peninsula. The Finno-Ugrians influenced the ethnogenesis of the Russian people, this influence was especially great on the northern Russians (the territory of Arkhangelsk and Vologda regions). Russian historian V.O. Klyuchevsky wrote: “Our Great Russian physiognomy does not exactly accurately reproduce the common Slavic features. Other Slavs, recognizing these features in it, however, also notice some foreign admixture: namely, the cheekbones of the Great Russian, the predominance of dark complexion and hair, and especially the typical Great Russian nose, resting on a wide base, with high probability they are betting on Finnish influence".
The most beautiful Finnish- model Emilia Järvelä. She is known as the face of the Finnish cosmetics company Lumene. Height 180 cm, body measurements 86-60-87.
The most beautiful Ingrian- Russian actress, Honored Artist Russian Federation Elena Kondulainen(born April 9, 1958, Toksovo, Leningrad region).
The most beautiful Lapp - Berit-Anne Juuso. In 2012, she won the Hymytyttö (Girl's Smile) competition, held annually by the Finnish Internet portal hymy.fi. Born and lives in the Finnish province of Lapland. Her father is Sami, her mother is Finnish.
The most beautiful Hungarian - Catherine Schell / Catherine Schell(born July 17, 1944, Budapest) is a British actress of Hungarian origin. Real name -Katherina Freiin Schell von Bauschlott. Despite the German surname (she inherited from her German great-grandfather), Katherine Schell’s blood is almost entirely Hungarian; her parents belonged to the Hungarian nobility: her father bore the title of baron, and her mother a countess.
Most famous films with her participation: the 6th Bond film "On secret service Her Majesty" (1969, the role of Nancy), "Moon 02" (1969, the role of Clementine), "Return of the Pink Panther" (1975, the role of Lady Claudine Lytton). In the UK, the actress is best known for her role as Maya in the science fiction series 70- 's "Space: 1999".
Catherine Schell in the film "Moon 02" (1969):
The most beautiful Estonian- singer (born September 24, 1988, Kohila, Estonia). Represented Estonia at the Eurovision Song Contest 2013.
The most beautiful mokshaka -Svetlana Khorkina(born January 19, 1979, Belgorod) - Russian gymnast, two-time Olympic champion in parallel bars (1996, 2000), three-time absolute world champion and three-time absolute European champion. In an interview he calls himself a Mordovian: “My parents are Mordovians, and since their blood flows in me, I consider myself a purebred Mordovian.”
The most beautiful Erzyanka -Olga Kaniskina(born January 19, 1985, Saransk) - track and field athlete, Olympic champion in 2008, the first three-time world champion in the history of race walking (2007, 2009 and 2011), European champion in 2010, two-time Russian champion.
The most beautiful Komi-Permyachka - Tatyana Totmyanina(born November 2, 1981, Perm) - figure skater, Olympic champion of Turin paired with Maxim Marinin. The same couple won the World Championship twice and the European Championship 5 times.
The most beautiful Udmurtka- singer Svetlana (Sveti) Ruchkina(born September 25, 1988). She is the vocalist of the Udmurt-language rock band Silent Woo Goore.
The most beautiful Karelian - Maria Kalinina. Winner of the contest "Miss Student Finno-Ugria 2015".
Peoples speaking Finno-Ugric (Finnish Ugric) languages. Finno-Ugric languages. constitute one of the two branches (along with the Samoyed) level. language families. By linguistic principle F.U.N. are divided into groups: Baltic Finnish (Finns, Karelians, Estonians... Ural Historical Encyclopedia
Finno-Ugric peoples of Russia Ethnopsychological Dictionary
FINNO-UGRIAN PEOPLES OF RUSSIA- the peoples of our country (Mordovians, Udmurts, Mari, Komi, Khanty, Mansi, Sami, Karelians) living in the north of the European part, in the northern, central and southern parts of the Urals and leading their origins from the Ananino archaeological culture(VII III... ... encyclopedic Dictionary in psychology and pedagogy
Finno-Ugric languages- Finno-Ugric Taxon: branch Area: Hungary, Norway, Russia, Finland, Sweden, Estonia, etc. Classification ... Wikipedia
Finno-Ugric tribes and peoples
Finno-Ugric tribes- Finno-Hungarian peoples (Finno-Ugrians) a group of peoples speaking Finno-Hungarian languages, living interstriated in Western Siberia, Central and Eastern Europe. Contents 1 Representatives of the Finno-Ugric peoples 2 History 3 Links ... Wikipedia
Finno-Ugric languages- Finno-Ugric languages are a family of languages that are part of a larger genetic group of languages called the Uralic languages. Before the genetic relationship of the Samoyed languages with the Finno-Ugric languages was proven, the F.-u. I. was considered... ... Linguistic encyclopedic dictionary
Finno-Ugric (or Finno-Ugric) peoples- population speaking Finno-Ugric languages. Finno group Ugric languages, one of two branches of the Ural language family. Divided by language groups(their corresponding ethnic groups): Baltic Finnish (Finnish, Izhorian, Karelian, Lyudikovsky, ... ... Physical Anthropology. Illustrated explanatory dictionary.
Books
- Leningrad region. Did you know? , . Leningrad region - region with rich history. Did you know that its territory has long been inhabited by the Slavs and Finno-Ugric peoples, who together created Northern Rus'? The great... Buy for 380 rubles took place here
- Monuments of the Fatherland. Almanac, No. 33 (1-2/1995). Complete description of Russia. Udmurtia, . They have lived as good neighbors on our land for centuries. different peoples. Ancient Finno-Ugric tribes left traces of their high culture and art. Their descendants, the Udmurts, preserved the marching...
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The classification of Finno-Ugric languages began in the 17th century, when the German scientist Martin Vogel proved the kinship of the Finnish, Sami and Hungarian languages. This classification was substantiated more fully and thoroughly in the 18th century. In the works of the Swedish scientist Philipp Johann von Stralenberg, a former Poltava officer-prisoner.
Having described in detail the peoples known in Western Europe from a number of works under common name"Tatars", F. Stralenberg showed that some of them living in Eastern Europe and North Asia, it is incorrect to consider them Tatars. He attached a table to the book, grouping in it according to linguistic principles all these peoples, including including Tatar, in six language classes: 1) Finno-Ugric; 2) Turkic; 3) Samoyed; 4) Kalmyk, Manchu and Tangut; 5) Tunguska; 6) Caucasian. Strahlenberg included Finnish, Hungarian, Mordovian, Mari, Permyak, Udmurt, Khanty and Mansi into the class of Finno-Ugric languages, noting that the ancestors of the peoples speaking these languages and living partly in Europe, partly in Asia (in Siberia), in ancient times lived in one place and were one people.
The conclusions of M. Vogel and F. Stralenberg about the kinship of the Finno-Ugric languages, their origin from the “universal beginning”, “one beginning” were supported and further developed in the works of Russian scientists of the 18th century. V. N. Tatishcheva, P. I. Rychkova, M. V. Lomonosova and others.
A very interesting conclusion about the origin of the Finno-Ugric peoples was made by Professor of the University of Helsingfors I.R. Aspelin based on the results of expeditions of the Finnish Archaeological Society to Orkhon. Below I give short review these studies.
According to Chinese sources, the Wusun people (aka Turks) are known - blue-eyed (green-eyed) red-bearded cattle breeders of the Country of the Turks, similar in life and blood to the khans (Huns, Huns).
Turk and Ugor means “highlander” in the modern sense.
These are the Aryan pastoral peoples of the Afanasyevskaya culture. At the same time, “Turk” should be considered a derivative of the branch of the Aryan people of Turan, mentioned in the Avesta (academic history considers the Turans less cultural than the original branch of the RACE, the Mongols themselves from Skitia).
Academicians from history also talk about the Power of the Turks in the 61st (6) century from China to Byzantium.
After the Khans (Huns) left for Skitia in the warm period of Years 6023-6323 (515-815), in Summer 6060 (552) the Turkic Kaganate (state) was created.
In Summer 6253 (745) the Ugric Kaganate was formed.
After 25 years, fair-haired, blue-eyed Kirghiz came from the North to Orkhon and settled.
The Kirghiz are a Slavic-Aryan militarized class of cattle breeders, / moreover, sedentary, raising mainly cows and pigs /. That is, like the Cossacks - who were a militarized class of farmers, who were actually Asami - they are also khans (Huns), they are also monasteries, they are Russians...
With the arrival of the Kyrgyz in Summer 6348 (840), the Turks (Ugric) living in the Orkhon region began to move due to overpopulation:
* to the South, to the Chinese wall (they were completely destroyed in the 71-72 (16-17) centuries by Kalmyks who came from China);
* to the southwest (they were ethnically destroyed - partly in the 71-72 (16-17) centuries by the Kalmyks who came because Chinese wall who created Dzungaria from Myanmar to modern Kalmykia, and finally after the occupation by the Chinese in Summer 7225-7266 (1717-1758), immediately after climate warming);
*not west, on Kola Peninsula those Ugrians who today have preserved their primogeniture have left - these Ugrians today call themselves Finns.
Official history tells of the wild khans (Huns) who tormented Venea (Europe.)
In fact, on the contrary, the settlers in Venea - the Ases (from Asia, Asia) gave Europe modern culture, based on “Odinism” (God Odin).
Draw a conclusion about ethnic roots It is also possible to use the example of the most numerous Finno-Ugric people - the Hungarians.
According to legend, the Hungarians are a union of seven tribes, two of which were Ugric, and the rest were Turks and Indo-Iranians.
Although Hungarian belongs to the Finno-Ugric group of the Uralic language family, the Hungarians themselves consider themselves Magyars, and prefer to call their country Magyaristan. That is, the Hungarians believe that in culture they are closer to the ancient Hunnic-Turkic tribes Central Asia. And since the Sarmatians, the Huns, the Magyars, and the Kipchaks come from the Kazakh steppes, the Hungarians half-jokingly call themselves the most western of the Kazakhs, and the Kazakhs the most eastern of the Hungarians. Hence the Magyars’ craving for everything nomadic, for the Turkic in particular, and for their ancestral home – Kazakhstan. Regularly public organization“Turan-Hungary” organizes the traditional Kurultai of the Hunnic-Turkic peoples in the camp:
Modern linguists pay attention to the fact that there are a lot of ancient Turkic borrowings in the Hungarian language. This is evidenced by the phonetic and morphological similarities of these languages. Linguists believe that the Turkic influence on the Hungarian language dates back to ancient times, when at the beginning of our era the ancestors of the Hungarians lived in the vicinity of the middle reaches of the Volga and Kama.
In the 4th century. n. e. part of the Ugric tribes moved south of Eastern Europe, some of the more western tribes remained and gradually dissolved into Turkic tribes. At the end of the 9th century. n. e. The Ugro-Hungarians entered the territory of their current homeland, occupied mainly by the Slavs and the remnants of the Avar tribes, where they managed to firmly establish themselves.
The Hungarian ethnologist Andras Biro, who studies Bashkir-Hungarian and Turkic-Hungarian connections, claims that the ancient Magyars and Bashkirs lived together on Southern Urals. More than a thousand years ago, the Magyars went to the West, to Central Europe, but their still unites ancient culture nomads, language grammar and even national cuisine.
Many researchers are amazed at the similarity between the Northern Altaians and the Finns. Thus, in the notes of the traveler G.P. von Helmersen, who visited Altai in 1834, we read about the similarity between the Kumandins and the Finns that struck him. Their appearance and culture are so close that the author of the notes sometimes forgot which lake it was located at - Teletskoye or Ladyzhskoye. In Kumandin clothes, he saw a resemblance to Mordovian and Cheremis costumes, and in appearance, he saw a resemblance to the Chukhons: beardless, high-cheekboned faces with straight blond hair and half-closed eyes.
It is very interesting that the famous onomastic scientist V. A. Nikonov comes to the same conclusions, but on the basis of... cosmonyms. “Cosmononyms,” he writes, are names space objects... They can tell a lot about the previous movements of peoples and their connections.
How differently we saw various peoples the same space object, show the names of the Milky Way. For some it is the Ski Trail, for others it is the Silver River... With such a variety of names (even within the same language they are called differently) random coincidence Its names among neighboring peoples are incredible.
And in the Volga region, not two or three, but most neighboring peoples have semantically homogeneous names for the Milky Way.
Turkic: Tatar Kiek kaz yuly ‘ wild geese put’, Bashkir Kaz yuly and Chuvash Khurkaynak sule - with the same etymological meaning; Finno-Ugric; Mari Kayykkombo Korno is the same, Erzya and Moksha Kargon ki ‘crane path’, Moksha also has Narmon ki ‘bird path’.
It is easy to assume that neighbors adopted cosmonyms from each other.
To determine which of them has it originally, you need to find out what it is called Milky Way in related languages. There's a surprise here. Among the Suomi Finns, Linnunrata, among the Estonians, Linnunree also meant “bird path”; it is preserved among the Komi and in the dialects of the Mansi language; among the Hungarians, after their resettlement to the Danube, it still held on for several centuries.
IN Turkic languages names with the same meaning are known among the Kazakhs, Kyrgyz, and Turkmens. An amazing unity was revealed from the Finns of the Baltic to the Kyrgyz of the Tien Shan, who did not touch anywhere. This means that the distant ancestors of both the Turkic and Finno-Ugric peoples either descended from the same source or lived nearby in close, long-term contact.”
The question of the origin of the Finno-Ugric peoples is being put to rest today by scientists modern science DNA genealogy, the conclusions of which are confirmed by the research of other scientists cited above.
The fact is that human DNA has a mark ancient family, called “snip”, defining the haplogroup, which is the definition of the ancient family.
Moreover, unlike the nationality written in the passport, which can always be changed, unlike the language, which adapts to the environment over time, unlike ethnographic factors, which are subject to fairly rapid changes, the haplogroup does not assimilate. It is determined by the “pattern” of mutations in male Y chromosome DNA that is passed from father to son over hundreds and thousands of generations.
As a result of fairly simple and reliable tests, it is possible to determine to what genus any person belongs. So: All Finno-Ugric and Slavic peoples have one clan, but the tribes are different.
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Finno-Ugrians who came from Siberia to the Russian north-west 3500 - 2700 BC.
(??here the archaeological dating is given earlier than the dating of geneticists)
Unfortunately, scientists find it difficult to accurately establish the age of the common ancestral ethnic group of the Finno-Ugrians and Slavic tribes. Presumably, this age should be about 10-12 thousand years or more. It takes us far beyond the boundaries of recorded history.
But it turned out to be more precise to determine that Slavic ancestor Eastern Slavs, lived 5000±200 years ago, and common ancestor Slavic Finno-Ugric haplotypes lived approximately 3700±200 years ago (a thousand years later). Other genealogical lines later came from him (Finns, Estonians, Hungarians, Komi, Mari, Mordovians, Udmurts, Chuvashs).
What are the genetic differences between these tribes?
Today's genetics can easily determine the history of the descendants of one chromosome - the one in which a rare point mutation once occurred. So, among the Finns - the closest relatives of some ethnic groups of the Urals - it was discovered high frequency Y chromosomes containing a replacement of thymidine (T allele) with cytosine (C allele) at a specific location on the chromosome. This replacement is not found in other countries Western Europe, neither in North America, nor in Australia.
But chromosomes with the C allele are found in some other Asian ethnic groups, for example, among the Buryats. The common Y chromosome, found with noticeable frequency in both peoples, indicates an obvious genetic relationship. Is it possible? It turns out that there is a lot of evidence of this, which we find in cultural and territorial factors. For example, between Finland and Buryatia you can find territories inhabited by various nationalities related to the Finns and Buryats.
The presence of a significant proportion of Y chromosomes carrying the C allele was also shown genetic research Ural populations belonging to the Finno-Ugric ethnic groups. But perhaps most unexpected fact was that the proportion of this chromosome turned out to be unusually high among the Yakuts - about 80 percent!
This means that somewhere at the base of the branch of Finno-Ugric peoples there were not only Slavs, but also the ancestors of the Yakuts and Buryats, whose roots stretch to Southeast Asia.
Genetic scientists have also established the path of movement of the Slavic and Finno-Ugric tribes to their common place settlement - to the Central Russian Plain: the Slavs moved from the west - from the Danube, from the Balkans, from the Carpathians, and the Finno-Ugric peoples, also known as the Urals, also known as the Altaians, moved along their arc from the northeast, and earlier - from the south of Siberia.
Thus, having converged in the northeast, in the area of the future Novgorod-Ivanovo-Vologda, these Plimen formed an alliance that became Ugro-Slavic, and then Russian (Russian definition, meaning belonging to the same kind of Rus, that is, light), in the first half of the first millennium AD, and possibly much earlier.
It is estimated that at that time there were four times more Eastern Slavs than Finno-Ugric people.
One way or another, there was no particular hostility between them, there was peaceful assimilation. Peaceful existence.
Finno-Ugric peoples are one of the largest ethno-linguistic communities in Europe. In Russia alone there live 17 peoples of Finno-Ugric origin. The Finnish Kalevala inspired Tolkien, and Izhora fairy tales inspired Alexander Pushkin.
Who are the Finno-Ugrians?
Finno-Ugrians are one of the largest ethno-linguistic communities in Europe. It includes 24 nations, 17 of which live in Russia. The Sami, Ingrian Finns and Seto live both in Russia and abroad.
Finno-Ugric peoples are divided into two groups: Finnish and Ugric. Their total number today is estimated at 25 million people. Of these, there are about 19 million Hungarians, 5 million Finns, about a million Estonians, 843 thousand Mordovians, 647 thousand Udmurts and 604 thousand Mari.
Where do Finno-Ugric people live in Russia?
Taking into account the current labor migration, we can say that everywhere, however, the most numerous Finno-Ugric peoples have their own republics in Russia. These are peoples such as Mordovians, Udmurts, Karelians and Mari. There are also autonomous okrugs Khanty, Mansi and Nenets.
Komi-Permyatsky autonomous region, where the Komi-Permyaks were in the majority, merged with the Perm region in Perm region. The Finno-Ugric Vepsians in Karelia have their own national volost. Ingria Finns, Izhoras and Selkups autonomous territory Dont Have.
Is Moscow a Finno-Ugric name?
According to one hypothesis, the oikonym Moscow is of Finno-Ugric origin. From the Komi language “mosk”, “moska” is translated into Russian as “cow, heifer”, and “va” is translated as “water”, “river”. Moscow in this case is translated as “cow river”. The popularity of this hypothesis was brought by its support by Klyuchevsky.
Russian historian of the 19th-20th centuries Stefan Kuznetsov also believed that the word “Moscow” was of Finno-Ugric origin, but assumed that it came from the Meryan words “mask” (bear) and “ava” (mother, female). According to this version, the word “Moscow” is translated as “bear”.
Today, these versions, however, are refuted, since they do not take into account oldest form oikonym "Moscow". Stefan Kuznetsov used data from the Erzya and Mari languages; the word “mask” appeared in the Mari language only in the 14th-15th centuries.
Such different Finno-Ugric peoples
The Finno-Ugric peoples are far from homogeneous, either linguistically or anthropologically. By linguistic feature they are divided into several subgroups. The Permian-Finnish subgroup includes the Komi, Udmurts and Besermyans. The Volga-Finnish group is the Mordovians (Erzyans and Mokshans) and the Mari. The Balto-Finns include: Finns, Ingrian Finns, Estonians, Setos, Kvens in Norway, Vods, Izhorians, Karelians, Vepsians and descendants of the Meri. Also, the Khanty, Mansi and Hungarians belong to a separate Ugric group. The descendants of the medieval Meshchera and Murom most likely belong to the Volga Finns.
The peoples of the Finno-Ugric group have both Caucasoid and Mongoloid characteristics. The Ob Ugrians (Khanty and Mansi), part of the Mari, and the Mordovians have more pronounced Mongoloid features. The rest of these traits are either equally divided, or the Caucasoid component dominates.
What do haplogroups say?
Genetic studies show that every second Russian Y chromosome belongs to haplogroup R1a. It is characteristic of all Baltic and Slavic peoples(except for the southern Slavs and northern Russians).
However, among the inhabitants of the North of Russia, haplogroup N3, characteristic of the Finnish group of peoples, is clearly represented. In the very north of Russia, its percentage reaches 35 (the Finns have an average of 40 percent), but the further south you go, the lower this percentage is. In Western Siberia, the related N3 haplogroup N2 is also common. This suggests that in the Russian North there was not a mixing of peoples, but a transition of the local Finno-Ugric population to the Russian language and Orthodox culture.
What fairy tales were read to us?
The famous Arina Rodionovna, Pushkin’s nanny, as is known, provided strong influence to the poet. It is noteworthy that she was of Finno-Ugric origin. She was born in the village of Lampovo in Ingria.
This explains a lot in understanding Pushkin's fairy tales. We have known them since childhood and believe that they are originally Russian, but their analysis suggests that storylines Some Pushkin fairy tales go back to Finno-Ugric folklore. For example, “The Tale of Tsar Saltan” is based on the fairy tale “Wonderful Children” from the Vepsian tradition (Vepsians are a small Finno-Ugric people).
First great work Pushkin, poem "Ruslan and Lyudmila". One of its main characters is Elder Finn, a wizard and sorcerer. The name, as they say, speaks volumes. Philologist Tatyana Tikhmeneva, compiler of the book “The Finnish Album,” also noted that the connection of the Finns with witchcraft and clairvoyance was recognized by all nations. The Finns themselves recognized the ability for magic as superior to strength and courage and revered it as wisdom. It is no coincidence that main character“Kalevals” Väinemöinen is not a warrior, but a prophet and poet.
Naina, another character in the poem, also bears traces of Finno-Ugric influence. In Finnish, woman is "nainen".
Another interesting fact. Pushkin, in a letter to Delvig in 1828, wrote: “By the new year, I will probably return to you in Chukhlyandia.” This is what Pushkin called St. Petersburg, obviously recognizing the primordial Finno-Ugric peoples on this land.
