Methodology and methods for studying economic processes. Course work methodology for studying economic processes and phenomena

The technology for creating animation programs is presented as a system consisting of several interconnected subsystems:

· Organizational - organizing the activities of the animation team, economic, technical and advertising departments
· Instructional and methodological - creation and development of event scenarios, selection sports games and competitions, drawing up hiking routes with subsequent development methodological recommendations
· Directing - distribution of roles, drawing up rehearsal plans, staging a play, show, theatrical performance
· Technical - preparation technical means(objects, instruments, etc.), platforms (stages) for animation events, props, scenery, lighting, musical accompaniment and other moments.

The technological process for creating animation programs must necessarily include:

- object of activity - tourists served, population (groups and individuals)
- subject of activity - manager, animation service specialist
- animation activity with all its components - the process of interaction between a subject and an object

The main element of this system is tourists, because it is for them that everything is designed to satisfy their needs. For quality creations animation programs, animators need to study the entire audience, their needs, characteristics and requests.

A thematic event is an ideologically and plot-organized unity, a coherent chain of oral presentations, actions, visual images, merged within the framework of the plot by the screenwriter and director's intention. The necessary components of a thematic event are: theme, idea, specific plot, all this is needed to develop an event of this type.

Organizing a thematic event requires creative approach. When organizing such an event, animators should show their imagination, they need to take care of the high-quality execution of such an event so that not a single tourist remains indifferent.

A thematic program is usually dedicated to something specific: an event, a holiday, or famous characters. Everything that happens must correspond to the topic on which the thematic program is based and reflect its theme and idea

Every other day or two, the Pirates Beach Club Hotel hosted theme nights with live music, appropriate decorations, food and other paraphernalia.

Below are examples of such programs.

One of the most bright examples The hotel's themed evening program is "Turkish Night".

Traditionally "Turkish Night" accompanied by an ensemble folk instruments, national flatbread gozleme is baked right in the restaurant hall, a huge selection meat dishes, be sure to have the main dish either lamb (thigh) or a whole huge turkey, and be sure to have a cake in the shape of the Turkish flag among other desserts.

Animators dressed in traditional Turkish costumes greet guests at the entrance to the restaurant.

The gala night is very famous; it is an enchanting performance with fireworks and fireworks. Under live music and a deafening clash of plates carries a huge ice cream cake around the pool. The chef waves his scimitar. The staff, together with the guests, participate in fiery dances. After this, a ceremonial cutting of the cake takes place; those who have a birthday at that moment are given the right to cut the cake.

Night of love- the most beautiful themed evening.

A violin musician plays romantic melodies. The administrators hand out flowers to all women and children at the entrance to the restaurant. The hall is beautifully decorated. The tables are decorated with flowers and candles.

Most dishes are plated or cooked in the shape of a heart. Guests are attracted by animators dressed in imp and angel costumes.

Except thematic programs held in hotel restaurants, evening show programs are especially in demand, such as:

Miss Hotel. Four kopeck pieces are invited to the stage to perform various tasks, both humorous and improvisational. Four men as a jury will determine the winner. The winner is awarded a prize.

Mister Hotel. Four men are called onto the stage who will perform tasks provided for in this competition, more original and humorous than in the case of “Miss Hotel.” Four girls in the role of jury will decide which of the men turned out to be more original and worthy of becoming the winner. The winner is also awarded a prize.

The Sochi hotel "Aqualoo" can boast of its programs, which are no worse than Turkish ones.

The hotel hosts theatrical enchanting show performances: “Neptune”, “Fisherman’s Day”, “Youth Day”, “Sea Day”, etc. With the participation of show ballet, circus and original artists.

Theatrical children's performances with competitions and prizes: “Visiting a fairy tale”, “Visiting a Clown”, “Ship of Wanderings”, “Dunno in Wonderland”, “Dad, Mom, I am a friendly family”, etc. With the participation of artists circus genre, life-size puppets.

The entertaining evening show program “Under the Stars of Sochi” is very popular. With the participation of a show ballet, pop artists, a professional presenter and a DJ.

Musical game programs with competitions, quizzes, auctions and prizes: “Guess the melody”, “Young while you’re dancing”, “Gallop across Europe”, “Cinema Mania”, “On a musical wave”, “In the old days, it used to be to the sweetheart”, etc.

Foam parties are held on the hotel beach, suitable for different age categories. Children are given aqua make-up, adults have a disco in a foam pool, animators lure tourists to animated dances and help diversify their leisure time.

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Observation, experiment, modeling.

Turning to the first method, we emphasize that, like any scientific activity, economic research are empirical in nature, i.e. based on practical experience. This assumes observation economic processes in their real form, and gathering facts happening in reality. For example, through observation and collection of factual information, it is possible to determine how commodity prices have changed over a given period.

In contrast, an experiment involves conducting an artificial scientific experience, when the object being studied is placed in specially created and controlled conditions. For example, to check the effectiveness new system remuneration conduct its experimental tests within a certain group of workers.

Method modeling involves the study of socio-economic phenomena according to their theoretical model (model). Particularly effective mathematical modeling on computers, allowing you to calculate the most effective use of enterprise resources. A very successful option for such modeling is the MEM program, which allows you to calculate your business strategy in conditions of free competition.

Method of scientific abstractions.

Abstraction used to develop certain abstract concepts or categories, such as price, money, cheap, expensive, etc. In this case, it is necessary to abstract from the secondary properties of the object being studied, and highlight the properties they need. For example, to determine such economic category, as a product, it is necessary to ignore the size, weight, color and other characteristics that are not significant in in this case, and at the same time fix the property that unites them: all these things are products of labor intended for sale.

Analysis and synthesis, systems approach.

Method of analysis and synthesis involves the study of socio-economic phenomena both in parts (analysis) and as a whole (synthesis).

Through a combination of analysis and synthesis, it is possible to systematic approach to complex research objects.

Analysis errors.

The rationale for economic phenomena may come across two various types obstacles - “wolf pits” ( pitfalls) analysis.

1. It can be difficult to distinguish between the causes and consequences of phenomena.

Let us assume that event A (cause) is always followed by event B (effect).

For example, a decrease in prices means an increase in demand if other factors remain unchanged. In reality, although events A and B occur simultaneously, causation there may not be any between them. For example, both events are caused by event C (smoke, light and fire).

For example, in 1988, cooperatives were created, which contributed 1.5% of the country's trade turnover (A). At the same time, a commodity shortage arose and prices rose (B). The cooperators were blamed for this. Real reasons- growth of the state budget deficit and wages(IN).

Errors from misunderstanding of causes and effects are called errors of false argument (sophism).

For example, determine the relationship between events A, B, C, where A is low salary, B -low level life, B - low labor productivity.

Possible options: A-B-C or V-A-B.

Students are asked to identify a more significant connection.

2. Being in a burning room, every person strives to leave it immediately. And that's right. It’s a different matter with the auditorium, which is full of people. Here such behavior can end in tragedy.

Compilation error (composition) consists in the incorrect judgment that everything that is correct for a part of the whole is also true for the whole.

On the other hand, the idea that whatever is true for the whole also applies to its parts is called division error.

For example, it is correct to say that a highly competitive market is good for the whole society. But a company with weak management will go bankrupt in this market.

The conclusions are correct at the level of microeconomic analysis, but may not be so at the macro level and vice versa.

Examples:

The longer you watch the night sky, the more shooting stars you can see. But this does not mean that looking at the sky for a long time causes an increase in the number of falling stars.

The audience is watching the film. The mistake occurs when someone stands up to get a better view. This won't happen if everyone stands up.

The division is logically connected with the method of analysis and synthesis economic theory on micro- and macroeconomics.

So microeconomics deals with separate elements (parts) of these systems. It studies the economics of individual firms, households, industries, prices, etc. Thus, the microeconomic approach is close to the method of analysis.

Unlike the above method macroeconomics explores economic systems generally.

Figuratively speaking, if microeconomics studies trees, then macroeconomics is the forest formed from them

Differences between micro and macroeconomics:

Microeconomics strives for stability and balance; macroeconomics - to dynamics and growth.

Microeconomics is subject to the principle of market expediency, while macroeconomics is subject to the principle of social effect.

In microeconomics there are only two subjects (firm and household), but in macroeconomics the state fully joins them.

At the same time division economic science into micro- and macrospheres should not be absolute. Macro and micro economics are closely interrelated and sometimes difficult to separate. Many questions and topics in economic theory fall within both fields.

Induction and deduction.

Induction and deduction are two opposing but closely related ways of reasoning.

The movement of thought from private (individual) facts to general conclusion- This induction, whether a generalization. And reasoning in the opposite direction (from general position to particular conclusions) are called deduction. See fig.

For example, the facts of increasing prices for bread, milk, meat and other products suggest a sad thought about the growth of high prices in the country (induction). In turn, from the general situation about the growing cost of living, it is possible to derive separate indicators of the increase in consumer prices for each type of food (deduction).

Historical and logical methods

They are also used in unity. They assume detailed study socio-economic processes in their historical sequence, but at the same time with logical generalizations that allow us to evaluate these processes as a whole and draw general conclusions.

For example, scientists have studied in detail the specific approach and features of the experience of building socialism in XX V. V different countries. This historical approach in research has enabled many of them to come to logical conclusions about the widespread loss of social workers by workers. countries, incentives to work, economic inefficiency, commodity shortages, etc.

Graphic method.

Widely used in economic sciences graphic method display of economic processes and phenomena. It is based on the use various drawings, tables, graphs, diagrams, etc. Thanks to these tools, clarity and compactness in the presentation of theoretical material are ensured.

Very often, economists are asked to explain current economic events. Why, for example, is the unemployment rate especially high among young people?

When economists try to explain the structure of the world, they act as scientists. When economists try to change the world, they turn into politicians.

In the very in a general sense There are two types of statements about the world around us:

positivestatements are descriptive in nature. The correctness of positive judgments is verified based on facts(minimum wage laws are the main cause of unemployment).

regulatorystatements are advisory in nature. Normative judgments are based on people’s assessments and cannot be confirmed by actual data.(the government is obliged to regularly increase minimum level wages).

To explain and predict economic phenomena, each theoretical position contains the following elements:

Judgmentabout two specific variables;

Assumptionsabout two variables that are relevant;

Hypothesisabout the methods of influence of two variables: directly or inversely proportional relationship;

One or more predictions about the further course of events.

INTRODUCTION. 3

1. SUBJECT OF ECONOMIC SCIENCE. 4

2. ECONOMIC RESEARCH METHODS 7

PROCESSES.

3. INEQUALITY IN INCOME DISTRIBUTION 11

IN A MARKET ECONOMY. LORENZ CURVE.

GINI COEFFICIENT.

4. ROLE OF THE STATE IN REDISTRIBUTION 15

INCOME

CONCLUSION. 20

LIST OF REFERENCES USED 21

INTRODUCTION.

In the conditions of the formation and development of market relations in the world and the Russian Federation in particular, for the scientific substantiation of radical economic reforms, ensuring the viability of markets, the feasibility of applying methods for regulating economic activity, economic science - the field scientific knowledge, which studies the patterns that govern consumption and production.

Economics is the study of how people exist, develop, and think in their daily lives.

The first reason to study economics is that this science deals with problems that concern us all without exception: what types of work need to be done? How are they paid? How many goods can you buy with a ruble of wages now and during a period of galloping inflation? What is the probability of a time coming when a person will not be able to find a suitable job within an acceptable period?

The relevance of economic science lies in the fact that with its help we can identify not only the main trends in the economic development of society throughout history, but also, based on the knowledge and methods of economic science, we can create a model of the state of the economy. Based on these studies, we can also calculate the future state of affairs in a particular sector of the economy, predict possible risks, investments and profits.

Economic science allows us to assess the impact of the crisis on the activities of research subjects and the economic situation as a whole. Assess the effectiveness of government measures aimed at overcoming crisis phenomena.

1. SUBJECT OF ECONOMIC SCIENCE

The task of any science is to analyze real processes, facts, identify internal relationships, determine patterns and trends in changes in phenomena. Economics is no exception to this. The entire history of economic science shows that this was a constant search for a holistic system analysis economic life society, the desire to describe, explain and anticipate development trends, to clarify the laws of economic life, to justify the methods of the most rational economic decisions.

Economics, like other social sciences, has a number of features compared to the natural sciences. Firstly, economics deals with the activities of people and, because of this, is a public, social science, in contrast to the natural sciences, which study phenomena and processes not mediated by the will and consciousness of people. Secondly, economic actions and, therefore, economic science is directly related to economic interests and ideology. This poses the challenge for economic science to constantly turn to others social sciences and disciplines: sociology, political science, history, etc. Thirdly, due to the direct connection of economic science with the economic interests of people, economic science is interested not just in rational economic decisions, but in the need to implement these decisions while taking into account the socially fair distribution of products and benefits, recognized by society.

The subject of economic theory is economic relations in society.

Since economic relations represent an integral system in society, the subject of economic science has another definition.

Economics is the science of systems economic relations in society.

Economic science, analyzing economic relations, must answer a number of fundamental questions:

1. What is the economic system, how is it structured, what are its main structural elements, goals and forms of movement?

2. How does the economic system function, how is the interrelation of its elements in the process of functioning, and what impact does economic decision-making have?

3. How does the system of economic relations interact with other spheres of society and, above all, with the social sphere and politics?
Economic science, based on the study of real economic processes, develops a basis for making effective decisions in relation to both the entire economy and when solving specific problems. Since making these decisions involves, first of all, a comprehensive study of the object, i.e. what it represents, the initial task of economic science is to determine the content and structure economic system. Only by understanding the system and its features can one make rational economic decisions and make the right economic choice.

Due to the complexity of economic systems, economic science in modern conditions is represented by a set of directions and schools. However, despite the various methodological approaches to economic analysis available, in modern conditions a fairly harmonious structure of modern economic science has formed.

Components of modern economic science and its immediate subject individual parts can be correctly defined in the context of two fundamental characteristics.

1. Economic science develops along with society - economics and theoretical views on economics evolve along with the development of real economic relations.

2. The increasing complexity of economic relations and the emergence of new models of economic systems inevitably give rise to the differentiation of economic science and the emergence of new directions and schools.

According to the scale of the field of study, economic science is divided into microeconomics, which studies the activities of firms, households, individual industries and states, and macroeconomics, which studies national economy generally. IN recent years The scientific literature also uses the concepts of “nanoeconomics” (studies the activities of individual economic entities), mesoeconomics (industries, regions), intereconomics ( world economy) and mega-economy (world economy).

2. METHODS OF RESEARCH OF ECONOMIC PROCESSES.

The method of any science is those tools and techniques with the help of which the subject of this science is studied.

Economic science studies the general patterns of behavior of people and the economic system as a whole in the process of production, exchange, distribution and consumption of goods in conditions of limited resources. At the same time main problem is the efficient distribution and use of limited resources in order to maximize the satisfaction of human needs.

The research method depends on the subject of science. It is clear that, unlike astronomy, economics cannot use a telescope or spectral research methods. Moreover, economics is not a science where laboratory experiments can be carried out in order to find the truth. What method is used in economic theory? What tools can be used, for example, to determine the principles of functioning of a market economy?

In economic theory, two groups of methods can be distinguished: general and specific. General methods- these are general philosophical principles and approaches that can be used in economic analysis. Such general approaches are formed within the framework of the dialectical method. In principle, dialectics is the doctrine of the most general laws of development of nature and society.

When studying economics and using the dialectical method, economists rely on the following dialectical principles:

Everything develops, so every economic phenomenon is considered in development, in constant movement.

The internal impulses of economic development are contradictions of different levels within the economic system.

The development of economic phenomena and processes occurs according to the laws of dialectics. This is the law of the transition of quantity into quality, the law of unity and struggle of opposites, the law of the negation of negation. When studying economic phenomena and processes, it is necessary to understand their causes, essence, and internal connections between them.

Particular methods of studying economics include analysis and synthesis, abstraction, the assumption “other things equal conditions", induction and deduction, the unity of logical and historical, mathematical and statistical methods.

Analysis involves dividing the object of study into individual elements, into simpler economic phenomena and processes, and identifying the essential aspects of phenomena and processes. The selected elements are examined from different angles, the main and essential things are highlighted in them.

Synthesis means combining the studied elements and aspects of an object into a single whole (system). Synthesis is the opposite of analysis, with which it is inextricably linked. In the course of analysis and synthesis, dependencies between economic processes and phenomena, cause-and-effect relationships are established, and patterns are identified.

Abstraction is a distraction from the unimportant, highlighting the most important facts and relationships in the economy. Abstraction also occurs in the process of analysis.

The "ceteris paribus" (ceteris paribus) assumption is used in the analysis and synthesis process. It means that only the phenomena and relationships under study change, and all other phenomena and relationships are assumed unchanged.

Induction is the derivation of the general from particular facts, the movement from facts to theory, from the particular to the general, as philosophers say. Research begins with observation of economic processes, with the accumulation of facts. Induction allows you to make generalizations based on facts.

Deduction means the preliminary formulation of a theory before it is confirmed or rejected on the basis of factual testing, and the application of the formulated provisions to observable facts and economic processes. A formulated scientific assumption or assumption is a hypothesis. In this case, the research goes from theory to facts, from the general to the specific.

Unity of the logical and historical. (In this case, the logical is synonymous with the theoretical, the historical is synonymous with practice.) The principle of the unity of the logical and historical is that the theoretical analysis of economic phenomena must reflect the real historical process of the emergence and development of these phenomena. The theory must correspond to history and practice, but not copy them, but reproduce them essentially and without random phenomena and facts.

Mathematical and statistical methods. With the development of mathematics and computer science, it became possible to represent many economic dependencies in the form of mathematical formulas and models. Statistical methods make it possible to use accumulated arrays of economic data to analyze and identify trends and patterns of economic development and for economic forecasting.

Mathematics, computer science and statistics make it possible to build economic models with a sufficient degree of accuracy. The model in a simplified abstract form represents the most important features of the individual economic processes being studied or the economy as a whole. The model reflects the most essential features of economic processes. It should be noted that the model can be presented not only in mathematical form. Models are formulated in different ways: mathematical description using equations, inequalities, etc., graphical representation, description using a table, verbal formulation. In the future, we will have the opportunity to demonstrate this when analyzing the patterns of development of a market economy, in particular, the law of demand and the law of supply.

As a result of studying economics with the help various methods economic laws are revealed.

Economic law is a stable, repeating, objective, cause-and-effect relationship and interdependence of economic phenomena and processes.

It should be noted that economic patterns are studied and formulated at different levels of economic analysis, at the microeconomic level, macroeconomic level, and at the level of the world economy.