Stylistic evaluation of short adjectives. Formation of short forms of adjectives

Short forms of adjectives are also of great stylistic interest. Their very grammatical nature already predetermines greater expression in comparison with full adjectives, since short forms do not name a constant, passive feature as an abstract category, but a variable, concrete feature that develops over time; compare: cheerful man- I am cheerful: all worries have disappeared; Happy Hours not observed (Gr.). - I'm happy that I met you. Therefore, in a number of constructions that emphasize the intense manifestation of a trait over time, only short forms are used: Be healthy! Be happy! Short adjectives are also used with adverbs that enhance the manifestation of quality: How beautiful this world is!

Regular grammatical role short adjectives- be noun part composite nominal predicate- as it were, “equalizes” them stylistically with the full forms that play this role, and for some adjectives one can note stylistic neutrality in synonymous constructions: the sky is clear - the sky is clear, the boy is talented - the boy is talented, he is inexperienced - he is inexperienced, she talkative - she is talkative. However, such inertia of short forms manifests itself only when they have an absolute lexical correlation with full adjectives, which is observed relatively rarely. In other cases, there is a stylistic specialization of short adjectives, due to the peculiarities of their functioning in speech.

The expression of short adjectives is manifested if they act as separate definitions, receiving in the context especially important: Touching the three great oceans, she lies, spreading out cities, all in black hoops of meridians, invincible, wide, proud (Sim.), and also as a binding member in compound predicate: Like a giant in the night fog, he stood up New Year, harsh and blind (Bruce.).

The uncodified forms of short adjectives are also expressively colored: How good the sky seemed, how blue, calm and deep (L.T.); short forms formed from relative adjectives, which receive a qualitative meaning: Daytime air is copper (March); The faces became important, puppet-like and arrogant (Leon.). Such “unusual” forms of adjectives in journalistic style are often given in quotation marks, which serves as an additional (graphic) means of highlighting them: Also “diary” and confidential poems talking about creativity, about the artist’s duty (from the newspaper).

Grammarians pay attention to the bookish nature of short adjectives. “The short form in its exclusively predicative meaning is a purely literary phenomenon,” wrote A.M. Peshkovsky. “This gives the short form a tone of greater bookishness, abstraction, dryness, and sometimes categoricalness than is typical for the full form.” Short forms adjectives in speech are used less often than full ones: “He is kind more often said than he is kind; he’s all red, much better than he’s all red.” And this leads to further stylistic isolation of short forms.

A certain tradition of using short and long forms of individual adjectives in speech should also be taken into account. Some of them have lost their lexical coherence; Wed: lively look - Are you still alive, my old lady? (Ec.); bad ending - I have become old and very bad (Es.). When compared in artistic speech short adjectives are usually used: You are rich, I am very poor... You are as ruddy as a poppy, I am like death, and skinny and pale (P.); in constructions with the words at me, at you, used in conversational style, full forms predominate: He is quiet with us. She's naughty.

Short adjectives indicate a relative attribute: The chair’s leg is large: I’ll file it a little (Marsh.), to a temporary state: How quick and gentle his gaze was, bashful and impudent, and sometimes shone with an obedient tear! (P.), although in context these shades of meaning may not appear; Wed: My native country is wide (L.-K.); Russia is great, but there is nowhere to retreat.

Short adjectives can control nouns: I agree with you; great suit for my son; The film is interesting for everyone (cf. for young children). The use of full adjectives in such constructions is excluded or sharply reduces the style: You are capable of work, in a year or two you will be a baker (M. G.); I ask you to allow me into a new life, since I completely agree with it (Shol.). IN book styles Such replacement of short adjectives with full ones is unacceptable.

If the role of the nominal part of the predicate is an adjective without controlled words, then the short form is synonymous with the full form instrumental case: How can I help you? - ...useful to you; He turned out to be very naive. - ...very naive. However, D.E. Rosenthal points out: “In modern language the second option prevails. But with a linking verb to be, a construction with a short form is more common. Wed: he was young - he was young, she was beautiful - she was beautiful.”

At homogeneous predicates their nominal part can only be expressed identical shapes- short or complete. If they are not identical, the norm is violated: The year was rainy and unfavorable for potatoes.

Truncated forms, which were widely used, should be distinguished from short adjectives poets of the 19th century V. as convenient variants of full adjectives for versification: Oh fear! O terrible times!; Long-standing talk of old people (P.). Being shorter than full adjectives by one syllable, truncated forms could replace them if the size of the verse required it. Unlike short forms, which can only be formed from qualitative adjectives, truncated forms are easily formed from relative adjectives: bacchanal choruses (P.); A stream of tears would flow from the heart of a stone (Bat.), and even from the sacraments: raising trembling hands (Bat.). Truncated forms have the stress on the same syllable as the full ones: the hands are white, the shadow is black; O you, whom the mighty tribes of Europe trembled (P.); used in indirect cases and in the sentence they act as an agreed definition: If the right hand of Zeus gave me night and day, late the young star would drive away the black shadow (Bat.).

IN Pushkin era truncated forms were used not only as poetic license, but also as stylistic device creating a pathetic sound of speech: My friend, I saw a sea of ​​evil. War and disastrous fires (Bat.); You are immortal forever, O Russian giants! (P). The stylistically conscious use of truncated adjectives in such cases is evidenced by examples of auto-editing: crossing out full adjective, the author prefers the truncated version: And you, O eternal Tiber, the drinker of all tribes, seeded with the bones of the citizens of the universe (originally the universe); You, the doomed one, welcomes you from these sad walls to an untimely death (Bat.).

For poets of later times stylistic role truncated adjectives was reduced to stylization of speech in works of folk poetry, for example in M.Yu. Lermontova: He lowered his head onto his broad chest. Echoes of this tradition are still retained in combinations that have received stable character: the mother is the raw earth, the beautiful maiden, the good fellow, the crow of the horse, in an open field, etc.

The fading interest in truncated forms of adjectives and their perception as outdated may also affect the stylistic assessment of short adjectives as bookish, less commonly used.

Golub I.B. Stylistics of the Russian language - M., 1997

Difficulties in using adjectives are associated with the formation of a short form and the formation of degrees of comparison.

1. The short form can only be formed from qualitative adjectives. The short form is formed from the base of the adjective and the endings: zero, -а(-я), -о(-е), -ы(-и).

For example, cheerful. The basis of the oars. Short form of cheerful, cheerful, cheerful, cheerful.

If at the end of the stem there is a combination of consonants with K or N, then when forming the forms masculine a fluent vowel appears: full - full, bitter - bitter.

For adjectives with the stem ending in –enn (painful, artificial) in the masculine form, N is truncated. For example, painful – painful (painful); Artificial - artificial (artificial); Limited – limited (limited).

Only in some cases is the correct form in -enn: sincere - sincere, base - base, frank - frank.

Some adjectives are used only in a short form: glad, much, must, necessary.

Some qualitative adjectives do not have a corresponding short form: adjectives with the suffixes -sk-, -n-, -ov-, -l- (comradely, efficient, advanced, skillful), denoting color (blue, lilac), color of animals (black, bay), high degree sign (tiny, thick), adjectives included in terminological names (deep rear, fast train).

2. Qualitative adjectives have comparative and superlative degrees of comparison (Table 2).

The comparative degree shows that in one or another subject a characteristic is manifested to a greater or lesser extent than in others, for example:

Conversations became louder, more incoherent, more fun. Comparative degree education:

Table 2.

The superlative degree shows that a particular subject is superior to other subjects on some basis, for example: Work is the best, most radical medicine (Table 3).

Education superlatives adjectives.

Table 3.

In the formation of short forms of adjectives from full (qualitative only) forms, only the main accentological trends can be outlined, because no strict patterns have been established here; fluctuations at the point of impact are often observed. Emphasis of the full and short forms in polysyllabic adjectives With unstressed ending-y (as well as parts of two-syllable adjectives) is identical, and in the paradigm of changing short adjectives by gender and number remains fixed on the basis (as in the paradigm of changing full forms). The formation of short forms from adjectives with a one- and two-syllable base (usually non-derivatives) is accompanied by mobility of stress both in word formation and in inflectional terms. In stems with full vowel, the stress in the short form moves to the first syllable of the full vowel combination. In short forms the accent is neuter mostly coincides with the masculine forms, although there are exceptions (dead - dead, light - light, dark - dark, smart - smart, black - black, etc.). Word forms plural always similar in stress to neuter word forms. The greatest stress shifts occur in feminine word forms.

Thus, when forming short adjectives with a one- or two-syllable stem, there is a tendency to shift the stress full form to the initial syllable of the stem in a masculine word form and to the ending in a feminine word form.

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Formation of short forms of adjectives

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III. Adjectives

§ 80. They write together complex names adjectives:

1. Formed from compound nouns written together, for example: plumbing(plumbing), agricultural(farmer, agriculture), Novosibirsk(Novosibirsk).

2. Formed from combinations of words that are subordinate in meaning to one another, for example: railway (railway), national economic (national economy), natural science (natural sciences), complex(complex in the way of subordination), rail rolling(rolling rails), nationwide(common for the people), marshy scrub(forming protection for fields), metal-cutting(cutting metal); This also includes those denoting a single concept of formation (including terminological ones) from an adverb and an adjective (or participle), for example: little-used, nearby, vital, deeply respected, freshly baked, clairvoyant, potent, wild-growing, evergreen, plain-colored.

Note. Compound adjectives, which include adverbs, should not be confused with phrases consisting of an adverb and an adjective (or participle) and written separately, for example: diametrically opposed, directly opposite, purely Russian, childishly naive, poorly hidden, clearly expressed.

3. Used as terms and formed from two or three bases, regardless of the nature of the latter, for example: thoracoabdominal(block), Indo-European(languages), Old High German(language), bicarbonate(gas); Also - deaf-mute.

§ 81. Compound adjectives are written with a hyphen:

1. Formed from nouns written with a hyphen, from personal names - combinations of first and last names, as well as from names settlements, which are combinations of first and last names, first names and patronymics, for example: diesel engine, social democratic, Buryat-Mongolian, North-Eastern, Alma-Ata, Orekhovo-Zuevsky, Nizhne-Maslovsky, Ust-Abakansky, Romain-Rolandovsky, Walter-Scott, Lev-Tolstovsky, Erofei-Pavlovichsky.

Note 1. The adjective is written together Moskvoretsky.

Note 2. Adjectives formed from proper names, written with a hyphen, and having a prefix that is not present in the noun, are written together, for example: Priamudarya, Zaissykkul.

2. Formed from two or more bases denoting equal concepts, for example: interest-free, convex-concave, party-Komsomol, gardening, meat and dairy, English-Japanese, Russian-German-French(dictionary), blue-white-red(flag).

3. Formed from two bases and denoting: a) quality with an additional shade, for example: rolling-loud, bitter-salty; b) shades of colors, for example: pale pink, bright blue, dark brown, black-brown, bluish blue, golden yellow, ash gray, bottle green, lemon yellow, yellow-red.

4. Included in geographical proper names and beginning with east, west, north And north, south And south-, For example: West Kazakhstan region, East China Sea, Union of South Africa.

Note 1. Adjectives formed from two or more stems that do not fit the listed rules are written with a hyphen, for example: literary and artistic(almanac), political-mass(Job), vocabulary-technical(department), podzolic-marsh, loose-lumpy-silty, elongated-lanceolate.

Note 2. Words are also written with a hyphen, first integral part which are myself-, myself- , For example: self-friend, self-third, self-heel, self-heel.

The vocabulary of the Russian language is constantly expanding. Along with nouns, adjectives are also responsible for this process. A huge role in it is played by morphological word formation from different parts speech: from a noun ( evil, glass, fox), from the verb ( patient, talkative, deceptive), and from other adjectives ( grey-beige, sour-salty).

In today's article we will look at the method with the suffix -ist-. word formation is not only the most popular, but also the most effective.

General information

Examples of adjectives with the suffix -ist-:

hollow, hazy, granular, fluffy, shady, broad-shouldered, vociferous, silvery, intermittent, rolling, cocky, gelatinous, blond etc.

As you can see, in the suffix -ist- only the vowel “and” can be used: clayey, rolling. The suffix -eats- for adjectives simply does not exist.

Meanings of words formed in this way

The described part of the word is considered very active. In the process of word formation, adjectives are obtained with the suffix -ist- and the ending -y/aya/oe/e (depending on gender and number). The new words formed take on several meanings:

1. Similar to something: silver(similar to silver) velvety(like velvet) earthy(similar to earth) iodide(similar to iodine) icy(similar to ice).
2. Having something in large quantity/quality: shady(lots of shade) fragrant(strong smelling) vociferous(loud voice).
3. Inclined towards something, having a certain characteristic: h arrogant(pugnacious, likes to argue with people) impetuous(when we talk about the wind) thorny(difficult, requiring a lot of effort to overcome).

Suffixes -ast- and -at-. Their practical role

Synonyms for -ist- are other suffixes: -ast- and -at-. In some cases, cognate words with the suffix -ist- can be replaced by adjectives with -ast-. For example, flea-ridden And flea-infested. "Flea" is used in modern speech much more often than flea, although it is a relatively new word. There is no such adjective in Dahl's dictionaries, but there is its cognate analogue.

Another example of such a substitution of a word with the suffix -ist- can be considered a pair - “flowery” and “colorful”. In the seventies, fighters for the pure Russian language began to speak out sharply against the adjective “colorful”. They did not understand the meaning of its use, because in the language there was another, more pleasant to the ear word - “flowery”. Indeed, this may seem strange, but the adjective “colorful” is also quite new, and it is not included in Dahl’s dictionary at all. The concept “flowery”, “flowery” had several meanings:

1. ... fabric; fabric with patterns, bright colors;

2. ... a meadow with many flowers and butterflies;

3. ... language; pompous, loud, with colorful speech patterns.

Now the word “flowery” sounds natural only in the meaning of “flowery meadow” and “flowery tongue.” The phrase “flowery fabric” is no longer used so often, but most Russian speakers will say “colorful fabric” instead. Whether someone likes it or not, the suffix -ast- was eventually able to supplant -ist-.

Unchangeable letters and sounds that come before a suffix

Let's go back to the first example: flea-filled. Here we can look at adjectives with the suffix -ist- and the rule that applies to in this case. What sounds (colloquial speech) and letters ( written language) should be used before a suffix?

The adjective "flea-ridden" cannot be considered correct. In such cases, we cannot use [x] with this suffix when working with adjectives. Please note that in nouns this usage is correct - masochist. For adjectives, the sound changes from [x] to [w].

Also examples the right combinations are the sounds (and letters):

• "b" — bumpy;
• "V" - precipitous;
• "d" — thoroughbred;
• "and" - erysipelas;
• "z" — slimy;
• "m" — hilly;
• "n" — thorny;
• "r" — porous, rich;
• "With" - fleshy, vociferous;
• "T" - velvety;
• "h" — radiant;
• "sh" - ruffy.

Changeable letters and sounds

The following sounds/letters found at the end of nouns alternate when combined with a suffix:

• "x" changes to "w" (as in the examples above): scope - sweeping, fluff - fluffy, burdock - burdocky, moss - mossy;
• "g" goes into "g": ravine - gully, cottage cheese - curdled, threshold - rapids, snow - snowy, road - expensive, snag - snagy, blizzard - blizzardy.

The suffix -ist- can appear after several vowels: “e” ( serpentine), "O" ( laminate), "y" ( flowy). These vowels cannot be combined with the suffixes -ast- and -at-, so this case can be considered unique. Before -ist- can also be used soft sign. In this case, two adjectives are formed: instinctive And streamy.

Accents

An interesting point is the issue of stress in the above-mentioned adjectives with the suffix -ist-. It turns out that in them the stress can fall both on the root (bumpy, hooligan) and on the suffix itself (loopy, muscular).

Let's take a closer look at each case:

• The stress falls on the suffix if in the derived noun it was on the first syllable: velvet - velvety, voice - vociferous, stone - rocky.
• If the original noun has stress on the second syllable, then it is retained in the same place in the adjective: swamp - swampy, breed - purebred, weather - weather conditions.

A slight deviation from the established norm for the use of stress is also possible. In this case, a new rule may apply and adjectives with the suffix -ist- may have double stress.

Examples include: the adjective "muscular", derived from the noun "muscle" and "sugar", derived from the word "sugar". In the second example, the variant with emphasis on the root is most common in everyday speech, however, the case with a stressed suffix is ​​also acceptable.

Formation of qualitative adjectives

The suffix -ist- can also be attached to proper names, resulting in qualitative adjectives. We practically do not use them in modern times. colloquial speech, however, this method really exists and is found on the pages of literary texts.

Qualitative adjectives formed in this way are part of the general paradigm of declension of adjectives (endings -й and -й) and describe a quality characteristic of a particular subject.

Thus, the adjectives “ivanistye” and “ekaterinistye”, derived from “Ivan” and “Ekaterina”, are indicators of such a feature that is characteristic of subjects with these names:

Catherine's shoes are shoes of a certain style and style that Catherine usually wears, they remind of the owner of a given name, even if other people may wear such shoes.

Practical task

To consolidate the material covered, form an adjective using the suffix -ist- from the nouns listed below. Having completed practical task, you can check our answers, which we will leave at the end of the article.

Meaning, time, fragment, shadow, tear, rock, peal, pile, branch, greenery, clay, flint, fiber, hillock, stain, thorns, squall.

We hope that we have helped you understand adjectives with the suffix -ist- and the rules regarding them.

Answers to the task: tortuous, porous, jerky, shady, teary, rocky, rolling, fleecy, branched, green, clayey, siliceous, fibrous, lumpy, spotted, thorny, squally.

Suffix method. The most productive adjective suffixes are the following:

• 1. Suffixes indicating individual and non-individual affiliation: -in-, -ov- (-ev-), -iii- (-th-), attached to the names of persons and animals ( dad — daddy, Volodya —Volodin; chicken — chicken, lion —lion's; teenager — teenage, guest — guest; fox - fox, bear - bearish); -as- (-eas-), -ovos- (boy scout from scout, dissident from dissident, Tolstoy from Tolstoy, Shakespearean from Shakespeare).
• 2. Suffixes with the meaning “relating to something”: - n-, -enn-, -They-, -ov- (-ev-), attached to nouns ( alternative from alternative, barter from barter, state from state; subsidized from subsidy, group from group, kitsch from kitsch).
• 3. Suffixes with the meaning “possessing some hallmark", "containing something": - at-, -ovat-, -ist-, -liv-, attached to nouns ( striped from strip, winged from wings; knotted from knot, gnarled from bitches; grainy from corn, laminate from layer; talented from talent, happy from happiness).
• 4. Suffixes indicating the relationship of the attribute to the action, attached to verbs: -teln-, -liv-, -chiv- (distributive from distribute, swimming from swim, silent from silent, talkative from talking; changeable from change, gullible from trust).
• 5. Suffixes indicating a weak manifestation of a characteristic, attached to adjectives: -ovat- (-evat-), -enk- (rather weak from weak, whitish from white, bluish from blue; young from young, old from old).

Add-on method. Adjectives are formed less often using prefixes than using suffixes. Prefixes are added to adjectives. The most common of these prefixes include the following.

• 1. Prefixes with the meaning of negation, absence, opposite of a characteristic: Not-, without- (demon-), A-, anti- (non-indigenous from indigenous, illegal from legal, non-currency from currency, contactless from contact, immoral from moral, asymmetrical from symmetrical, inhumane from humane, anti-legal from legal).
• 2. Prefixes indicating high manifestation sign: pre-, most, once- (dis-), arch-, super-, super-, ultra- (precold from cold, pre-hot from hot; highest from highest, smallest from least; cheerful from cheerful, beautiful from beautiful; archival from important, arch-reactionary from reactionary; super profitable from profitable, excess from standard; superfashionable from fashionable, ultra-modern from modern; ultraleft from left, ultrapatriotic from patriotic).
• 3. Prefixes with spatial meanings: out-, inside-, for-, trance- (over-the-counter from exchange, extra-parliamentary from parliamentary; domestic from state, within federal from federal; polar from polar; transcontinental from continental, Trans-Siberian from Siberian).
• 4. Prefixes with temporary meaning: pre-, to-, after-, fast- (penultimate from last, pre-perestroika from perestroika or perestroika, post-war from war or war).

The prefix-suffix method is the simultaneous addition of a prefix and a suffix to the generating word. The generating word can be a noun and a verb.

• 1. Adjectives from nouns are formed using the following prefixes and suffixes: without- (demon-)...-n-, -enn- (inconclusive result, meaningless from meaning, restless from peace); for-...-n-, -sk- (foreign from hillock, out of bounds from cordon; overseas from ocean, overseas from the sea);
• 2. Adjectives from verbs are formed using: no-...-n-, -eating-, -them-, -teln-; without- (demon-)...-n- (continuous from interrupted, irreconcilable from reconcile, invincible from defeat, immediate from slow down; thoughtless from thinking, continuous from interrupt).

Word composition is the addition of two or more producing layers (bases).

• 1. Addition using the connecting vowel o or e (interfix): agrarian-communist from agrarian and communist, electronic computing from electronic and computing, solvent from capable of paying.
• 2. Addition without a connecting vowel: highly liquid from highly and liquid, multipolar from many and polar.

The addition of generating words can be accompanied by the addition of a suffix ( bipolar from two poles, petroleum-bearing from oil, gas and carry, Upper Volga from Upper Volga).