The purpose of our study was to identify and analyze the kinematic parameters of the direct strike technique right hand in kickboxing.
To achieve the research goal, the following tasks were set and solved:
1. Based on analyzes literary sources identify the biomechanical features of a straight right strike;
2. Using a high-speed camera, collect practical material on the technique of performing a straight right punch in kickboxing.
3. Reconstruct the spatial coordinates of the links of the kinematic chain.
4. Conduct analysis kinematic characteristics techniques for performing a straight punch with the right hand in kickboxing.
straight punch kickboxing martial arts
To solve the problems, the following research methods were used
1. Theoretical analysis and synthesis of literature data;
2. Video shooting;
3. Mathematical data processing;
4. Biomechanical analysis of video recording.
Analysis of literary sources. In the course of our work, we studied 27 literary sources of different authors, specialists different industries Sciences. Among them are publications in the field of biomechanics, kickboxing and boxing. This analysis allowed us to obtain the most complete understanding of the problem being studied;
To perform biomechanical analysis of the video sequence, we used a specialized computer program biomechanical analysis with a convenient graphical interface, which is part of the biomechanical software and hardware video complex;
For kinematic analysis, 9 control points were selected:
1. Shoulder joint, right;
3. Wrist joint, right;
4. Hip joint, right;
5. Knee joint, right;
6. Ankle joint, right;
7. Calcaneal tubercle, right;
8. Metatarsal bone, right;
9. Temporal bone.
We used mathematical methods to find spatial coordinates, to find points;
The hardware and software complex is designed to analyze the linear and angular kinematics of movements based on the analysis of various parameters:
A) linear kinematics: displacement, speed, acceleration of points and links of the body;
b) angular kinematics: angles, angular velocities, angular accelerations, angular synkinesis (relationship of movements in different joints).
Organization of the study
The main part of the study was carried out in the sports hall of the Leningrad State Pedagogical University. Video filming took place in September 2009. Experimental procedure applied from November 2009 to April 2010
Our study used a domestic development - the Star Trace software and hardware complex, which has one high-speed camera Fastec InLine with a maximum shooting frequency of up to 1,000 frames/s and allowing the coordinates of points in the XOY plane to be determined in an automated mode, reflective markers were also used, attached to the reference points of interest on the athlete’s body and training paws. The video filming was attended by Vladimir Shulyak, a 5th year student of the 2nd group, and Anatoly Agafonov, a 2nd year student of the 2nd group; the video was conducted by Andrey Aleksandrovich Pomerantsev, assisted by Viktor Mikhailovich Korshikov.
It will not be complete if only the relevance, purpose or objective is stated. The introduction must describe course methodology. This is done by listing the techniques that were used during the research.
Here are examples of how the methodology of the course work is described:
- “To achieve the goal, the following were used research methods in course work : system analysis, theoretical generalization, analysis and synthesis, deductive.”
- “The methodological basis of the study is the methods of theoretical generalization, system analysis, analysis and synthesis, a system of indicators for analyzing financial stability and others that were used to process information.”
- “The research was carried out with the help of general scientific methodological techniques(induction, deduction, synthesis, analysis), economic and statistical methods of cognition (analysis time series, grouping, graphic). Treatment information support was carried out using modern information programs.”
As you can see, there is no need to describe the essence or place of use of each method.
Let's consider the most common research methods in coursework
Methods of scientific knowledge in a course project
Traditionally, methods in scientific work are divided into
- theoretical
- practical (or empirical)
This does not mean that some sciences never use practical approaches, for example.
Theoretical methods are most often used in coursework, example:
- synthesis,
- comparison,
- generalization
- analysis scientific literature,
- development of classification.
- Analysis. When using it, the subject is divided into several parts, which are then studied separately. It creates an opportunity for the student to consider a phenomenon or process of activity in different ratios, while highlighting the most essential properties and connections. The student has the opportunity, thanks to his thinking, to simultaneously embrace significant amount facts and identify possible relationships between them.
- Synthesis. Thanks to it, the parts are united together by understanding the relationship between them. It makes it possible to study an object as a whole. It is by using the method of synthesis that we have the opportunity to recreate a group of research subjects as a system of connections and interactions, and to focus attention on the most essential components. Essentially this is mirror reflection previous way of knowing.
- Induction. When using this technique, certain phenomena, events or features are deduced general patterns or principles. It is used especially effectively in those studies when the basis is based on experience, experiment or observations that make it possible to collect empirical facts. By studying these facts, the researcher establishes phenomena that have a recurring nature, and on this basis builds inductive inference. Thus, the logic of thinking moves to the general from the particular, and generalization is actively used.
- Deduction. With its help, particular provisions are derived from general ones. Deduction is different from induction opposite movement thoughts. It is based on general judgment.
- Analogy. When using it, knowledge about a subject or object is obtained based on the study of its similarities with others. The flow of thought involves the transfer to a less studied, but similar, object of the properties of a more studied phenomenon. It is widely used in scientific research thanks to its clarity, the ability to compare and display similar qualities.
- Abstraction. The student seems to forget about the other aspects of the phenomenon being studied, focusing all his attention on only one.
- Classification. Very often there are many varieties of something that can be grouped using certain characteristics, that is, classified.
- Analysis of scientific literature. To get the required result and achieve the goal, the student selects and then carefully studies textbooks, science articles, monographs, reports, results of experiments conducted by others.
- Axiomatic method. When using it, some of the provisions are axioms, and the other part is deduced logically.
However, not every work requires only theoretical techniques. That’s why it’s a little less common, but they do occur practical methods in course work, example:
- modeling,
- experiment,
- observation,
- measurement.
- Modeling. For convenience, the object under study is replaced by a model that accurately reflects its characteristics. The model is built after initial study, theoretical analysis and predicting expected results. Modeling is considered a fairly effective way to predict the impact external factors on the phenomenon being studied and acceptance concrete solutions. The model must be constructed by the researcher in such a way that the operations reflect the main characteristics of the object of study (main elements of the structure, their interrelation, functional parameters), important for solving the goal set in the introduction to the course work. A model cannot be completely adequate to the object; this adequacy will always be relative and relate mainly to the goal set by the student. If the results of the theoretical analysis of the main parameters do not coincide with the characteristics real object, then the models are adjusted. The very definition of a model indicates that it is most often a reduced rather than an enlarged copy.
- Observation. The essence of observation is the detached study of something while recording changes in its state.
- Experiment. To confirm the expected result, the student proves it in practice. Sometimes you need to recreate some special conditions, and sometimes they use those that already exist. Special devices are often used to record results. An example is measuring speed after improvement technical characteristics cars.
- Measurement. When writing coursework, certain characteristics are measured in order to tell the most complete story about the object being studied.
- Description. In essence, it is a component of an experiment or observation. The student is only required to document what he saw.
- Questionnaire, survey. Sometimes a questionnaire or survey is conducted on the topic of the coursework. During the survey, the respondent chooses one of the ready-made answers; during the survey, he gives it entirely himself. Using questionnaires or a list of questions, do not forget to supplement the coursework applications with their forms.
- Conversation, interview. The necessary answers are obtained during a conversation on the topic being studied. To calmly analyze the information received, it is recommended to record conversations with a voice recorder or note important points in writing.
Now you can choose the most suitable ways for you to achieve the goal set in the introduction to the course work.
What methods should be used in coursework
Whatever task you face, you should choose the most appropriate ways to solve it. There is no need to give preference to the most simple methods in your work, it is better to improve your level of knowledge. Real scientific approach never simple.
However, you should not use everything in order, especially if you do not understand the essence of these methods. For the same reason, you cannot indicate those methods in the coursework that have not been used absolutely anywhere. If you can't answer the question scientific supervisor about how or where you used these particular methods, then you will significantly reduce your chances of getting an excellent grade.
You can combine practical and theoretical research methods in your coursework
Example: experiment together with the study of scientific literature.
Research method in course work– this is a way, means and instrument that contributes to the acquisition of new knowledge and skills, expansion of the theoretical base, helps to confirm or prove in practice the theses set out in the course work.
It is no secret that there are many methods in science, so there is not always a need to use them all. The choice of methodology directly depends on the goals and objectives set in the work, from which the methods used in it are determined.
Any method is needed to find the truth, correct understanding and explanations of the current situation, and in some cases helps to change it.
The choice of research methods used will depend on the tasks, subject and object of work highlighted in the coursework.
Research methods are needed to understand the way of studying and understanding the topic stated in the course work.
Classification of research methods
All research methods are usually divided into 2 main groups:
Using the same principle, this article will be divided into 2 large blocks.
Group theoretical methods includes:
- abstraction;
- analogy;
- classification;
- generalization;
- comparative analysis;
- synthesis (union);
- study and analysis of literature;
- study and analysis of documentation, archival sources, etc.
Scientific research methods include:
- experiments;
- observation;
- calculations, measurements;
- modeling;
- conversation or interview;
- survey;
- description, etc.
Attention! The method used in the course work is revealed in the practical part of the work. It also describes the results of applying the method and their analysis.
You cannot choose a research method at random. It must be justified and necessary for a specific job.
For example, you need to predict the dynamics of corn growth using mathematical model based on the principle least squares. As a justification, it can be stated that this method allows the most accurate reflection of statistical data. An additional advantage in favor of this method is that a similar model has not previously been used to predict corn growth.
Now let's delve into the methodology and examine each of the methods described above in more detail.
Theoretical methods
The first block included methods related to the theoretical part of the study, in which practical actions are not used.
Abstraction
This research method is based on specification separate property subject or phenomenon that is studied as part of scientific work.
If we talk in simple words, then the essence of this method is that the student studies the property or quality of the object and subject of research that he needs for work, without taking into account all other properties and characteristics.
Abstraction is one of the the most important methods research in humanities. It allows you to grasp the most important patterns in psychology, pedagogy and philosophy that are not visible at first glance.
An example of abstraction is a study of literature, which is divided into great amount genres, styles, types, etc. Using this method, we can discard and not consider the characteristics of the subject of research that we do not need, such as: publication, press, language, genre and others.
As a result, the conclusion made on the basis of abstraction may be the definition of literature as the totality of all works reflecting scientific, artistic, philosophical and other opinions and positions of an individual or an entire people.
Analogy
The essence of this method is that, based on knowledge about the properties and characteristics of an object similar to the object of study, it is possible to draw certain conclusions about what we are considering in scientific work.
The method does not give 100% results, but overall it is quite effective. It is used in cases where the object under study cannot be studied directly.
Based on the example of analogy, some conclusions are drawn about the planets terrestrial group, their properties and conditions for potential development by humanity.
Classification
Classification is one of the simplest, but effective ways, used in research work. The essence of this method is structuring, dividing research objects into certain groups according to some similar characteristics.
Can be classified by various signs, for example, such as:
- physical parameters (size, weight, volume);
- materials (metal, wood, plastic, porcelain);
- genres ( fiction, painting, sculpture);
- styles (baroque, gothic, classicism).
Can also be divided by geopolitical affiliation:
- Europe (Eastern, Western, Southern);
- Asia (Eastern, Southeast, Middle East);
- America (North, Latin, Caribbean).
Chronologically:
- Ancient times (Ancient Egypt, Assyria, Babylonia);
- Antiquity (Ancient Greece, Roman Empire);
- Middle Ages ( European Middle Ages, Asian, American);
- New time;
- Recent history.
The above classifications are provided as examples only.
In course work, you can use any classification that will be the most accurate, convenient and effective.
Generalization
When using this method, several items and objects are combined into more large groups according to certain similar characteristics to identify general characteristics and features.
Generalization happens:
- inductive (empirical) – transition from specific properties and characteristics to broader, general judgments;
- analytical - a transition from one judgment to another, carried out in the mental process without using empirical reality.
Generalization is often used, an example being the transition from the concept of “lemon” to “citrus”, then to “plants” in general. Another example is the transition from the concept of “Earth” to “terrestrial planets”, then to “celestial bodies”.
Comparative analysis
This method consists of comparing the characteristics and properties of two or more objects, which reveals their similarities and differences. This method very popular.
An example is the comparison artistic styles painters or writers, characteristics of one car compared to another, etc.
Synthesis
Synthesis is the combination of previously identified or known properties and characteristics of the subject into a single whole. Synthesis inextricably exists with analysis, since it is always present in it as a factor that unites the results of analysis.
Example. Based on the results of our analysis of the work various structures plant (production shops, accounting department, management staff, technical, etc.) a synthesis was made, on the basis of which it was revealed general situation existing situation at the plant, its efficiency and profitability.
Literature analysis
Based on this method, conclusions are drawn on how well certain aspects have been studied, on which there is a large body of scientific work, and which are still at the stage of study.
When using this method the following applies:
- scientific works of authoritative authors;
- collective monographs;
- articles, essays, notes;
- memoirs, etc.
The more works there are on a certain topic, and the more deeply it has been studied, the more researched the subject or phenomenon is considered.
The method of studying documentation and archival sources works on the same principle.
Empirical methods
This block will consider scientific, practical research methods that clearly demonstrate conclusions made on the basis theoretical knowledge and ways.
Experiment
This method is one of the most effective, therefore it is an important component for writing serious scientific work. It is used extremely rarely in coursework.
The main principles of this research method are repeatability and evidence.
In simple words, an experiment must not only clearly demonstrate or discover a particular property or phenomenon, but must also be able to be repeated.
A traditional example is considered to be an experiment carried out by Galileo to determine the speed of falling of a cannonball and a small lead ball. He threw them from the Leaning Tower of Pisa and saw which would land on the ground faster. This experiment is now considered biased because no controlling factors were taken into account when conducting it.
Observation
Any scientific knowledge begins with this method, so observation is considered one of the key research methods.
Its essence is very simple: the observer looks at the object under study and records everything that seems important to him. All changes, reactions, properties.
Example. An ornithologist observes birds through binoculars, recording their behavior, habitat, interactions with other representatives of their species, etc.
Measurement
This method is one of the most effective and is the fixation of any physical parameters object (weight, height, length, volume, etc.) using units of measurement. The result obtained by this method is recorded and expressed in a numerical indicator.
An example is the measurement of the length of several individuals of an animal, on the basis of which conclusions can be drawn about the size of the entire species.
Modeling
In the broadest sense of the term, a model is a copy, a structured, reduced image of something, an imitation of one or more objects.
Modeling is divided into:
- subject (reproduced separate part object being studied);
- symbolic (modeling is done using drawings, formulas, diagrams, etc.);
- mental (operations carried out mentally or in virtual world eg algorithm, computer program, computer simulation).
Modeling is used in the creation and development of new technologies, the design of structures, cars, etc.
Conversation and interview
These methods are very similar. Their essence lies in a personal conversation with a person who can give necessary information about the object being studied or is itself the object of study.
The difference between a conversation and an interview is that the latter is more regulated. During the interview, the interviewee gives answers to clearly asked, pre-formulated questions, while the interviewer practically does not demonstrate his point of view.
The conversation is more relaxed in nature, during which both interlocutors can express their opinions and ask questions, even spontaneous ones.
Both methods are very popular when writing coursework because they are easy to implement and effective.
Survey and questionnaire
These methods also have many similarities with each other. Both of them involve pre-prepared questions that need to be answered. Often several ready-made answer options are given.
The difference is that the survey can be either writing, and orally, but the survey is only in written or computer version. In this case, the answer is often given in graphic form.
The advantage of these methods is the ability to cover a large number of people and get the most accurate data.
Description
This method has some similarities with observation, but unlike it, when using this method, not only phenomena and behavior are recorded, but also the appearance and characteristics of the object being studied.
Example. Let's take the example already used above of an ornithologist watching birds. If in the first case he recorded the behavior and interaction of birds with other animals, then in descriptive method he will focus on recording data about appearance birds, their nests, etc.
Writing a term paper requires the use of several research methods.
Method is an action that is used to achieve a goal. In the process of completing coursework, they use various methods The most common studies are:
- Analysis - the most popular research method, is the division of a phenomenon or process into constituent components and suggests their further study.
- Analogy is a research method that involves studying objects that are similar in some respects. Based on the similar characteristics of an object, a conclusion is made about the similarity of another type of object.
- Deduction is one of the research methods that involves making a conclusion about the totality of the analyzed properties of an object based on single properties object.
- Induction is the reverse of deduction, a research method that involves drawing conclusions from the general to the specific.
- Classification is the division of objects under study into types based on some property.
- Modeling is the analysis of a model or copy of the object being studied that exactly replicates the original. The model must fully correspond to the object in terms of the presence of properties, but at the same time it may differ from the original in several ways, which guarantees a high-quality study of the analyzed object.
- Observation is one of the research methods, which consists of several actions aimed at obtaining information about the properties of the analyzed object.
- Generalization method - involves drawing conclusions about general properties research objects.
- The forecasting method involves making assumptions about the further stages of development of the analyzed object.
- Synthesis is often found when writing term papers and involves combining several properties of the object under study into one component.
- An experiment is a study of an object under pre-created conditions.
The described methods are quite often used when writing term papers, but this is not the entire list. Typically used for coursework following methods:
- Comparative – carried out using comparative analysis several sources of information and identifying similar and opposing opinions about the object under study. Most often, this method makes it possible to obtain more complete knowledge from the area being analyzed, since there may be enough opinions to base one’s own judgment on the problem under study.
- Analysis of the regulatory framework involves studying not only educational literature on a given topic, but also additional sources, including recently published newspapers and magazines, which discuss the topic being analyzed in detail. Allows you to get up-to-date information taking into account the latest changes.
- Analysis of monographs and articles. The monograph contains information related to the results of research on one issue. Typically, it is a collection of articles belonging to the same topic area, containing similar research on an issue, united by a single idea or structure of analysis.
- The analytical method is most often used when writing the practical part of the course work. Involves carrying out analysis through mathematical calculations of the main indicators and comparing the results obtained. Based on data obtained analytical method, an analysis of the object under study is carried out and basic recommendations are drawn up to improve the situation of the object of study or possible ways development in the future.
Research methods are methods that help to achieve the assigned tasks and goals in the thesis.
They must be indicated in the introduction and everything must be done based on them. practical actions. They are divided into practical and theoretical. Moreover, each individual field of science has developed its own methods, which also need to be taken into account when writing a project.
Research methods in the thesis:
- Analysis. Involves consideration of an object or phenomenon taking into account its individual properties or signs.
- Synthesis. Unites individual elements(signs, properties) into one whole.
- Modeling. Existing object research is designed on a specific model.
- Analogy. Emphasizes similarities individual items according to any qualities.
- Induction. Reasoning from the general to the specific.
- Deduction. Conclusions are made taking into account many particular properties of objects.
- Generalization. Many signs are considered to make general conclusion about a phenomenon or object.
- Classification. Objects or phenomena are divided into certain categories according to a particular indicator.
- Observation. It is based on an objective perception of what is happening in order to obtain certain information about the qualities and properties of objects.
- Comparison. Involves comparison a certain number objects among themselves according to a particular property.
- Measurement. Based on accurate calculations and numerical indicators.
- Experiment. It consists of testing or testing the objects or phenomena under study in controlled or specially created conditions.
Let's look at examples of research methods in a diploma
By right:
The methodological basis of the thesis was the following methods: logical, comparative legal, historical and legal method, methods of system analysis, method of theoretical and legal forecasting.
By management:
Methodological basis of the study:
In the process of working on my diploma, I relied on methods: theoretical analysis, studying scientific and periodicals on the problem, documentary analysis, expert interviews, observation.
Example of research methods in diploma work in economics:
Research methods: the methodological basis for writing the work is scientific methods, which are based on the requirements of an objective and comprehensive factor analysis of the financial condition of the organization. The research was carried out using a combination of methods and methods scientific knowledge. The abstract-logical method made it possible to reveal theoretical aspects assessing the financial condition and financial stability, determining the main characteristics of the processes and phenomena occurring in this area. The system-structural method is used to analyze the financial condition and identify structural changes. The use of economic-mathematical and economic-statistical methods made it possible to determine trends in the development of the organization, assess their dynamics, identify imbalances and contradictions, and predict them further development and methods for increasing the financial stability of the organization.
Example in a diploma in psychology:
Research methods: questionnaires, projective method, conversation, observation, questioning. Psychodiagnostic techniques: projective technique"Drawing of a family"; the method of “Determining the characteristics of the distribution of roles in the family”, the method of identifying self-esteem of Dembo - Rubinstein.
