Stages of formation. The formation of the modern political map of Europe began back in late Middle Ages, when nation-states began to grow from fragmented feudal possessions, giving rise to many modern countries. Since then, the main states of Western Europe have come a long way in “gathering lands”, accompanied by dynastic marriages, wars and redrawing of borders.
Often the desire to unite surrounding territories developed into claims by other countries for leadership in the entire region, and then empires arose. Thus, from part of the possessions of the Habsburg dynasty, it was formed Austro-Hungarian Empire, which to end of the 19th century V. became the largest state in foreign Europe by area and collapsed only in 1918. Napoleon’s imperial aspirations in early XIX V. on short term made almost all of Europe part of the French Empire. In the 30-40s. XX century majority European countries were occupied Nazi Germany, which claimed to create a new world empire - the Third Reich.
The modern political map of the region consists of independent states that retain own languages, original culture.
In Western Europe, where almost all countries are economically developed, there are several large areas of conflict on ethnic and religious grounds (Fig. 57). Vivid examples could serve as a territory in northern Spain inhabited by Basques, Northern Ireland and a number of others.
Rice. 57. Europe: territories requiring independence (autonomy)
Balkans and part of the Mediterranean long time were under the authority Ottoman Empire, which finally collapsed only after the First World War. The formation of the political map at these boundaries was accompanied by special drama.
In the 20th century The territory of the region was divided by another important border - the border of the USSR. The confrontation between the USSR and the West also led to several redistributions of the political map, preparing a particularly troubled fate for the so-called buffer countries. Poland fully experienced the inconvenience of its geographical position between two aggressive giants - Germany and the USSR - and restored the right to its historical territory only after World War II.
The modern political map of Europe was formed mainly in the 20th century. as a result territorial changes after the First and Second World Wars.
In the 21st century The political situation in Europe has changed significantly. The main attention in the activities of European interstate organizations began to be paid to the problems of ensuring peace, economic and political stability, crisis prevention and joint decision political problems, the creation of a multilateral European security system.
IN beginning of XXI V. There were about 40 states within the physical-geographical boundaries of Europe, including the European parts of Russia and Turkey.
Forms of government and government. Most European countries - unitary republics. Federal Republics- Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Russia, Germany. According to the constitution, Switzerland is a confederation, and in fact a federation. The Kingdom of Belgium has a federal structure.
Constitutional monarchies: Andorra (Principality), Belgium, Great Britain, Denmark, Spain, Liechtenstein (Principality), Luxembourg (Grand Duchy), Monaco (Principality), Netherlands, Norway, Sweden.
Theocratic monarchy- Vatican.
Colony UK - Gibraltar.
Independent member states of the Commonwealth: UK, Malta.
Main events of the XX-XXI centuries. In 1912-1913 the first and second happened Balkan Wars. In the first, Turkey opposed the union of the Balkan states - Bulgaria, Serbia, Greece and Montenegro, in the second - Bulgaria against Greece, Serbia and Montenegro. The independence of Albania, which had previously been under Turkish rule, was proclaimed. As a result, Turkey lost its possessions in the Balkans, the territory of Serbia increased by 45%, Montenegro - by 36, Romania - by 5, Bulgaria - by 15, Greece - by 44%.
Changes on the political map after the First World War and the revolution in Russian Empire (Fig. 58).
In the First World War, the Entente countries (England, France and Russia) opposed Triple Alliance(Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy), but in 1915 Italy left the union and joined the Entente. The war was for change state borders and redistribution of colonies. 38 states took part in the war, including 34 on the Entente side.
1917- As a result of the revolution in Russia, the monarchy was abolished. Finland gained independence.
1918- decay Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, Czechoslovakia was formed (the Austrian “crown lands” were transferred to it - Bohemia, Moravia, Silesia), Austria and Hungary; South Tyrol went to Italy, Bukovina went to Romania.
Formation of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (united Serbia, Montenegro and the former South Slavic territories of Austria-Hungary - Croatia, Slovenia, Dalmatia and part of Bosnia and Herzegovina).
Rice. 58. States that emerged after the First World War in Europe
Overthrow of the monarchy in Germany.
Poland gained independence.
By Treaty of Versailles The following territories were transferred from Germany: Alsace and Lorraine - to France; management of the Saarland was transferred for 15 years to a commission of the League of Nations, which, in turn, transferred the Saarland to France. The cities of Eupen and Malmedy went to Belgium, Northern Schleswig to Denmark; Poznań and part of the Eastern and West Prussia, as well as part of Silesia - to Poland; Gulchinsky district and other part of Silesia - to Czechoslovakia. Germany renounced the rights to the city of Memel (Klaipeda), which was transferred to Lithuania in 1923; Danzig (Gdansk) was turned into a free city under the leadership of the League of Nations.
Germany lost its overseas possessions in Africa and Oceania with an area of about 3 million km 2, with a population of 13 million people.
According to the Yuryev Treaty (between the RSFSR and Finland), Finland returned the Repolsk and Porosozersk volosts to Karelia in exchange for the area of the city of Pechenga and part of the Rybachy Peninsula.
Romania captured Bessarabia.
Iceland, which was a colony of Denmark until 1918, was declared an independent state, and the Danish-Icelandic union was concluded.
1919- according to the Treaty of Neuilly, Western Thrace was transferred to Greece, the cities of Kula, Tsarib-rod, Bosilegrad, Strumica were transferred to the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes.
Lithuania and Estonia gained independence.
1920- the Spitsbergen archipelago came under the sovereignty of Norway.
Latvia gained independence. According to the Treaty of Trianon, Transylvania and southern part Banat region; to Czechoslovakia - Slovakia and Transcarpathian Ukraine; to Austria - Burgenland, Slovenian Carinthia.
Collapse of the Ottoman Empire: the Dodecanese Islands (Southern Sporades) went to Italy, Eastern Thrace with Adrianople (now the city of Edirne in Turkey), the Gallipoli Peninsula and Smyrna (now the city of Izmir in Turkey) went to Greece.
According to the Treaty of Rapallo between Italy and the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, the Julian Krajina (the region of Friuli-Venezia - Giulia), the Istrian peninsula with the cities of Trieste and Pula, the islands of Losinj, Cres, Lastovo in the center of the Adriatic Sea passed to Italy; to Yugoslavia - Slovenia, Dalmatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina. The port of Zara acquired the status of a free city under the sovereignty of Italy, Fiume (Rijeka) became a free city.
Poland captured Vilen from Lithuania.
1921- according to the Riga (Soviet-Polish) Treaty, they transferred to Poland Western Ukraine and Western Belarus.
Under the Anglo-Irish Treaty, Southern Ireland was declared an Irish Free State (Dominion British Empire); Northern Ireland is part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.
1922- formation of the USSR as part of the RSFSR, Ukrainian SSR, Byelorussian SSR, Transcaucasian SFSR.
Establishment of a fascist dictatorship in Italy.
1923- occupation of the Ruhr (Germany) by Franco-Belgian troops.
Signing of the Treaty of Lausanne, which established Turkey's borders in Europe and Asia Minor. The Entente powers abandoned plans to dismember Turkey and recognized its independence. Turkey retains: Eastern Thrace (the border is drawn along the Maritsa River) and Smyrna (Izmir).
Italian occupation of the city of Fiume (Rijeka); in 1924 it passed to Italy.
1924- proclamation of Greece as a republic.
1929- creation of the sovereign Papal State of the Vatican on the territory of the city of Rome (Italy).
Annexation of the island of Jan Mayen (in the North Atlantic Ocean) to Norway.
Renaming the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes to the Kingdom of Yugoslavia.
Overthrow of the monarchy in Spain.
1933- Nazism came to power in Germany.
1935- annexation of the Saarland to Germany. Monarchical coup in Greece.
1936- beginning civil war in Spain.
1937- Ireland, a former dominion of the British Empire, declared itself an independent state of Eire.
1938- Germany captured Austria, incorporating it into the Third Reich under the name “Ostmark”.
Rice. 59. Map annex to the treaty between Germany and the USSR with the partition border of Poland, signed by Stalin and Hitler
Munich Agreement: division of Czechoslovakia (the Sudetenland and other border areas went to Germany, the Cieszyn region went to Poland, part of Slovakia and Transcarpathian Ukraine went to Hungary).
1939- German occupation of Czechoslovakia, on whose territory the Protectorate of the Czech Republic and Moravia and the puppet state of Slovakia were formed.
German capture of Klaipeda and the Klaipeda region.
The rise to power of General Franco in Spain, the establishment of a fascist dictatorship.
Albania was captured by Italy and declared a colony, included in the Italian Empire.
Changes on the political map of Europe during the Second World War (1939-1945).
1939-1940- the USSR included Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Bessarabia ( Moldavian SSR), eastern part Poland (with the cities of Vilno, Grodno, Pinsk), Eastern Galicia (with Lvov), Northern Bukovina(with the city of Kamenets-Podolsky).
Rice. 60. Caricature of relations between the USSR and Germany in the late 1930s.
Annexed to the USSR as a result of the Soviet-Finnish War of 1939-1940: Karelian Isthmus(with Vyborg and Vyborg Bay); western and northern coast Lake Ladoga with the cities of Kekholm (now Priozersk), Sortavala. Muojärvi; islands in the Gulf of Finland; territories east of Merkjärvi with the city of Kuolajärvi; part of the Rybachy and Sredny peninsulas. Finland leased the island of Hanko to the USSR (Fig. 61).
Rice. 61. Territories annexed to the USSR in 1939-1940.
Germany occupied Denmark and Norway and invaded Belgium and the Netherlands.
Division of Poland: Poznan, Pomerania, Upper Silesia went to Germany (Fig. 59, 60).
Northern Transylvania (formerly the territory of Romania) was transferred to Hungary, and Southern Dobruja to Bulgaria.
1941- division of Yugoslavia: Slovenia was annexed to Germany; Italy captured Dalmatia and Montenegro; part of Slovenia, Croatia and Vojvodina passed to Hungary; a puppet government has been created in Serbia; Croatia became a formally independent state.
Division of Greece into three zones of occupation: Bulgaria (Western Thrace, Eastern Macedonia with the islands of Thassos, Samothrace), Germany (Central Macedonia with the city of Thessaloniki, the islands of Lemnos, Lesbos, Chios), Italy (the rest of Greece, including Athens).
1944- Iceland was proclaimed a republic, and the Ko-Icelandic union was dissolved.
Changes on the political map of Europe after the Second World War.
Liberation of Romania, Bulgaria, Hungary and Czechoslovakia by the Soviet army; overthrow of fascist regimes in these countries.
1945- following the results of the Yalta (Crimean) Conference, Germany was divided into four occupation zones: eastern - USSR, northwestern - Great Britain, southwestern - USA, western - France.
Abolition of the monarchy in Yugoslavia, proclamation of the Federal People's Republic Yugoslavia (since 1963 - Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia) consisting of Serbia, Croatia, Slovenia, Macedonia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro.
Agreement between Yugoslavia, Great Britain and the United States on the occupation of the Julian Krajina: the city of Trieste and surrounding territories are occupied by Anglo-American troops, neighboring areas by Yugoslav troops.
Installed western border Poland and Germany along the Oder and Neisse rivers.
1944-1945- the region of the city of Pechenga (formerly the territory of Finland) was annexed to the USSR; Transcarpathian Ukraine; coastal part East Prussia with Königsberg (the rest of East Prussia with the city of Danzig (Gdansk) passed to Poland).
1946- Albania is declared a republic.
1947- Italy, Bulgaria, Romania were declared republics.
According to the peace treaties between the states that won the Second World War, and former allies Germany in Europe changed the border of Italy: the Istrian peninsula, part of the Julian Krajina, the cities of Fiume (Rijeka), Zara with adjacent islands, and the Palagruza islands were transferred to Yugoslavia; the city of Trieste is declared the Free Territory of Trieste; Greece crossed the Dodecanese islands. Italy lost colonial possessions in Africa, recognized the independence of Albania and Ethiopia.
The pre-war borders of Romania, Bulgaria, Hungary, and Finland were restored; Transylvania was returned to Romania.
Spain was declared a monarchy (in fact, the monarchical form of government was established only in 1975 after the death of Franco).
Block created socialist countries in Eastern Europe, which included: Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Yugoslavia (SFRY).
1948- granting internal autonomy to the Faroe Islands (as part of Denmark).
1949- formation of the Federal Republic of Germany on the territory of the occupation zones of France, the USA and Great Britain; GDR - on the territory of the zone of occupation of the USSR; section of Berlin (Fig. 62).
Rice. 62. Division of Berlin into occupation zones after World War II
Creation of the Council mutual economic assistance(CMEA) - economic organization socialist countries, it included: Bulgaria, Hungary, Vietnam, East Germany, Cuba, Mongolia, Poland, Romania, USSR, Czechoslovakia.
Ireland is declared an independent republic.
Hungary is declared a republic. Formation of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) to collectively confront the threat of communism.
1951- agreement between the USSR and Poland on the exchange of border areas of territory: Poland was given a plot of 480 km2 near the city of Drohobych, the USSR - 480 km2 in the Lublin Voivodeship.
1953- according to the constitution, Greenland received the status of an overseas amta (province), an equal part of the Kingdom of Denmark.
1954- division of the Free Territory of Trieste between Italy and Yugoslavia.
Transfer of the Crimean region of the RSFSR to Ukraine.
1955- restoration of Austria as a sovereign and independent state within the borders of 1938.
Formation of the Warsaw Pact Organization (WTO) - an organization for coordinating military cooperation between socialist countries. It included Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland, Romania, USSR, Czechoslovakia, Albania and the GDR.
1957- inclusion of the Saar region into the Federal Republic of Germany. Formation of the European Economic Community (EEC) consisting of Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, France, Germany, Italy.
1964- Malta gained independence.
1979- Greenland is declared a “self-governing territory within the Kingdom of Denmark.”
1989-1990- anti-totalitarian revolutions, political and economic reforms in Bulgaria, Hungary, East Germany, Poland, Romania, Czechoslovakia and Albania.
1990- unification of the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic.
1991- termination of the activities of the Warsaw Pact Organization and the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance.
The collapse of the USSR, the declaration of independent states of all the union republics that were part of it.
Formation of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). It did not include the Baltic states (Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania), Georgia (joined in 1993).
The collapse of the SFRY, the formation of sovereign states - Croatia, Slovenia, Macedonia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.
1993- transformation of the European Economic Community (Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, France, Germany, Italy, Denmark, Ireland, Great Britain, Spain, Portugal, Greece) into the European Union (EU); removal of state borders within the framework of the single European economic space.
Division of Czechoslovakia into two independent states - the Czech Republic and the Slovak Republic.
1995- accession of Sweden, Finland, and Austria to the EU.
1999- Poland, the Czech Republic and Hungary have been admitted to NATO.
Signing an agreement on union state Belarus and Russia with the prospect of developing into a confederation.
2002- The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia became known as Serbia and Montenegro. While maintaining a unified defense and foreign policy Different currencies are introduced, customs legislation and economic systems differ.
2004- The EU includes 10 countries of Central and Eastern Europe: Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Cyprus, Malta, Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia, Czech Republic, Estonia.
2006- Based on the results of the referendum, the independence of Montenegro was declared.
2007- Bulgaria and Romania joined the EU.
2008- Kosovo's independence was declared (not recognized by Russia).
Territorial disputes and ethnic conflicts. Europe, as part of the Old World with established political boundaries, has a minimal number of acute territorial disputes.
Question about geographical location borders in the region have not been discussed since World War II. The inviolability of state post-war borders was secured by the Conference on Security and Cooperation (Helsinki, 1975). The principle was strictly in effect until the early 90s. XX century, when, due to the collapse of the socialist system, they were recognized as independent entities international law republics that were part of the USSR. Collapse of Czechoslovakia, Socialist Federal Republic Yugoslavia and the unification of the GDR and the Federal Republic of Germany are latest changes state borders on the political map of Europe.
Further events - the admission of new members to the EU (including countries of Central and Eastern Europe), the entry into NATO of the former socialist countries of Poland, Hungary, the Czech Republic - led to the disappearance of the direct military threat in Western Europe. The issue of collective security came up on the agenda.
Nevertheless, disagreements between countries regarding the drawing of borders exist. Typically, these disagreements are private character, it is not states that are in favor of changing borders, but political parties. Discussions are ongoing regarding fans relating to territorial waters or unresolved problems. For example, for changing the state status of territories inhabited by national minorities demanding self-determination (Northern Irish, South Tyroleans, Basques, Slovenes, Corsicans), or peoples with the status national minorities, which in the post-war years found themselves divided by state fanits (venfs in Transylvania). The disputes are over territories that were previously part of another state.
Almost none of the European border disputes have escalated into military conflict, with the exception of Albanian claims (backed by Albania) in the autonomous province of Kosovo in Serbia, as well as in Macedonia.
Rice. 63. The border of the Schengen zone at the airport in Munich (Germany)
The expansion of the EU and the formation of a single European space has changed the previous functions of borders - ensuring security and border control. Interstate borders become purely symbolic (Fig. 63), but the question arises about the external border of the EU, which should protect a prosperous Europe from smuggling and illegal migration.
Political map of Europe
- What forms of government and government do European states have? Why are there a significant number of monarchies in Europe?
- Which political events XX century influenced the formation of the political map of Europe?
- What changes occurred on the political map of Europe as a result of the First World War?
- What changes occurred on the political map of Europe as a result of World War II?
- What changes occurred on the political map of Europe in the last decade of the 20th century. and at the beginning of the 21st century?
- What interstate problems and areas of political instability in Europe do you know?
The political map of Europe is the most fragmented, and this is understandable. After all, it was Europe that played the role of the most important political, economic and cultural center the entire planet. From this “Eurocentrism” flow such features of the political map of the region as its greatest “maturity”, “propensity for treason and change”, the emergence and testing of most of the main forms of government here.
Throughout most of our era, the political map of Europe was characterized by two main features. The first one is instability, which was associated both with external invasions during the time of the great migration of peoples, Arab, Tatar-Mongol, Turkish (Ottoman) conquests, and with endless aggressive (for example, Napoleonic at the beginning of the 19th century), internecine (for example, between the Scarlet and White Rose in England in the 15th century), dynastic (for example, for the Austrian, Polish, Spanish inheritance in the 18th century), liberation wars (for example, Russian-Turkish in the 18th–19th centuries). Historians consider the first pan-European war Thirty Years' War in the 17th century Finally, it was Europe that became the main arena of both the First and Second World Wars. It is clear that all these wars could not but lead to large quantitative and qualitative changes in the political map. The second main feature is fragmentation, which was especially clearly manifested in the Middle Ages and in modern times, but has survived to modern times, despite general trend to increased centralization.
In the 20th century largest changes on the political map Europe were associated with three epochal events: 1) the First World War, 2) the Second World War and 3) the collapse of the world socialist system.
First world war 1914–1918, which arose as a result of the aggravation of contradictions between two coalitions of imperialist powers - the Entente and the Triple Alliance - could not but lead to great changes in the political map of Europe. The main ones were that the defeated participants of the Triple Alliance, led by Germany, were forced to make significant territorial concessions. And the Entente countries (England, France and Russia), which won this war, together with several other states that joined them, received an increase in territory. The war also led to the collapse of Austria-Hungary and the formation of Austria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia as independent states. After the revolution in Russia in 1917, Poland, Finland, Latvia, Lithuania, and Estonia gained independence. These transformations of the political map of Europe seemed to combine both quantitative and qualitative changes associated with dramatic changes V social order some countries.
World War II 1939–1945 led to new quantitative changes on the map of Europe associated with a significant redrawing of state borders, occupation by the Allies in anti-Hitler coalition territories defeated Germany. And the main ones qualitative changes occurred in the central-eastern part of foreign Europe, where, as a result of first people's democratic and then socialist revolutions eight socialist states were formed: Poland, Germany Democratic Republic(GDR), Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, Yugoslavia and Albania. This is how a bipolar system of socialist and capitalist states of Europe emerged, which were part of two military-political blocs opposing each other - the Organization Warsaw Pact(OVD) and the North Atlantic Alliance (NATO).
The collapse of the USSR - and with it the entire world socialist system - at the turn of the 80-90s. XX century led to new very significant changes in the political map of Europe. Firstly, they consisted in the unification of two German states - the Federal Republic of Germany and the GDR - and the re-creation of a single German state after a forty-year period of its political division. This unification went through several stages and ended in September 1990. Secondly, they found expression in the collapse of two Eastern European federal states - Czechoslovakia, which was divided into the Czech Republic and Slovakia, and the SFRY, from which Yugoslavia, Croatia, Slovenia, and Bosnia emerged into independent states and Herzegovina and Macedonia. This “European-style divorce” in the first case was carried out in democratic, civilized forms, and in the second it was accompanied by a sharp aggravation interethnic problems. Thirdly, they manifested themselves in the anti-totalitarian “velvet revolutions” that occurred in most socialist countries of Eastern Europe, leading to a rapid reorientation of their political, economic and military priorities from East to West. Finally, fourthly, they were associated with leaving the Soviet Union Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia, which became independent states. In 2003, Yugoslavia was transformed into a confederation called Serbia and Montenegro, and in 2006 Montenegro became an independent state.
As a result, foreign Europe now includes 39 sovereign states and one possession of Great Britain - Gibraltar. In terms of the form of government among sovereign states, republics (27 of them) prevail over monarchies (12). In turn, the republics are dominated by parliamentary-type republics, characteristic of states with established democratic traditions (for example, Germany, Italy), but there are also presidential republics (France). Among the monarchies of foreign Europe there are kingdoms, principalities, a grand duchy, and an absolute theocratic monarchy - the Vatican (see Table 9 in Book I). By the nature of the administrative-territorial structure in foreign Europe, unitary states predominate, but there are also five federal ones (Table 10 in Book I). Among them, Switzerland occupies a special place, which is a confederation whose ancestry dates back to the end of the 13th century. V. A. Kolosov even identifies a special, Swiss, type of federation that arose on an ethnolinguistic basis. He also notes that in the 70s and 80s. XX century In many countries of foreign Europe, reforms of administrative-territorial division began to be carried out, aimed at consolidating administrative units - both lower-level (communes) and larger ones.
Overseas Europe division into subregions, strange as it may seem at first glance, it causes considerable difficulties associated with the use of various criteria and approaches. Typically, either a two-member or four-member geographical structuring of this region is used.
In the first case, foreign Europe is most often divided into Western and Eastern. This division was completely justified until the early 1990s, since it also had a clear geopolitical basis in the form of capitalist and socialist states opposing each other. Nowadays, although it continues to be used, it has become somewhat more amorphous. On the other hand, in geographical literature there were attempts to subdivide the entire region into European North And european South, which is based on both geographical and to a greater extent cultural and civilizational approaches. In fact, the European North is dominated by Germanic languages and Protestantism, in the South - Romance languages and Catholicism. The North is generally more developed in economically, more urbanized and richer than the South. It is also interesting that almost all countries with a monarchical form of government are located in the northern part of the region.
The fourfold division of overseas Europe is also very widely used in the geographical literature. Until the early 1990s. it was traditionally divided into four subregions: Western, Northern, Southern And Eastern Europe. But in the 1990s. a new concept about Central-Eastern Europe (CEE), which covers 16 post-socialist countries from Estonia in the north to Albania in the south. All of them form a single territorial area with an area of almost 1.4 million km 2 with a population of about 130 million people. Central-Eastern Europe occupies, as it were, intermediate position between the CIS countries and the subregions of Western, Northern and Southern Europe.
When considering this issue, one cannot ignore the classification that is officially applied - in relation to all of Europe - by the United Nations (Table 1).
Table 1
EUROPEAN SUBREGIONS ACCORDING TO UN CLASSIFICATION
Such a classification cannot be ignored by geographers, if only because it underlies all UN statistical materials. But at the same time, one cannot help but notice that the classification of Great Britain and Ireland, and even the Baltic countries, as Northern Europe has never been accepted in Russian geography.
The forecasts of most political scientists boil down to the fact that in the foreseeable future the political map of foreign Europe will apparently be in a state of relatively stable equilibrium, so for some time dramatic changes on it, in general, are unlikely. At the same time, centripetal trends towards a united Europe will obviously increase even more. Although centrifugal tendencies– especially in states with strong nationalist and separatist movements – may also persist.
The map of Europe shows western part continent of Eurasia (Europe). The map shows the Atlantic, Northern Arctic Oceans. Seas washed by Europe: Northern, Baltic, Mediterranean, Black, Barents, Caspian.
Here you can see a political map of Europe with countries, a physical map of Europe with cities (capitals of European countries), an economic map of Europe. Most maps of Europe are presented in Russian.
Large map of European countries in Russian
On a large map of European countries in Russian, all countries and cities of Europe with capitals are indicated. On a large map of Europe, indicated highways. The map shows the distances between the main cities of Europe. On the map on the left top corner A map of the island of Iceland is included. The map of Europe is made in Russian on a scale of 1:4500000. In addition to the island of Iceland, the islands of Europe are shown on the map: Great Britain, Sardinia, Corsica, Balearic Islands, Maine, Zealand Islands.
Map of Europe with countries (Political map)
On the map of Europe with countries, on the political map all the countries of Europe are shown. The countries indicated on the map of Europe are: Austria, Albania, Andorra, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Vatican City, Great Britain, Hungary, Germany, Greece, Denmark, Ireland, Iceland, Spain, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Malta, Moldova, Monaco, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Romania, San Marino, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Ukraine, Finland, France, Croatia, Montenegro, Czech Republic, Switzerland, Sweden and Estonia. All symbols on the map are in Russian. All European countries are marked with their borders and main cities, including capitals. The political map of Europe shows the main ports of European countries.
Map of European countries in Russian
The map of European countries in Russian shows the countries of Europe, the capitals of European countries, the oceans and seas washing Europe, the islands: Faroe, Scottish, Hebrides, Orkney, Balearic, Crete and Rhodes.
Physical map of Europe with countries and cities.
The physical map of Europe with countries and cities shows the countries of Europe, the main cities of Europe, European rivers, seas and oceans with depths, mountains and hills of Europe, lowlands of Europe. The physical map of Europe shows the largest peaks of Europe: Elbrus, Mont Blanc, Kazbek, Olympus. Separately highlighted maps of the Carpathians (scale 1:8000000), map of the Alps (scale 1:8000000), map of the Strait of Gibraltai (scale 1:1000000). On the physical map of Europe, all symbols are in Russian.
Economic map of Europe
The economic map of Europe shows industrial centers. The centers of ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy in Europe, the centers of mechanical engineering and metalworking of Europe, the centers of the chemical and petrochemical industries of Europe, the centers of the timber industry, the centers of production of building materials of Europe, the centers of light and food industries are plotted. On the economic map of Europe, the lands with the cultivation of various crops are highlighted in color. The map of Europe shows the places of mining, power plants of Europe. The size of the mining icon depends on economic significance deposits.
The video lesson is dedicated to the topic “Foreign Europe. Composition, political map." This topic is the first not only in the section of lessons dedicated to Foreign Europe, but also the first in regional geography 10th grade. You will get to know old Europe, which continues to play a leading role in the modern economy thanks to its financial, geopolitical influences and peculiarities of its economic and geographical location. The teacher will tell you in detail about the composition, borders, history, countries Foreign Europe.
Subject: Regional characteristics peace. Foreign Europe
Lesson:Foreign Europe. Composition, political map
Europe is a part of the world with an area of about 10 million km² (of which Foreign Europe, in relation to the CIS countries, accounts for 5.1 million km²) and a population of 740 million people (about 10-11% of the Earth's population). The average height is about 300 m, the maximum is 4808 m, Mont Blanc.
Rice. 1. Mont Blanc
Features of the geographical location:
1. The length from north to south (from Spitsbergen to Crete) is 5 thousand km, and from west to east - more than 3 thousand km.
2. The relief “mosaic” of its territory: lowlands and elevated areas. Among the mountains of Europe, the majority medium height. The borders run mainly along the following natural boundaries, which do not create obstacles to transport connections.
3. High degree rugged coastline.
4. The coastal position of most countries. The average distance from the sea is 300 km. In the western part of the region there is no place more than 480 km away from the sea, in the eastern part – 600 km.
5. The “depth” of the territory of most countries is small. So in Bulgaria and Hungary there are no places that are more than 115-120 km away from the borders of these countries.
6. Neighborhood location favorable for integration processes.
7. Advantageous position in terms of contacts with the rest of the worlds, because is located at the junction with Asia and Africa, far out into the ocean - " large peninsula Eurasia".
8. Variety natural resources, but non-comprehensive distribution by country, many deposits are largely depleted.
Europe is usually divided into Northern and Southern, Western and Eastern, this is quite arbitrary, especially since not only purely geographical, but also political factors come into play here.
A single economic, political and financial space is emerging in Foreign Europe.
The vast majority of countries are members of the UN. Switzerland joined the UN in September 2002, NATO members are 14 countries, EU members are 15 countries. Most countries belong to the group of industrialized countries. Four countries: Germany, Great Britain, France and Italy are part of the G7 Western countries. A special place Post-socialist countries or countries with economies in transition occupy the economic map of the region.
Council of Europe- an international organization promoting cooperation between all European countries in the field of legal standards, human rights, democratic development, legality and cultural interaction. Founded in 1949, the Council of Europe is the oldest in Europe international organization. The most prominent bodies of the Council of Europe are the European Court of Human Rights, which operates under the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, and the Commission of the European Pharmacopoeia.
Rice. 2. Emblem of the Council of Europe
After the collapse of the socialist regimes, the situation changed noticeably. Most countries of the former " socialist camp» refocused on Western structures. Currently, more than half of the European countries are members of the European Union and NATO, almost all the rest declare their desire to join these organizations.
IN to the greatest extent The following events influenced the formation of the political map of Europe: the First World War, the Second World War, the collapse of the USSR and the entire world socialist system. Until the mid-80s - 32 sovereign states, including microstates. Since the beginning of the 90s - about 40 states.
Currently, there are more than 40 states in Europe. Most states by form of government are republics, 12 are monarchies. Administratively - territorial structure all countries (except Belgium, Germany, Austria and Switzerland) are unitary. Largest countries by area: France, Spain, Sweden, Germany, Finland. Largest countries by population: Germany, France, Great Britain, Italy. Four countries of Overseas Europe are members of the G7: France, Germany, Italy, and Great Britain. Germany is considered the main economy of Europe.
Rice. 3. Political map of Europe
Homework
Topic 6, P.1
1. What are the features of the geographical and economic-geographical position of the countries of Foreign Europe?
2. What regions (subregions) are distinguished in Foreign Europe?
References
Main
1. Geography. Basic level. 10-11 grades: textbook for educational institutions / A.P. Kuznetsov, E.V. Kim. - 3rd ed., stereotype. - M.: Bustard, 2012. - 367 p.
2. Economic and social geography world: Textbook. for 10th grade educational institutions / V.P. Maksakovsky. - 13th ed. - M.: Education, JSC "Moscow Textbooks", 2005. - 400 p.
3. Atlas with set contour maps for grade 10 Economic and social geography of the world. - Omsk: FSUE "Omsk Cartographic Factory", 2012 - 76 p.
Additional
1. Economic and social geography of Russia: Textbook for universities / Ed. prof. A.T. Khrushchev. - M.: Bustard, 2001. - 672 p.: ill., map.: color. on
Encyclopedias, dictionaries, reference books and statistical collections
1. Geography: a reference book for high school students and those entering universities. - 2nd ed., rev. and revision - M.: AST-PRESS SCHOOL, 2008. - 656 p.
Literature for preparing for the State Exam and the Unified State Exam
1. Thematic control in geography. Economic and social geography of the world. 10th grade / E.M. Ambartsumova. - M.: Intellect-Center, 2009. - 80 p.
2. The most complete edition typical options real tasks Unified State Exam: 2010: Geography / Comp. Yu.A. Solovyova. - M.: Astrel, 2010. - 221 p.
3. The optimal bank of tasks for preparing students. Single state exam 2012. Geography. Textbook./ Comp. EM. Ambartsumova, S.E. Dyukova. - M.: Intellect-Center, 2012. - 256 p.
4. The most complete edition of standard versions of real Unified State Examination tasks: 2010: Geography / Comp. Yu.A. Solovyova. - M.: AST: Astrel, 2010.- 223 p.
5. Geography. Diagnostic work in Unified State Exam format 2011. - M.: MTsNMO, 2011. - 72 p.
6. Unified State Exam 2010. Geography. Collection of tasks / Yu.A. Solovyova. - M.: Eksmo, 2009. - 272 p.
7. Geography tests: 10th grade: to the textbook by V.P. Maksakovsky “Economic and social geography of the world. 10th grade” / E.V. Baranchikov. - 2nd ed., stereotype. - M.: Publishing house "Exam", 2009. - 94 p.
8. Textbook on geography. Tests and practical tasks in geography / I.A. Rodionova. - M.: Moscow Lyceum, 1996. - 48 p.
9. The most complete edition of standard versions of real Unified State Examination tasks: 2009: Geography / Comp. Yu.A. Solovyova. - M.: AST: Astrel, 2009. - 250 p.
10. Unified State Exam 2009. Geography. Universal materials for preparing students / FIPI - M.: Intellect-Center, 2009 - 240 p.
11. Geography. Answers to questions. Oral examination, theory and practice / V.P. Bondarev. - M.: Publishing house "Exam", 2003. - 160 p.
12. Unified State Exam 2010. Geography: thematic training tasks/ O.V. Chicherina, Yu.A. Solovyova. - M.: Eksmo, 2009. - 144 p.
13. Unified State Exam 2012. Geography: Typical exam options: 31 options / ed. V.V. Barabanova. - M.: National education, 2011. - 288 p.
14. Unified State Exam 2011. Geography: Model exam options: 31 options / ed. V.V. Barabanova. - M.: National Education, 2010. - 280 p.
Materials on the Internet
1. Federal Institute pedagogical measurements ().
2. Federal portal Russian Education ().
6. Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe ().
Detailed map of Europe in Russian. Europe on the world map is a continent that, together with Asia, is part of the Eurasian continent. The border between Asia and Europe – Ural Mountains, Europe is separated from Africa by the Strait of Gibraltar. There are 50 countries in Europe, total population– more than 740 million people.
Map of Europe with countries and capitals in Russian:
Large map of Europe with countries - opens in a new window. The map shows European countries, their capitals and major cities.
Europe - Wikipedia:
Population of Europe: 741,447,158 people (2016)
Europe Square: 10,180,000 sq. km.
Satellite map of Europe. Map of Europe from satellite.
Satellite map of Europe in Russian online with cities and resorts, roads, streets and houses:
Sights of Europe:
What to see in Europe: Parthenon (Athens, Greece), Colosseum (Rome, Italy), Eiffel Tower (Paris, France), Edinburgh Castle (Edinburgh, Scotland), Sagrada Familia (Barcelona, Spain), Stonehenge (England), St. Peter's Basilica (Vatican City) , Buckingham Palace (London, England), Moscow Kremlin (Moscow, Russia), Leaning Tower of Pisa (Pisa, Italy), Louvre (Paris, France), Big Ben (London, England), Blue Sultanahmet Mosque (Istanbul, Turkey), Building Parliament of Hungary (Budapest, Hungary), Neuschwanstein Castle (Bavaria, Germany), Old Town of Dubrovnik (Dubrovnik, Croatia), Atomium (Brussels, Belgium), Charles Bridge (Prague, Czech Republic), St. Basil's Cathedral (Moscow, Russia), Tower bridge (London, England).
The largest cities in Europe:
City Istanbul- city population: 14377018
people Country - Türkiye
City Moscow- city population: 12506468
people Country - Russia
City London- city population: 817410
0 people Country - Great Britain
City Saint Petersburg- city population: 5351935
people Country - Russia
City Berlin- city population: 3479740
people Country - Germany
City Madrid- city population: 3273049
people Country - Spain
City Kyiv- city population: 2815951
people Country - Ukraine
City Rome- city population: 2761447
people Country - Italy
City Paris- city population: 2243739
people Country - France
City Minsk- city population: 1982444
people Country - Belarus
City Hamburg- city population: 1787220
people Country - Germany
City Budapest- city population: 1721556
people Country - Hungary
City Warsaw- city population: 1716855
people Country - Poland
City Vein- city population: 1714142
people Country - Austria
City Bucharest- city population: 1677451
people Country - Romania
City Barcelona- city population: 1619337
people Country - Spain
City Kharkov- city population: 1446500
people Country - Ukraine
City Munich- city population: 1353186
people Country - Germany
City Milan- city population: 1324110
people Country - Italy
City Prague- city population: 1290211
people Country - Czech Republic
City Sofia- city population: 1270284
people Country - Bulgaria
City Nizhny Novgorod
- city population: 1259013
people Country - Russia
City Belgrade- city population: 1213000
people Country - Serbia
City Kazan- city population: 1206000
people Country - Russia
City Samara- city population: 1171000
people Country - Russia
City Ufa- city population: 1116000
people Country - Russia
City Rostov-on-Don- city population: 1103700
people Country - Russia
City Birmingham- city population: 1028701
people Country - Great Britain
City Voronezh- city population: 1024000
people Country - Russia
City Volgograd- city population: 1017451
people Country - Russia
City Permian- city population: 1013679
people Country - Russia
City Odessa- city population: 1013145
people Country - Ukraine
City Cologne- city population: 1007119
people Country - Germany
Microstates of Europe:
Vatican(area 0.44 sq. km - the most small state in the world), Monaco(area 2.02 sq. km.), San Marino(area 61 sq. km.), Liechtenstein(area 160 sq. km.), Malta(area 316 sq. km - island in the Mediterranean Sea) and Andorra(area 465 sq. km.).
Subregions of Europe - regions of Europe according to the UN:
Western Europe: Austria, Belgium, Germany, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Monaco, the Netherlands, France, Switzerland.
Northern Europe: Great Britain, Denmark, Ireland, Iceland, Norway, Finland, Sweden, Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia.
Southern Europe: Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Cyprus, Macedonia, San Marino, Serbia, Slovenia, Croatia, Montenegro, Portugal, Spain, Andorra, Italy, Vatican City, Greece, Malta.
East Europe: Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Czech Republic, Russia, Republic of Belarus, Ukraine, Moldova.
European Union countries (members and composition of the European Union in alphabetical order):
Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Hungary, Great Britain, Greece, Germany, Denmark, Italy, Ireland, Spain, Republic of Cyprus, Luxembourg, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, the Netherlands, Portugal, Poland, Romania, Slovenia, Slovakia, France, Finland, Croatia , Czech Republic, Sweden, Estonia.
Climate of Europe Mostly moderate. The European climate is particularly influenced by the waters of the Mediterranean Sea and the Gulf Stream. In most European countries there is a clear division into four seasons. In winter, snow falls over most of the continent and temperatures remain below 0 C, while in summer the weather is hot and dry.
Relief of Europe- These are mainly mountains and plains, and there are much more plains. Mountains occupy only 17% of the entire European territory. The largest European plains are Central European, East European, Central Danube and others. The largest mountains are the Pyrenees, Alps, Carpathians, etc.
The coastline of Europe is very indented, so some countries are island states. Flow through Europe largest rivers: Volga, Danube, Rhine, Elbe, Dnieper and others. Europe is distinguished by its particularly careful attitude towards its cultural and historical heritage and natural resources. There are many national parks in Europe, and almost every one European city Unique historical monuments and architecture of past centuries have been preserved.
European nature reserves (national parks):
Bavarian Forest (Germany), Belovezhskaya Pushcha(Belarus), Belovezhsky National Park (Poland), Borjomi-Kharagauli (Georgia), Braslav Lakes (Belarus), Vanoise (France), Vikos-Aoos (Greece), Hohe Tauern (Austria), Dwingelderveld (Netherlands), Yorkshire Dales (England), Kemery (Latvia), Killarney (Ireland), Kozara (Bosnia and Herzegovina), Coto De Doñana (Spain), Lemmenjoki (Finland), Narochansky (Belarus), New Forest (England), Pirin (Bulgaria) ), Plitvice Lakes (Croatia), Pripyat (Belarus), Snowdonia (England), Tatra Mountains (Slovakia and Poland), Thingvellir (Iceland), Šumava (Czech Republic), Dolomites (Italy), Durmitor (Montenegro), Alonissos (Greece), Vatnajökull (Iceland), Sierra Nevada (Spain), Retezat (Romania), Rila (Bulgaria), Triglav (Slovenia).
Europe is the most visited continent in the world. Numerous resorts of southern countries (Spain, Italy, France) and a rich and varied historical heritage, which is represented by a variety of monuments and attractions, attract tourists from Asia, Oceania and America.
Castles of Europe:
Neuschwanstein (Germany), Trakai (Lithuania), Windsor Castle (England), Mont Saint-Michel (France), Hluboká (Czech Republic), De Haar (Netherlands), Coca Castle (Spain), Conwy (UK), Bran (Romania) ), Kilkenny (Ireland), Egeskov (Denmark), Pena (Portugal), Chenonceau (France), Bodiam (England), Castel Sant'Angelo (Italy), Chambord (France), Aragonese Castle (Italy), Edinburgh Castle (Scotland) , Spis Castle (Slovakia), Hohensalzburg (Austria).
