Examples of common and restricted words. Words of common and limited use

The Russian language has several lexical layers, each of which differs in its scope of use and purpose. First of all, vocabulary language is divided into two large groups: national and having limited area use. Let's get acquainted with examples of commonly used words in the Russian language. Such vocabulary is used both in written and in oral speech in a wide variety of situations.

Terminology

Common words, examples of which will be given below, are the main wealth of the language. They are understandable to everyone, regardless of place of residence, type of activity or profession. Without such a layer, which makes up the lexical core of a language, its very existence would be impossible.

Examples of words in common vocabulary are: cat, apartment, illusion, literature, walk, run, beautiful, smart, wide, green, we, they, fast, fun. As you can see, this includes words of various parts of speech, using which you can describe any life situation.

Varieties

Examples of commonly used words are quite varied. First of all, a group of stylistically neutral ones is distinguished, which can be used by native speakers in any style of speech. Features of styles and examples of vocabulary are presented in the table.

So, regardless of the style of speech, the main purpose of the general folk words is the organization of communication. Thanks to them, native speakers understand each other and can express their thoughts both in oral dialogue and in writing.

There are several difficult moments. Thus, the words inherent in the scientific style, in particular terms, may not be clear to everyone, but nevertheless, they relate specifically to the national layer. Why? Because the possibility of understanding one or another of them depends on a person’s education, and not on his belonging to any profession or occupation. So, literary term“epithet” may be unclear only to those who did poorly at school.

Expressing emotions

In terms of use common words, examples of which are given below, are divided into the following groups:

• neutral (mom, peace, run, good, emotion, cat, apartment, like, green, quality and many others);
• stylistically colored (pretty, some water, little time, old lady).

If the first group of words simply conveys information, then the second expresses the author’s attitude. Let's compare:

• The water in the source was cool.
• The water in the spring was cool.

The first sentence has a neutral stylistic connotation, while the second is more emotional - the author shows that the water he drank from the source was very good.

Also, through the use of words, negative shades of meaning can be conveyed. Let's compare:

• His eyes sparkled menacingly.
• He flashed his eyes menacingly.

Differences from dialectisms

Let's look at examples of common words and dialect words, as well as their differences. For ease of perception, the data is placed in a table.

How to distinguish between the commonly used lexical layer and dialect words?

• Scope of use. If common words are understood by everyone and are used everywhere, then dialect vocabulary are present in the speech of certain groups of people living in villages and villages, that is, it is territorially limited. So, educated person Those who study dialects can know well what the words “guska” (goose), “tsibulya” (bow), “drobina” (ladder) mean, and even use them in their lectures. But these words will still be dialectal, since in real life colloquial speech they are not used, being replaced by literary synonyms.
• Lexical dialectisms characteristic of a certain area have a literary synonym and can be replaced with it: “sash” - belt, “pyatry” - attic, “veksha” - squirrel.

There are also ethnographic dialectisms that do not have synonyms - commonly used words, examples are: “manarka” - this is what a woman’s coat is called in Tatarstan; “Shanezhki” - potato pies. These words, as well as the phenomena they signify, are found only in certain dialects.

The meaning of dialectisms

Why do native speakers need local dialects? The use of such words often helps authors of literary texts create special poetics, convey mood, and more vividly express the image of a character. At the same time, writers try not to oversaturate their text with dialectisms, otherwise readers will not understand much. Similar vocabulary was actively used:

• Turgenev (Biryuk is an unsociable person, the top is a ravine).
• Mamin-Sibiryak (feet - shoes, raft - fence, battle - torment).
• Sholokhov (clean - pasture, cut - hit).
• Yesenin (sled of the lake - edge).
• Prishvin (Elan - a swampy area of ​​the swamp).

Most often, dialect vocabulary is used in the speech of characters and is supplied with author's comments and explanations so that the reader understands what is being said.

Jargonisms

We looked at what words are called commonly used. Examples were also given. Now let’s figure out what jargon is, what its role is and the specifics of its use.

This is a special layer of vocabulary that is used in the speech of certain circles of people:

• Youth: “diskach” (party, disco), “dude” (girl), “dude” (young man), “ancestors” (parents).
• Computer scientists: “buggy” (works with problems), “prog” (PC program), “clave” (keyboard), “hack” (crack).
• Prisoners: “lean back” (free yourself), “ksiva” (passport), “fraer” (a former prisoner who is outside the prison walls), “absentee” (a girl who is waiting for a prisoner).
• Schoolchildren: “teacher” (teacher), “couple” (grade “2”), “nerd” (excellent student, diligent student), “spur” (cheat sheet).

Many of these words are understandable to native speakers, others remain a mystery to them, but distinctive feature jargon is their use in speech by a certain circle of people.

Meaning of jargons

Such words have a bright emotional coloring, therefore they are often used by writers to create a vivid image of a character. In oral speech, they help people in a certain circle understand each other better.

Let us give examples of commonly used words and jargon: “hawk” - food, “donkey, donkey” - Internet Explorer browser, “teapot” - an inexperienced PC user, “mesaga” - message.

This vocabulary makes communication between representatives of a certain circle more convenient and simpler.

Professionalisms

Let us give examples of commonly used and non-commonly used words, professionalisms present in the speech of representatives of certain professions:

• In the field of printing, you can find “legs” - quotation marks, “heading” - a title.
• Hunters use the words “hang on the tail” - to pursue prey with hounds, “pest” - an old bear, “log” - the tail of a wolf.
• Police officers also use professionalisms: “lost” - a missing person; “hanging fruit” is a case that cannot be investigated.

This vocabulary is understandable only certain circle persons united by professional activities.

Variety of words

Here are examples of sentences with common words (grade 5):

• On the table there was a vase with beautiful flowers: roses, carnations and lilies.
• Everyone who wants to be happy must study well.
• Mom prepared a delicious salad and baked buns.

Every word in these sentences is understandable to any native speaker. Without them, communication, both oral and written, would be impossible. That is why such a lexical layer represents the richness of the language, its foundation. Of course, dialectisms, jargons and professionalisms are interesting in their own way, but without them the Russian language could exist. And without commonly used words, examples of which were given above, this would have been impossible - people would have ceased to understand each other.

Common vocabulary includes huge amount words of all parts of speech, both independent and functional. They are used in written and spoken language, to create scientific documents and journal articles. The more such words a person knows, the more rich and interesting his vocabulary is, the brighter and more expressively he can express his opinion.

We looked at common words, example words and their meanings. This lexical layer is very important, since it is thanks to such words that native speakers have the opportunity to freely communicate and understand each other. Similar words very many, they relate to various parts speeches can be either neutral or have a certain stylistic coloring, making communication richer and more interesting.

The vocabulary of the Russian language is rich and diverse. But common vocabulary, is undoubtedly considered the most important part of it. It is the core, without which it is impossible to imagine language and conversation; it includes commonly used words denoting concepts that are used everywhere. They can be heard on the street, at work, at school, in a store, in other words, anywhere. Folk vocabulary is the basis of the literary national dictionary, very important material to talk on native language. This is the foundation that helps you continue to enrich and improve your vocabulary. Its importance cannot be underestimated. Almost all units of folk vocabulary are used actively and constantly; they can be found in every speech style.

Commonly used and stylistically neutral words

The Russian language has many words that are known and accessible to everyone, which can be used both in conversation and in writing. The following are examples: lexical units: “river”, “soil”, “grove”, “bun”, “walk”, “eat”, “winter”, “catchy”, “work”, “read”, “newspaper”, “woman”, “ sentence", "face", etc. There are also neutral words, which can be found both in scientific work and in ordinary conversation; they can be seen both in official paper and in a letter from a friend. There are a lot of such lexical units in the Russian language. The commonly used ones, which you now know, are distributed throughout the country. They are also used in some other countries where people speak Russian.

Emotionally expressive vocabulary

In addition to stylistically neutral lexical units, among common words there are those that can be pronounced by every person, but only sometimes. An opportunity must present itself for this. For example, the words: “zemlitsa”, “bungler”, “newspaper”, “bearded”, “square” - differ from stylistically neutral lexical units in that they can be called emotional or even expressive. This is very noticeable when pronouncing them. Emotional coloring is conveyed with the help of all kinds of suffixes, which can be derogatory-increasing or diminutive-affectionate, and expressiveness is achieved by the unusual figurativeness of words used in speech. By pronouncing such lexical units, a person shows his goodness or bad attitude to an event or subject. And not surprisingly, they are very rarely used in scientific works And business papers. Emotionally expressive lexical units are not used in all styles of speech. As a rule, they are actively used in ordinary conversations; they can also be read in printed publications. It is impossible to imagine how people would speak if it were not for the ubiquity of common words. Terms are something completely different, they refer to Do not confuse them with common words. This is a big mistake.

Dialectal and common

But from all of the above it does not follow that commonly used words represent a closed vocabulary that does not have any influence. You shouldn't think like that. On the contrary, terms (special or dialectal) can be added to this vocabulary, the use of which was previously curtailed. For example, the words: “motley”, “tyrant”, “boring”, “anxious”, “loser”, “regular” - still in early XIX centuries were not as widespread as they are now: the area of ​​their use was limited to the dialect or special sphere. Nowadays, these lexical units are in common use. Interesting, isn't it? Commonly used ones are of great interest to many researchers. In addition, foreigners who are going to Russia often seek to recognize them.

Forgotten commonly used lexical units

Also, some commonly used lexical units may disappear from colloquial speech over time, narrowing the scope of their application. For example, the words “brezg” (dawn) and “zobat” (eat) are currently used only in a few Russian dialects. Many people no longer remember them. It happens that a lexical unit ceases to be commonly used and becomes professional jargon. The majority of people gradually forget this word, which is a little sad. Common words are lexical units that can be completely erased from people's memory. Unfortunately, this is true.

The popular vocabulary has its opposite - the words limited use. They can be heard when you are among people of a certain profession or living in the same territory.

Dialectisms

It is also necessary to consider words that are dialectal. They are used in their speech by people inhabiting a particular geographical area. Dialectal lexical units are most often used in simple conversations. And this is quite understandable. After all, dialect refers primarily to the oral speech of people living in villages. It will be incomprehensible to an outsider. However, village residents, of course, also know common words. It would be foolish to think that they cannot use them in their speech.

How do dialectisms differ from common words?

What is the difference between dialect and common words? The former are distinguished by a narrower area of ​​use; in addition, they are characterized by some semantic-lexical, grammatical, and also phonetic features. Considering them characteristic features, several types of dialectisms can be distinguished. Which ones exactly?

Types of dialectisms

1. Phonetic dialectisms are specific lexical units. What can you say about them? They contain the phonetic features of any dialect: “tipyatok”, “Vankya”, “bochkya” (in common vocabulary these are “boiling water”, “Vanka”, “barrel”) - belong to South Russian; “kuricha”, “tselovek”, “tsiasy”, “nemchi” (in other words, “chicken”, “man”, “clock”, “Germans”) are words pronounced rather unusually, characteristic of several northwestern dialects. To outsiders their sound may seem somewhat strange. They are closer, of course, to commonly used words.
2. Grammatical dialectisms are unique lexical units. What is known about them? They have grammatical properties that are not characteristic of a literary language, and they also do not resemble common words in their morphological structure. It is rare to hear them.
3. Lexical dialectisms are words that are not similar to commonly used ones either in meaning or form. For example, inda - even, kochet - rooster, gutarit - talk, the other day - recently, etc.

Special and professional words

Lexical units that can usually be heard while in the company of people of a certain type of activity belong to special and professional words. They are used in some areas of technology and science. These two terms need to be distinguished in order to understand which word is officially accepted and constantly pronounced (special), and which is expressively reinterpreted, rethought after being borrowed from a commonly used dictionary (professional). The latter are common in the vocabulary of people in many occupations. Thus, common words sometimes give rise to professionalisms.

Special vocabulary, as a rule, completely “covers” a certain special field of technology or science: all important ideas and concepts are denoted by strictly established terms. Professionalism is a little different from them. They are not often presented as a system, since they are taken from oral conversations of people belonging to any specialty. Professionalism can be called quite emotional and in bright words. They sound very expressive. Every person needs to know what common words, dialect and professional words.

IN literary language a system of norms has developed. They cover written and oral speech, phonetics, vocabulary, and word formation. The norms are described in textbooks, reference books, and dictionaries.

· The main feature of the Russian literary language is normativity, i.e. the presence of generally accepted, universally binding for all speakers of given language normal

· Literary norm the rules of use accepted in linguistic practice are called linguistic units(rules of pronunciation, word usage, use of grammatical and stylistic resources of the language system).

Literary and linguistic norms are formed as a result conscious choice linguistic means in the process of communication and are elevated to the rank of correct, universally binding.

The vocabulary of the Russian language can be divided into two groups: generally used and limited use.

Common vocabulary:

Commonly used vocabulary includes words without which communication in any sphere of human activity is unthinkable.

These words express vitally necessary concepts and are used in all styles of language and speech. Since commonly used vocabulary is characterized by emptiness and naturalness, general intelligibility and clarity and is devoid of emotional and expressive coloring, it is often called neutral.

But this gives rise to the erroneous idea of ​​​​the weak expressiveness of the words related here, meanwhile, without it, not a single speech style is possible.

Such vocabulary forms a stable basis of the modern Russian language. In it, a wide variety of lexical-semantic paradigms can be distinguished on a thematic basis: words naming phenomena, concepts of socio-political life;

words calling economic concepts; words that name phenomena cultural life; household names and others.

Limited vocabulary:

Limited vocabulary not found everywhere. Not all segments of society use it. Their use is determined by territorial boundaries and social conditions.

Geographically limited vocabulary characterized by the fact that it is found in certain regions - these are dialectisms.

Socially limited vocabulary is characterized by the fact that some words are found in the speech of persons of a certain profession - professional vocabulary, other words in the social stratum are slang vocabulary.

Vocabulary of limited use includes dialectisms, terms, professionalisms and jargons.

Professionalisms:

Professionalisms are words or expressions characteristic of the speech of a particular professional group. Professionalisms usually act as colloquial equivalents of terms corresponding in meaning. Professionalisms - unofficial names special concepts, used in colloquial speech of any professional group of people

Typo in newspaper speech - blunder; steering wheel in the speech of drivers - steering wheel; synchrophasotron in the speech of physicists - pot and the like.

Terms are legalized names for the vocabulary of special concepts. Professionalisms are used as their informal substitutes only in the speech of persons associated with the profession, limited to a special topic.

These words in explanatory dictionaries have a litter specialist.( special) Many professional words have become commonly used over time.

In works fiction professionalisms are used to show the specifics, features of work, life, and communication.

Terms;

Term is a word or phrase that denotes a strictly defined scientific concept. Such words belong to book vocabulary, they are usually used in scientific and educational literature, scientific reports, messages. Examples: sentence, triangle, epithet, transcription, style, trapezoid, bisector.

Terms are part of the literary language.

Jargons:

Jargons (from the French jargon ‘jargon, dialect’) are words that are used by people united on some basis: by age, by interests, occupation or profession, field of activity.

Jargons are words and expressions other than common language, including artificial, sometimes conditional. “Youth words” are common these days. Examples: tail, spur, dance, count, wow, teacher, teacher, historian, and for emotional assessment use adverbs cool, cool, awesome, cool, super, etc. M Youth jargon is constantly changing, one jargon is replaced by another. Jargon is used in non-forced oral communication.

But they remain outside the literary language.

Dialectisms:

Russian folk dialects, or dialects (gr. dialektos - adverb, dialect), include significant amount original folk words known only in a certain area.

Thus, in the south of Russia, a stag is called an ukhvat, a clay pot is called a makhotka, a bench is called an uslon, etc. Dialectisms exist mainly in the oral speech of the peasant population; In an official setting, speakers of dialects usually switch to the common language, the conductors of which are school, radio, television, and literature.

The dialects imprinted the original language of the Russian people; in certain features of local dialects, relict forms of Old Russian speech were preserved, which are the most important source of restoration historical processes that once affected our language. Dialects differ from the national dialects national language various features- phonetic, morphological, special word usage and completely in original words, unknown to the literary language. This gives grounds to group dialectisms of the Russian language according to their common characteristics.

Lexical dialectisms are words known only to native speakers of the dialect and have neither phonetic nor word-forming variants outside of it. For example, in southern Russian dialects there are the words buryak (beetroot), tsibulya (onion), gutorit (to speak); in the northern ones - sash (belt), basque (beautiful), golitsy (mittens). In common language, these dialectisms have equivalents that name identical objects and concepts. The presence of such synonyms distinguishes lexical dialectisms from other types of dialect words.

The use of dialect words in everyday speech is a violation of language norms.

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Vocabulary from the point of view of the sphere of use (student)

11. Vocabulary in terms of scope of use

Common vocabulary

Vocabulary limited scope use

2.1. Dialectal (regional) vocabulary

2.2. Socially restricted vocabulary

Literature

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From the point of view of the scope of use, vocabulary is divided into two large groups:

common,

limited scope of use.

Common vocabulary

Commonly used(nationwide) vocabulary is words, the understanding and use of which do not depend on the place of residence, profession, or occupation of native speakers. Common vocabulary forms the basis vocabulary language. It includes, first of all, literary words(except for special vocabulary):

needle,rope,grumble,go,bonfire,rally,runny nose,cloth,sew…

All these words are understandable to every native speaker and can be used in a wide variety of settings and communication situations.

In addition, to common vocabulary in lately include non-literary words that are common among people of different ages and professions, regardless of place of residence:

bullshit, muzzle,bump around,will do,foolishly,hang around…

The use of these commonly understood words is limited to informal communication situations.

Vocabulary of limited scope

Vocabulary of limited scope(non-national) are words, the understanding and use of which are related to a person’s place of residence, his profession, and occupation. Non-popular vocabulary includes

territorially limited (dialectal),

socially limited vocabulary.

2.1. Dialect(regional)vocabulary- this is part of the non-popular vocabulary that is characteristic of the population of a locality, district, region:

veksha'squirrel', unsteady'cradle, area 'bushes', peplum'Beautiful', row ‘to disdain’, have supper‘to have dinner’…

Dialect words are called (lexical) dialectisms [Rakhmanova, Suzdaltseva, p. 211–212].

Popular and dialect vocabulary interconnected.

1) Many of the lexical dialectisms are by origin in popular words:

vered'sore', pregnant‘armful’, stomach'belongings', juda‘horror, fear’...

2) Many dialect words entered the national vocabulary:

nonsense,take a seat,plow,owl,frail,tedious,take a nap,barracks,mumble,clumsy,hype,background...[SRYA-1, p. 45].

2.2. Toward socially restricted vocabulary include

special vocabulary,

jargon.

1) Special vocabulary– these are words and combinations of words denoting concepts of a certain field of knowledge or activity:

dividend‘part of the profit received by shareholders’, alibi‘the absence of the accused at the crime scene as evidence of his innocence’, mezdra‘the underside of tanned leather’…

Among special words stand out

• professionalism.

Terms(lat. terminus‘border, limit’) – words or combinations of words that officially accepted for the name science concepts, production, art, etc.

Each term is necessarily based on a definition (definition) of the reality it denotes, due to which the terms represent an accurate and at the same time concise description of an object or phenomenon. Each field of knowledge has its own terminological system.

The terms are divided into

general scientific, which are used in various fields of knowledge: experiment, adequate, equivalent, reaction, progress...

special(highly specialized), which are assigned to certain scientific disciplines, branches of production and technology: immobilization‘creating stillness, peace’, Glinka‘highest grade clay, kaolin’, epenthesis‘insert a sound to make pronunciation easier: poet - sings’…

Also distinguished commonly used(commonly understood) terms:

amputation, hypertension, cardiogram;

infinitive, adverb, case...

Terms are part of the literary language.

Professionalisms- these are words and combinations of words that are unofficial designations of special concepts.

Professionalisms function mainly in oral speech. Eg:

slur‘typographic defect in the form of a square, strip...’, cap‘large newspaper headline’… 1

Some authors contrast professionalisms as only names special (often specific) phenomena, concepts and professional jargon which are unofficial synonyms terms. Professional jargon, as a rule, expressively colored:

solyanka'hydrochloric acid', pot'synchrophasotron', demobilization'demobilization', cap‘captain’... [Rakhmanova, Suzdaltseva, p. 222–224; ERYA, p. 392].

Professional jargon is not included in the literary language.

2) Jargons (French) jargon)– socially restricted words that are emotionally expressive synonyms of stylistically neutral common words.

The use of jargon is limited social factors:

the speakers belonging to the same social environment (for example, noble jargons),

belonging to the same profession (professional jargon),

same age (e.g. youth slang),

community of interests, etc.

Professional jargons have existed for centuries in different countries in different periods. They reached a particular flourishing in the era of feudalism with its guild fragmentation and isolation of professions. Emergence professional jargon explained desire to classify any actions or features of production. Known secret languages handicraftsmen (wandering saddlers, tailors, blacksmiths, coppersmiths), the jargon of gold miners, traveling actors, small merchants and peddlers (offenies, peddlers). Eg:

at the ofenya: throw'sleep', shivar'product', maz‘trader, “one’s own” person’, legal'house', usy‘money’ [Rakhmanova, Suzdaltseva, p. 234]…;

from buyers of illegally mined gold: resin'gold', two -'lb', three– ‘spool’ (4.266 g or 1/96 lb)…;

Currently, professional jargon have no secrecy purposes[SRYASH, p. 281–284].

Jargon may arise in any sufficiently stable team:

army jargon: perfume 'new recruits', grandfathers, demobilization…

jargon musicians and music lovers: fan,downhole, trash ‘rock music style’, The Beatles...

jargon schoolgirls:dunk‘to curtsy’, boots'cadets', pencil‘student of the city gymnasium’, eggplant‘student of the noble gymnasium’, canary‘ruble’ [SRYASH, p. 281–282].

jargon schoolchildren:teacher, banana,physical education, mathematics, physics…

jargon students:spur'crib' , school'university', stooge'scholarship', tail ‘academic debt’,dorm'dormitory', cut off‘get an unsatisfactory grade’, fishing rod satisfactorily' …

youth jargon: cool‘the highest degree of positive assessment’, steep‘beyond all praise; unusual, shocking’, strain‘to bore, to bother with requests, claims’, run over‘to bother with claims and reproaches’, get in, get in'understand'…

computer jargon: jar‘computer system unit’, Windows,Windows‘Microsoft Windows operating system’, gamer‘a person who constantly plays computer games’, glitch‘work with glitches (errors)’...

Internet-jargon: avatar,avchik,userpic‘the picture that the user chooses as his “face”’, appendicitis'application' (English) appendix),ban‘impose a temporary ban on the user from doing something’, google‘search the Internet (usually using Google)’...

First of all, it is youth slang that is called slang. Term slang(English) slang) originally designated exclusively the language of youth (cf. hippie slang) or professional jargon of any new, actively developing field ( business slang, computer slang). Lately the term slang used as a synonym for the general term jargon . The compatibility of the word has expanded significantly ( medical slang, army slang). The new term is gradually replacing the word jargon, which in Soviet period has acquired a negative connotation ( camp jargon,prison slang).

A special term to designate words belonging to slang (such as jargon), No.

Border between individual jargons, as well as between jargon (slang), vernacular and colloquial speech, is unsteady and permeable. Some researchers talk about the emergence common jargon(interjargon), which is used not only by certain social groups, but also by the majority of native speakers [Nikitina, p. 4].

Some slang wordsare gradually entering the common vocabulary(first into colloquial speech, and then they can move into colloquial speech and even into literary language).

For example, from jargon seminarians The words included in the literary vocabulary:

beast(lat. bestia'beast'; (bran.) ‘rogue, scoundrel; clever, cunning person’);

nonsense‘nonsense, nonsense’ (seminar word, most likely from Greek. Athenian),

from singing jargon: sing along;

from factory: bungler;

from the slang of beggars: double-dealer.

Such slang words as

float, fall through, cut off, window, steering wheel, linden...

damn, split...[SRYA, p. 93–94].

Gradually, these words lose their inherent connotation of rudeness and vulgarity, but their use in literary language, as a rule, stylistically limited within the framework of colloquial speech [SRYASH, p. 285–286].

Jargonisms differ from the words of other groups with the following features:

They represent not the main, but a parallel designation of the phenomenon of reality; next to him there are always (or almost always) synonyms for popular use[SRYA-1, p. 48–49].

All jargons have bright expressive and stylistic coloring:

schmuck,cheesy,sucker– this is an extreme degree of disapproval, neglect;

steep,specific with some blur, uncertainty lexical meaning capable of expressing a whole range of emotional nuances: from delight to complete disapproval.

Compared to common words that have lived for centuries, slang vocabulary is different great variability, fragility. The fact is that the emotional-expressive coloring is “erased” in the process of use: words become familiar, “boring”. Therefore, they are replaced by new, “fresh” words with vivid expressiveness. For example, those used in the 50-60s have almost disappeared from youth slang. 20th century

dude,dude,horses'parents', hut‘an apartment where you can get together’.

In the 80s they were replaced

men,girla,skull,haza,flat.

Wed. also slang terms money:

50–60s: tugriks, rupees;

60s: shurshiki, coins, money;

80s: money;

turn of the 80s–90s: wooden(about rubles), green(about dollars).

Modern student jargon differs sharply not only from the jargon of high school students, seminarians, and pre-revolutionary students, but also from the school and student jargon of the 20s and 30s. 20th century [Rakhmanova, Suzdaltseva, p. 233].

It happens that forgotten jargons are returning, because again have a touch of novelty.

Argotisms(French) argot) name the words used in criminal environment:

academy'jail', fraer‘petty, inexperienced thief’, raspberry‘den’, little guy‘letter, note’...

Argotisms serve to

linguistic isolation (the function of distinguishing “friend - foe”),

linguistic conspiracy [Rakhmanova, Suzdaltseva, p. 234].

In linguistic literature the term argot is understood ambiguously. Some authors understand it as “secret speech,” meaning not only thieves’ jargon. Sometimes terms argot And jargon are used as equivalent [SRYASH, p. 284].

Any jargon differs from the literary language in the first place vocabulary. They do not have morphological, syntactic or pronunciation features. True, non-literary speech (slang and vernacular) is often distinguished from literary

A) special use word-forming means (cf.: mokrukha, bitch, mess) And

b) intonation.

Popular vocabulary

┌──────────────┴────────────┐

common vocabulary of limited

vocabulary of use

┌────────────────────┴────┐

territorially social

limited limited

(dialectal)┌──────────────┴───┐

slang and special

argotic(terms And

professionalism)

Literature

Vendina T.I. Introduction to linguistics. M.: graduate School, 2001. Stylistic stratification of the vocabulary of the language. pp. 160–164.

Girutsky A. A. Introduction to linguistics. Minsk: TetraSystems, 2001. Stylistic stratification of the vocabulary of the language. pp. 156–158.

LES – Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary. M.: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1990. Argo. P. 43. Dialectisms. P. 133. Jargon. P. 151. Vernacular. P. 402. Colloquial speech. P. 408. Slang. P. 461.

Youth slang: Explanatory dictionary / T. G. Nikitina. M.: Astrel: AST, 2003. 912 p.

Rakhmanova L. I., Suzdaltseva V. N. Modern Russian language. Vocabulary. Phraseology. Morphology. M.: Moscow State University Publishing House: CheRo Publishing House, 1997. Russian vocabulary from the point of view of the sphere of use. pp. 211–239.

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1A number of researchers classify designations of special objects, concepts of amateur hunting, fishing, amateur handicraft production, etc. as professionalisms:

rule‘tail of a dog, fox’, tongs‘face of a greyhound dog’...

jigs, bugs, coffins, droplets(types of artificial fish bait).