Miss in boa took a bite of stew,
Which you wouldn’t wish on your enemy.
And madam licked the popsicle,
What lay on the lame dressing table.
Well, the missus chose the menu
In a small cafe on the avenue.
And then we went to the subway,
Where citro was not sold;
We only bought sturgeon,
But fry: there is no wood for the fire...
The chimpanzee ran along the highway
A cockatoo was circling over the plateau,
The kangaroo jumped where everyone else was
And he blew into a spruce pipe...
The attaché wrote a communique,
He was driving in a compartment, reading Dumas,
And the coat was hanging on a hook
And it drove the attaché crazy...
_______________________________________________
Miss, boa, stew, madame, popsicle, dressing table, missus, menu, cafe, avenue, metro, citro, chimpanzee, highway, plateau, cockatoo, kangaroo, attaché, communique, coupe, Dumas, coat - indeclinable nouns. RCh (gender, number, case) in the text can be recognized by the verb or adjective. And if you yourself use such words in your writings and don’t know how to coordinate indeclinable nouns with other words, check out:
Indeclinable nouns include:
1. Nouns foreign language origin, borrowings denoting
- common animate nouns:
A) masculine persons: monsieur, monsieur, attaché, rentier, coolie, curé, impresario, referee, maestro
b) faces feminine: Miss, Mrs., Miss, Fraulein, Lady, Frau, Ingenue
c) persons of the general gender: protégé, incognito, vis-a-vis, bibabo (finger puppet, male and female)
d) animals (male breed): chimpanzee, cockatoo, pony, flamingo, kangaroo, zebu, hummingbird (male and female), collie (male and female), kiwi kiwi, tsetse (fly)
Common nouns inanimate nouns(s.r.) at the end with vowels:
"a" - boa, baccarat (crystal), baccarat ( card game- and. r.), notabene, role
“o” - allegro (fast), baroque, capriccio, credo, water polo, veto, ghetto, depot, jabot, cocoa, plateau, metro, dressing table, popsicle, adagio, libretto, loto, magneto, manto, mocha, mezzo-soprano , mikado, montecristo, palazzo, coat, panel, piano, piano, polo, rococo, tights, fiasco, fortissimo, kharcho, contralto (voice), sirocco (wind - m. r.), pampero (wind - m. r. )
“e” - amber, atelier, auto-da-fé, caret, karate, muffler, cafe, coffee (in beans - real noun, s.r.), coffee (drink, m.r.), cliche, necklace, communiqué, entertainer , notabene, jelly, coupe, pince-nez, highway, montpensier, floss, papier-mâché, pleated, perpetuum-mobile, pique, puree, resume, reputation, relay, dash, facsimile, fillet, foyer, crepe-corrugated (fabric - m . r.), riding breeches (trousers - plural)
“and” - alibi, cap, confetti, Borjomi, whiskey, jersey, pari, potpourri, rally, rugby, taxi, hara-kiri, iwasi (herring - female), salami (sausage), kohlrabi (cabbage f. r.), bere (pear - f. r.), beriberi (illness - f. r.), penalty (kick on goal - m. r.), Swahili (m. r.), Hindi ( m.r.), bengali (m.r.), kawasaki (motor boat - m.r.), krambambuli (drink - m.r.), suluguni (cheese - m.r.), shimmy (dance - m.r.) . r.), brie (cheese - m. r.)
"e" - aloe, canoe
“u” - jiu-jitsu, stew, menu, passe-partout, Bantu (language, nationality of the M.R.), Pashto (language, nationality - M.R.), Urdu (language, nationality - M.R.)
“yu” - interview, revue[e] (theatrical or variety show consisting of several numbers united by one theme), avenue (street of the zh.r.), ecu (m.r.)
2. Nouns substantivized from different parts speeches (s.r.): loud “hurray” (from interlocutory), your “hello” (from interlocutory), negative “I won’t” (from ch.)
3. Proper nouns:
a) foreign-language feminine surnames ending in a consonant: Aliger, Voynich, Abamelik, Lynx, Gnedich, Hastings, Gippius, Miller, Haeckel, Hansen, Grot, Dillon, May, Mons, Nissen-Saloman, Raab, Raden, Ricord, Merder, Yanzhul.
b) Russian and Ukrainian surnames ending in “o-yh-ih” (m. and f. b.): Rodzianko, Gnedko, Koreiko, Drapeko, Krasnykh, Dolgikh, Chernykh
c) some foreign language surnames ending in a vowel sound (m. and z. r.): Rosseti, Dumas, Zola, Goethe
G) geographical names: in the city of Sochi, ancient Tbilisi, the city of brides Ivanovo, the Orinoco peak, sunny Sukhumi, the proud Mount Kilimanjaro, the deep Mississippi River, Lake Erie, the mysterious Missouri River, distant Lake Ontario, the unfamiliar country of Nicaragua, African state Zimbabwe, the island of Capri attracts tourists, the inaccessible Jungfrau mountain
e) names of periodicals:
The Daily Worker wrote (newspaper)
liberal News Chronicle (newspaper)
published by The Times (newspaper)
Figaro Literature published (magazine)
f) compound words (abbreviations):
MSU (m.r. - university)
Ministry of Internal Affairs (s.r. - ministry)
NPP (railway – power plant)
Indeclinable memorized masculine nouns:
penalty, sirocco (wind), brie (cheese), ha, kawasaki (motor bot), coffee, krambambuli (drink infused with cinnamon, cloves and cherry pits), crepe corrugated (fabric), maquis (thickets), pampero ( wind in South America), suluguni (cheese), shimmy (dance similar to the foxtrot), equ.
Hot sirocco and fast pampero; impenetrable maquis; high-speed Kawasaki; exact penalty; aromatic coffee; wrinkled crepe corrugated; groovy shimmy; last ecu; exquisite krambambuli; fresh brie and suluguni.
Football player.
He rushed like a hot sirocco, like a swift pampero, through the enemy’s defenses, as if he was making his way through an impenetrable maquis. His run cut through the field like a high-speed Kawasaki cuts through waves. But still no goal. And only an accurate penalty decided the outcome of the match.
And then aromatic coffee. And a groovy shimmy with a beauty in a dress made of wrinkled crepe corrugated. And for the last ecu - delicious krambambuli and fresh brie and suluguni.
Indeclinable memorable feminine nouns:
avenue, salami (sausage), kohlrabi (cauliflower, the stem is eaten), tsetse (fly), iwasi (herring), kiwi (bird), baccarat (card game), bere (pear, pronounced - [bere]), beriberi (disease, lack of vitamin B1).
Unfamiliar Avenue, delicious salami, large kohlrabi, African tsetse, fatty Iwasi, tropical kiwi, exciting baccarat, juicy bere, serious beriberi.
Dream.
I once dreamed of an unfamiliar avenue. On one side of the window there are different varieties of delicious salami. Large kohlrabi beckons with fresh herbs. Fatty iwashi swims in spicy brine. The juicy bere just begs to be put into your mouth. And on the other side of the avenue, an African tsetse is chasing a tropical kiwi. They circle above the card player. He plays out an exciting baccarat game. On pale face The gambler suffers from a serious beriberi disease - a lack of vitamin B1.
Reviews
Nadezhda, thank you for the poems.
You and I are doing the same thing. My poems are mostly grammatical.
So we will visit each other and exchange experiences.
Nice to meet you.
Happy May holidays to you. Irina.
Nadezhda, we are colleagues. I was a Russian language teacher. I also worked with children separately. I wrote (and still write) grammatical poems for my grandchildren. Precisely to make it interesting to study the rules. And other children found my poems useful. They are reading.
All the best to you.
Words that mean not animate objects. Indeclinable nouns of foreign origin, denoting inanimate objects, mostly belong to the neuter gender, for example: railway depot, interesting interview, minibus, political status quo, healing aloe, woolen muffler.
The rule has a number of exceptions related to the influence of various analogies (Russian synonym, grammatical gender a word denoting a generic concept, etc.).
So, to masculine include the words: ha (cf.: one ha, the influence of the word hectare), coffee (the influence of the masculine gender of this word in French, from which it was borrowed, and also in connection with this the existence of previous forms of coffee, coffee), poppies (thicket), penalty (the influence of the Russian synonymous combination “eleven-meter penalty kick”), sirocco, tornado (generic concept of “wind”), suluguni (generic concept of “cheese”), shimmi (generic concept of “dance”), ecu (ancient French coin; influence of the source language) and some others. Under the influence of the word-concept “language”, the words Bengali, Pashto, Suomi, Urdu, Hindi, etc.
The feminine gender includes words: avenue (Russian synonym for street), bere (generic concept “pear”), beriberi (generic concept “disease”), kohlrabi (“cabbage”), salami (“sausage”) and some others.
Finally, some words are used in the form of two genders, for example: auto (middle and masculine, influenced by the word car), Afghani (among and feminine), bibabd (middle and masculine, cf.: small bibabo), brandy (among, and masculine, cf.: strong brandy), mocha beredi, and masculine, analogy with the use of the word coffee), nargile (among, and masculine, a close concept of “hookah”), pas de deux and pas de trois (middle and masculine, generic concept of “dance”), cicero (middle and masculine, generic concept of “font”), Esperanto (middle and masculine, influence of the word language, see above) ; There are words that are simultaneously used in one of the genders and the plural, for example, blinds (neuter and plural; cf. beautiful blinds). 2.
Substantivalized words. Substantivized indeclinable words belong to the neuter gender, for example: the polite “hello”, the ever-present “yes”, the loud “uraz, our tomorrow”, the sharp “I don’t want”. 3.
Words denoting persons. Indeclinable nouns, denoting persons, are classified as masculine or feminine depending on their meaning, i.e., correlation with the real gender of the designated person, for example:
1) masculine: rentier, military attache, coolie, Duce, curé, referee, maestro, Nazi, quasimodo, Yankee, chevalier, bullfighter, impresario, caballero, pierrot; 2)
feminine: fraulein, ingénue, travesty, miss, lady, nude, lady, madam, milady; 3)
bigeneric: vis-a-vis (cf.: my vis-a-vis turned out to be interesting conversationalist- my counterpart turned out to be an interesting interlocutor), protégé (cf.: our protégé justified all hopes - our protégé justified all hopes); incognito (cf.: mysterious incognito suddenly disappeared - mysterious incognito suddenly disappeared); hippie (cf.: young hippie sang - young hippie sang); 4)
neuter: jury (in collective meaning; cf.: the jury ruled).
Words denoting animals, birds, etc. indeclinable nouns denoting animate objects (except persons, see above) are masculine, for example: zebu, pony, chimpanzee, cockatoo, kangaroo, flamingo, macao, rhea, koala , gray In this case, the masculine gender is used regardless of the gender of the animal. However, if the context indicates a female, then the corresponding words are used in the feminine form, for example: a kangaroo was carrying a baby kangaroo in its pouch, a chimpanzee was feeding a baby.
The words collie, grizzly (middle and
Geographical names. Gender of indeclinable nouns denoting geographical proper names(names of cities, rivers, lakes, islands, mountains, etc.), determined by grammatical gender common noun, acting as a generic concept (i.e., by the gender of the words city, river, lake, etc.), for example: sunny Tbilisi (city), wide Mississippi (river), deep Erie (lake), inaccessible Jungfrau (mountain ), picturesque Capri (island).
Deviations from the rules are explained by the influence of analogy, the use of the word in a different meaning, the tendency to classify foreign indeclinable words ending in -o as neuter, etc., for example: Five-domed Beshtau (the influence of the name of the neighboring mountain Mashukh), North Borneo (the influence of the final o), The second is Baku (the name of the place of oil production, not the city), New Sochi (a false analogy with words in the plural form like Velikiye Luki).
Sometimes the same word is used in different generic forms depending on what concept is meant. Wed: during the crisis, Somalia suffered from food shortages. - Somalia gratefully accepted humanitarian aid (in the first case, the concept of “state” is meant, in the second - “country”), 6.
Names of funds mass media. The generic name also determines the grammatical gender of the indeclinable names of the media, for example: BBC reported (British Broadcasting Corporation); liberal News Chronicle. An erroneous agreement is often encountered: the BBC reported (as an indeclinable neuter noun), The Times published... (the name with the final consonant is classified as masculine), Burda Fashion demonstrated a new summer collection of clothes (the name of the magazine) .
7. Abbreviations. Abbreviations, formed by connection initial letters those words that make up the full name determine their grammatical gender by the gender of the leading word of the compound name, for example: MGU (Moscow State University) celebrated its bicentenary; ATS (automatic telephone exchange) increased the number of subscribers. Sometimes another agreement is allowed, for example: ITAR-TASS reported... (an abbreviation with a final consonant is classified as masculine).
The same provision applies to complex abbreviated words (read by initial sounds or including syllabic formations), if these words are not declined, for example: local general store (rural consumer society).
Declension is a change according to cases. Declinable names nouns are divided into three types (declension): l cl., ll cl. and lll skl. There are also indeclinable nouns (name, time, burden, banner, udder, tribe, flame, stirrup, seed, crown, daughter, path, child and mother).
Indeclinable nouns: definition and examples
Zero declension nouns include:
1. Words of foreign language origin that name inanimate objects and end in a vowel: canoe, metro, foyer, cinema, cafe, coat, purse, radio, taxi, cockatoo, interview, menu.
2. Words of foreign origin that name female and male persons and end in a vowel: attaché, dandy, referee, maestro, Hugo, lady, impresario, Nana, Shaw, Barto, Dumas, Verdi, Daudet, Zola, Dante.
3. Indeclinable nouns are also represented in foreign words, which represent animals: zebu, chimpanzee, pony, cockatoo, kangaroo, macao, flamingo, rhea, gray, koala, gray, macaque, cockatoo.
4. Foreign speakers female names and surnames that end in a hard consonant: Edith, Carmen, Aliger, Helen, Madame, Miss, Finkelstein, Schlegel.
5. Foreign names geographical objects- also indeclinable nouns. Examples: Somalia, Toronto, Baku, Helsinki, Calais, Abu Dhabi, Batumi, Mississippi, Congo.
6. Russian ancient surnames ending in -ih, -yh -ovo and -ago, which are frozen forms of R. p. in the singular and in plural. Zhivago, Khitrovo, Durnovo, Polskikh, Dolgikh, Kruchenykh.
7. Indeclinable nouns are also surnames like Solovey, Strizh, Kovalchuk.
8. Ukrainian surnames starting with -enko, -ko: Oleshko, Franko, Tsekalo, Nesterenko, Cheshko, Shevchenko, Korolenko, Makarenko.
9. Abbreviations: UN, MSU, USA, RF, NPP, USSR, ITAR-TASS, ATS, head of department, head of base.
Indeclinable nouns are always presented unchanged: warm coat; put on a coat; enjoy the coat; be proud of a coat, think about a coat, not have a coat, etc. Grammatical features such words (case, number, gender, animation or inanimateness) appear only in a phrase or sentence.
Using indeclinable names nouns in speech (in a phrase, in a sentence), you must be able to determine their gender in order to correctly coordinate adjectives and past tense verbs with them. There are specific rules for determining the gender of such nouns. If in doubt, you can look it up in a dictionary.
Lesson objectives:
a) Introduce students to the concept of “indeclinable nouns”; be able to find indeclinable nouns in sentences and use them correctly in speech;
b) teach children to explore and analyze the morphological features of an indeclinable noun and distinguish between indeclinable and indeclinable nouns; determine the case of indeclinable nouns; generalize and systematize the acquired knowledge, draw conclusions and conclusions;
c) promote the development of students’ speech, expand them vocabulary; cultivate interest in language.
Lesson type: lesson - mastering new knowledge through solving educational problems.
Methods used: Cognitive UUD: Search for necessary information, semantic reading.
PersonalUUD: the ability to analyze and comprehend one’s achievements.
Meta-subject result: learn to set the goal and objectives of the lesson, conduct self-control and self-assessment.
Subject result:
Know: indeclinable nouns
Be able to: find indeclinable nouns and use them correctly in speech.
Lesson progress
Org. Moment
1. Checking homework
2. Mastering new concepts and developing skills.
Today we, continuing to work on the topic “Declination of nouns”, will get acquainted with very interesting words. Listen to the poem “About how not to talk”:
One early morning my friend and I sat down on the meter,
And we went to the meter to watch a film about a kangaroo,
Here we are sitting in the kina without a coat and without a muffler...
Or rather, you and I without a muffler and without a coat.
A kangaroo entered a cafe. I took a free table there.
And he sits behind the domino with a chimpanzee and a cockatoo.
Suddenly a huge monkey began to play the piano.
Here the adult took off his pince-nez and laughed his head off.
Interesting movie! It's a shame it ended!
What words seemed strange to use? (kangaroo, cinema, coat, cafe, metro, piano, chimpanzee, pince-nez, muffler, cockatoo)- Do you understand all the meanings of the words?
Vocabulary work:
flowerpot - a decorative vase for a flower pot,
cockatoo is a bird of the order of parrots with a crest on its head,
muffler - neck scarf,
pince-nez - a type of glasses held by a spring on the bridge of the nose,
manto - a wide ladies' dress.
foyer - a room in a theater, cinema, etc. for the presence of spectators before the start of a performance, film, or concert.
And now each of you will work as an editor. Take pieces of paper with text and correct mistakes . (I distribute it in rows)
3. Determining the topic of lessons, goal setting
- What do all the words we corrected in the poem have in common?
- What is the topic of our lesson?
- What is the purpose of the lesson? What should we find out? What to learn in class?
- Do you think there are many such words?
- Are there unbreakable surnames?
- Which of your friends or in your class has an undeniable surname?
Physical education minute:
We walk together in the forest (steps in place)
And we collect leaves (bends forward)
Everyone is happy to collect them
Just wonderful leaf fall! (jumping in place, clapping your hands)
4. Groups of indeclinable nouns
Indeclinable nouns are nouns that have only the nominative form in all cases.
Let's try to inflect one of the indeclinable nouns:
I.p. metro was built
R.p. I'm standing by the metro
D.p. I'm walking along the subway
V.p. I see the metro
etc. I admire the metro
P.p. I'm on the subway
5. Let's get acquainted with groups of indeclinable nouns
1. Borrowed nouns with the final vowel -O, - E, -I, -U, -Yu and the final stressed vowel - A (common and proper nouns)
Fauna: kangaroos, cockatoos, chimpanzees, hummingbirds, ponies.
Clothing, food and human housing: muffler, tights, pince-nez, coat, purse, khaki, coat, mango, cocoa, coffee, popsicle, salami, ivashi, fillet, blinds, foyer, dressing table, piano, flowerpot, domino, piano, radio .
City: avenue, highway, scoreboard, show, panel, studio, cafe, metro, taxi, cinema.
First names, surnames, titles: Tbilisi, Congo, Tokyo, Sochi, A. Dumas, Cipollino, Pippi, Mowgli, Pinocchio. .
2. Borrowed nouns denoting female persons and ending in a consonant: Miss, Madam, E. Voynich, M. Poppins
3. Russian and Ukrainian surnames ending in –О and –ИХ(-ИХ): Rudykh, Malykh, Levchenko, Daineko, Golovnykh, Tikhykh, A.N.Prikhodko.
4. Compound words: traffic police, exercise therapy, media, All-Russian Exhibition Center, PFT
(Read the rule from the textbook pp. 140-141)
There are many indeclinable nouns in the Russian language. For example, jury, interview. Yes, you can continue this list yourself. Give examples.
Hummingbird, kangaroo, highway,
Flamingo, pony, chimpanzee,
Cocoa, coffee, dominoes,
Aloe, radio, cinema,
Taxi, metro, coupe, coat,
Muffler, cafe, dressing table, coat,
And cockatoo, jelly beans, bets,
And the interview, the stew, the jury,
And the piano and the foyer,
Puree, bureau and atelier –
You are everything remember the words,
But never bow them down!
Let's do the exercise. No. 267 one at the board the rest in the notebook
6. Let’s play the game “Break the Rhyme” (handouts)
Correct in this text mistakes made by the poet, put indeclinable nouns in the required form, determine their case. (I hand out pieces of paper)
Kids love movies
If there are kangaroos in the movies,
Walks and wanders along the highway,
He carries a chimpanzee in his bag.
A kangaroo entered a cafe
I took a free table there
And sits behind the domino
With a chimpanzee and a cockatoo.
Suddenly a huge monkey
He began to play the piano.
Here is an adult, having taken off his pince-nez,
I laughed my ass off.
Interesting movie.
It's a pity it ended.
It's time to run to the wardrobe -
They will issue polta.
3rd group. The task is to insert suitable indeclinable nouns into the phrases. Taxi, subway, coat, piano, radio, cinema, purse, atelier, salami, highway, pony.
- Quit , play on , walk without ,
- Drive by , sandwich with , come to ,
- ride on , remove from , listen on ,
- Go to , work in .
Game “Say it in one word”
Children must identify words by their lexical meaning.
On the cards for each group is the lexical meaning of the words. Children must guess “What is this?”
1. Outerwear for winter and autumn.
2. The Underground Railroad.
3. Keyboard musical instrument.
4. Asphalt road.
5. A type of ice cream on a stick.
6. Drink made from coffee beans.
Children's sayings (coat, subway, piano, highway, popsicle, coffee)
Let's solve the crossword puzzle
Horizontal:
1. A type of glasses held by a spring on the bridge of the nose.
2. Musical keyboard instrument.
3. A type of chocolate covered ice cream.
4. Road with hard surface.
5. Method of wireless transmission and reception of sound.
(pince-nez, piano, popsicle, highway, radio)
Vertical:
1. Rented car with payment by meter.
2. Building for parking and repair of locomotives and cars.
3. Playing with records with points on them.
4, Neck scarf.
5. Underground, above ground or above ground on overpasses
(taxi, depot, domino, muffler, metro)
7. Lesson summary:
I will read “Song – the result” by Arkady Khait.
To become literate and write well,
You should never change different cases
No cinema, no dominoes, no bureau and no metro,
No mufflers or pince-nez, no highways, no chimpanzees.
You can sing the song both at a party and at home,
Unless you change the ending of the word
No cocoa, no depot, no cafe and no coat,
No hummingbirds, no cockatoos, no juries, no kangaroos.
8. Reflection
- I found out...
- I understand...
- It was interesting...
- Caused a problem...
9. Homework: Exercise 266, workbook. No. 52
In modern literary language there is a fairly significant number of nouns, which in their meaning and syntactic usage do not differ from other nouns, but, unlike them, do not form case forms, do not bow.
Such indeclinable nouns are, first of all, many borrowed words masculine, feminine. and average genders that end in vowels y, i, e, o and hit A:kangaroo, cockatoo, stew, passe-partout, interview, hummingbird, drapery, jury, lady, muffler, coffee, rentier, tour, purse, foyer, bureau, depot, veto, cocoa, coat, piano, role, entrechat, bourgeois etc. This also includes proper names of non-Russian origin with the same vowels used in the Russian language: Peru, Baku, Hankou, Bartu, Tahiti, Chile, Somalia, Tbilisi, Sukhumi, Leonardi, Garibaldi, Mary, Kitty, Calais, Ostend, Goethe, Heine, Jose, Bordeaux, Oslo, Tokyo, Hugo, Leonardo, Bruno, Alma- Ata, Yoshkar-Ola etc. In addition, feminine nouns do not change by case from borrowed words. genders ending in a hard consonant, including proper names: Madame, Carmen, Madeleine, Kate, Helen; surnames applied to women: Peterson, Ginzburg, Polyak, Tager etc.
Then some surnames formed by means of certain suffixes are indeclinable nouns. These are the surnames that represent fossilized forms of the clan. pad. units and plural numbers, into suffixes -ovo: Khitrovo, Solovovo, Durnovo etc.; -ago: Zhivago, Veselago etc.; -them: Dry, Naked, Mountain, Twisted etc., as well as surnames with the suffix -ko, if their stress falls on the final vowel: Lyashko, Yanko, Franko etc. and when the stress is not on the final vowel: Korolenko, Shevchenko, Yaroshenko etc., when such surnames are applied to women.
Currently, the number of indeclinable nouns is increasing due to compound words formed by combining initial letters or sounds full name. Such words are not declined if they end in a vowel in pronunciation or if in writing they consist only of letters denoting consonants: USSR(eseseser), Central Committee(tseka), Red Army(erkakaa), MONO, STO etc.
Without changing by case, indeclinable nouns appear, however, in speech in the same meanings that are expressed by the case forms of ordinary nouns, cf.: hanging a coat, sewing a coat, putting on a coat, happy with the coat etc.; Moreover, their relationship to other words of speech can also be expressed by prepositions: button from a coat, wrapped in a coat, sewed a button to a coat, altered from a coat etc. Adjectives that qualify such indeclinable nouns are placed in the case in which they would stand in this proposal with inflected nouns: new coat hanging(dress), no new coat(dresses), approached the new coat(dress), etc.
Due to the lack of case forms, indeclinable nouns do not have morphological characteristics, through which their number and gender would be distinguished. Therefore, the belonging of these nouns to one gender or another, as well as their number, is determined exclusively syntactically, by consistent forms of adjectives and verbs: beautiful cockatoo, noble lady, woolen muffler, new coat hanging, new coats hanging etc.
There is a certain semantic sequence in the distribution of indeclinable nouns, not proper names, by gender. Namely: words denoting “non-living”, “inanimate” objects, as a rule, belong to the middle. gender: stew, interview, drapery, muffler, purse, bureau, depot, coat, piano, role etc. The deviations observed in this relationship ( burnt coffee etc.) are explained mainly by the use of these words in the same way as they are in the language from which they were borrowed. In language writers of the XIX centuries there were quite a lot of them, cf.: Ai is like a mistress... but you, Bordeaux, are like a friend(A. Pushkin), He is happy if she puts a fluffy boa on her shoulder(A. Pushkin), our bet(M. Lermontov), my cocoa, lovely piano, gray coat(L. Tolstoy), the wallet was left under the pillow(F. Dostoevsky), worn muffler(A. Pisemsky) and others, but now in most cases such words are average. kind. Words average The genders are opposed by masculine nouns. and female genders that denote “living”, “animate” objects. Of these, to women's. gender refers to words denoting female persons: lady, madam, and to the male gender - words that denote “living” objects regardless of their belonging to one gender or another: bourgeois, rentier, kangaroo, cockatoo etc.
