Simulation modeling in economics literature. Simulation modeling of economic processes

Personal pronouns- I, you, we, you, he, she, they, it - indicate persons and objects in relation to their participation in speech.

Unit number: I - points to the speaker.

Mn. number: we - indicates a group of people, including the speaker.

Unit number: you - indicates the interlocutor to whom the speech is addressed.

Mn. number: you - indicates a group of people together with the interlocutor.

Unit number: he, she, it - indicate a person not participating in the speech, i.e. the one about whom we are talking.

Mn. number: they - indicates a group of people not participating in the speech, but which is being discussed.

Morphological features of personal pronouns

They do not have a morphological: they are devoid of formal generic indicators, but depending on the context they can acquire any kind of meaning: you have come Ø - you came A (unit agreement).

According to school (Shansky N.M., Tikhonov A.N., Ladyzhenskaya T.A.): personal pronoun he varies by gender: He Ø (m.r.)- He A (f.r.)- He O (Wed. R.).

A characteristic feature of personal pronouns is the suppletivism of the stems: I - me, we - us, he - him.

According to “Grammar - 80”, the pronouns I and we are morphemically indivisible; the pronoun he in the forms R. p., D. p. and V. p. [j] is not phonetically realized (his):

• I Ø - mehn I
• ms Ø - n ac
• T s - thoseb I

• V s- V ac
• On Ø - [j] his
• They - them

Syntactic features

In a sentence, personal pronouns most often serve as subjects or objects.

• At dawn you her don't wake me up
• At dawn she sleeps so sweetly.
• (A. A. Fet)

Besides direct meaning, personal pronouns can also be used in a figurative meaning:

1. The pronoun “we” in the meaning of “I” is used in scientific and journalistic speech, as the author’s “we”.

• We We propose to make the following changes to the manuscript.

2. “We” in the meaning of “you” or “you” is used to express sympathy, empathy.

• Well, how We how are we feeling?
• (L. N. Andreev)

3. “We” in the meaning of “I” - the imperial “I”, used to exalt and give importance.

• By God's grace, We, Alexander II, Emperor and Autocrat of All Russia, Tsar of Poland...
• (Alexander II. Coronation of the monarch, 1856)

4. “You” is very often used to mean “you” to express respectful attitude to the interlocutor.

5. The pronoun “he” or “she” is used in the sense of “you” to express a disdainful attitude towards the addressee.

• “I already know everything, she still not telling the truth. Here’s mom!” the disgruntled son grumbled. (She doesn't speak = you don't speak.)

Pronoun is an independent non-nominal part of speech that indicates objects, signs or quantities, but does not name them.

The grammatical features of pronouns are different and depend on which part of speech the pronoun is a substitute for in the text.

Classes of pronouns by meaning

There are 9 categories of pronouns according to their meaning:

1. Personal : I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they. Personal pronouns indicate participants in the dialogue ( me, you, we, you), persons not participating in the conversation, and objects ( he, she, it, they).

2. Returnable : myself. This pronoun indicates the identity of the person or thing named by the subject with the person or thing named by the word itself ( He won't hurt himself. Hopes were not justified).

3. Possessives : . Possessive pronouns indicate that an object belongs to a person or another object ( This is my briefcase. Its size is very convenient).

4. Index fingers : this, that, such, such, so much, this(obsolete), this one(obsolete). These pronouns indicate the attribute or quantity of objects.

5. Definitive : himself, most, all, every, every, any, other, different, everyone(obsolete), all kinds(obsolete). Determinative pronouns indicate the attribute of an object.

6. Interrogative : who, what, which, which, whose, how many. Interrogative pronouns serve as special pronouns question words and indicate persons, objects, signs and quantity.

7. Relative : the same as interrogatives, in the function of connecting parts of a complex sentence ( allied words).

8. Negative : no one, nothing, no one, nothing, none, no one's. Negative pronouns express the absence of an object or attribute.

9. Undefined : someone, something, some, some, several, as well as all pronouns formed from interrogative pronouns prefix some- or suffixes - this, -either, -something.

Classifications of pronouns according to grammatical features

According to their grammatical features, pronouns correlate with nouns, adjectives and numerals. Pronouns indicate a person or thing pronominal adjectives- for the attribute of an object, pronominal numerals - for quantity.

TO pronouns-nouns include: all personal pronouns, reflexive self, interrogative-relative who and what and negative and indefinite ones formed from them ( no one, nothing, no one, nothing, someone, something, someone, etc.).

TO pronouns-adjectives include all possessives, all attributives, demonstratives this, that, such, such, this, that, interrogative-relatives which, which, whose and the negative and indefinite derived from them (none, no one, some, some, some, etc.).

TO numeral pronouns pronouns refer to as many as those formed from them ( a few, some etc.).

Grammatical features of pronouns-nouns

Pronominal nouns include the following pronouns: personal , you, he, she, it, we, you, they, returnable myself, interrogative-relative Who And What and the negative and indefinite ones formed from them ( no one, nothing, no one, nothing, no one, something, someone, something, anything etc.).

These pronouns have grammatical features, similar to the grammatical features of nouns, however, they also have certain differences from significant nouns. You can ask them questions: who? or what?, in a sentence these words act primarily as subjects or objects.

Let's consider the morphological features of pronouns-nouns.

Personal pronouns have a morphological feature faces :

1st person: me, we;

2nd person: you, you;

3rd person: he, she, it, they.

The morphological feature of the person of pronouns is expressed non-verbally - by personal endings of the verb in the present or future tense indicative mood and forms imperative mood verb, i.e. those verb forms, which have a morphological facial feature:

1st person: I'm going, we're going;

2nd person: you go-eat, go-and-, you go-eat, go-and-those;

3rd person: he, she, it goes, let it go, they go, let it go.

For other pronouns-nouns, as well as for all significant nouns, it is not customary to determine the person.

Personal pronouns have a morphological feature numbers . There are only one personal pronoun ( me, you, he, she, it) and plural ( we, you, they) numbers.

Pronouns-nouns have a constant feature sort of . This question, like the question about number, in school textbooks dimly lit. We will proceed from the following provisions. All personal pronouns have a constant gender marker, which, like significant nouns, is expressed non-verbally.

The pronouns I and you are of the general gender: I, you came - I, you came.

Pronoun he masculine: he came.

Pronoun she feminine: she came.

The pronoun is neuter: it came-o.

Pronouns plural we, you, they are not characterized by gender. We can talk about the animation of personal pronouns, since their V. p. coincides with R. p. ( no you - I see you).

All personal pronouns change according to cases , i.e. they are inclined.

IN indirect cases with a preposition n is added to 3rd person pronouns: he has, to them, from her. Additions do not occur with derivative prepositions during, thanks to, according to, despite, etc.: thanks to her, according to him.

The reflexive pronoun-noun itself has no gender or number. It is inflected in the same way as the personal pronoun you, with the exception that the pronoun itself does not have the form I. p.

Interrogative- relative pronouns who is masculine singular (who came, but not who came or who came), and the pronoun that is neuter singular ( what happened).

Negative and indefinite pronouns formed from the pronouns who and what have the same characteristics as the pronouns who and what. The peculiarity of the indefinite pronouns someone and something is that someone has the form only I. p., and something- I. p. and V. p. A negative pronouns no one And nothing, on the contrary, do not have the form I. p.

Negative and indefinite pronouns with the prefixes not- and neither-, when used with prepositions, “miss” the preposition inside themselves: not with anyone, with anyone.

Grammatical features of pronouns-adjectives

Adjective pronouns include all possessives ( my, yours, yours, ours, yours, his, hers, theirs), all determinatives ( himself, most, all, every, every, any, other, different, every, every), demonstratives this, that, such, such, this, that, interrogative-relative which, which, whose and negative and indefinite formed from them ( none, no one's, some, some, some etc.).

Adjective pronouns have grammatical features similar to those of nominative adjectives: they have inconsistent symptoms gender, number and case , in which they agree with the noun to which they refer, in a sentence they are a definition or (rarely) nominal part predicate.

Deserves special mention possessive pronouns his, her and theirs. Unlike the words my, yours, ours, yours, the pronouns his, her and theirs are unchangeable (cf.: his house, desk, window; his houses, desks, windows). Immutability is their constant feature.

Adjective pronouns such and such do not change by case and are used only as a predicate.

Grammatical features of numeral pronouns

Numeral pronouns are few in number. These are the words how many, so many and the pronouns formed from them several, how many, how many.

Like significant numbers, these words do not have morphological characteristics gender and number, change by case and are combined with nouns in a special way: they control R. p. plural. the numbers of the noun in I. p. and V. p. and agree with the noun in indirect cases. These words are pronounced the same way:

I.p. how much

R. p. how many

D. p. how many

V.p. how much

etc. how many

P. p. how many.

The word at all is usually classified not as a pronoun, but as an adverb, since it is unchangeable.

Morphological analysis of pronouns

III. Syntactic role

SAMPLE PARAGRAPH OF PRONOUNS

In the gallery, some distraught citizen discovered in his pocket a bundle, tied in a banking manner and with the inscription on the cover “One thousand rubles”... A few seconds later, the rain of money, getting thicker, reached the chairs, and the audience began to catch the pieces of paper (M. A. Bulgakov).

I. Some (what?) - pronoun, initial form some kind.

inconsistent signs: in husband. kind, units number, I. p.

III. Citizen (what kind?) of some kind (definition).

I. (At) yourself (at whom?) - pronoun, initial form of yourself (R. p.)

II. Constant signs: recurrent;

inconsistent signs: in R. p.

III. I discovered (where?) (circumstance).

I. Several (how many?) - pronoun, initial form several.

II. Permanent signs: indeterminate;

inconsistent signs: in V. p..

III. Reached (when?) in a few seconds (circumstance).

You already know that nominal parts of speech can be replaced with a pronoun if necessary. But this must be done very carefully. Despite the fact that pronouns only indicate objects and signs, they carry a certain meaning. You will learn in this lesson what categories of meaning pronouns are divided into.

1. Let's remember what we've learned

Pronoun- This independent part speech that points to objects, signs or quantity, but does not name them. Pronouns include: different words, How we, any, who, your, several, that etc. There are more than 50 pronouns in the Russian language.

2. Places of pronouns

The number of pronouns is quite large, and many of them have common features, for example, similar meaning or same type of declination. Based on this, it is possible to combine pronouns into groups based on similarity, or, in other words, ranks. Splitting large number words into small groups will help organize knowledge about pronouns.

All pronouns can be divided into 9 digits, combining words that are similar in meaning. On this lesson each of them is discussed briefly. In the following lessons, each of the categories will be discussed in more detail.

Personal pronouns. These include words that indicate participants in the dialogue ( me, we, you, you), to persons not participating in it, as well as those who point to objects ( he, she, it, they).

Consider an example of the use of personal pronouns.

I couldn't You tell to me a little about him?

Pronoun You indicates the person with whom the dialogue is being conducted,

to me(n.f. - I) - on the speaker himself,

about him(n.f. - He) - either to a person not participating in the conversation, or to an object.

The next category is unique in that it includes only one word - pronoun myself. It, like the discharge itself, is called return. Pronoun myself indicates who is being spoken about, as well as the fact that the action is directed at the person performing the action. Consider examples of its use.

She doesn't regret it at all myself!

Take it to myself assistant

The children only thought about to yourself.

All examples use the pronoun myself in various cases.

Possessive pronouns. This category includes words indicating that an object or objects belong to a certain person or certain persons. Possessive pronouns answer questions whose? whose? whose? whose? These include words mine, ours, yours, yours, his, hers, theirs And mine.

Consider an example.

- This your pencil?

- No, not my. Most likely this is her pencil.

Possessive pronouns are used in this dialogue yours, mine, hers. All of them indicate that the object belongs to one person or another - the interlocutor, the speaker or a person not participating in the conversation, and answer the question whose?

Interrogative and relative pronouns. They contain the same words, but their functions are different, so they are traditionally divided into two different groups.

Interrogative pronouns indicate objects, characteristics, quantity, serve to express a question and are used in interrogative sentences. These are the words Who? What? Which? whose? which? what? How many? Consider examples.

Who called?

Which hour?

How many will people come to the party?

These sentences use interrogative pronouns Who? which? How many?

Relative pronouns, like interrogative pronouns, indicate objects, characteristics, quantity, but at the same time serve to connect parts complex sentences. This category includes the same words as the category of interrogative pronouns: who, what, which, whose, which, which, how many. They are also called allied words. Consider examples of their use.

Brother doesn't know Who called.

Please tell me which hour.

These sentences use the same pronouns as in the previous examples - who, which, how much. However, here they serve not to express questions, but to join subordinate clauses to the main ones.

Indefinite pronouns. This is the most numerous of all pronominal categories. What these pronouns have in common is the meaning of uncertainty.

Indefinite pronouns indicate indefinite objects, characteristics or quantity. Enough applies to them large number words that have specific morphemes that can be easily recognized indefinite pronouns: -something, -either, -something, as well as a shock attachment Not-. The category of indefinite pronouns includes someone, something, some, something, someone's, somebody, several, some and others.

Someone knocked quietly on the door.

We need to discuss some question.

It was on the table some apples

In these examples there are indefinite pronouns someone, some, several, which indicate an indefinite person, an indefinite attribute of an object and an indefinite quantity.

Negative pronouns. Words of this category unite general meaning. They express the absence of an object or sign. There are two types of negative pronouns - with the prefix Not-(these are words no one, nothing) and with the prefix neither- (nobody, nothing, none, no one's).

Please note: negative pronouns no one And nothing have no shape nominative case. Words someone And something belong to the category of indefinite pronouns.

Let us give examples of the use of negative pronouns.

The day until the evening is boring, if you do nothing.

They don't have no pets.

Here we see negative pronouns nothing And no.

Demonstrative pronouns. As you can guess from the name of the category, such pronouns indicate something, namely an object, attribute or quantity. These include the words: this, that, such, such, so much, as well as less common pronouns this, this one, such, sort of.

Who doesn't work That doesn't eat.

This The car is always parked in our yard.

So many We have never seen snow before.

Demonstrative pronoun That from the first example indicates an object, this from the second sentence - to the attribute of the object, so many from the third - by quantity.

Determinative pronouns. These pronouns indicate the generalized quality of the subject. These include the following words: each, every, most, himself, all, different, other, any, as well as outdated everyone And all kinds.

Every of you knows what a pronoun is.

All the room is illuminated with an amber shine(A.S. Pushkin).

This shirt will match any trousers.

In these examples we encountered attributive pronouns every, all, any.

To summarize the knowledge gained about pronouns of all categories, you can study this table.

Table 1. Classes of pronouns ()

References

1. Russian language. 6th grade / Baranov M.T. and others - M.: Education, 2008.
2. Babaytseva V.V., Chesnokova L.D. Russian language. Theory. 5-9 grades - M.: Bustard, 2008.
3. Russian language. 6th grade / Ed. MM. Razumovskaya, P.A. Lekanta. - M.: Bustard, 2010.

1. Terver.ru ().
2. Licey.net().

Homework

Task No. 1

Fill in the missing pronouns, determine the categories, and add the missing punctuation marks. If you have any difficulties, please refer to the material for help.

Antipych somehow looked especially at ………., and the dog immediately understood the man: ………was calling ………. out of friendship, out of friendship, not for ………, but just like that, to joke, to play. The grass waved its tail, began to descend lower and lower on its legs, and when it crawled up to the old man’s knees, it lay on its back and turned its light belly up. Antipych just extended his hand to stroke………. , ……..when he suddenly jumps up and puts his paws on your shoulders - and smack, smack………….. : and in the nose and in the cheeks and in………..lips.

Words for reference: what, her, his, most, she, her, he

Task No. 2

Fill in the missing letters, as well as appropriate pronouns. Underline them, as well as the words in place of which these pronouns are used, as parts of the sentence. Indicate the case of all pronouns:

M...my friend is Masha. I've been friends with _______________ for a long time. Masha is very kind... In the... fall holidays, _____________ and I went on holiday to the camp. ____________ was very heavy.