Simple complicated sentence

Exist different ways complications of a simple sentence, among which there are homogeneous members, isolated and methods of complication that are not grammatically related to the sentence: appeal, introductory and plug-in structures. Let's consider each of them in turn.

Homogeneous members of the sentence

Homogeneous are those members of a sentence that perform the same syntactic function in a sentence, relate to the same member of the sentence, are connected to each other by a non-union or conjunction, coordinating connection, and are pronounced with the intonation of enumeration. In the absence of conjunctions or when they are repeated, homogeneous members are also connected by connecting pauses.

All members of a sentence, both main and secondary, can be homogeneous. They are usually expressed in words of one part of speech, i.e. are morphologically homogeneous, but can also be expressed by words of different parts of speech, i.e. be morphologically heterogeneous, for example:

1. The air was rare, motionless, sonorous (L. T.); 2. Pushkin stated amazingly, with brilliant humor: wise tales Russian people (M.G.)

Homogeneous members to be uncommon and widespread. For example, in the following sentence I love this gloom of delight, this brief night of inspiration, the human rustle of grass, the prophetic cold on a dark hand: (N. Zabolotsky) homogeneous additions are common.

Homogeneous members of a sentence must be distinguished from the following cases of external similarity:

1) when the same words are repeated in order to emphasize the duration of an action, a multitude of persons or objects, an intensified manifestation of a characteristic, etc.,

for example: I’m going, I’m going in an open field (P.); Here's the dark one dark garden(N.);

2) in integral expressions of a phraseological nature: both day and night; both old and young; neither this nor that; neither give nor take; neither back nor forward, etc.;

3) when combining two verbs in the same form, acting as one predicate, for example, I’ll go look at the class schedule; took it and did it the other way around, etc.

Homogeneity of predicates

1. The question of homogeneity and heterogeneity of predicates is a difficult one. In some cases, several predicates with one subject are considered homogeneous within a simple sentence.

For example: He already remembered, listened to Dymov’s laughter and felt something like hatred for this man (Ch.); and in others - as predicates included in different parts complex sentence , for example: The defendants were also taken out somewhere and were just brought back (L. T.),

2.Cases where similar predicates turn out to be distantly located are more obvious:

Levin looked ahead and saw the herd, then he saw his cart, drawn by Voronoi, and the coachman, who, having approached the herd, said something to the shepherd; then, close to him, he heard the sound of wheels and the snorting of a well-fed horse, but he was so absorbed in his thoughts that he did not even think about why the coachman was coming to him (L.T.).

Taking into account the whole context, such predicates can be placed in different parts complex sentence: looked... saw... then saw (in the latter case even the pronoun is easily inserted - then he saw...).

Form of the predicate when homogeneous subjects

The form of the predicate with homogeneous subjects depends on a number of conditions: 1) on the position of the predicate in relation to homogeneous subjects (preposition or postposition), 2) on the meaning of the conjunctions connecting the subjects (conjunctive, disjunctive, adversative or comparative), 3) on lexical meaning a noun in the role of the subject (abstract concepts or names of persons; materially close or distant, etc.).

Postpositive predicate

A postpositive predicate usually has the form plural: The hall and living room were dark (P.); Nikolai’s face and voice, the warmth and light in the room calmed Vlasova (M.G.). A predicate placed after homogeneous subjects can take the form singular only in exceptional cases, for example, with significant material proximity of the subjects: ...Need, hunger is coming (Kr.); or with subjects arranged according to a gradation system: Every day, every hour brings new impressions; or with the emphasized dismemberment of the subjects: The dungeons did not break the dead silence, neither a groan nor a sigh (Snout); or, finally, in the presence of dividing relations between the subjects: Either the cry of a bird, or the flapping of wings cut through the silence of the early morning.

Prepositive predicate form

The form of the prepositive predicate is determined by additional conditions.

1. If subjects are connected by connecting conjunctions or enumeration intonation, then the predicate has a form corresponding to the adjacent subject (singular form).

For example: We will be greeted by care and need (N.); You could hear the sniffling of the locomotive, whistles, and the switchman's horn (Fad.); On the clay shallows stood a handful of natives and about five Europeans (Green); I would have a wonderful library, various musical instruments, a beekeeper, a vegetable garden, an orchard (M. G.);

2. The plural form is required if the subjects denote persons, and the predicate denotes the action of these persons: Vitya, Pavlik, Kirill shouted... (Fed.); The plural is also possible with some other subjects, in which case the predicate emphasizes each of the subjects: She liked his directness and ease (T.).

Note 1

If the subjects are connected by disjunctive conjunctions, then the prepositive predicate has the singular form: In harmony, my opponent was the noise of the forests, or a violent whirlwind, or the living melody of an oriole, or the dull hum of the sea at night, or the whisper of a quiet river (P.); His face alternately showed fear, melancholy and resentment (Gonch.).

Note 2

With subjects connected by adversatives, as well as comparative conjunctions, the prepositive predicate gravitates towards the first subject and therefore has the singular form: But here it was not a strike, but simply the physical and mental impossibility of memorizing all this (Mumped); Children are introduced into the world of fairy tales not only by folk poetry, but also by theater (Paust.).

Note 3

The predicate, broken by homogeneous subjects, has a plural form: Both summer and autumn were rainy (Zhuk.). If with homogeneous subjects there is a generalizing word, then the predicate is formed according to the form of this generalizing word: Everything was gray and gloomy - the sky, the bay, the city, and the faces of the inhabitants hiding in their homes (Paust.); Both his father and his aunt, Lyubov, Sofya Pavlovna - they all teach him to understand life... (M. G.).

Structure of homogeneous members

Homogeneous members in the structure of a sentence form a structural-semantic block, which is connected with other members of the sentence subordinating connection, except for homogeneous subjects, which themselves subordinate the predicate or common secondary members of the sentence.

For example: Hot stones and sand burned bare feet(V. Konetsky).

At homogeneous members sentences can be generalizing words. Usually a generalizing word expresses a generic concept in relation to species, which are designated by homogeneous members, has the same grammatical form, as homogeneous members, and is the same member of the sentence as homogeneous members, for example:

Every day the old literate Moiseich began to bring various large fish: pike, ide, chub, tench and perch (Aks.)

Homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions

Homogeneous definitions are each directly connected with the word being defined and are in the same relationship to it. Homogeneous definitions are connected with each other by coordinating conjunctions and enumerative intonation or only by enumerative intonation and connecting pauses.

Use of homogeneous definitions

1. Homogeneous definitions are used in two cases: a) to designate distinctive features different objects, b) to designate various signs the same subject.

In the first case, varieties of objects of the same kind are listed, for example: Red, green, purple, yellow, blue sheets of light fall on passers-by and slide along facades (Cat.).

In the second case, the characteristics of the object are listed, and most often the object is characterized on one side, for example: Chapaev loved strong, decisive, firm word(Furm.).

2. Homogeneous definitions can also characterize an object with different sides, but at the same time the context creates conditions for the convergence of the features they express (a unifying feature can be a distant general concept, the similarity of the impression produced by the signs, appearance etc.),

for example: Napoleon made a questioning gesture with his small, white and plump hand (L. T.). Under contextual conditions, homogeneous definitions synonymously come closer together, for example: The sun appeared long ago in the cleared sky and bathed the steppe with life-giving, calorific light (G.).

3. As a rule, they are homogeneous artistic definitions(epithets), for example: Some grasshoppers chatter together, as if embittered, and this incessant, sour and dry sound is tiring (T.).

4. In a series of homogeneous definitions, each subsequent one can strengthen the characteristic they express, as a result of which a semantic gradation is created, for example: In autumn, the feather grass steppes completely change and acquire their own special, original, not similar to anything (Ax.)

Ways of expressing homogeneous definitions

1. Usually the adjective and the following act as homogeneous definitions participial , for example: It was somehow really sad in this small, already touched late autumn garden (Hump.).

2. Agreed definitions that appear after the defined noun are, as a rule, homogeneous, which is explained by the greater independence of each of them and the direct connection with the defined word.

for example: The houses are tall and made of stone, built here recently.

Note

However, in combinations of a terminological nature, post-positive definitions remain heterogeneous, for example: gray cloth trousers, early terry aster, late-ripening winter pear.

3. Definitions become homogeneous when contrasted with a combination of other definitions for the same defined word, for example: Previously, there were narrow, dirty streets in this quarter, but now there are wide, clean ones.

Heterogeneous definitions

1. Definitions are heterogeneous if the previous definition does not refer directly to the defined noun, but to a combination of the subsequent definition and the defined noun,

for example: The sun disappeared behind a leading low torn cloud (L.T.).

2. Heterogeneous definitions characterize the subject from different sides, in different respects, for example: a large leather briefcase (size and material), an elongated pale face (shape and color), beautiful Moscow boulevards (quality and location), etc. If it is possible to bring such characteristics under a general generic concept, the definitions can become homogeneous, for example: Along the mossy, swampy banks there were black huts here and there (P.) (the unifying feature is swampy).

3. They are not homogeneous definitions with explanatory meaning. For example: another, experienced doctor (before that there was an inexperienced doctor).

In this case, between both definitions you can insert not a conjunction and, but the words that is, namely.

For example: Completely different, urban sounds were heard outside and inside the apartment (Cat.)

4. Clarifying definitions are also not homogeneous (the second definition, often inconsistent, clarifies the first, limiting the attribute it expresses), for example: Only a narrow, three hundred fathoms strip fertile land constitutes the possession of the Cossacks (L. T.)

Homogeneous additions

Homogeneous additions refer to the same word, are in the same relationship to it and have the form of the same case: That evening Alexander Blok noted in his diary this smoke, these colors (Nab.); There was almost nowhere to hide from the rain and wind (Sim.).

Note

Homogeneous additions can also be expressed with an infinitive: It was ordered to appear for the exam on time and report to the group.

Homogeneous circumstances

1. Homogeneous circumstances, revealing the same syntactic dependence, as a rule, are united by the same meaning (time, place, reason, course of action etc.):

It must have been from this alien air, from the dead streets and rain dampness that I felt complete loneliness (Paust.) - three reasons for this

His speech flowed heavily, but freely (M. G.) - two circumstances of the course of action; About a dozen tiny wooden cages hung between the windows and along the walls... (T.) - two circumstances of the place.

2. However, it is sometimes possible to combine opposite circumstances, provided that the meaning of the combined words is generalized: Somewhere, once upon a time, I heard these words, Why and why do I need to be here? In this case, they are not homogeneous, although they exhibit a creative connection.

3. Circumstances can produce a rather complex semantic association: In the quietest winter, by some scarlet dawn in the evening, you anticipate the spring of light (Prishv.).

4. Homogeneous circumstances can be both morphologized and designed in different ways: My heart began to beat hard and fast (Paust.); The leaves on the trees trembled because of this laughter or because the wind kept rushing around the garden (M. G.); ...The lady explained in a quiet voice and without looking up (M.G.); Makar on time and without special effort pulled the door towards himself (Shol.).

Unions with homogeneous members.

As already noted, the connection with homogeneous members of the sentence can be non-union (then the only way connection is intonation) and conjunction. In the latter case, this role is played by the group coordinating conjunctions. Which ones specifically?

1. Connecting conjunctions: and, yes (meaning “and”), neither... nor. The union can be single and repeating.

A single union shows that the enumeration is exhaustive and the number of homogeneous members is complete,

For example: Screaming, barking and howling were heard outside (Ars.).

The repetition of the conjunction before each homogeneous member of the sentence makes the series incomplete and emphasizes the enumerative intonation.

For example: And the sling, and the arrow, and the crafty dagger spare the winner years (P.).

Function of connecting conjunctions with homogeneous members

1. A union can connect homogeneous members in pairs, for example: They came together: wave and stone, poetry and prose, ice and fire are not so different from each other (P.).

2. The repeated conjunction neither...nor is used in negative sentences, fulfilling the role of the conjunction and, for example: Neither the sea nor the sky was visible behind the rain (M. G.).

3. The conjunction yes (meaning “and”) is used mainly in colloquial speech, and its use in works of art gives speech the stylistic coloring of vernacular. Example: And Vaska listens and eats (Kr.); Open the window and sit with me (P.).

2. Opposite unions with homogeneous members

1. Adversative conjunctions: a, but, yes (meaning “but”), however, but, etc. The conjunction a shows that instead of some objects, signs, actions, others are established, i.e. that one concept is affirmed and the other is denied.

for example: The tit made glory, but did not light the sea (Kr.).

In the absence of negation, the conjunction a indicates opposition,

For example: The dog barks at the brave, but bites the cowardly (last).

2. The union but introduces a connotation of restriction, for example: On the right bank there are peaceful, but still restless villages (L.T.).

3. Let the conjunction introduce a colloquial tone, for example: Whoever is noble and strong, but not smart, is so bad if he kind hearted he (Kr.)

4. The opposition is emphasized by the conjunctions however and then, for example: I hesitated a little, but sat down (T.); They [the singers] fight a little, but they don’t put anything drunk in their mouths (Kr.) (the last conjunction has the meaning of “substitution”).

Note

A multi-valued conjunction can act as an adversative conjunction connective conjunction and, for example: I wanted to travel around the whole world, but did not travel a hundredth part (Gr.).

3. Dividing unions with homogeneous members

Dividing conjunctions: or, either, whether... whether, then... then, not that... not that, etc. The conjunction or (single or repeating) indicates the need to choose one of the concepts expressed by homogeneous members and excluding or replacing each other

2. A conjunction either with the same meaning (usually repeated) is colloquial in nature, for example: Gavrila decided that the dumb man either fled or drowned along with his dog (T.)

3.. A repeating conjunction then... then indicates an alternation of phenomena, for example: The stars blinked with a weak light, then disappeared (T.).

4. The repeated conjunction whether... li has a dividing-enumerative meaning, for example: Whether a tug, a herring, a jam, a kingpin or something more expensive - everything found a place for Polikei Ilyich (L. T.).

5. Repeated conjunctions, not that... not that, or... or indicate the uncertainty of the impression or the difficulty of choice, for example: There is either laziness or tenderness in the heart (T.)

4. Graduation unions with homogeneous terms

Graduation conjunctions both... and, not so... as, not only... but (a) and, not so much: how much, how much: so much, although and... but, if not... then express the meaning of strengthening or weakening the significance of one of the members of a homogeneous series, therefore they always exist as components.

For example: 1. All the windows, both in the manor’s house and in the servants’ quarters, are wide open (S.-Shch.);

2. The sight of a large awakened river is not only a majestic, but also a terrible and amazing sight (Ax.). In this case, a comma is not placed before the first part of the double conjunction (in 1 sentence).

Note

To avoid grammatical error When using double conjunctions, you need to use a comma.

Prepositions with homogeneous members.

1. Prepositions can be repeated before all homogeneous members, for example: Death prowls the fields, the ditches, the heights of the mountains... (Kr.).

2. Possible omission identical prepositions, but different prepositions cannot be omitted; Wed: On ships, on trains, in cars they traveled a long distance... (Semushkin).

3. With common homogeneous members, the preposition is usually repeated, for example: For a year now Pavel Korchagin has been rushing around his breed country on a cart, on a gun limber, on a gray horse with a severed ear (N. Ostr.).

4. You cannot omit a preposition if homogeneous members are connected by repeating conjunctions, for example: Collective farms still experienced a great shortage of machines, taxes, and equipment... (Laptev).

5. The preposition is also not omitted if homogeneous members are connected by double comparative conjunctions, for example: Siberia has many features both in nature and in human customs (Gonch.).

6. In the presence of an adversative conjunction, the preposition is usually repeated, for example: They judge not by words, but by deeds (last).

7. Subject to availability separation union the preposition may be omitted or repeated; Wed: We couldn’t get carried away with this general movement only those who could not leave due to illness or weakness... (M.-S.).

Generalizing words and homogeneous members

1. Often with a number of homogeneous members of the proposal there is a generalizing word, i.e. a word that is the same member of a sentence as homogeneous members of a sentence, and acts as a more general designation of concepts expressed by homogeneous members. (IN Assembly Hall Everyone came: teachers, students, parents.)

2. Between the generalizing word and homogeneous members there can also be semantic relations whole and parts, for example: But I seem to see this picture in front of me: quiet shores, expanding moon road straight from me to the barges of the pontoon bridge and on the bridge there are long shadows of running people (Kav.).

3. Homogeneous members specify the content of the concept expressed by the generalizing word, therefore grammatically they act as clarifying words in relation to the generalizing word. An explanatory connection is established between the latter and homogeneous members, which is expressed in the presence or possibility of inserting words, namely, that is, for example, somehow. For example: The entire Tchertopkhanov estate consisted of four log buildings different sizes, namely: from an outbuilding, stables, barn, bathhouse.

4. For strengthening purposes, one of the summarizing words is placed before the generalizing word: in a word, in one word, etc., for example: Spoons, forks, bowls - in a word, everything that is necessary on the hike was packed in backpacks.

5. Homogeneous members agree in case with a generalizing word, for example: Kashtanka divided all of humanity into two very unequal parts: into owners and customers (Ch.).

Literature: Russian language (Crib)

Russian language (Crib)

42. Syncritical members of a sentence. The causes of syncretism.

In the Russian language there are syncretic members of the sentence. Causes

the emergence of syncretism:

Development of secondary syntactic functions in different parts of speech.

Ellipsis verb form

Lexico-grammatical properties of combining word forms

Double syntactic links and relations

Development of secondary syntactic functions (associated with the concept

morphologized and non-morphologized main member of the sentence), if

sentences – not morphologized. Indian summer has arrived. Indian -

morphologized member. Such a word loses some characteristics and

acquires new ones as part of speech. Which is the result of the mismatch

Where? What?) is polysemantic and unmorphologized. Syncretism

are syncretic in nature, because in their meaning as parts of speech can

the meanings of other parts of speech can be combined, because their word formation

determines the combination of meanings of the new word and the word from which

they are educated. The trip to the city was indeed a holiday for them. drive -

educated from going. The infinitive, due to its hybridity, is easily

used in different parts of the sentence. Substantive meaning

strengthens if the infinitive is in the subject position. Love it

Wonderful.

If inf. is in complement position along with other complements.

Give some tea and a snack.

In the position of definition, the combination of the meanings of addition and definition. Dream

leave (about what?) didn’t leave him.

Ellipse of verb form (omission of verb form) or participle

also leads to the formation of syncretic forms. Then from the hole (which one?) under

a black bumblebee crawled out from a tree stump.

45. The concept of a complicated sentence. Semi-predicativeness.

There has been a tradition of singling out complicated sentences as special

class of simple sentences, implicitly opposed to the class

uncomplicated (or elementary) sentences. In the complicated class it is accepted

consider proposals: 1) with isolated members (or

semi-predicative constructions) 2) with homogeneous members (coordinating

phrases); 3) with introductory constructions; 4) with appeals. Yu n about sha

pale with a burning gaze! Now I give you three covenants. In complicated

sentences can express not one event, but several; We worked then

in the field, then in the garden - We worked in the field. We worked in the garden. However

semantic complexity does not constitute the specificity of precisely and only complicated

proposals. Many uncomplicated words can also be semantically complex.

offers. PREDICATIVITY. In grammar: category, edges whole

a complex of formal syntactic means correlates the message with a particular

a different time plane of reality.

47. Homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions.

Homogeneous definitions are each directly related to what is being defined

in a word and are in the same relationship to it. Homogeneous among themselves

definitions are connected by coordinating conjunctions and enumerative intonation

or only by intonation of enumeration and connecting pauses. Homogeneous

definitions are used in two cases: a) to designate distinctive

signs of different objects, b) to designate different signs of one and

the same subject. Red, green, purple, yellow, blue sheets of light

fall on passers-by, slide along facades. Homogeneous definitions can

characterize an object also from different sides (a unifying feature can

serve as a distant general concept, similarity produced by signs

impressions, appearance, etc.) Napoleon made a questioning gesture with his

with a small, white and plump hand. As a rule, they are homogeneous

artistic definitions (epithets). Usually act as homogeneous

definitions: an adjective and the participial phrase that follows it. It was like-

it’s really sad in this small garden, already touched by late autumn.

Definitions become homogeneous when opposed to a combination of others

definitions with the same defined word, for example: Previously this quarter

there were narrow, dirty streets, and now they are wide, clean. Heterogeneous

definitions. Definitions are heterogeneous if the preceding

the definition does not directly refer to the noun being defined,

and to the combination of the subsequent definition and the defined noun,

for example: The sun disappeared behind a leading low torn cloud

Heterogeneous definitions characterize an object from different angles, in different

relations, for example: large leather briefcase (size and material),

oblong pale face (shape and color).

48.Proposals with separate members. Semi-predicative isolated

Isolation is the separation of semantic and intonation

secondary members in order to give them some independence in

proposal. Detached members contain an additional message element.

The semantic highlighting of isolated members of a sentence is achieved verbally.

speech by intonation highlighting: in front of a separate member (if it

is not at the beginning of the sentence) there is a rise in voice, it is done

pause, it is inherent phrasal stress, characteristic of intonation-

semantic segments (syntagmas) into which a sentence is divided. Between

isolated members and defined words, thanks to the presence

additional affirmation or negation, there are so-called

semi-predicative relations, as a result of which separate members in its own way

semantic load and intonation design are close to

subordinate clauses. There are general and specific conditions of separation.

The first concerns all or most of the secondary members, the second - only

their individual types. TO general conditions isolations include the following: 1)

word order, 2) degree of prevalence of a sentence member, 3)

clarifying the nature of one member of the sentence in relation to another, 4)

semantic load of the secondary member of the sentence.1. The word order is

Prepositive definition, expressed by a participle or adjective with

explanatory words, is not isolated (if it does not have additional shades

meanings), postpositive, as a rule, is isolated. - It stood at the porch

several carts and sleighs drawn in single file. b) Prepositive application,

standing before a proper name, as a rule, is not isolated,

postpositive - is isolated. About two months ago, a certain person died in our city

Belikov, teacher Greek language. c) Circumstance expressed by a single

gerund, is usually isolated if it precedes the predicate, and more often not

stands out in a post-positive position in relation to the predicate. Near

On the porch, smoking, a crowd of about ten Cossacks

2. The degree of prevalence of a sentence member matters for

isolation of definitions, applications, circumstances, additions.a) Single

postpositive definition is usually not isolated, the common one is

stands apart. The willow, all fluffy, is spread out all around (Fet). b) Single

application expressed by a common noun and relating to

common noun, usually does not stand apart, closely merging

with it, and the common application is isolated. Memory, this scourge

unfortunate, revives even the stones of the past (M.G.). c) Single

the circumstance expressed by the gerund is usually not isolated in

postpositive position in relation to the predicate, and common

a circumstance with the same meaning (adverbial phrase) is isolated. 3.

The clarifying nature of one member of a sentence in relation to another has

value for isolating definitions, applications, additions,

circumstances.4. The semantic load of the secondary member of the sentence has

significance for isolating definitions, applications, circumstances. A)

A prepositive definition, which has only an attributive meaning, does not

is isolated, and the definition, complicated by adverbial meaning,

stands apart. Firmly tied to young oak trees, good horses ours endured

terrible torture from an attack by a gadfly. b) Prepositive application relating to

To own name, is not isolated if it has only attributive

meaning, and is isolated if it is complicated by adverbial meaning.

A man of small stature, capacious, almost invisible from behind the rostrum.c)

Circumstance expressed by a noun in the indirect case with

preposition, is isolated if, in addition to its main meaning (for example,

temporary) has an additional connotation of meaning (for example, causal,

conditional, concessive). As the enemy approaches Moscow, a glance

Muscovites not only did not become more serious about their position, but, on the contrary,

even more frivolous.

49.Offers with separate definitions(agreed and

inconsistent).

As a rule, common definitions expressed

participle or gerund with words dependent on them and coming after

defined by noun Sciences alien to music were hateful to me.

2. Two or more postpositive single definitions are isolated,

explaining noun, For example:

single postpositive definition if it has an additional

circumstantial meaning. The people, amazed, became like stones. 4.

A definition is isolated if it is divorced from what it defines.

noun by other members of the sentence; in these cases, determination by

meaning is also connected with the predicate and has an additional adverbial

shade. Filled with the sun, buckwheat and wheat fields lay across the river. 5.

The modifier that comes immediately before the noun being defined is

is isolated if, in addition to the attributive, it also has an adverbial

meaning. Growing up in poverty and hunger, Paul was hostile to those who

was, in his understanding, rich. 6. Definitions are always isolated

relating to a personal pronoun; such definitions are attributive

predicative in nature and have additional adverbial meaning.

Exhausted, dirty, wet, we finally reached the shore.

Inconsistent definitions. 1. Inconsistent definitions,

expressed by indirect cases of nouns are separated, if necessary

emphasize the meaning they express, for example: Headman, in boots and

in a saddle-backed army coat, with cloaks in his hand, noticing the priest from afar, he took off his

poyark hat. Most often isolated inconsistent definitions at

proper name, since it, being the bearer of an individual

names, in themselves, quite specifically designate a person. Shabalkin, s

cap on his head, stood with his arms akimbo and proudly looked around him.2. Usually

inconsistent postpositive definitions expressed

comparative degree adjective name. Another room, almost doubled

more, it was called a hall...

50. Separate application.

Separate applications in some cases have a purely attributive

meaning, in others adverbial shades are added to it

values, which is associated with the degree of prevalence of isolated

construction, its place in relation to the word being defined, morphological

the nature of the latter.

1. A common application expressed by a noun is isolated.

Narits. WITH dependent words and related to the vernacular. noun; such

applications tend to be post-positive. Always in the trash with a pipe in your mouth

lies a hospital watchman, an old retired soldier. 2. Single application,

relating to a common noun is isolated if

the defined noun has explanatory words with it

There is one girl behind me, a Polish girl. 3. Application related to own

name, stands apart if it is in postposition; prepositive application

is isolated if it has an additional circumstantial

meaning. Lying under a mound overgrown with weeds is the sailor Zheleznyak, a partisan.

4. A person’s own name can act as stand-alone application. 5.

The application with a personal pronoun is always isolated, for example: It's a shame

I, an old man, should listen to such speeches.7. A standalone application may

join an alliance with both causal meaning, words by name, by

surname, nickname.

51. Syntactic constructions with the conjunction “how” (simple sentence

Separate and non-separate application, comparative turnover

Syncretic varieties).

Commas highlight or separate comparative phrases with a conjunction like

in the following cases: 1) if they denote similarity (as it matters

“like”), for example: With fingers as light as a dream, he touched my eyes

he. A comparative phrase may contain a connotation of causal meaning,

for example: Vasenda, as a positive and practical person, found

disadvantageous assigned place...2) A separate application can

join with the conjunction both (with an additional meaning of causation), and so

same with words by first name, last name, nickname, family, etc. Like old

artilleryman, I despise this type of bladed weapon.3) if in the main part

offers index word so, so, so, so. The coachman was in

as amazed at his generosity as the Frenchman himself was at the offer

Dubrovsky.4) if the turnover begins with the combination like and. Children, like

adults must be taught the rules traffic. 5) in revolutions

none other than and none other than, for example: In front of the Rhine Falls is not

nothing more than a low water ledge.6) if the turnover is expressed by the combination as

as a rule, as an exception, as usual, as always, as before, as - now,

as now, as if on purpose.

Revolutions with conjunctions are not separated by commas:

1) if the meaning of the circumstance of the image comes to the fore

actions (turns with as usual can be replaced in these cases with instrumental

case of a noun or adverb). Buckshot rained down like hail. 2) if

the main meaning of the turnover is equating or identifying3) if the union

Since “as a quality” has the meaning, the turnover it attaches is not

stands apart. The response received is considered as consent.4) not

the application with the conjunction as, characterizing the subject with some kind of

or one side. The reading public has managed to get used to Chekhov as

comedian. 4) if the turnover forms nominal part compound predicate or

the meaning is closely related to the predicate (usually in these cases the predicate is not

has a complete meaning without a comparative phrase). Marya Ilyinichna

I was sitting on pins and needles. 5) if comparative turnover preceded

negation of not or words at all, completely, almost, like, exactly,

exactly, simply, directly. Children sometimes think just like adults. 6) if

turnover has the character sustainable combination. You write like a chicken with its paw.

52. Offers with separate circumstances.

1. As a rule, they are isolated participial phrases. After walking a few

steps, the Cossacks turned out of the ditch. 2. Two singles are separated

participles acting as homogeneous members of a sentence.

Barefoot boys jumped, shouting and squealing... 3. Singles

gerunds are isolated if they mainly retain the meaning of verbs;

More often they come before the predicate verb, less often after it. Cossacks

They parted ways without reaching an agreement. 4. Singles are not isolated (usually

postpositive) gerunds, close in function to adverbs, with meaning

circumstances of the course of action. My coachman climbed down silently and slowly.

Isolated circumstances expressed by nouns. and adv.a) time (sometimes

with a hint of reason, condition). Petya, after the decisive

refusal, went to his room and there, locking himself away from everyone, wept bitterly; b)

reason: In the absence of other game for now, I listened to my hunter and

went to Lgov c) condition: I stood on the corner of the site, leaning firmly

left foot into the stone and leaning forward a little, so that, in case of light

wounds, do not tip back d) yield: Despite the strong

I was overtired and didn’t want to sleep.

54. Sentences with separate clarifying and explanatory members

offers.

There is an intonation-semantic emphasis in a sentence of words,

which can be not only secondary, but also main members. This

so-called clarification and clarification.

Ahead, near the road, a fire was burning.1. Most often clarifying

are the circumstances of place and time. The thunderstorm began in the evening at about

tenth 2. The circumstance of the manner of action can also be clarifying.

Quietly, with fear, she told him something strange. 3.In the role of clarifying

members often provide definitions. Close to clarifying are explanatory

members of the proposal. What they have in common is that in both cases there is

there is an explanatory connection, the difference is that

clarification is a limitation of a concept, a transition from a broader, general

concepts to a narrower, more specific one, and an explanation is a designation in a given

context of the same concept with a different word or words.

Both minor and major members can be explanatory

offers. These people were their own, suburban (M. G.) - the predicate is explained.

He always wanted one thing with all the strength of his soul - to be quite good - he explains

addition. Before explanatory member you can insert words namely,

exactly, that is. The term "separation" in in a broad sense allows you to include in

it, along with the actual isolation, clarification, explanation, also

joining members of the proposal, by which we mean additional

comments and clarifications included in the proposal. Connection

members of the sentence are close to clarifying and explanatory, but differ from

55. Connections in a sentence.

Punctuation. In SRL, joining is one of the types of syntactic

communications. Affiliations are different from coordinating and subordinating relationships.

When composing, relatively equal, homogeneous elements are combined

syntactically, the elements of the utterance, when subordinated to one of

elements depend on another, and additions are, as it were, additive

judgment, clarification, explanation. In a knowledgeable meeting here, in freedom, we

Let's talk. If you want. - Next time we meet here, in freedom,

Let's talk if you want. Joining can be a word

(phrase), sentence, may refer to a specific word

(phrase) or to the entire statement, but it always follows

main statement. “Do you think life is fun?” - “Where is it?”

Especially around you. In writing, connecting structures are separated from

main sentence with a dot, comma, dash, ellipsis. Non-Union

connecting structures are closely connected with the main

sentence, since without the main clause the attached part

incomprehensible.

Structurally, the unionless connecting structure is

any member, main or

secondary. This could be the subject: Well, you see. And suitcases.,

your things have been found. Shirts, suits” alarm clock predicate: The river went crazy

from spring water pressure. Unionless connecting structures

semantically complement the main sentence, reveal its content in

in general or clarify, extend the meaning of any member.. Klokotala.

Seething. Required space. Union connection structures in

structurally they can be simple or complex sentences,

main or minor members of the sentence. Well, one more detail:

I consider you a comrade. Whom I’m glad to see both for and without reason -

subordinate clause of a complex sentence; The radio operator had good taste. AND

good hand - subject; The connecting ones are most clearly expressed

connections proper connecting conjunctions and conjunctions and, yes and, but,

but and, and (a), so that, and although, and moreover, and (and) because, and that. At school they reduce

a point for illiteracy in written work in physics is exactly the same as

for illiteracy in an essay on literature. And fair" otherwise schoolboy

will not learn to read and write. The conjunction “a” has a colloquial character, usually it

attaches a message. And they would both be very surprised if someone

told them they were friends. And they were friends” without knowing it. Union but in

connecting function is rare.

Union or join messages with a shade of choice, clarification: I

when I’m alone and quiet... I keep wanting to cry... Or sing. Joining with

with help subordinating conjunctions And allied words- stronger connection than

joining using coordinating conjunctions. Union to join

additional messages explanatory - target value. In the connecting

meaning, comparative conjunctions are also used: as if, as, as if, exactly,

conditional conjunction if. The city will be empty. They'll just cover him with a cap. IN

The connecting function can be adverbs, introductory words, particles:

He lived in Kyiv for twelve whole years. That's why he speaks so well

56. Dash between subject and predicate. Punctuation in incomplete sentence.

1. A dash is placed between the lines. and tale in the absence of a connective, if both

the main members of the sentence are expressed by noun. in I.p. The next station is Horse Racing.

2.If they are both expressed indefinite form verb or if one of

the main members are expressed by the nominative case of the noun. Drinking tea is not firewood

3. A dash is placed before the words this, this is, this means, this means, here,

adding the predicate to the subject.

To understand means to forgive

4. A dash is placed if both main terms are expressed quantitatively

numerals or if one of them is expressed by I.p. noun, and the other - name

numeral or turnover with a numeral. Three times five is fifteen.

5. A dash is placed between the subject expressed in an indefinite form

verb, and a predicate, expressed by a predicative adverb (category

states) on - o, if there is a pause between the main parts of the sentence.

It's terrible to chicken out at the last moment.

6. A dash is placed before the predicate, an expressed phraseological phrase.

He has an income now - be healthy.

7. A dash is not placed if the subject is expressed by a personal pronoun, and

predicate - nominal case noun. I'm an honest person and I never say

complements.

8. A dash is not placed if the predicate is expressed by an adjective,

pronominal adjective. Whose book is this? Who are you?

A dash in an incomplete sentence.

1. A dash is placed when there is a pause in the so-called elliptical

proposals. There is fog outside the night window...

2. A dash is placed in incomplete (elliptical) sentences when

parallelism of structures. Milk soup for first course, pancakes for second course.

3. In incomplete sentences of a special structure, the basis of which is

two nouns - in date. and wine Cases, without meanness. and tale, with clear intonation

division. To the masses - culture.

4.placed in an incomplete sentence that forms part of a complex sentence

sentences when the missing member (usually the predicate) is restored from

the previous part of the phrase and a pause is made at the gap. We took up

it's fun, they are even enthusiastic.

57. Offers with appeal. Difficulties in distinguishing requests, applications,

vocative sentences.

An address is a word or combination of words that names a person (or

subject) to which speech is addressed.

The address is not grammatically related to the members of the sentence and is not itself

is a member of the sentence. It can take place at the beginning, in the middle

and at the end of a sentence. Don't sing, mower, about the wide steppe! Depending

depending on the place occupied in the sentence, the appeal is more or less

degree stands out intonationally. Old man! I've heard many times that you tell me

saved death In this situation, the appeal can form a special offer -

address (vocative sentence), if the address forms everything

utterance and if the speaker not only names the person addressed

speech, but with intonation expresses various shades of thought or feeling - reproach,

fear, joy, etc. -Faith! “Vera!” Raisky said in horror, handing her

hands to stop her.

The address at the beginning of the sentence is pronounced with a weakened

vocative intonation. For addresses in the middle of a sentence,

double intonation is possible: or intonation of introduction (lowering of voice,

rapid rate of pronunciation), or exclamatory intonation, if

a reference is distinguished, for example, by adding a particle to it. In the role

addresses are most often given by proper names, names of persons by kinship,

By social status, by profession; less often this function is performed by nicknames

animals or names inanimate objects. Natural shape

expression of address is a noun in the nominative case,

performing a naming function. The appeal can be expressed by others

parts of speech if they act as a noun. This includes

adjectives and participles, much less often numerals and pronouns.

Good, beloved, dear, we live far from each other. Personal pronouns

2nd persons are more often included in a special phrase that acts as

appeal and containing qualitative assessment faces; pronouns you. And

you are in this turn between the word being defined and the definition. What

You. You look like such a duchess, my beauty? Should not be mixed

homogeneous calls with a combination of calls and separate applications when

German A distinction is made between uncommon appeals (expressed in one word) and

common (at the address word there are explanatory words). Compound

common addresses are very diverse: in it, with the leading word

there may be agreed and inconsistent definitions, applications,

additions, circumstances and even subordinate clauses. Love you,

My damask dagger, my comrade, bright and cold.

58. Sentences complicated by introductory constructions. Functional

semantic varieties of introductory constructions.

In addition to the main and minor members in a simple sentence

There are words and groups of words that are not members of the sentence. and not

enter into syntactic connections with them - introductory and plug-in constructions. They

are closely related to the meaning of the sentence, and therefore cannot be excluded without

violations of the meaning of the sentence. Introductory ones are those that are not grammatically

words associated with members of the sentence and not members of the sentence and

combinations of words that mainly serve to express attitudes

speaker to the speech expressed. Most often located at the beginning or in

the end of words. Introductory words and combinations of words are not related to the structure

sentences, which is expressed in intonation. Introductory structures

pronounced in at an accelerated pace, lower tone and are characterized

weak accent. Samghin ordered wine and sat down opposite the guest. Hundred-year-old linden trees

and the oaks grew widely and lushly; beeches, on the contrary, despite their

old age, grew more upward. The following can be used as introductory words: 1) words and

combinations of words that have lost connection with those words and combinations from which

they were formed: firstly, by a sinful deed (colloquial), of course, the hour is uneven

(colloquial), apparently, strictly speaking, therefore. 2) words and combinations

words that are correlated with certain parts of speech: undoubtedly,

apparently (simple), perhaps, should be, you know, known, really, say

in secret, it happened, so to speak, and...

There are differences between introductory words and combinations of nominal and verbal words

type. Introductory words and combinations of words of nominal type can be expressed: 1)

nouns: without a doubt, by expression (of someone or whose-

anything), according to opinion, according to proverb, according to information, according to words, according to rumors, according to

message, in fairness, in essence, truth, in a word, to annoyance, to

to amazement, to shame, to happiness (of some, someone or someone), out of

any doubt, at least on the one hand, on our part, on

point of view (someone's, someone's), to the misfortune of (someone's), in opinion

(someone's, somebody's), etc.;

2) substantivized adjectives: in general, by the way, the most

the most, the most important, the best, the least, the worst.3)

pronouns with a preposition: in addition, between us, on the contrary, with

all this, above all, etc.; 4) adverbs: indisputably, true, perhaps,

in general, firstly, indeed, by the way, on the contrary, in my opinion, it’s understandable.

Introductory words and combinations of verb-type words can be expressed: 1)

verbs in personal form: do you believe (do you believe), imagine, think, excuse me

frankness, I dare say, believe it (would you believe it), let me, let me

to put it this way, I suppose, you remember, imagine, I confess, directly

let's say, let's say, I'll tell you a secret, I assure you, etc.;

2) verbs in an impersonal meaning: it turns out, then, it seems to me

it seems, we think, we remember, of course, it happens, etc.;3)

infinitive and infinitive combinations: apparently, by the way, it’s better

to say, to tell the truth, to admit, to hear. 4) a combination of gerunds

with an adverb or noun: between us, to put it mildly,

strictly speaking, to be honest. By meaning, introductory words and combinations

words are divided into several groups: 1. Words and combinations of words expressing

various logical connections and relationships between parts of a sentence. They

indicate the sequence of presentation of thoughts, the relationship of a given

suggestions for a broader context; serve to highlight or

contrasting certain parts of a sentence to express

conclusions, generalizations, consequences, etc. (at the same time, firstly, in

in particular, it turns out, as was said, as noted, for example, to say, to

to say a word, by the way, by the way, on the contrary, in one word, therefore,

on the one hand, therefore, in this way, etc.): You took the private

case and elevated it to a general rule, and therefore slandered 2. Constructions,

expressing varying degrees of reliability of the expressed thoughts: without any

doubts, indisputably, very likely, apparently, quite obviously, in essence,

it seemed, as it seems, as it turned out, probably, obviously, I suppose, true,

of course, of course, of course, etc. With the help of introductory

as certain, possible or probable: Every person

undoubtedly, he is free in his actions (T.); 3. Constructions indicating

source of the message: as they said, as is known, at the glance of (someone or

someone's), in your opinion, according to legend, according to information, according to rumors, according to

considerations, heard, from the point of view (of someone or someone else), etc.

By using introductory words and combinations of words of this group are emphasized

reliability of the message, statement. 4. Constructions expressing

emotional attitude of the speaker to the content of the sentence: a sinful matter,

as if unfortunately, as if on purpose, to chagrin, to amazement, to chagrin, fortunately, to

Joy, unfortunately, is a strange thing. 5. Constructions indicating the method

expressions of thoughts: roughly speaking, in other words, if I may say so

expressed, in other words, as they say, it is better to say, in the expression (of someone

anything or any), to put it simply, frankly speaking, I’ll tell you

(to you), in a word, with permission to say, so to speak, etc. 6.

as usual, as usual, according to custom, happens, etc.) 7.

Constructions that are calls to the interlocutor or reader with

the purpose of attracting attention to something, to evoke one or another attitude towards

communicated, to convince of something, to emphasize something [believe (whether),

imagine, if you want, know, know, believe, have mercy, remember,

listen, imagine, imagine, forgive me, do me a favor,

agree.

59. Punctuation in sentences with introductory components. Input differentiation

constructions and members of the sentence.

Introductory constructions are stylistically heterogeneous; they are widely

common in bookstores and conversational styles. In artistic speech

introductory words and constructions are used as means of expression at

creation speech characteristics characters. Introductory sentences may

refer to the entire sentence as a whole, as well as to individual members

offers. From introductory words and word combinations introductory sentences distinguishes

relative semantic completeness, syntactic structure. By

structure, introductory sentences can be two-part sentences:

single-part indefinitely personal sentences: While our hero, how

wrote in novels in the leisurely good old days, goes to the lighted windows, we

we’ll have time to tell you what a village party is, in one-part

impersonal sentences: Suspect him of sabotage - now

it seemed absurd to him.

60. The concept of plug-in structures. Punctuation in sentences with insertions

designs.

In speech, the technique of inserting statements into sentences is widespread.

somehow related to the content of the sentence. Usually these are words

combinations of words and sentences that contain additional remarks.

Plug-in structures are characterized by a special intonation, in places where they break

There are long pauses in the main sentence. Plug-in structures are usually

stand in the middle or at the end of a sentence. This fairway (now the fairway

Nevelskoy) Nevelskoy climbed the Amur to Cape Kuegda. By way

inclusions in the main offer, plug-in structures can be divided into

the following groups:

1. Constructions included in the main sentence without the help of conjunctions:

The orderly smoothly, managing to silently type a step (the soldiers are still sleeping),

moved towards the sergeant.2. Designs included in the main

sentence using coordinating conjunctions (a, yes, and, or, etc.). These

constructions are placed after the words they refer to and contain

remarks that sometimes contradict what is reported in the main

proposal3. Constructions included in the main sentence using

subordinating conjunctions and relative words (if, if, when, because,

that, etc.): Kalinich (as I found out later) every day went with the master to

hunting. Insertion designs may apply to the entire offer

or to individual words, can be associated with them syntactically, have the form

members of the proposal. Semantic and stylistic functions plug-in structures

varied. These may be arguments, digressions that are very significant

to understand the message as a whole: Plug-in structures clarify,

specify the content individual words or expressions, expanding or narrowing

their meaning: We did this because the morning, whatever it was -

sunny or cloudy, quiet or windy - it’s always beautiful anyway

because it's morning. appeals to the reader and listener. Plug-in

designs can indicate the place and time of action, detail

situation: the Fountain stations were not particularly different from each other

(gardens, dachas, steep slopes to the sea, gorse thickets, destroyed fences and

gardens again), except for the different smell and different air density. By using

insert designs can convey a variety of feelings about

messages, statements: On the slope of a ravine, under a canopy of turf - think,

where did you get to! - sunny color flower: coltsfoot.

Usually the adjective and the participial phrase that follows it act as homogeneous definitions, for example: It was kind of sad about thissmall, already touched in late autumngarden(Hump.).

Agreed definitions that appear after the defined noun are, as a rule, homogeneous, which is explained by the greater independence of each of them and the direct connection with the defined word, for example: At hometall, stonerecently built here.

However, in combinations of a terminological nature, postpositive definitions remain heterogeneous, for example: gray cloth trousers, early terry aster, late-ripening winter pear.

Definitions become homogeneous if they are opposed to a combination of other definitions with the same defined word, for example: Previously in this quarter there werenarrow, dirtystreets, and now -wide, clean.

Heterogeneous definitions

Definitions are heterogeneous, if the preceding definition does not refer directly to the defined noun, but to a combination of the subsequent definition and the defined noun, for example: The sun disappeared behindadvanced low rippedcloud(L.T.).

Heterogeneous definitions characterize the subject from different sides, in different respects, for example: large leather briefcase(size and material), long pale face(shape and color), beautiful Moscow boulevards(quality and location), etc. If it is possible to bring such characteristics under a general generic concept, definitions can become homogeneous, for example: Bymossy, muddyblackened huts here and there along the banks(P.) (unifying feature - marshy).

Combinations like: another experienced doctor(before this I was already an experienced doctor) - another, experienced doctor(before that he was an inexperienced doctor). In the second case, the second definition is not homogeneous, but explanatory. In these cases, the second definition explains the first (a conjunction can be inserted between both definitions And, and the words that is, namely), For example: At allothers, urbansounds were heard outside and inside the apartment(Cat.) (see § 315).

Clarifying definitions are also not homogeneous (the second definition, often inconsistent, clarifies the first and limits the attribute it expresses), for example: Onlynarrow, three hundred fathoms, a strip of fertile land constitutes the possession of the Cossacks(L.T.) (see § 315).

Agreement in sentences with homogeneous members

Form of the predicate with homogeneous subjects

The form of the predicate with homogeneous subjects depends on a number of conditions: word order, the meaning of conjunctions, the lexical meaning of the subject or predicate, etc.

For subjects that have a plural form, the predicate is put in the plural; the same thing if the subject closest to the predicate is in the plural form, and the remaining homogeneous subjects are in the singular form. For example: Valleys, hills, fields, grove tops and river waves flashed(P.); And Sasha, and Motka, and all the girls, how many there were, huddled in a corner on the stove(Ch.).

If the subject closest to the predicate or all homogeneous subjects are singular, and they are connected non-union connection or are connected by connecting conjunctions, then in the case of direct word order the predicate is usually placed in the plural, and in the reverse order - in the singular, for example: a) The heat and drought lasted for more than three weeks(L. T.); A dog, a lion and a wolf and a fox once lived next door(Kr.); b) Suddenly, because of this rustling, a howl, squeal, cry, and laughter of jackals were heard(L. T.); An aching sensation appeared in all the limbs and a painful headache (T.).

The placement of the predicate in these cases in the singular form - in the postpositive position and, conversely, in the plural form - in the prepositive position is explained by the influence of other conditions (see below).

The forms of the predicate depend on the meaning of conjunctions with homogeneous subjects.

In the presence of connecting conjunctions, the above predicate forms are usually observed.

When there are disjunctive conjunctions, the predicate is usually put in singular form, for example: The fear or momentary fright experienced within a minute seems funny, strange, and incomprehensible.(Furm.).

However, if the subjects relate to different persons, then the predicate, as a rule, is put in the plural form, for example: Then, with Mimi’s permission, Volodya or I go to the carriage...(L. T.); A brother or sister visited their sick mother every day.

In the presence of adversative conjunctions, the predicate is put in the singular, and the gender form is determined by the nearest subject, for example: Not you, but fate is to blame(L.); It was not the pain that oppressed me, but a heavy, dull bewilderment(M.G.).

However, with direct word order, the predicate chooses the number form not of the nearest, but of the more distant subject, if the latter denotes the actual, real (not negated) subject of the sentence, for example: The mountains, not the sea, attract me; The sea, not the mountains, attracts me! At reverse order words, the predicate is combined with the nearest subject, even if it is negated, for example: I am attracted not by the sea, but by the mountains.

If homogeneous subjects denote persons, and the predicate denotes their action, then it is put in the plural form and in the prepositive position, for example: An hour later a regiment of cadets and a women's battalion arrived(Shol.).

If the subjects denote abstract concepts, then the predicate, even in direct word order, can be in the singular form, for example: Everything has passed: with the cold winter, need, hunger comes...(Kr.).

If the predicate denotes an action performed jointly by several persons, then in the prepositive position it is put in the plural form, for example: And in the evening both Cheremnitsky and the new mayor Porokhontsev came to see me(Lesk.).

If there are personal pronouns among homogeneous subjects, then when choosing the form of the predicate, preference is given to the first person over the second and third, and to the second person over the third, for example: Both you and I appreciate music equally; You and your friends will be welcome guests with us.

Coordination of definitions with the word being defined

The question of agreement in number in the presence of definitions in sentences with homogeneous members arises in two cases:

1) if one definition refers to several homogeneous defined words;

2) if several homogeneous definitions refer to one defined noun, and the definitions indicate varieties of objects.

If a definition refers to several nouns that act as homogeneous members and have a singular form, then it is usually put in the singular when, from the meaning of the statement, it is clear that the definition characterizes not only the nearest noun, but also all subsequent ones, for example: The wild goose and duck arrived first(T.).

The definition agrees with the nearest word if there is a disjunctive conjunction between the defined nouns, for example: next Sunday or Monday.

The definition is put in plural form to show that it applies not only to the nearest noun, but also to all homogeneous members being defined, for example: ...The field smelled, young rye and wheat were green...(Ch.).

If a noun has several homogeneous definitions listing types of objects, then the defined noun can be in either the singular or the plural.

The singular number emphasizes the internal connection of the defined objects, for example: masculine noun and female; verbs of the first and second conjugation; in the right and left half of the house and so on.

The noun being defined is put in the singular if there is a divisive or adversative conjunction between the definitions, for example: printed or lithographed edition; not French, but German.

The plural form of the qualified noun emphasizes the presence of several objects, for example: German and French languages; philological and historical faculties; eldest and youngest daughters and so on.

If the defined noun comes before the definitions, then it is put in the plural form, for example: conjugations first and second; types perfect and imperfect.

Prepositions with homogeneous members

Prepositions can be repeated before all homogeneous members, for example: Death prowls the fields, the ditches, the heights of the mountains...(Kr.).

It is possible to omit identical prepositions, but different prepositions cannot be omitted; Wed: a) Marya Pavlovna got up, went into another room and returned with a sheet of paper, an inkwell and a pen.(T.); b) They traveled a long distance on ships, on trains, and in cars...(Semushkin).

With common homogeneous members, the preposition is usually repeated, for example: For a year now, Pavel Korchagin has been running around his breed country on a cart, on a gun limber, on a gray horse with a severed ear.(N. Ostr.).

You cannot omit a preposition if homogeneous members are connected by repeating conjunctions, for example: The collective farms experienced a greater shortage of machinery, tax, and equipment...(Laptev).

The preposition is also not omitted if homogeneous members are connected by double comparative conjunctions, for example: Siberia has many features both in nature and in human customs(Gonch.).

When there is an adversative conjunction, the preposition is usually repeated, for example: Actions speak louder than words(last).

When there is a disjunctive conjunction, the preposition may be omitted or repeated; Wed: a) Only those who could not leave due to illness or weakness could not get carried away by this general movement...(M.-S.); b) Another river runs through a valley or across a wide meadow(Ax.).

Generalizing words for homogeneous sentence members

General word usually is a grammatical form of expression of a generic concept that unites, on the basis of material proximity, subordinate concepts, the grammatical form of expression of which is the homogeneous members of the sentence, for example: Every day the old letter Moiseich began to bringvarious largefish: pike, ide, chub, tench and perch(Ax.).

Often, words denoting concepts with a wide scope are used as generalizing words, for example: GerasimNothingI didn’t hear: neither the quick squeal of the falling Mumu, nor the heavy splash of water(T.); In the steppe, across the river, along the roads -everywhereit was empty(L.T.).

Between a generalizing word and homogeneous members there can also be semantic relationships between the whole and the part, for example: But I seem to see in front of methis picture: quiet shores, a widening lunar road straight from me to the barges of the pontoon bridge and on the bridge long shadows of running people(Kav.).

Homogeneous members specify the content of the concept expressed by the generalizing word, and therefore grammatically act as clarifying words in relation to the generalizing word. An explanatory connection is established between the latter and homogeneous members, which is expressed in the presence or possibility of inserting words namely, that is, for example, somehow. For example: The entire Tchertopkhanov estate consisted of four log buildings of different sizes, namely: an outbuilding, a stable, a barn, a bathhouse(T.); He was served the usual tavern dishes, such as cabbage soup, brains with peas, sausages with cabbage(G.); Khor understood reality, that is, he settled down, saved up some money, got along with the master and other authorities...(T.).

The generalizing word can be in front of homogeneous members or follow them (see examples above). Sometimes homogeneous members are found between the subject - a generalizing word - and the predicate, for example: A crowd of buildings: human buildings, barns, cellars - filled the yard(G.).

For strengthening purposes, one of the summarizing words is placed before the generalizing word: in a word, in one word, etc., for example: Spoons, forks, bowls - in short, everything that was needed on a hike was packed into the backpacks.

Homogeneous members agree in case with the generalizing word, for example: Kashtanka divided all humanity into two very unequal parts: owners and customers.(Ch.).

Proposals with separate members

General concepts

Separation is called the semantic and intonation highlighting of minor members in order to give them some independence in the sentence. Isolated members of a sentence contain an element of additional message, due to which they are logically emphasized and acquire greater syntactic weight and stylistic expressiveness in the sentence. Wed: a) The remaining bread on the root burned and spilled out(J.I.T.); b) Morozka woke up from the sound of a horse stomping, suddenly bursting out from behind a hillock.(Fad.).

In the first sentence, the participial phrase remaining on the root acts as a common definition and serves only to characterize the subject. In the second sentence, the participial phrase suddenly bursting out from behind a hillock performs the same defining function, but at the same time it has the connotation of an additional statement (cf.: Morozka woke up from the sound of a horse stomping, which suddenly burst out from behind a hillock.

The semantic highlighting of isolated members of a sentence is achieved in oral speech by intonation highlighting them: before the isolated member (if it is not at the beginning of the sentence) there is a rise in voice, a pause is made, it is characterized by phrasal stress, characteristic of the intonation-semantic segments (syntagmas) into which it is divided offer.

Between isolated members and defined words, due to the presence of an additional affirmation or negation, there are so-called semi-predicative relations, as a result of which the isolated members in their semantic load and intonation design approach subordinate clauses.

Are isolated in the direct meaning of this term only minor members sentences, since the main members serve to express the main, and not the additional, message and cannot be “turned off” (isolated) as part of a sentence.

Vary are common And private conditions of separation. The first concerns all or most of the secondary members, the second - only their individual types. The general conditions of isolation include the following: 1) word order, 2) the degree of prevalence of a sentence member, 3) the clarifying nature of one sentence member in relation to another, 4) the semantic load of a minor sentence member.

Word order is important for isolating definitions, applications, circumstances.

Prepositive definition, expressed by a participle or an adjective with explanatory words, is not isolated (if it does not have additional shades of meaning), postpositive, as a rule, is isolated. Wed: A chicken tied by the leg was walking near the table(L.T.). - At the porch stood several carts and sleighs drawn in single file.(Ax.).

The importance of word order when isolating definitions is also reflected in the fact that the prepositive definition immediately preceding the word being defined is not isolated, but the definition, separated from the subsequent word being defined by other members of the sentence, is isolated. Wed: Snow-covered huts sparkled brightly in the sun(Grieg.). - For a moment, illuminated by lightning, in front of us is a birch trunk(M.G.).

Prepositive application, standing before a proper name, as a rule, is not isolated, postpositive is isolated. Wed: Several years ago, an old Russian gentleman, Kirila Petrovich Troekurov, lived on one of his estates(P.). - About two months ago, a certain Belikov, a Greek language teacher, died in our city.(Ch.).

Circumstance, expressed by a single gerund, is usually isolated if it precedes the predicate, and more often is not isolated in a position postpositive in relation to the predicate. Wed: About ten Cossacks were crowded near the porch, smoking.(Shol.). - Sergei dismissed Vera, nodded to her and left whistling(A.N.T.).

Member prevalence sentences is important for isolating definitions, applications, circumstances, additions.

Single post-positive definition usually not isolated, common - isolated. Wed: He looked around him with indescribable excitement(P.). - The willow, all fluffy, is spread out all around(Fet).

Single application, expressed by a common noun and relating to a common noun, is usually not isolated, closely merging with it, and a common application is isolated. Wed: Some literate cook from the kitchen ran away to his tavern(Kr.). - Memory, this scourge of the unfortunate, revives even the stones of the past(M.G.).

Single circumstance, expressed by a gerund, is usually not isolated in a postpositive position in relation to the predicate, but a common circumstance with the same meaning (adverbial phrase) is isolated. Wed: - Did you see it? - asked the smiling grandmother(M.G.). - A belated hawk flew briskly and straight into the heights, hurrying to its nest(T.).

Members of a sentence with meaning inclusions, exclusions And substitution with prepositions except, instead of, besides and others show a tendency towards isolation depending on the degree of prevalence. Wed: ...Instead of words, a dull bubbling sound came out of his chest(Grieg.). - ...Instead of the expected familiar plain with an oak forest to the right and a low white church in the distance, I saw completely different, unknown places(T.).

Clarifying the nature of one member of a sentence in relation to another is important for the isolation of definitions, applications, additions, circumstances. For example: Thick, guards cloth, trousers certainly did not suit either the craftsman or the farm laborer.(Cat.); There were only two of us Russians, and all the rest were Latvians(N. Ostr.); I want one thing - peace(Cupr.); Far away, somewhere in the thicket, a night bird moaned(M.G.); All night, until the rooster dawn, Chapaev measured the map and listened to the brave snoring of the commanders(Furm.).

the secondary member of the sentence is important for isolating definitions, applications, circumstances.

A prepositive definition, which has only an attributive meaning, is not isolated, but a definition complicated by an adverbial meaning is isolated. Wed: Brown twigs tangled with peas stuck out closely on the ridges(T.). - Tightly tied to young oak trees, our good horses suffered terrible torture from the attack of a gadfly.(Ax.).

A prepositive application relating to a proper name is not isolated if it has only an attributive meaning, and is isolated if it is complicated by an adverbial meaning. Wed: ...My comrade Emelyan Pilyai took his pouch out of his pocket for the tenth time...(M.G.). - A short man, Tiomkin was almost invisible from behind the podium(Already).

A circumstance expressed by a noun in the indirect case with a preposition is isolated if, in addition to its main meaning (for example, temporary O th) has an additional connotation of meaning (for example, causal, conditional, concessional). Wed: As night approached, everything around me changed strangely.(T.). - As the enemy approached Moscow, Muscovites’ view of their situation not only did not become more serious, but, on the contrary, became even more frivolous(L.T.).

Particular conditions of isolation include such as syntactic incompatibility of words related in meaning (for example, personal pronouns and definitions), weak syntactic connection qualifying and defining words (poor controllability of nouns in the indirect case); neighborhood of others isolated groups etc. (see below).

Separate Consensus Definitions

As a rule, common definitions are isolated, expressed by a participle or an adjective with words dependent on them and standing after the noun being defined, for example: Cloud,hanging over the high tops of poplars, it was already raining(Cor.); Science,alien to music, there were hateful words for me(P.).

Definitions of this type are not isolated if the defined noun itself is in this proposal does not express lexically the required concept and needs a definition like: I have never seen a more exquisitely calm, self-confident and autocratic man(T.).

Common postpositive definitions are also not isolated if their meaning is connected not only with the subject, but also with the predicate, for example: I sat lost in deep thought(P.); Taiga stood silent and full of mystery(Cor.). This usually happens with verbs of motion and state that can act as a significant connective.

Two or more postpositive single definitions are distinguished, explaining the noun, for example: In the air,hot and dusty, talk of a thousand voices(M.G.).

However, the separation of two uncommon definitions is only necessary when the defined noun is preceded by another definition. Wed: I want to know the secrets of life wise and simple(Bruce.). - The spring spirit, cheerful and dissolute, walked everywhere(Bagr.).

A single postpositive definition is isolated if it has an additional adverbial meaning, for example: People, amazed, became like stones(M.G.).

A definition is isolated if it is separated from the defined noun by other members of the sentence; in these cases, the definition is also related in meaning to the predicate and has an additional adverbial connotation. For example: Here,disturbed by the whirlwind, a crake flew out of the grass(Ch.); Sunlit, buckwheat and wheat fields lay across the river(Shol.).

The definition standing immediately before the defined noun is isolated if, in addition to the attributive one, it also has an adverbial meaning (causal, conditional, concessive), for example: Growing up in poverty and hunger, Paul was hostile to those who were, in his understanding, rich(I. Ostr.); Cut off from the whole world, the Urals withstood the Cossack siege with honor(Furm.).

Definitions relating to the personal pronoun are always isolated; such definitions are attributive-predicative in nature and have additional adverbial meaning. For example: Exhausted, dirty, wet, we finally reached the shore(T.); How,poor, should I not grieve?(Kr.).

Separate inconsistent definitions

Inconsistent definitions expressed by indirect cases of nouns are isolated if it is necessary to emphasize the meaning they express, for example: Headman,in boots and a saddle-backed coat, with burkas in his hand, noticing the priest from afar, he took off his red hat(L.T.).

Most often, inconsistent definitions are isolated with a proper name, since it, being the bearer of an individual name, in itself quite specifically designates a person or thing, and the indication of a characteristic in this case has the nature of an additional message that clarifies the instructions, for example: Shabashkin,with a cap on his head, stood with his arms akimbo and proudly looked around him(P.).

The same is observed with personal pronouns, which indicate an object or person already known from the context, for example: He,with your intelligence and experience, could already notice that she distinguished him(P.).

Often, the isolation of an inconsistent definition serves as a means of deliberately separating it from one member of the sentence (usually the predicate), to which it could be related in meaning and syntactically, and referring it to another (usually the subject), for example: Women,with a long rake in his hands, wandering into the field(T.).

Usually, inconsistent postpositive definitions, expressed by the comparative degree of the adjective, are isolated; in these cases, the qualified noun is often preceded by an agreed definition. For example:Another room,almost twice as much(Ch.).

, was called the hall...

Isolated applications in some cases have a purely attributive meaning, in others adverbial shades of meaning are added to it, which is associated with the degree of prevalence of the isolated construction, its place in relation to the word being defined, and the morphological nature of the latter.

The common application expressed by a common noun with dependent words and relating to a common noun is isolated; Such applications, as a rule, are postpositive; they are less common in the prepositive position. For example: a) The hospital watchman always lies on the rubbish with a pipe in his teeth,old retired soldier(Ch.); b) Misfortune's faithful sister, hope in dark dungeon will awaken vigor and joy(P.);

A single application relating to a common noun is isolated if the defined noun has explanatory words with it, for example: One girl looked after me,polka(M.G.).

Less commonly, an uncommon application is isolated with a single qualified noun, for example: And the enemiesfools, they think that we are afraid of death(Fad.).

The application relating to a proper name is isolated if it is in postposition; a prepositive application is isolated if it has an additional adverbial meaning. For example: a)The sailor Zheleznyak lies under a mound overgrown with weeds, partisans (Dutk.); b)A fan of Bach and Handel, an expert in his field(T.).

, ...Lemm over time - who knows? - would become one of the great composers of his homeland A person’s own name can act as a separate application if it serves to explain or clarify a common noun (the words namely can be placed in front of such an application without changing the meaning). For example:The rest of the brothersMartyn and Prokhor(Shol.).

, down to the smallest detail similar to Alexey The application with a personal pronoun is always isolated, for example:It's a shame for meold man(M.G.).

listen to such speeches An isolated application may refer to a word that is absent in a given sentence, but clear from the context or situation, for example:Child herself(P.).

, I didn’t want to play and jump in a crowd of children A separate application can be joined by a union How (with causal meaning), words by name, by surname, by nickname, by birth and so on. For example:The commandant friendly advised me to give up poetry,(P.); as a matter that is contrary to service and does not lead to anything goodAt the guardhouse there was a huge black dog of an unknown breed,(Ch.).

Isolated circumstances expressed by gerunds and participial phrases

As a rule, participial phrases are isolated, i.e. gerunds with explanatory words, acting as secondary predicates or adverbials with different meanings, for example: After walking a few steps, the Cossacks turned off the ditch(L. T.); Long shavingscurling tightly with a corkscrew, climbed out of the plane(Cat.); Sometimes the blind man took the pipe and completely forgot,choosing thoughtful melodies to suit your mood(Cor.).

Two are separated single gerunds, acting as homogeneous members of a sentence, for example: Shouting and squealing, barefoot boys were jumping...(M.G.).

Single gerunds are isolated if they mainly retain their verbal meaning; More often they come before the predicate verb, less often - after it, for example:Month,going golden(L. T.); , went down to the steppeThe Cossacks dispersed(Shol.).

without agreeing Single (usually postpositive) gerunds, similar in function to adverbs, with the meaning of the circumstance of the manner of action are not distinguished, for example:Seagulls wander around the shallows and only occasionally cry out hoarsely(M.G.); out of breathMy coachman cried silently and(T.).

slowly

Simple complicated sentence

There are different ways to complicate a simple sentence, among which there are homogeneous members, isolated ones, and methods of complication that are not grammatically related to the sentence: inversion, introductory and inserted constructions. Let's consider each of them in turn.

Homogeneous members of the sentence

Homogeneous are those members of a sentence that perform the same syntactic function in a sentence, relate to the same member of the sentence, are connected to each other by a non-union or conjunction, coordinating connection, and are pronounced with the intonation of enumeration. In the absence of conjunctions or when they are repeated, homogeneous members are also connected by connecting pauses.

All members of a sentence, both main and secondary, can be homogeneous. They are usually expressed by words of one part of speech, i.e. they are morphologically homogeneous, but can also be expressed by words of different parts of speech, i.e. be morphologically heterogeneous, for example:

Homogeneous members to be uncommon and widespread. For example, in the following sentence I love this gloom of delight, this brief night of inspiration, the human rustle of grass, the prophetic cold on a dark hand: (N. Zabolotsky) homogeneous additions are common.

Homogeneous members of a sentence must be distinguished from the following cases of external similarity:

1) when the same words are repeated in order to emphasize the duration of an action, a multitude of persons or objects, an intensified manifestation of a characteristic, etc.,

for example: I’m going, I’m going in an open field (P.); Here is a dark, dark garden (N.);

2) in integral expressions of a phraseological nature: both day and night; both old and young; neither this nor that; neither give nor take; neither back nor forward, etc.;

3) when combining two verbs in the same form, acting as one predicate, for example, I'll go look at the class schedule; took it and did the opposite, etc.

Homogeneity of predicates

1. The question of homogeneity and heterogeneity of predicates is a difficult one. In some cases, several predicates with one subject are considered homogeneous within a simple sentence.

For example: He already remembered, listened to Dymov’s laughter and felt something like hatred for this man (Ch.); and in others - as predicates included in different parts of a complex sentence, for example: The defendants were also taken out somewhere and were just brought back (L. T.),

2.Cases where similar predicates turn out to be distantly located are more obvious:

Levin looked ahead and saw the herd, then he saw his cart, drawn by Voronoi, and the coachman, who, having approached the herd, said something to the shepherd; then, close to him, he heard the sound of wheels and the snorting of a well-fed horse, but he was so absorbed in his thoughts that he did not even think about why the coachman was coming to him (L.T.).

Taking into account the entire context, such predicates can be placed in different parts of a complex sentence: looked... saw... then saw (in the latter case, the pronoun is even easily inserted - then he saw...).

Form of the predicate with homogeneous subjects

The form of the predicate with homogeneous subjects depends on a number of conditions: 1) on the position of the predicate in relation to homogeneous subjects (preposition or postposition), 2) on the meaning of the conjunctions connecting the subjects (conjunctive, disjunctive, adversative or comparative), 3) on the lexical meaning of the noun in the role of the subject (abstract concepts or names of persons; materially close or distant, etc.).

Postpositive predicate

The postpositive predicate, as a rule, has a plural form: The hall and living room were dark (P.); Nikolai’s face and voice, the warmth and light in the room calmed Vlasova (M.G.). A predicate located after homogeneous subjects can have a singular form only in exceptional cases, for example, when there is significant material proximity of the subjects: ... Need, hunger is coming (Kr.); or with subjects arranged according to a gradation system: Every day, every hour brings new impressions; or with the emphasized dismemberment of the subjects: The dungeons did not break the dead silence, neither a groan nor a sigh (Snout); or, finally, in the presence of dividing relations between the subjects: Either the cry of a bird, or the flapping of wings cut through the silence of the early morning.

Prepositive predicate form

The form of the prepositive predicate is determined by additional conditions.

1. If subjects are connected by connecting conjunctions or enumeration intonation, then the predicate has a form corresponding to the adjacent subject (singular form).

For example: We will be greeted by care and need (N.); You could hear the sniffling of the locomotive, whistles, and the switchman's horn (Fad.); On the clay shallows stood a handful of natives and about five Europeans (Green); I would have a wonderful library, various musical instruments, a beekeeper, a vegetable garden, an orchard (M. G.);

2. The plural form is required if the subjects denote persons, and the predicate denotes the action of these persons: Vitya, Pavlik, Kirill shouted... (Fed.); The plural is also possible with some other subjects, in which case the predicate emphasizes each of the subjects: She liked his directness and ease (T.).

Note 1

If the subjects are connected by disjunctive conjunctions, then the prepositive predicate has the singular form: In harmony, my opponent was the noise of the forests, or a violent whirlwind, or the living melody of an oriole, or the dull hum of the sea at night, or the whisper of a quiet river (P.); His face alternately showed fear, melancholy and resentment (Gonch.).

Note 2

With subjects connected by adversatives, as well as comparative conjunctions, the prepositive predicate gravitates towards the first subject and therefore has the singular form: But here it was not a strike, but simply the physical and mental impossibility of memorizing all this (Mumped); Children are introduced into the world of fairy tales not only by folk poetry, but also by theater (Paust.).

Note 3

The predicate, broken by homogeneous subjects, has a plural form: Both summer and autumn were rainy (Zhuk.). If with homogeneous subjects there is a generalizing word, then the predicate is formed according to the form of this generalizing word: Everything was gray and gloomy - the sky, the bay, the city, and the faces of the inhabitants hiding in their homes (Paust.); Both his father and his aunt, Lyubov, Sofya Pavlovna - they all teach him to understand life... (M. G.).

Structure of homogeneous members

Homogeneous members in the structure of a sentence form a structural-semantic block, which is connected with other members of the sentence by a subordinating relationship, except for homogeneous subjects, which themselves subordinate the predicate or common minor members of the sentence.

For example: Hot stones and sand burned their bare feet (V. Konetsky).

When the members of a sentence are homogeneous, there may be generalizing words. Usually a generalizing word expresses a generic concept in relation to specific ones, which are denoted by homogeneous members, has the same grammatical form as the homogeneous members, and is the same member of the sentence as the homogeneous members, for example:

Every day the old literate Moiseich began to bring various large fish: pike, ide, chub, tench and perch (Aks.)

Homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions

Homogeneous definitions are each directly connected with the word being defined and are in the same relationship to it. Homogeneous definitions are connected with each other by coordinating conjunctions and enumerative intonation or only by enumerative intonation and connecting pauses.

Use of homogeneous definitions

1. Homogeneous definitions are used in two cases: a) to designate the distinctive features of different objects, b) to designate different characteristics of the same object.

In the first case, varieties of objects of the same kind are listed, for example: Red, green, purple, yellow, blue sheets of light fall on passers-by and slide along facades (Cat.).

In the second case, the characteristics of the object are listed, and most often the object is characterized on one side, for example: Chapaev loved a strong, decisive, firm word (Furm.).

2. Homogeneous definitions can also characterize an object from different angles, but the context creates conditions for the convergence of the features they express (a unifying feature can be a distant general concept, the similarity of the impression produced by the features, appearance, etc.),

for example: Napoleon made a questioning gesture with his small, white and plump hand (L. T.). Under contextual conditions, homogeneous definitions synonymously come closer together, for example: The sun appeared long ago in the cleared sky and bathed the steppe with life-giving, calorific light (G.).

3. As a rule, artistic definitions (epithets) are homogeneous, for example: Some grasshoppers chatter together, as if embittered, and this incessant, sour and dry sound is tiring (T.).

4. In a series of homogeneous definitions, each subsequent one can strengthen the characteristic they express, as a result of which a semantic gradation is created, for example: In autumn, the feather grass steppes completely change and acquire their own special, original, not similar to anything (Ax.)

Ways of expressing homogeneous definitions

1. Usually the role of homogeneous definitions is an adjective and the participial phrase that follows it, for example: It was somehow really sad in this small garden, already touched by late autumn (Hump.).

2. Agreed definitions that appear after the defined noun are, as a rule, homogeneous, which is explained by the greater independence of each of them and the direct connection with the defined word.

for example: The houses are tall and made of stone, built here recently.

Note

However, in combinations of a terminological nature, post-positive definitions remain heterogeneous, for example: gray cloth trousers, early terry aster, late-ripening winter pear.

3. Definitions become homogeneous when contrasted with a combination of other definitions for the same defined word, for example: Previously, there were narrow, dirty streets in this quarter, but now there are wide, clean ones.

Heterogeneous definitions

1. Definitions are heterogeneous if the previous definition does not refer directly to the defined noun, but to a combination of the subsequent definition and the defined noun,

for example: The sun disappeared behind a leading low torn cloud (L.T.).

2. Heterogeneous definitions characterize the subject from different sides, in different respects, for example: a large leather briefcase (size and material), an elongated pale face (shape and color), beautiful Moscow boulevards (quality and location), etc. If it is possible to subsume such features under a general generic concept, definitions can become homogeneous, for example: By along the mossy, swampy banks there were black huts here and there (P.) (the unifying feature is swampy).

3. Definitions are not homogeneous with the meaning of explanation. For example: another, experienced doctor (before that there was an inexperienced doctor).

In this case, between both definitions you can insert not a conjunction and, but the words that is, namely.

For example: Completely different, urban sounds were heard outside and inside the apartment (Cat.)

4. Clarifying definitions are also not homogeneous (the second definition, often inconsistent, clarifies the first, limiting the attribute it expresses), for example: Only a narrow, three hundred fathoms strip of fertile land constitutes the possession of the Cossacks (L. T.)

Homogeneous additions

Homogeneous additions refer to the same word, are in the same relationship to it and have the form of the same case: That evening Alexander Blok noted in his diary this smoke, these colors (Nab.); There was almost nowhere to hide from the rain and wind (Sim.).

Note

Homogeneous additions can also be expressed with an infinitive: It was ordered to appear for the exam on time and report to the group.

Homogeneous circumstances

1. Homogeneous circumstances, revealing the same syntactic dependence, are usually united by the same meaning (time, place, reason, mode of action, etc.):

It must have been from this alien air, from the dead streets and rain dampness that I felt complete loneliness (Paust.) - three reasons for this

His speech flowed heavily, but freely (M. G.) - two circumstances of the course of action; About a dozen tiny wooden cages hung between the windows and along the walls... (T.) - two circumstances of the place.

2. However, it is sometimes possible to combine opposite circumstances, provided that the meaning of the combined words is generalized: Somewhere, once upon a time, I heard these words, Why and why do I need to be here? In this case, they are not homogeneous, although they exhibit a creative connection.

3. Circumstances can produce a rather complex semantic association: In the quietest winter, by some scarlet dawn in the evening, you anticipate the spring of light (Prishv.).

4. Homogeneous circumstances can be both morphologized and designed in different ways: My heart began to beat hard and fast (Paust.); The leaves on the trees trembled because of this laughter or because the wind kept rushing around the garden (M. G.); ...The lady explained in a quiet voice and without raising her eyes (M.G.); Makar pulled the door open on time and without much effort (Shol.).

Unions with homogeneous members.

As already noted, connections with homogeneous members of a sentence can be non-conjunctive (then the only way to connect is intonation) and conjunctive. In the latter case, this role is played by a group of coordinating conjunctions. Which ones specifically?

1. Connecting conjunctions: and, yes (meaning “and”), neither... nor. The union can be single and repeating.

A single union shows that the enumeration is exhaustive and the number of homogeneous members is complete,

For example: Screaming, barking and howling were heard outside (Ars.).

The repetition of the conjunction before each homogeneous member of the sentence makes the series incomplete and emphasizes the enumerative intonation.

For example: And the sling, and the arrow, and the crafty dagger spare the winner years (P.).

Function of connecting conjunctions with homogeneous members

1. A union can connect homogeneous members in pairs, for example: They came together: wave and stone, poetry and prose, ice and fire are not so different from each other (P.).

2. The repeated conjunction neither...nor is used in negative sentences, fulfilling the role of the conjunction and, for example: Neither the sea nor the sky was visible behind the rain (M. G.).

3. The conjunction yes (meaning “and”) is used mainly in colloquial speech, and its use in works of art gives speech stylistic coloring vernacular. Example: And Vaska listens and eats (Kr.); Open the window and sit with me (P.).

2. Opposite unions with homogeneous members

1. Adversative conjunctions: a, but, yes (in the meaning of “but”), however, but, etc. The conjunction a shows that instead of some objects, signs, actions, others are established, i.e. that one concept is affirmed, and another denied.

for example: The tit made glory, but did not light the sea (Kr.).

In the absence of negation, the conjunction a indicates opposition,

For example: The dog barks at the brave, but bites the cowardly (last).

2. The union but introduces a connotation of restriction, for example: On the right bank there are peaceful, but still restless villages (L.T.).

3. Let the union introduce a colloquial tone, for example: Whoever is noble and strong, but not smart, is so bad if he has a good heart (Kr.)

4. The opposition is emphasized by the conjunctions however and then, for example: I hesitated a little, but sat down (T.); They [the singers] fight a little, but they don’t put anything drunk in their mouths (Kr.) (the last conjunction has the meaning of “substitution”).

Note

The role of an adversative conjunction can be played by a multi-valued connecting conjunction and, for example: I wanted to travel around the whole world, but did not travel around the hundredth part (Gr.).

3. Dividing unions with homogeneous members

Dividing conjunctions: or, either, whether... whether, then... then, not that... not that, etc. The conjunction or (single or repeating) indicates the need to choose one of the concepts expressed by homogeneous members and excluding or replacing each other

2. A conjunction either with the same meaning (usually repeated) is colloquial in nature, for example: Gavrila decided that the dumb man either fled or drowned along with his dog (T.)

3.. A repeating conjunction then... then indicates an alternation of phenomena, for example: The stars blinked with a weak light, then disappeared (T.).

4. The repeated conjunction whether... li has a dividing-enumerative meaning, for example: Whether a tug, a herring, a jam, a kingpin or something more expensive - everything found a place for Polikei Ilyich (L. T.).

5. Repeated conjunctions, not that... not that, or... or indicate the uncertainty of the impression or the difficulty of choice, for example: There is either laziness or tenderness in the heart (T.)

4. Gradational unions with homogeneous members

Graduation conjunctions both... and, not so... as, not only... but (a) and, not so much: how much, how much: so much, although and... but, if not... then express the value of strengthening or weakening the significance of one of the terms homogeneous series, so they always exist as composites.

For example: 1. All the windows, both in the manor’s house and in the servants’ quarters, are wide open (S.-Shch.);

2. The sight of a large awakened river is not only a majestic, but also a terrible and amazing sight (Ax.). In this case, a comma is not placed before the first part of the double conjunction (in 1 sentence).

Note

To avoid grammatical errors, use a comma when using double conjunctions.

Prepositions with homogeneous members.

1. Prepositions can be repeated before all homogeneous members, for example: Death prowls the fields, the ditches, the heights of the mountains... (Kr.).

2. It is possible to omit identical prepositions, but different prepositions cannot be omitted; Wed: On ships, on trains, in cars they traveled a long distance... (Semushkin).

3. With common homogeneous members, the preposition is usually repeated, for example: For a year now Pavel Korchagin has been rushing around his breed country on a cart, on a gun limber, on a gray horse with a severed ear (N. Ostr.).

4. You cannot omit a preposition if homogeneous members are connected by repeating conjunctions, for example: Collective farms still experienced a great shortage of machines, taxes, and equipment... (Laptev).

5. The preposition is also not omitted if homogeneous members are connected by double comparative conjunctions, for example: Siberia has many features both in nature and in human customs (Gonch.).

6. In the presence of an adversative conjunction, the preposition is usually repeated, for example: They judge not by words, but by deeds (last).

7. If there is a disjunctive conjunction, the preposition may be omitted or repeated; cf.: Only those who could not leave due to illness or weakness could not get carried away by this general movement... (M.-S.).

Generalizing words and homogeneous members

1. Often, with a number of homogeneous members of a sentence, there is a generalizing word, that is, a word that is the same member of the sentence as the homogeneous members of the sentence, and acts as a more general designation of concepts expressed by homogeneous members. (Everyone came to the assembly hall: teachers, students, parents.)

2. Between the generalizing word and homogeneous members there can also be semantic relationships of the whole and the part, for example: But I seem to see this picture in front of me: quiet banks, a widening lunar road straight from me to the barges of the pontoon bridge and on the bridge long shadows of running people ( Cav.).

3. Homogeneous members specify the content of the concept expressed by the generalizing word, therefore grammatically they act as clarifying words in relation to the generalizing word. An explanatory connection is established between the latter and homogeneous members, which is expressed in the presence or possibility of inserting words, namely, that is, for example, somehow. For example: The entire Tchertopkhanov estate consisted of four log buildings of different sizes, namely: an outbuilding, a stable, a barn, and a bathhouse.

4. For strengthening purposes, one of the summarizing words is placed before the generalizing word: in a word, in one word, etc., for example: Spoons, forks, bowls - in a word, everything that is necessary on the hike was packed in backpacks.

5. Homogeneous members agree in case with a generalizing word, for example: Kashtanka divided all of humanity into two very unequal parts: into owners and customers (Ch.).