Artificial intelligence (AI, English Artificial intelligence, AI) - the science and technology of creating intelligent machines, especially intelligent computer programs. AI is related to the similar task of using computers to understand human intelligence, but is not necessarily limited to biologically plausible methods.
What is artificial intelligence
Intelligence(from Lat. intellectus - sensation, perception, understanding, understanding, concept, reason), or mind - a quality of the psyche consisting of the ability to adapt to new situations, the ability to learn and remember based on experience, understand and apply abstract concepts and use one’s knowledge for environmental management. Intelligence is general ability to knowledge and solution of difficulties, which unites everything cognitive abilities human: sensation, perception, memory, representation, thinking, imagination.
In the early 1980s. Computational scientists Barr and Fajgenbaum proposed the following definition of artificial intelligence (AI):
Later, a number of algorithms and software systems began to be classified as AI, the distinctive property of which is that they can solve some problems in the same way as a person thinking about their solution would do.
The main properties of AI are understanding language, learning and the ability to think and, importantly, act.
AI is a complex of related technologies and processes that are developing qualitatively and rapidly, for example:
- natural language text processing
- expert systems
- virtual agents (chatbots and virtual assistants)
- recommendation systems.
Technological directions of AI. Deloitte data
AI Research
- Main article: Artificial Intelligence Research
Standardization in AI
2018: Development of standards in the field of quantum communications, AI and smart city
On December 6, 2018, the Technical Committee “Cyber-Physical Systems” based on RVC together with the Regional Engineering Center “SafeNet” began developing a set of standards for the markets of the National Technology Initiative (NTI) and the digital economy. By March 2019, it is planned to develop technical standardization documents in the field of quantum communications, and, RVC reported. Read more.
Impact of artificial intelligence
Risk to the development of human civilization
Impact on the economy and business
- The impact of artificial intelligence technologies on the economy and business
Impact on the labor market
Artificial Intelligence Bias
At the heart of everything that is the practice of AI ( Machine translate, speech recognition, natural language text processing, computer vision, car driving automation and much more) lies deep learning. It is a subset of machine learning, characterized by the use of neural network models, which can be said to mimic the workings of the brain, so it would be a stretch to classify them as AI. Any neural network model is trained on large data sets, so it acquires some “skills,” but how it uses them remains unclear to its creators, which ultimately becomes one of the the most important problems for many applications deep learning. The reason is that such a model works with images formally, without any understanding of what it does. Is such a system AI and can systems built on machine learning be trusted? The significance of the answer to the last question goes beyond scientific laboratories. Therefore, media attention to the phenomenon called AI bias has noticeably intensified. It can be translated as “AI bias” or “AI bias”. Read more.
Artificial Intelligence Technology Market
AI market in Russia
Global AI market
Areas of application of AI
The areas of application of AI are quite wide and cover both familiar technologies and emerging new areas that are far from mass application, in other words, this is the entire range of solutions, from vacuum cleaners to space stations. You can divide all their diversity according to the criterion of key points of development.
AI is not a monolithic subject area. Moreover, some technological areas of AI appear as new sub-sectors of the economy and separate entities, while simultaneously serving most areas in the economy.
Main commercial applications of artificial intelligence technologies
The development of the use of AI leads to the adaptation of technologies in classical sectors of the economy along the entire value chain and transforms them, leading to the algorithmization of almost all functionality, from logistics to company management.
Using AI for Defense and Military Affairs
Use in education
Using AI in business
AI in the electric power industry
- At the design level: improved forecasting of generation and demand for energy resources, assessment of the reliability of power generating equipment, automation of increased generation when demand surges.
- At the production level: optimization of preventive maintenance of equipment, increasing generation efficiency, reducing losses, preventing theft of energy resources.
- At the promotion level: optimization of pricing depending on the time of day and dynamic billing.
- At the level of service provision: automatic selection of the most profitable supplier, detailed consumption statistics, automated customer service, optimization of energy consumption taking into account the customer’s habits and behavior.
AI in manufacturing
- At the design level: increasing the efficiency of new product development, automated supplier assessment and analysis of spare parts requirements.
- At the production level: improving the process of completing tasks, automating assembly lines, reducing the number of errors, reducing delivery times for raw materials.
- At the promotion level: forecasting the volume of support and maintenance services, pricing management.
- At the service delivery level: improving fleet route planning Vehicle, demand for fleet resources, improving the quality of training of service engineers.
AI in banks
- Pattern recognition - used incl. to recognize customers in branches and convey specialized offers to them.
Main commercial areas of application of artificial intelligence technologies in banks
AI in transport
- The auto industry is on the verge of a revolution: 5 challenges of the era of unmanned driving
AI in logistics
AI in brewing
Use of AI in public administration
AI in forensics
- Pattern recognition - used incl. to identify criminals in public spaces.
- In May 2018, it became known that the Dutch police were using artificial intelligence to investigate complex crimes.
Law enforcement agencies have begun digitizing more than 1,500 reports and 30 million pages related to unsolved cases, The Next Web reports. Materials from 1988 onwards, in which the crime was not solved for at least three years, and the offender was sentenced to more than 12 years in prison, are transferred into computer format.
Solve a complex crime in a day. Police are adopting AI
Once all the content is digitized, it will be connected to a machine learning system that will analyze the records and decide which cases use the most reliable evidence. This should reduce the time it takes to process cases and solve past and future crimes from several weeks to one day.
Artificial intelligence will categorize cases according to their “solvability” and indicate possible results of DNA testing. The plan is then to automate analysis in other areas of forensics, and perhaps even expand into areas such as social science and testimony.
In addition, as one of the system developers, Jeroen Hammer, said, API functions for partners may be released in the future.
The Dutch police have a special unit that specializes in developing new technologies to solve crimes. It was he who created the AI system for quick search criminals based on evidence.
AI in the judiciary
Developments in the field of artificial intelligence will help radically change the judicial system, making it fairer and free from corruption schemes. This opinion was expressed in the summer of 2017 by Vladimir Krylov, Doctor of Technical Sciences, technical consultant at Artezio.
The scientist believes that existing solutions in the field of AI can be successfully applied in various sectors of the economy and public life. The expert points out that AI is successfully used in medicine, but in the future it can completely change the judicial system.
“Looking at news reports every day about developments in the field of AI, you are only amazed at the inexhaustible imagination and fruitfulness of researchers and developers in this field. Messages about scientific research are constantly interspersed with publications about new products breaking into the market and reports of amazing results obtained through the use of AI in various fields. If we talk about expected events, accompanied by noticeable hype in the media, in which AI will again become the hero of the news, then I probably won’t risk making technological forecasts. I can assume that the next event will be the appearance somewhere extremely competent court in the form of artificial intelligence, fair and incorruptible. This will happen, apparently, in 2020-2025. And the processes that will take place in this court will lead to unexpected reflections and the desire of many people to transfer to AI most of the processes of managing human society.”
Use of artificial intelligence in judicial system The scientist recognizes it as a “logical step” to develop legislative equality and justice. Machine intelligence is not subject to corruption and emotions, can strictly adhere to the legislative framework and make decisions taking into account many factors, including data that characterize the parties to the dispute. By analogy with the medical field, robot judges can operate with big data from storage facilities public services. It can be assumed that machine intelligence will be able to quickly process data and take into account significantly more factors than a human judge.
Expert psychologists, however, believe that the absence of an emotional component when considering court cases will negatively affect the quality of the decision. The verdict of a machine court may be too straightforward, not taking into account the importance of people’s feelings and moods.
Painting
In 2015, the Google team tested neural networks about the ability to create images yourself. Then artificial intelligence taught by example large quantity various pictures. However, when the machine was “asked” to depict something on its own, it turned out that it interpreted the world around us in a somewhat strange way. For example, for the task of drawing dumbbells, the developers received an image in which the metal was connected by human hands. This probably happened due to the fact that at the training stage, the analyzed pictures with dumbbells contained hands, and the neural network interpreted this incorrectly.
On February 26, 2016, at a special auction in San Francisco, Google representatives raised about $98 thousand from psychedelic paintings created by artificial intelligence. These funds were donated to charity. One of the most successful pictures of the car is presented below.
A painting painted by Google's artificial intelligence.
Artificial Intelligence – in Lately one of the most popular topics in the technology world. Minds such as Elon Musk, Stephen Hawking and Steve Wozniak are seriously concerned about AI research and argue that its creation puts us in mortal danger. At the same time, science fiction and Hollywood films have given rise to many misconceptions around AI. Are we really in danger and what inaccuracies are we making when we imagine the destruction of Skynet Earth, general unemployment, or, on the contrary, prosperity and carefreeness? Gizmodo has looked into human myths about artificial intelligence. We present full translation his articles.
This was called the most important test of machine intelligence since the victory Deep Blue over Garry Kasparov in a chess match 20 years ago. Google AlphaGo defeated grandmaster Lee Sedol at the Go tournament with a crushing score of 4:1, showing how seriously artificial intelligence (AI) has advanced. The fateful day when machines will finally surpass humans in intelligence has never seemed so close. But we seem to be no closer to understanding the consequences of this epoch-making event.
In fact, we cling to serious and even dangerous misconceptions about artificial intelligence. Last year, SpaceX founder Elon Musk warned that AI could take over the world. His words caused a storm of comments, both opponents and supporters of this opinion. For such a future monumental event, there is a surprising amount of disagreement as to whether it will happen and, if so, in what form. This is especially troubling considering the incredible benefits humanity could gain from AI, and possible risks. Unlike other human inventions, AI has the potential to change humanity or destroy us.
It's hard to know what to believe. But thanks to the first work of scientists in the field computing sciences, neuroscientists and AI theorists, a clearer picture is beginning to emerge. Here are some common misconceptions and myths about artificial intelligence.
Myth #1: “We will never create AI with intelligence comparable to humans”
Reality: We already have computers that have equaled or exceeded human capabilities in chess, Go, stock trading and conversation. Computers and the algorithms that run them can only get better. It's only a matter of time before they surpass humans at any task.
New York University research psychologist Gary Marcus said that “literally everyone” who works in AI believes that machines will eventually surpass us: “The only thing real difference between enthusiasts and skeptics are estimates of timing.” Futurists like Ray Kurzweil believe this could happen within a few decades; others say it will take centuries.
AI skeptics are not convincing when they say that this is an unsolvable technological problem, but in nature biological brain there is something unique. Our brains are biological machines - they exist in the real world and adhere to the basic laws of physics. There is nothing unknowable about them.
Myth #2: “Artificial intelligence will have consciousness”
Reality: Most imagine that machine intelligence will be conscious and think the way humans think. Moreover, critics like Microsoft co-founder Paul Allen believe that we cannot yet achieve artificial general intelligence (capable of solving any mental task that a human can handle) because we lack scientific theory consciousness. But as Imperial College London cognitive robotics specialist Murray Shanahan says, we shouldn't equate the two concepts.
“Consciousness is certainly amazing and important thing, but I don't believe it's necessary for human-level artificial intelligence. To be more precise, we use the word “consciousness” to refer to several psychological and cognitive attributes that a person “comes with,” explains the scientist.
A smart car that lacks one or more similar signs, one can imagine. Ultimately, we may create incredibly intelligent AI that is unable to perceive the world subjectively and consciously. Shanahan argues that mind and consciousness can be combined in a machine, but we must not forget that these are two different concepts.
Just because a machine passes the Turing Test, in which it is indistinguishable from a human, does not mean it is conscious. To us, advanced AI may appear conscious, but it will be no more self-aware than a rock or a calculator.
Myth #3: “We shouldn’t be afraid of AI”
Reality: In January founder of Facebook Mark Zuckerberg said that we should not be afraid of AI, because it will do an incredible amount of good things for the world. He's half right. We will benefit enormously from AI, from self-driving cars to the creation of new drugs, but there is no guarantee that every AI implementation will be benign.
A highly intelligent system can know everything about specific task, such as solving an unpleasant financial problem or hacking an enemy defense system. But outside the boundaries of these specializations, it will be deeply ignorant and unconscious. Google's DeepMind system is an expert in Go, but it has no ability or reason to explore areas outside its specialization.
Many of these systems may not be subject to security considerations. Good example– a complex and powerful Stuxnet virus, a militarized worm developed by the Israeli and US militaries to infiltrate and sabotage the work of Iranian nuclear power plants. This virus somehow (deliberately or accidentally) infected a Russian nuclear power plant.
Another example is the Flame program, used for cyber espionage in the Middle East. It's easy to imagine future versions of Stuxnet or Flame going beyond their intended purpose and causing massive harm to sensitive infrastructure. (To be clear, these viruses are not AI, but in the future they may have it, hence the concern).
The Flame virus was used for cyber espionage in the Middle East. Photo: Wired
Myth #4: “Artificial superintelligence will be too smart to make mistakes”
Reality: AI researcher and founder of Surfing Samurai Robots Richard Lucimore believes that most scenarios doomsday related to AI are inconsistent. They are always built on the assumption that the AI is saying: “I know that the destruction of humanity is caused by a failure in my design, but I am forced to do it anyway.” Lucimore says that if an AI behaves like this, reasoning about our destruction, then such logical contradictions will haunt it all its life. This in turn degrades his knowledge base and makes him too stupid to create a dangerous situation. The scientist also argues that people who say: “AI can only do what it is programmed to do” are just as mistaken as their colleagues at the dawn of the computer era. Back then, people used this phrase to argue that computers were not capable of demonstrating the slightest flexibility.
Peter Macintyre and Stuart Armstrong, who work at the Future of Humanity Institute at Oxford University, disagree with Lucimore. They argue that AI is largely bound by how it is programmed. McIntyre and Armstrong believe that AI will not be able to make mistakes or be too stupid to not know what we expect from it.
“By definition, artificial superintelligence (ASI) is a subject with intelligence significantly greater than that of the best human brain in any field of knowledge. He will know exactly what we wanted him to do,” says McIntyre. Both scientists believe that AI will only do what it is programmed to do. But if he becomes smart enough, he will understand how different this is from the spirit of the law or the intentions of people.
McIntyre compared the future situation of humans and AI to the current human-mouse interaction. The mouse's goal is to seek food and shelter. But it often conflicts with the desire of a person who wants his animal to run around freely. “We're smart enough to understand some of the mice's goals. So the ASI will also understand our desires, but be indifferent to them,” says the scientist.
As the plot of the movie Ex Machina shows, it will be extremely difficult for a person to hold onto a smarter AI
Myth #5: “A simple patch will solve the problem of AI control”
Reality: By creating artificial intelligence smarter than a person, we are faced with a problem known as the “control problem”. Futurists and AI theorists fall into a state of complete confusion if you ask them how we will contain and limit ASI if one appears. Or how to make sure that he will be friendly towards people. Recently, researchers at the Georgia Institute of Technology naively suggested that AI could adopt human values and social rules by reading simple stories. In reality, it will be much more difficult.
“There have been a lot of simple tricks proposed that could ‘solve’ the whole AI control problem,” says Armstrong. Examples included programming an ASI so that its purpose was to please people, or so that it simply functioned as a tool in the hands of a person. Another option is to integrate the concepts of love or respect into the source code. To prevent AI from adopting a simplistic, one-sided view of the world, it has been proposed to program it to value intellectual, cultural and social diversity.
But these solutions are too simple, like an attempt to cram all the complexity of human likes and dislikes into one superficial definition. Try, for example, to come up with a clear, logical, and workable definition of “respect.” This is extremely difficult.
The machines in The Matrix could easily destroy humanity
Myth #6: “Artificial intelligence will destroy us”
Reality: There is no guarantee that AI will destroy us, or that we will not be able to find a way to control it. As AI theorist Eliezer Yudkowsky said, “AI neither loves nor hates you, but you are made of atoms that it can use for other purposes.”
In his book “Artificial Intelligence. Stages. Threats. Strategies,” Oxford philosopher Nick Bostrom wrote that true artificial superintelligence, once it emerges, will pose greater risks than any other human invention. Prominent minds like Elon Musk, Bill Gates and Stephen Hawking (the latter of whom warned that AI could be our “worst mistake in history”) have also expressed concern.
McIntyre said that most of the purposes that an ASI might have are good reasons get rid of people.
“AI can predict, quite correctly, that we don't want it to maximize the profits of a particular company, no matter what the cost to customers. environment and animals. Therefore, he has a strong incentive to ensure that he is not interrupted, interfered with, turned off, or changed in his goals, since this would prevent his original goals from being achieved,” McIntyre argues.
Unless the ASI's goals closely mirror our own, it will have a good reason to prevent us from stopping it. Considering that his level of intelligence significantly exceeds ours, there is nothing we can do about it.
No one knows what form AI will take or how it might threaten humanity. As Musk noted, artificial intelligence can be used to control, regulate and monitor other AI. Or it may be soaked human values or the overriding desire to be friendly to people.
Myth #7: “Artificial superintelligence will be friendly”
Reality: The philosopher Immanuel Kant believed that reason was strongly correlated with morality. Neuroscientist David Chalmers, in his study “The Singularity: A Philosophical Analysis,” took Kant’s famous idea and applied it to the emerging artificial superintelligence.
If this is true...we can expect an intellectual explosion to lead to a moral explosion. We can then expect that the emerging ASI systems will be super-moral as well as super-intelligent, which allows us to expect good quality from them.
But the idea that advanced AI will be enlightened and kind is not very plausible at its core. As Armstrong noted, there are many smart war criminals. The connection between intelligence and morality does not seem to exist among humans, so he questions the operation of this principle among other intelligent forms.
“Intelligent people who behave immorally can cause much pain large scale than their dumber counterparts. Reasonableness simply gives them the opportunity to be bad with great mind, it doesn’t turn them into good-natured people,” says Armstrong.
As MacIntyre explained, a subject's ability to achieve a goal is not relevant to whether the goal is reasonable to begin with. “We will be very lucky if our AIs are uniquely gifted and their level of morality increases along with their intelligence. Relying on luck is not best approach for something that could shape our future,” he says.
Myth #8: “The risks of AI and robotics are equal”
Reality: It's special common mistake, propagated by uncritical media and Hollywood films like “Terminator”.
If an artificial superintelligence like Skynet really wanted to destroy humanity, it wouldn't use androids with six-barreled machine guns. It would be much more effective to send a biological plague or nanotechnological gray goo. Or simply destroy the atmosphere.
Artificial intelligence is potentially dangerous not because it can affect the development of robotics, but because of how its appearance will affect the world in general.
Myth #9: “The portrayal of AI in science fiction is an accurate representation of the future.”
Many kinds of minds. Image: Eliezer Yudkowsky
Of course, authors and futurists have used science fiction to make fantastic predictions, but the event horizon that ASI establishes is a completely different story. Moreover, the non-human nature of AI makes it impossible for us to know, and therefore predict, its nature and form.
To entertain us stupid people in science fiction most AIs are depicted as similar to us. “There is a spectrum of all possible minds. Even among humans, you are quite different from your neighbor, but that variation is nothing compared to all the minds that can exist,” says McIntyre.
Most science fiction does not have to be scientifically accurate to tell a compelling story. The conflict usually unfolds between heroes of similar strength. “Imagine how boring a story would be where an AI with no consciousness, joy or hatred, ended humanity without any resistance to achieve an uninteresting goal,” Armstrong narrates, yawning.
Hundreds of robots work at the Tesla factory
Myth #10: “It’s terrible that AI will take all our jobs.”
Reality: The ability of AI to automate much of what we do and its potential to destroy humanity are two very different things. But according to Martin Ford, author of The Dawn of the Robots: Technology and the Threat of a Jobless Future, they are often viewed as a whole. It's good to think about the distant future of AI, as long as it doesn't distract us from the challenges we'll face in the coming decades. Chief among them is mass automation.
No one doubts that artificial intelligence will replace many existing jobs, from factory worker to the upper echelons of white-collar workers. Some experts predict that half of all US jobs are at risk of automation in the near future.
But this does not mean that we cannot cope with the shock. In general, getting rid of most of our work, both physical and mental, is a quasi-utopian goal for our species.
“AI will destroy a lot of jobs within a couple of decades, but that's not a bad thing,” Miller says. Self-driving cars will replace truck drivers, which will reduce delivery costs and, as a result, make many products cheaper. “If you are a truck driver and make a living, you will lose, but everyone else, on the contrary, will be able to buy more goods for the same salary. And the money they save will be spent on other goods and services that will create new jobs for people,” says Miller.
In all likelihood, artificial intelligence will create new opportunities for producing goods, freeing people to do other things. Advances in AI will be accompanied by advances in other areas, especially manufacturing. In the future, it will become easier, not harder, for us to meet our basic needs.
Is Artificial Intelligence the Reason We Are Ended?
What is artificial intelligence and what are people really afraid of?
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Artificial intelligence is a topic about which everyone has formed their own opinion.
Experts on this issue are divided into two camps.
The first believes that artificial intelligence does not exist, the second believes that it does exist.
Rusbase found out which of them is right.
Artificial Intelligence and Negative consequences imitation
The main reason for the debate about artificial intelligence is the understanding of the term. The stumbling block was the very concept of intelligence and... ants. People who deny the existence of AI rely on the fact that it is impossible to create artificial intelligence, because human intelligence has not been studied, and therefore it is impossible to recreate its likeness.
The second argument used by “non-believers” is the case of ants. The main thesis of the case is that ants have long been considered creatures that have intelligence, but after research it became clear that they imitated it. And imitation of intelligence does not mean its presence. Therefore, anything that imitates rational behavior cannot be called intelligence.
The other half of the camp (that claims there is AI) is on ants and nature human mind doesn't get hung up. Instead they operate more practical concepts, the meaning of which is that artificial intelligence is the ability of machines to perform human intellectual functions. But what are considered intellectual functions?
The history of artificial intelligence and who came up with it
John McCarthy, the originator of the term “artificial intelligence,” defined intelligence as the computational component of the ability to achieve goals. McCarthy explained the very definition of artificial intelligence as the science and technology of creating intelligent computer programs.
McCarthy's definition appeared later than scientific direction. Back in the middle of the last century, scientists tried to understand how the human brain works. Then theories of calculations, theories of algorithms and the world's first computers appeared, the computing capabilities of which prompted scientific luminaries to think about whether a machine could compare with the human mind.
The icing on the cake was the decision of Alan Turing, who found a way to test the intelligence of a computer - and created the Turing Test, which determines whether a machine can think.
So what is artificial intelligence and what is it created for?
If we do not take into account ants and the nature of human intelligence, AI in the modern context is the ability of machines, computer programs and systems to perform the intellectual and creative functions of a person, independently find ways to solve problems, be able to draw conclusions and make decisions.
It is rational not to perceive artificial intelligence as a semblance of the human mind and to separate futurology and science, just like AI and Skynet.
Moreover, most modern products created using AI technologies are not new round development of artificial intelligence, but only the use of old tools to create new and necessary solutions.
Why an upgrade is not considered to be the development of artificial intelligence
But are these such new ideas? Take, for example, Siri, a cloud-based assistant equipped with a question-and-answer system. A similar project was created back in 1966 and also bore a female name - Eliza. The interactive program supported the dialogue with the interlocutor so realistically that people recognized it as a living person.
Or the industrial robots that Amazon uses in its warehouse. Long before that, in 1956, Unimation robots were working at General Motors, moving heavy parts and helping to assemble cars. What about the integral robot Shakey, developed in 1966 and becoming the first mobile robot controlled by artificial intelligence? Doesn't it remind you of a modern and improved Nadine?
Problems of unnatural intelligences. Intelligence of Grigory Bakunov
And where would we be without the latest trend - neural networks? We know modern startups based on neural networks - just remember Prisma. But an artificial neural network based on the principle of self-organization for pattern recognition called “Cognitron”, created back in 1975, is not.
Intelligent chatbots are no exception. The distant forefather of chatbots is CleverBot, which runs on an artificial intelligence algorithm developed back in 1998.
Therefore, artificial intelligence is not something new and unique. The frightening prospect of the enslavement of humanity by the phenomenon is even more so. Today, AI is about using old tools and ideas into new products that meet the demands of the modern world.
The power of artificial intelligence and unreasonable expectations
If we compare artificial intelligence with a person, then today its development is at the level of a child who learns to hold a spoon, tries to get up from all fours onto two legs and cannot wean himself off diapers.
We are used to seeing AI as an all-powerful technology. Even the Lord God in films is not shown to be as omnipotent as an Excel tablet that has gotten out of the control of a corporation. Can God turn off all electricity in the city, paralyze the airport, leak it to the Internet? secret correspondence heads of state and provoke an economic crisis? No, but artificial intelligence can, but only in movies.
Inflated expectations are the reason we live, because an automatic robot vacuum cleaner is no match for Tony Stark's robot butler, and the homely and sweet Zenbo will not give you Westworld.
Russia and the use of artificial intelligence - is anyone alive?
And although artificial intelligence does not live up to the expectations of the majority, in Russia it is used in various fields, starting from government controlled and ending with dating.
Today, it is possible to find and identify objects by analyzing image data with the help of AI. It is already possible to identify a person’s aggressive behavior, detect an attempt to break into an ATM, and recognize from video the identity of the person who tried to do it.
Biometric technologies have also moved forward and allow not only fingerprints, but also voice, DNA or retina. Yes, just like in the films about special agents who could get to a secret place only after scanning the eyeball. But biometric technologies are used not only for verification secret agents. In the real world, biometrics are used for authentication, credit application verification, and staff monitoring.
Biometrics are not the only example of application. Artificial intelligence is closely related to other technologies and solves problems in retail, fintech, education, industry, logistics, tourism, marketing, medicine, construction, sports and ecology. Most successfully in Russia, AI is used to solve problems of predictive analytics, data mining, processing natural language, speech technologies, biometrics and computer vision.
The tasks of artificial intelligence and why it doesn’t owe you anything
Artificial intelligence has no mission, and tasks are set for it with the goal of reducing resources, be it time, money or people.
An example is data mining, where AI optimizes procurement, supply chains and other business processes. Or computer vision, where video analytics is carried out using artificial intelligence technologies and a description of the video content is created. To solve the problems of speech technologies, AI recognizes, analyzes and synthesizes spoken speech, taking another small step towards teaching a computer to understand a person.
Understanding a person by a computer is considered the very mission the fulfillment of which will bring us closer to the creation of strong intelligence, since to recognize natural language the machine will require not only enormous knowledge about the world, but also constant interaction with it. Therefore, “believers” in strong artificial intelligence consider machine understanding of humans to be the most important task of AI.
The humanoid Nadine has a personality and is intended to be a social companion.
In the philosophy of artificial intelligence, there is even a hypothesis according to which there are weak and strong artificial intelligences. In it, a computer capable of thinking and realizing itself will be considered a strong intellect. The theory of weak intelligence rejects this possibility.
There are indeed many requirements for a strong intellect, some of which have already been met. For example, learning and decision making. But whether the MacBook will ever be able to meet such requirements as empathy and wisdom is a big question.
Is it possible that in the future there will be robots that can not only imitate human behavior, but also nod sympathetically when listening to yet another dissatisfaction with the injustice of human existence?
What else do you need a robot with artificial intelligence for?
In Russia, little attention is paid to robotics using artificial intelligence, but there is hope that this is a temporary phenomenon. CEO of Mail Group Dmitry Grishin even the Grishin Robotics fund, however, no high-profile finds of the fund have yet been heard.
The latest good Russian example is the Emelya robot from i-Free, which is capable of understanding natural language and communicating with children. At the first stage, the robot remembers the child’s name and age, adapting to his age group. It can also understand and answer questions, such as talking about the weather forecast or reciting facts from Wikipedia.
In other countries, robots are more popular. For example, in the Chinese province of Henan at the train station for high speed trains serves as a real one, which can scan and recognize the faces of passengers.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
A field of computer science (informatics) that specializes in modeling human intellectual and sensory abilities using computing devices. Technological basis for posing the problem of I.I. arose as a result of the creation in the 1940s. first computers. However, only at the beginning. 1950s between human intelligence and computing devices became the subject of discussions, the result of which was the formulated English. mathematician and logician A. Turing “indiscernibility”. According to this test, a computing device can imitate (“think”) if it “understands” the request and generates a response that leaves no doubt in the mind that it is exchanging information with a person and not with a machine. Initially, the imitation of higher human cognitive functions was limited to simple games, and algorithmic was used to create corresponding programs. A radical way out of the difficulties that arose in this regard was the development of a heuristic method, which involves the use of proven rules, techniques and strategies for solving intellectual problems. The heuristic method was more consistent with the actual procedures of human intelligence, avoiding unnecessary calculations in cases where the unknown. This method was first used in the creation of American in 1956. scientists A. Newell and G. Simon of the “Logical Theorist” program, which quite successfully coped with the task of proving theorems mathematical logic. Later, these same researchers managed to develop the basic ideas that formed the basis of the “Logical Theorist” and developed (1964) a new heuristic program - GPS (“Universal Problem Solver”), which simulated general strategies, used in solving specific intellectual problems in chess, logic, theorem proving, cryptography, etc.
The emergence of the field of I.I. usually associated with the Dortmouth Conference (1956), organized by D. McCarthy (the author of the term “AI”), where ten scientists developed research to create computer programs capable of intelligent behavior. It was this conference that influenced the new discipline - cognitive psychology - and determined the course of future research on AI.
In the 1960-1970s. along with the creation of self-learning systems, systems that understand simple sentences natural language, as well as systems that allow solving problems, proving theorems, etc., is the most important area of research in the field of artificial intelligence. computer development is becoming expert systems, i.e. systems that have the information (knowledge base) of an expert in a certain field and are able to imitate him mental operations- analyze, advise and propose solutions to assigned tasks. Subsequently, expert systems found wide application in industry, finance, science, culture, medicine and military affairs. During this period, natural language systems were developed that “taught” computers to accept, interpret and execute commands in the user’s natural language, creating a more natural interface for human-computer communication. These systems have become used for machine translation, writing resumes, searching bibliographic texts, analyzing sentence structure and style, modeling human conversation, etc.
In the 1970-1980s. thanks to the development of new methods - the theory of frames (M. Minsky), the theory of technical vision systems (D. Marr), the PROLOG programming language, etc. - new perspectives have opened up in the study of the problem of image recognition based on isolating information regarding shape, color, edges, texture, etc., and correlating it with patterns (templates). Development computer modeling human sensory abilities laid the foundation for the design of systems speech recognition and technical vision, which enabled the user to talk to the computer and the computers to “see” and “understand” their environment. In research in the field of I.I. are also carried out in such areas as robotics, neural networks (simulation of information processing processes in human brain), fuzzy, which are believed to be key in the 21st century.
The term "I.I." is also used to refer to the concept in modern philosophy of mind that a person's cognitive mental states can be duplicated by computing devices. Usually drawn between the weak and strong versions of this concept. The weak one (it is not controversial) states only that appropriately programmed computing devices are capable of simulating human beings. Proponents of the strong version (D. Dennett, D. Fodor, etc.), despite differences in positions, go much further, admitting that appropriately programmed computing devices can be in cognitive mental states and in this sense have intelligence and the ability to understand . This version has caused a lively discussion in the philosophy of consciousness and has encountered serious criticism. In this regard, the American proposal proposed in 1980 became widely known. philosopher J. Searle's mental "Chinese room". From this experiment it followed that relatively isolated from outside world a person who is good at manipulating a whale. With hieroglyphs whose meaning he does not know, it is impossible to say with certainty whether he is Chinese or not. Although its supporters immediately raised objections to criticism of the strong version, about the extent to which I.i. capable of imitating a person, remains open.
Philosophy: Encyclopedic Dictionary. - M.: Gardariki. Edited by A.A. Ivina. 2004 .
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
ARTIFICIAL (eng. artificial intelligence) - 1) a scientific direction that aims at the processes of cognition and thinking, the use of human problem-solving methods to increase the productivity of computer technology; 2) various devices, mechanisms, programs that, according to certain criteria, can be called “intelligent”; 3) a set of ideas about knowledge, mind and man, making it possible to pose the question of modeling intelligence. Historically, the problems of artificial intelligence are associated with the search by medieval thinkers for a perfect “philosophical”, or “proto-Adamic” language, through which one can know the absolute truth. In the process of transforming mythological ideas about artificial intelligence into a rational scientific construction (from Lull through Leibniz to Wiener), three stand out: key ideas: firstly, about the possibility of final rational knowledge world, secondly, the idea of objective knowledge, independent of either man or humanity, and thirdly, the idea of the objectivity of knowledge, which, from the point of view of cybernetics, is a set of processes of receiving, transmitting and processing information.
Since its separation from cybernetics in . 1950s Research in the field of artificial intelligence has gone through three stages. The first stage (1950-60s) covers the formation of artificial intelligence research programs, the formation of a range of tasks related to this scientific area (games, theorems, pattern recognition, natural language, machine translation, experimental planning, robotics), the creation of methods and tools for solving these problems (Lisp language, perceptron, etc.). This stage is characterized by a wide public response to research and high expectations. The next stage (1960-70s) is associated with artificial intelligence acquiring the status of a “classical” scientific and technical discipline: conducting the first international conferences, starting to publish magazines, reading relevant courses at universities. At this time they are developing fundamental theories (fuzzy logic, knowledge representation models, genetic algorithms etc.), who served in further basis new intelligent programs. The third stage (1980-90s) is associated primarily with the practical (commercial) use of artificial intelligence achievements in various fields of activity: finance, economics, computer and household appliances, management, control (expert systems, data mining programs, neuro - and biocomputers). This stage is also characterized by the study and modeling of rational structures in connection with emotions, beliefs, feelings, practical skills and non-analytical methods of processing figurative information, which brings together modern models artificial intelligence with their natural human prototype.
Lit.: Turing A. Can a machine think? M., 1960; Dreyfus X. What computers cannot do. Criticism artificial intelligence. M., 1978; Artificial intelligence. - Directory in 3 books. M., 1990; The future of artificial intelligence. M., 1991; Petrunin Yu. Yu. From secret knowledge to the neurocomputer. Essays on the history of artificial intelligence. M., 1996; Language and intelligence. M., 1996; Encyclopedia of Artificial Intelligence, vol. 1-2. N.Y., 1987; Wnograd T., Flores F. Understanding Computers and Cognition: A New Foundation for Design. Norwood-New Jersey, 1987; The Philosophy of Artificial Intelligence, ed. by M. Boden. Oxf., 1990; Penrose R. Shadows f the Mind. Vintage, 1995; Android Epistemology, ed. by K. Ford, D. Glymour, P. Hayes. Menio Park, 1997.
Yu. Yu. Petrushn
New Philosophical Encyclopedia: In 4 vols. M.: Thought. Edited by V. S. Stepin. 2001 .
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Artificial intelligence can be defined as a scientific discipline that deals with modeling intelligent behavior. This definition has one significant drawback - the concept of intelligence is difficult to explain. Most people are confident that they can recognize “reasonable behavior” when they encounter it. However, it is unlikely that anyone will be able to define intelligence that is specific enough to evaluate a supposedly intelligent computer program while also reflecting the vitality and complexity of the human mind.
So, the problem of defining artificial intelligence comes down to the problem of defining intelligence in general: is it something unified, or does this term unite a set of disparate abilities? To what extent can intelligence be created? What is creativity? What is intuition? Is it possible to judge the presence of intelligence only by observed behavior? How is knowledge represented in the neural tissues of living beings, and how can this be applied to the design of smart devices? Is it even possible to achieve intelligence through computer technology, or does the essence of intelligence require the richness of feelings and experience inherent only in biological beings?
These questions have not yet been answered, but they all helped shape the tasks and methodology that form the basis of modern artificial intelligence. Part of the appeal of artificial intelligence is that it provides an original and powerful weapon for exploring these problems. Artificial intelligence provides a means and a test model for theories of intelligence: these theories can be formulated in computer language and then tested.
For these reasons, the definition of artificial intelligence given at the beginning of the article does not provide an unambiguous characteristic for this field of science. It only raises new questions and opens up paradoxes in an area in which one of the main tasks is the search for self-determination. However, the search problem precise definition artificial intelligence is quite understandable. The study of artificial intelligence is still a young discipline, and its structure, range of questions and methods are not as clearly defined as in more mature sciences, for example, physics.
Artificial intelligence is intended to expand the capabilities of computer science, not define its boundaries. One of important tasks The challenge facing researchers is to support these efforts with clear theoretical principles.
Any science, including artificial intelligence, considers a certain range of problems and develops approaches to solving them. The history of artificial intelligence, the stories of the individuals and their hypotheses that underlie this science, may be able to explain why certain problems came to dominate the field and why the methods used today were adopted to solve them.
