Formation of adjectives. Changeable letters and sounds

Difficulties in using adjectives are associated with the formation of a short form and the formation of degrees of comparison.

1. The short form can only be formed from qualitative adjectives. The short form is formed from the base of the adjective and the endings: zero, -а(-я), -о(-е), -ы(-и).

For example, cheerful. The basis of the oars. Short form of cheerful, cheerful, cheerful, cheerful.

If at the end of the stem there is a combination of consonants with K or N, then when forming the forms masculine a fluent vowel appears: full - full, bitter - bitter.

For adjectives with the stem ending in –enn (painful, artificial) in the masculine form, the N is truncated. For example, painful – painful (painful); Artificial - artificial (artificial); Limited – limited (limited).

Only in some cases is the correct form in -enn: sincere - sincere, base - base, frank - frank.

Some adjectives are used only in a short form: glad, much, must, necessary.

Some qualitative adjectives do not have a corresponding short form: adjectives with the suffixes -sk-, -n-, -ov-, -l- (comradely, efficient, advanced, skillful), denoting color (blue, lilac), color of animals (raven, bay), high degree sign (tiny, thick), adjectives included in terminological names (deep rear, fast train).

2. Qualitative adjectives have comparative and superlative degrees of comparison (Table 2).

The comparative degree shows that in one or another subject a characteristic is manifested to a greater or lesser extent than in others, for example:

Conversations became louder, more incoherent, more fun. Comparative degree education:

Table 2.

The superlative degree shows that a particular subject is superior to other subjects on some basis, for example: Work is the best, most radical medicine (Table 3).

Education superlatives adjectives.

Table 3.

In the formation of short forms of adjectives from full (qualitative only) forms, only the main accentological trends can be outlined, because no strict patterns have been established here; fluctuations at the point of impact are often observed. Stress of the full and short forms in polysyllabic adjectives with unstressed ending-th (as well as parts two-syllable adjectives) is identical, and in the paradigm of changing short adjectives by gender and number remains fixed on the basis (as in the paradigm of changing full forms). The formation of short forms from adjectives with a one- and two-syllable base (usually non-derivatives) is accompanied by mobility of stress both in word formation and in inflectional terms. In stems with full vowel, the stress in the short form moves to the first syllable of the full vowel combination. In short forms the accent is neuter mostly coincides with the masculine forms, although there are exceptions (dead - dead, light - light, dark - dark, smart - smart, black - black, etc.). Word forms plural always similar in stress to neuter word forms. The greatest stress shifts occur in feminine word forms.

Thus, when forming short adjectives with a one- or two-syllable stem, there is a tendency to move the stress of the full form to the initial syllable of the stem in the masculine word form and to the ending in the feminine word form.

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Formation of short forms of adjectives

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Short forms of adjectives are also of great stylistic interest. Their very grammatical nature already predetermines greater expression in comparison with full adjectives, since short forms do not name a constant, passive feature as an abstract category, but a variable, concrete feature that develops over time; compare: cheerful man- I am cheerful: all worries have disappeared; Happy Hours not observed (Gr.). - I'm happy that I met you. Therefore, in a number of constructions that emphasize the intense manifestation of a trait over time, only short forms are used: Be healthy! Be happy! Short adjectives are also used with adverbs that enhance the manifestation of quality: How beautiful this world is!

Regular grammatical role short adjectives - to be nominal part composite nominal predicate- as it were, “equalizes” them stylistically with the full forms that play this role, and for some adjectives one can note stylistic neutrality in synonymous constructions: the sky is clear - the sky is clear, the boy is talented - the boy is talented, he is inexperienced - he is inexperienced, she talkative - she is talkative. However, such inertia of short forms manifests itself only when they have an absolute lexical correlation with full adjectives, which is observed relatively rarely. In other cases, there is a stylistic specialization of short adjectives, due to the peculiarities of their functioning in speech.

The expression of short adjectives is manifested if they act as separate definitions, receiving in the context especially important: Touching the three great oceans, she lies, spreading out cities, all in black hoops of meridians, invincible, wide, proud (Sim.), and also as a binding member in compound predicate: Like a giant in the night fog, he stood up New Year, harsh and blind (Bruce.).

The uncodified forms of short adjectives are also expressively colored: How good the sky seemed, how blue, calm and deep (L.T.); short forms formed from relative adjectives, which receive a qualitative meaning: Daytime air is copper (March); The faces became important, puppet-like and arrogant (Leon.). Such “unusual” forms of adjectives in journalistic style are often given in quotation marks, which serves as an additional (graphic) means of highlighting them: Also “diary” and confidential poems talking about creativity, about the artist’s duty (from the newspaper).

Grammarists pay attention to the bookish nature of short adjectives. “The short form in its exclusively predicative meaning is a purely literary phenomenon,” wrote A.M. Peshkovsky. “This gives the short form a tone of greater bookishness, abstraction, dryness, and sometimes categoricalness than is typical for the full form.” Short forms of adjectives in speech are used less often than full ones: “He is kind more often said than he is kind; he’s all red, much better than he’s all red.” And this leads to further stylistic isolation of short forms.

A certain tradition of using short and long forms of individual adjectives in speech should also be taken into account. Some of them have lost their lexical coherence; Wed: lively look - Are you still alive, my old lady? (Ec.); bad ending - I have become old and very bad (Es.). When making comparisons in artistic speech, short adjectives are usually used: You are rich, I am very poor... You are as ruddy as a poppy, I am like death, and skinny and pale (P.); in constructions with the words at me, at you, used in conversational style, prevail full forms: He is quiet with us. She's naughty.

Short adjectives indicate a relative feature: The chair’s leg is large: I’ll file it a little (Marsh.), to a temporary state: How quick and gentle his gaze was, bashful and impudent, and sometimes shone with an obedient tear! (P.), although in context these shades of meaning may not appear; Wed: My native country is wide (L.-K.); Russia is great, but there is nowhere to retreat.

Short adjectives can control nouns: I agree with you; great suit for my son; The film is interesting for everyone (cf. for small children). The use of full adjectives in such constructions is excluded or sharply reduces the style: You are capable of work, in a year or two you will be a baker (M. G.); I ask you to allow me into a new life, since I completely agree with it (Shol.). IN book styles Such replacement of short adjectives with full ones is unacceptable.

If the role of the nominal part of the predicate is an adjective without controlled words, then the short form is synonymous with the full form instrumental case: How can I help you? - ...useful to you; He turned out to be very naive. - ...very naive. However, D.E. Rosenthal points out: “In modern language the second option prevails. But with a linking verb to be, a construction with a short form is more common. Wed: he was young - he was young, she was beautiful - she was beautiful.”

At homogeneous predicates their nominal part can only be expressed identical shapes- short or complete. If they are not identical, the norm is violated: The year was rainy and unfavorable for potatoes.

Truncated forms, which were widely used, should be distinguished from short adjectives poets of the 19th century V. as convenient variants of full adjectives for versification: Oh fear! O terrible times!; Long-standing talk of old people (P.). Being shorter than full adjectives by one syllable, truncated forms could replace them if the size of the verse required it. Unlike short forms, which can only be formed from qualitative adjectives, truncated forms are easily formed from relative adjectives: bacchanal choruses (P.); A stream of tears would flow from the heart of a stone (Bat.), and even from the sacraments: raising trembling hands (Bat.). Truncated forms have the stress on the same syllable as the full ones: the hands are white, the shadow is black; O you, whom the mighty tribes of Europe trembled (P.); used in indirect cases and in the sentence they act as an agreed definition: If the right hand of Zeus gave me night and day, late the young star would drive away the black shadow (Bat.).

IN Pushkin era truncated forms were used not only as poetic license, but also as stylistic device creating a pathetic sound of speech: My friend, I saw a sea of ​​evil. War and disastrous fires (Bat.); You are immortal forever, O Russian giants! (P). The stylistically conscious use of truncated adjectives in such cases is evidenced by examples of auto-editing: crossing out full adjective, the author prefers the truncated version: And you, O eternal Tiber, the drinker of all tribes, seeded with the bones of the citizens of the universe (originally the universe); You, the doomed one, welcomes you from these sad walls to an untimely death (Bat.).

For poets of a later time, the stylistic role of truncated adjectives was reduced to the stylization of speech in works of folk poetry, for example, in M.Yu. Lermontova: He lowered his head onto his broad chest. Echoes of this tradition are still retained in combinations that have received stable character: the mother is the raw earth, the beautiful maiden, the good fellow, the crow of the horse, in an open field, etc.

The fading interest in truncated forms of adjectives and their perception as outdated may also affect stylistic assessment short adjectives like book adjectives, less common.

Golub I.B. Stylistics of the Russian language - M., 1997

III. Adjectives

§ 80. They write together complex names adjectives:

1. Formed from compound nouns written together, for example: plumbing(plumbing), agricultural(farmer, agriculture), Novosibirsk(Novosibirsk).

2. Formed from combinations of words that are subordinate in meaning to one another, for example: railway (railway), national economic (national economy), natural science (natural sciences), complex(complex in the way of subordination), rail rolling(rolling rails), nationwide(common for the people), marshy scrub(forming protection for fields), metal-cutting(cutting metal); This also includes those denoting a single concept of formation (including terminological ones) from an adverb and an adjective (or participle), for example: little-used, nearby, vital, deeply respected, freshly baked, clairvoyant, potent, wild-growing, evergreen, plain-colored.

Note. Compound adjectives, which include adverbs, should not be confused with phrases consisting of an adverb and an adjective (or participle) and written separately, for example: diametrically opposed, directly opposite, purely Russian, childishly naive, poorly hidden, clearly expressed.

3. Used as terms and formed from two or three bases, regardless of the nature of the latter, for example: thoracoabdominal(block), Indo-European(languages), Old High German(language), bicarbonate(gas); Also - deaf-mute.

§ 81. Compound adjectives are written with a hyphen:

1. Formed from nouns written with a hyphen, from personal names - combinations of first and last names, as well as from names settlements, which are combinations of first and last names, first names and patronymics, for example: diesel engine, social democratic, Buryat-Mongolian, North-Eastern, Alma-Ata, Orekhovo-Zuevsky, Nizhne-Maslovsky, Ust-Abakansky, Romain-Rolandovsky, Walter-Scott, Lev-Tolstovsky, Erofei-Pavlovichsky.

Note 1. The adjective is written together Moskvoretsky.

Note 2. Adjectives formed from proper names, written with a hyphen, and having a prefix that is not present in the noun, are written together, for example: Priamudarya, Zaissykkul.

2. Formed from two or more bases denoting equal concepts, for example: interest-free, convex-concave, party-Komsomol, gardening, meat and dairy, English-Japanese, Russian-German-French(dictionary), blue-white-red(flag).

3. Formed from two bases and denoting: a) quality with an additional shade, for example: rolling-loud, bitter-salty; b) shades of colors, for example: pale pink, bright blue, dark brown, black-brown, bluish blue, golden yellow, ash gray, bottle green, lemon yellow, yellow-red.

4. Included in geographical proper names and starting with east, west, north And north, south And south-, For example: West Kazakhstan region, East China Sea, Union of South Africa.

Note 1. Adjectives formed from two or more stems that do not fit the listed rules are written with a hyphen, for example: literary and artistic(almanac), political-mass(Job), vocabulary-technical(department), podzolic-marsh, loose-lumpy-silty, elongated-lanceolate.

Note 2. Words are also written with a hyphen, first integral part which are myself-, myself- , For example: self-friend, self-third, self-heel, self-heel.