Solar eclipse described. Solar eclipse

This astronomical phenomenon Everyone has seen a solar eclipse at least once in their life. Also in ancient sources people mentioned it, and today, at least once or twice a year, partial or complete eclipses can be seen all over the Earth. Eclipses occur regularly, several times a year, and are even known exact dates the following.

What is a solar eclipse?

Objects in outer space arranged in such a way that the shadow of one can overlap the other. The moon provokes a solar eclipse when it covers the fiery disk. At this moment, the planet becomes a little colder and noticeably darker, as if evening had come. Animals and birds get scared in this unclear situation, plants roll up their leaves. Even people used to treat such astronomical jokes with great excitement, but with the development of science everything fell into place.

How does a solar eclipse occur?

The Moon and the Sun are at different distances from our planet, so they seem almost same size. On a new moon, when the orbits of both cosmic bodies intersect at one point, the satellite blocks the luminary for the earthly viewer. A solar eclipse is a bright and memorable astronomical situation, but it is impossible to fully enjoy it for several reasons:

1. The darkening band is not wide by earthly standards, no more than 200-270 km.
2. Due to the fact that the diameter of the Moon is much smaller than that of the Earth, the eclipse can only be seen in certain places on the planet.
3. The so-called “dark phase” lasts several minutes. After this, the satellite moves to the side, continuing to rotate in its orbit, and the luminary again “works as usual.”

What does a solar eclipse look like?

When earth satellite blocks celestial body, the latter from the surface of the planet looks like a dark spot with a bright corona on the sides. Fire ball closed by another, but of smaller diameter. A pearl-colored glow appears around. These are the outer layers solar atmosphere, not noticeable in usual time. “Magic” lies in one moment, which can only be caught from a certain angle. And the essence of a solar eclipse is the shadow falling from the satellite, which blocks the light. Those in the darkened zone can see the full eclipse, while others can see only partially or not at all.

How long does a solar eclipse last?

Depending on the latitude at which a potential earthly viewer is located, he can observe the Eclipse for 10 to 15 minutes. During this time, there are three conventional stages of a solar eclipse:

1. The Moon appears from the right edge of the luminary.
2. It passes along its orbit, gradually obscuring the fiery disk from the viewer.
3. The darkest period begins - when the satellite completely obscures the star.

After this, the Moon moves away, revealing the right edge of the Sun. The glow ring disappears and it becomes light again. Last period A solar eclipse is short-lived, lasting on average 2-3 minutes. The longest recorded duration of the full phase in June 1973 lasted 7.5 minutes. And the shortest eclipse was noticeable in 1986 in the north Atlantic Ocean, when the shadow obscured the disk for just one second.

Solar eclipse - types

The geometry of the phenomenon is amazing, and its beauty is due to the following coincidence: the diameter of the star is 400 times larger than the lunar one, and from it to the Earth is 400 times further. At ideal conditions you can see a very “accurate” eclipse. But when the one looking behind a unique phenomenon the person is in the penumbra of the Moon, he notices partial darkness. There are three types of eclipses in total:

1. Total solar eclipse - if the darkest phase is visible to earthlings, the fiery disk is completely closed and there is a golden crown effect.
2. Partial when one edge of the Sun is obscured by a shadow.
3. An annular solar eclipse occurs when the earth's satellite is too far away, and when looking at the star, a bright ring is formed.

Why is a solar eclipse dangerous?

A solar eclipse is a phenomenon that has both attracted and terrified people since ancient times. Understanding its nature, there is no point in being afraid, but eclipses really carry colossal energy, which sometimes poses a danger to people. Doctors and psychologists consider the impact of these phenomena on the human body, arguing that hypersensitive people, the elderly and pregnant women are especially vulnerable. Three days before the event and three days after, health problems may arise such as:

• headache;
• pressure surges;
• exacerbation of chronic diseases.

What should you not do during a solar eclipse?

From a medical point of view, looking at the sun during an eclipse is very dangerous because the sun produces a large number of ultraviolet radiation (and during an eclipse the eyes are not protected and absorb dangerous doses UV radiation), which is the cause of various eye diseases. Astrologers talk about the influence of a solar eclipse on people's lives and their behavior. Experts in this field do not recommend starting new businesses during this period in order to avoid failures, taking on something spontaneously and accepting complex solutions, on which it depends further fate. Some of the things you should not do during a solar eclipse include:

• alcohol and drug abuse;
• conflict resolution as people become more irritable;
• carrying out complex medical procedures;
• participation in mass actions.

When is the next solar eclipse?

In ancient times, the moment when the star disappeared behind the lunar disk could not be predicted. Nowadays, scientists name the exact dates and places where it is best to look beyond the eclipse and the moment of the maximum phase, when the Moon completely covers the fiery disk with its shadow. The calendar for 2018 is as follows:

1. Partial blackout will be visible in Antarctica, southern Argentina and Chile on the night of February 15, 2018.
2. July 13th at southern latitudes(in Australia, Oceania, Antarctica) partial occlusion of the Sun can be observed. Maximum phase – 06:02 Moscow time.
3. The nearest solar eclipse for residents of Russia, Ukraine, Mongolia, China, Canada and Scandinavia will occur on August 11, 2018 at 12:47.

Solar eclipse - interesting facts

Even people who do not understand astronomy are interested in how often a solar eclipse occurs, what causes it, and how long this strange phenomenon lasts. Many facts about him are known to everyone and surprise no one. But there is also interesting information about the eclipse, known to few.

1. Observe a situation where the fiery disk is completely hidden from view, in all solar system possible only on Earth.
2. Eclipses can be seen anywhere on the planet on average once every 360 years.
3. The maximum area of ​​overlap of the Sun by the lunar shadow is 80%.
4. In China, data was found about the first recorded eclipse, which happened in 1050 BC.
5. The ancient Chinese believed that during an eclipse, a “sun dog” eats the Sun. They began to beat the drums to drive away the celestial predator from the luminary. He should have been scared and returned the stolen goods to the sky.
6. When a solar eclipse occurs, the lunar shadow moves across the Earth's surface at enormous speeds - up to 2 km per second.
7. Scientists have calculated: in 600 million years the eclipses will stop completely, because... the satellite will move away from the planet to a great distance.

In ancient times, solar and lunar eclipses caused superstitious horror among people. It was believed that eclipses foreshadow wars, famine, ruin, and mass diseases. The occultation of the Sun by the Moon is called a solar eclipse. This is a very beautiful and rare phenomenon. A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon crosses the ecliptic plane at the time of the new moon.

Solar eclipse.

Annular solar eclipse. If the disk of the Sun is completely covered by the disk of the Moon, then the eclipse is called total. At perigee, the Moon is closer to Earth by 21,000 km from the average distance, at apogee - further by 21,000 km. This changes angular dimensions Moons. If the angular diameter of the Moon's disk (about 0.5°) turns out to be slightly smaller than the angular diameter of the Sun's disk (about 0.5°), then at the moment of the maximum phase of the eclipse a bright narrow ring remains visible from the Sun. This type of eclipse is called an annular eclipse. And finally, the Sun may not be completely hidden behind the disk of the Moon due to the mismatch of their centers in the sky. Such an eclipse is called a partial eclipse. You can observe such a beautiful formation as the solar corona only during total eclipses. Such observations, even in our time, can give a lot to science, so astronomers from many countries come to the country where there will be a solar eclipse.

A solar eclipse begins at sunrise at western regions earth's surface and ends in the eastern regions at sunset. Typically a total solar eclipse lasts several minutes ( longest duration The total solar eclipse will be 7 minutes 29 seconds on July 16, 2186).

There are also solar eclipses on the Moon. Lunar eclipses occur on Earth at this time. The moon moves from west to east, so a solar eclipse begins from the western edge of the solar disk. The degree of coverage of the Sun by the Moon is called the phase of the solar eclipse. Total solar eclipses can only be seen in those areas of the Earth through which the Moon's shadow passes. The diameter of the shadow does not exceed 270 km, therefore full eclipse The sun is visible only on a small area of ​​the earth's surface. Total solar eclipse on March 7, 1970.

The lunar shadow is clearly visible on the Earth's surface. Although solar eclipses occur more often than lunar eclipses, in each separate place On Earth, solar eclipses are observed much less frequently than lunar eclipses.

Causes solar eclipses.

The plane of the lunar orbit in intersection with the sky forms big circle- lunar path. Plane earth's orbit intersects celestial sphere along the ecliptic. The plane of the lunar orbit is inclined to the plane of the ecliptic at an angle of 5°09?. The period of revolution of the Moon around the Earth (stellar, or sidereal period) P = 27.32166 Earth days or 27 days 7 hours 43 minutes.

The plane of the ecliptic and the lunar path intersect each other in a straight line called the line of nodes. The points of intersection of the line of nodes with the ecliptic are called the ascending and descending nodes of the lunar orbit. The lunar nodes continuously move towards the movement of the Moon itself, that is, to the west, making full turn in 18.6 years. Every year the longitude of the ascending node decreases by about 20°. Since the plane of the lunar orbit is inclined to the ecliptic plane at an angle of 5°09?, the Moon during a new moon or full moon may be far from the ecliptic plane, and the lunar disk will pass above or below the solar disk. In this case, no eclipse occurs. For a solar or lunar eclipse to occur, the Moon must be near the ascending or descending node of its orbit during the new or full moon, i.e. close to the ecliptic. In astronomy, many signs introduced in ancient times have been preserved. The symbol of the ascending node means the head of the dragon Rahu, which attacks the Sun and, according to Indian legends, causes its eclipse.

Lunar eclipses.

During a total lunar eclipse, the Moon completely moves into the Earth's shadow. The total phase of a lunar eclipse lasts much longer than the total phase of a solar eclipse. The shape of the edge of the earth's shadow during lunar eclipses served the ancient Greek philosopher and scientist Aristotle as one of the strongest proofs of the sphericity of the Earth. Philosophers Ancient Greece calculated that the Earth is approximately three times bigger than the moon, simply based on the duration of eclipses (the exact value of this coefficient is 3.66).

The moon at the moment of a total lunar eclipse actually loses sunlight, therefore, a total lunar eclipse is visible from anywhere in the Earth’s hemisphere. The eclipse begins and ends at the same time for everyone geographical points. However local time this phenomenon will be different. Since the Moon moves from west to east, the left edge of the Moon enters the earth's shadow first. An eclipse can be total or partial, depending on whether the Moon enters the Earth's shadow completely or passes near its edge. The closer to the lunar node a lunar eclipse occurs, the greater its phase. Finally, when the disk of the Moon is covered not by a shadow, but by a penumbra, penumbral eclipses occur. It is difficult to notice them with the naked eye. During an eclipse, the Moon hides in the shadow of the Earth and, it would seem, should disappear from view every time, because The earth is opaque. However earth's atmosphere scatters the sun's rays that fall on the eclipsed surface of the Moon "bypassing" the Earth. The reddish color of the disk is due to the fact that red and orange rays pass through the atmosphere best.

The reddish color of the disk during a total lunar eclipse is due to the scattering of solar rays in the Earth's atmosphere.

Each lunar eclipse is different in the distribution of brightness and color in the Earth's shadow. The color of the eclipsed Moon is often assessed using a special scale proposed by the French astronomer André Danjon:

0 points - the eclipse is very dark, in the middle of the eclipse the Moon is almost or not visible at all.

1 point - the eclipse is dark, gray, details of the lunar surface are completely invisible.

2 points - the eclipse is dark red or reddish, a darker part is observed near the center of the shadow.

3 points - a brick-red eclipse, the shadow is surrounded by a grayish or yellowish border.

4 points - a copper-red eclipse, very bright, the outer zone is light, bluish.

If the plane of the Moon's orbit coincided with the plane of the ecliptic, then lunar eclipses would be repeated every month. But the angle between these planes is 5° and the Moon only crosses the ecliptic twice a month at two points called the nodes of the lunar orbit. Ancient astronomers knew about these nodes, calling them the Head and Tail of the Dragon (Rahu and Ketu). In order for a lunar eclipse to occur, the Moon must be near the node of its orbit during a full moon. There are usually 1-2 lunar eclipses per year. Some years there may be none at all, and sometimes a third thing happens. In the rarest cases, a fourth eclipse occurs, but only a partial penumbral one.

Prediction of eclipses.

The period of time after which the Moon returns to its node is called a draconic month, which is equal to 27.21 days. After such a time, the Moon crosses the ecliptic at a point shifted relative to the previous intersection by 1.5° to the west. The phases of the Moon repeat on average every 29.53 days (synodic month). The period of time of 346.62 days during which the center of the solar disk passes through the same node of the lunar orbit is called the draconic year. The recurrence period of eclipses - saros - will be equal to the period of time after which the beginnings of these three periods will coincide. Saros means "repetition" in ancient Egyptian. Long before our era, even in ancient times, it was established that saros lasts 18 years 11 days 7 hours. Saros includes: 242 draconic months or 223 synodic months or 19 draconic years. During each Saros there are 70 to 85 eclipses; Of these, there are usually about 43 solar and 28 lunar. Over the course of a year, a maximum of seven eclipses can occur - either five solar and two lunar, or four solar and three lunar. The minimum number of eclipses in a year is two solar eclipses. Solar eclipses occur more often than lunar eclipses, but they are rarely observed in the same area, since these eclipses are visible only in a narrow strip of the Moon's shadow. At any specific point on the surface, a total solar eclipse is observed on average once every 200-300 years.

If you do not delve into the essence of the phenomenon, then we can say that an eclipse is a temporary disappearance of the Sun or Moon from the sky. How does this happen?

Solar and Lunar Eclipse

For example, the Moon, passing between the Earth and the Sun, completely or partially blocks the Sun from an earthly observer. This is a solar eclipse. Or the Moon, making its way around the Earth, finds itself in such a position that the Earth appears on a straight line connecting the Moon and the Sun.

The shadow of the Earth falls on the Moon, and it disappears from the sky. This is a lunar eclipse. Eclipses happen because celestial bodies constantly changing location. The Earth revolves around the Sun, and the Moon revolves around the Earth. Both of these processes occur simultaneously. If for a few minutes the Moon, Earth and Sun are on the same line, an eclipse begins. A total solar eclipse is a very rare and dramatic event.

During a total solar eclipse, it seems as if some huge monster is devouring the Sun piece by piece. When the Sun disappears, the sky darkens and stars are visible in the sky. The air is rapidly cooling. Soon there is nothing left of the Sun except a thin luminous ring, as if hanging in the sky, this is what we see as part of the blazing solar corona.

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Interesting fact : During a total solar eclipse, the air temperature decreases, the sky darkens and stars appear on it.

What happens during a solar eclipse

Ancient Chinese artists depicted a solar eclipse as a dragon devouring the Sun. In fact, after a few minutes the Sun comes out of its “shelter” and the night turns into a clear day again. This dragon turns out to be the Moon, passing between the Earth and the Sun. To finally understand what happens during an eclipse, carry out a simple experiment. Turn on the desk lamp and look at it.

Now take a piece of cardboard and slowly move it in front of your eyes so that at the end of the movement the cardboard is between your eyes and the lamp. The moment when the cardboard covers the lamp from your eyes corresponds to the moment the solar eclipse begins. The cardboard is far from the lamp, but once in front of your eyes, it blocks the light of the lamp from you. If you move the cardboard further, the lamp will again open to your view.

Total and partial solar eclipse

The same can be said about the Moon. You see a solar eclipse when the Moon, crossing the daytime sky, comes between the Sun and the illuminated face of the Earth, blocking the light of the Sun from it. If the Moon blocks only part of the Sun, then a partial solar eclipse occurs.

I was asked a question: how often do eclipses occur, with what frequency do solar and lunar eclipses occur?

Indeed, in different years we observe different quantities eclipses. Moreover, they are all also different depending on how much the disks of the planets overlap each other with shadow. For example, an annular solar eclipse occurs at the moment when it is farthest from our planet, and is not completely blocked by the disk of the Moon.

And last fall we observed a hybrid solar eclipse - a rather rare phenomenon when the phases of the same eclipse are visible to us from different points Earth as a total eclipse and an annular eclipse. An interesting fact here is that it is gradually moving away from the Earth by 3.78 centimeters per year, and the time will come when earthlings will no longer see a total eclipse, but will only observe an annular one. But this, however, will not happen soon.

Let's return to the question of the frequency of eclipses.

It is known that their number in a year is not the same. Solar eclipses occur on a new moon, if it is no further than 12 degrees from the points of intersection of the Moon with the ecliptic; there are from 2 to 5 solar eclipses a year.

If we take the count of eclipses over a hundred years, then out of 237 solar eclipses the most are partial: namely 160. In the remaining 77: total - 63 and annular - 14.

A lunar eclipse occurs on a full moon - when the Earth is between the Moon and the Sun, there are never less than two eclipses of the Moon in a year.

The most productive year for eclipses in the near future was 2011, when there were 4 solar and 2 lunar eclipses, and ahead is 2029, when there will be 4 solar and 3 lunar eclipses. There were 5 solar eclipses (and 2 lunar) in 1935. That is maximum number There are 7 eclipses per year.

Solar eclipses in certain areas of the Earth are a very rare occurrence, and if you manage to see one or two eclipses in your life, consider yourself very lucky.

However, eclipses are far from being limited to purely spectacular functions, as many of us tend to perceive them. Their main and most important role is the need to change the consciousness of a person, no matter where on the edge of the Earth he is during an eclipse. Literally each of us undergoes the process of changing consciousness, and it lasts from several days to several years.

As astrology shows, the degree of influence of an eclipse may depend on how much resonance is manifested with natal chart person during the eclipse. The characteristics of an eclipse originate from the specific saros series to which it belongs, and the resonant horoscope shows the area of ​​​​life that is primarily affected by the eclipse.

I will add that eclipses play a deep karmic role, forcing a person to react to his external environment during a solar eclipse and personal traits during a lunar eclipse.

You learned how often eclipses occur, although not everyone knows the astrological indicators for these events. In addition, almost each of us can approach the solution of any problematic issue in your life, while showing your best qualities. The only difference is that eclipses provide enormous energy for our development, forcing us to immediately react to what is happening.

Be healthy and happy! See you again on the website ""!

To understand why solar eclipses occur, people have been observing them for centuries and keeping score, recording all the circumstances surrounding them. At first, astronomers noticed that a solar eclipse occurs only on a new moon, and not on every moon. After this, paying attention to the position of our planet’s satellite before and after the amazing phenomenon, its connection with this phenomenon became obvious, since it turned out that it was the Moon that was blocking the Sun from the Earth.

After this, astronomers noticed that two weeks after a solar eclipse a lunar eclipse always occurs; what was especially interesting was the fact that the Moon was always full. This once again confirmed the connection between the Earth and the satellite.

A solar eclipse can be seen when the young Moon completely or partially obscures the Sun. This phenomenon occurs only on a new moon, at a time when the satellite is turned to our planet with its unlit side, and therefore is absolutely invisible in the night sky.

A solar eclipse can only be seen if the Sun and the new Moon are within twelve degrees on either side of one of the lunar nodes(two points at which the solar and lunar orbit), and the Earth, its satellite and the star line up in one line, with the Moon in the middle.

The duration of eclipses from the initial to the final stage is no more than six hours. At this time, the shadow moves in a stripe across the earth's surface from west to east, describing an arc with a length of 10 to 12 thousand km. As for the speed of movement of the shadow, it largely depends on latitude: near the equator - 2 thousand km/h, near the poles - 8 thousand km/h.

The solar eclipse is very limited area, since due to its small size the satellite is not able to hide the Sun on such long distance: its diameter is four hundred times less than the solar one.

Since the Moon is smaller not only than the star, but also the Earth, and the distance to our planet at the closest point is at least 363 thousand km, the diameter of the satellite’s shadow does not exceed 270 km, therefore, an eclipse of the Sun can be observed along the path of the shadow only within this distance . If the Moon is at a great distance from the Earth (and this distance is almost 407 thousand km), the stripe will be significantly smaller.

Scientists suggest that in six hundred million years the satellite will move so far away from the Earth that its shadow will not touch the surface of the planet at all, and therefore eclipses will be impossible. Nowadays, solar eclipses can be seen at least twice a year and are considered quite rare.

Since the satellite moves around the Earth in an elliptical orbit, the distance between it and our planet during an eclipse is different each time, and therefore the size of the shadow fluctuates within extremely wide limits. Therefore, the totality of a solar eclipse is measured in quantities from 0 to F:

• 1 – total eclipse. If the diameter of the Moon turns out to be larger than the diameter of the star, the phase can exceed unity;
• From 0 to 1 – private (partial);
• 0 – almost invisible. The Moon's shadow either does not reach the earth's surface at all, or only touches the edge.

How a wondrous phenomenon is formed

It will be possible to see a total eclipse of a star only when a person is in the band along which the shadow of the Moon moves. It often happens that just at this time the sky is covered with clouds and disperses no earlier than the moon’s shadow leaves the area.

If the firmament is clear, with the help special means To protect your eyes, you can observe how Selena begins to gradually obscure the Sun from its right side. After the satellite finds itself between our planet and the star, it completely covers the Sun, twilight sets in, and constellations begin to appear in the sky. At the same time, around the disk of the Sun hidden by the satellite, one can see the outer layer of the solar atmosphere in the form of a corona, which is invisible during normal times.

A total solar eclipse does not last long, about two to three minutes, after which the satellite, moving to the left, opens right side Luminaries - the eclipse ends, the corona goes out, begins to quickly brighten, the stars disappear. Interestingly, the longest solar eclipse lasted about seven minutes (the next event, lasting seven and a half minutes, will only be in 2186), and the shortest was recorded in the North Atlantic Ocean and lasted one second.

You can also observe the eclipse while staying in the penumbra not far from the passage of the Moon's shadow (the diameter of the penumbra is approximately 7 thousand km). At this time, the satellite passes by the solar disk not in the center, but from the edge, covering only part of the star. Accordingly, the sky does not darken as much as during a total eclipse, and the stars do not appear. The closer to the shadow, the more the Sun is covered: while at the border between the shadow and penumbra the solar disk is completely closed, with outside the satellite only partially touches the star, so the phenomenon is not observed at all.

There is another classification, according to which a solar eclipse is considered total when the shadow at least partially touches the earth's surface. If the lunar shadow passes near it, but does not touch it in any way, the phenomenon is classified as private.

In addition to partial and total eclipses, there are annular eclipses. They are very similar to total ones, since the Earth's satellite also covers the star, but its edges are open and form a thin, dazzling ring (while a solar eclipse is much shorter in duration than an annular eclipse).

This phenomenon can be observed because the satellite, passing the star, is as far away from our planet as possible and, although its shadow does not touch the surface, visually it passes through the middle of the solar disk. Since the diameter of the Moon is much smaller than the diameter of the star, it is not able to completely block it.

When can you see eclipses?

Scientists have calculated that over the course of a hundred years, about 237 solar eclipses occur, of which one hundred and sixty are partial, sixty-three total, and fourteen annular.

But a total solar eclipse in the same place is extremely rare, and they do not differ in frequency. For example, in the capital of Russia, Moscow, from the eleventh to the eighteenth centuries, astronomers recorded 159 eclipses, of which only three were total (in 1124, 1140, 1415). After that, scientists here recorded total eclipses in 1887 and 1945 and determined that the next total eclipse in the Russian capital will be in 2126.

At the same time, in another region of Russia, in southwestern Siberia, near the city of Biysk, a total eclipse could be seen three times over the past thirty years - in 1981, 2006 and 2008.

One of the most major eclipses, the maximum phase of which was 1.0445, and the width of the shadow spread over 463 km, occurred in March 2015. The penumbra of the Moon covered almost all of Europe, Russia, the Middle East, Africa and Central Asia. The total solar eclipse could be observed in northern latitudes the Atlantic Ocean and in the Arctic (as for Russia, the highest phase of 0.87 was in Murmansk). The next phenomenon of this kind can be observed in Russia and other parts northern hemisphere March 30, 2033.

Is it dangerous?

Because the solar phenomena are quite unusual and interesting spectacles, it is not surprising that almost everyone wants to observe all phases of this phenomenon. Many people understand that it is absolutely forbidden to look at a star without protecting your eyes: as astronomers say, naked eye you can look at this phenomenon only twice - first with the right eye, then with the left.

And all because just with one glance at the most bright star sky, it will be possible to remain without vision, damaging the retina to the point of blindness, causing a burn, which, damaging the cones and rods, forms a small blind spot. A burn is dangerous because a person does not feel it at all at the beginning and its destructive effect appears only after a few hours.

Deciding to watch the Sun in Russia or anywhere else globe, it is necessary to take into account that it cannot be looked at not only with the naked eye, but also through sunglasses, CDs, color photographic film, X-ray film, especially filmed, tinted glass, binoculars and even a telescope, unless special protection is provided in it.

But you can look at this phenomenon for about thirty seconds using:

• Glasses designed to observe this phenomenon and provide protection from ultraviolet rays:
• Undeveloped black and white photographic film;
• A photo filter, which is used to observe a solar eclipse;
• Welding glasses with protection not lower than “14”.

If necessary funds it was not possible to get it, but amazing phenomenon I really want to see nature, you can create a safe projector: take two sheets of cardboard white and a pin, then punch a hole in one of the sheets with a needle (do not widen it, otherwise you will only be able to see the beam, but not the darkened Sun).

After this, the second cardboard must be placed opposite the first in the direction opposite to the Sun, and the observer himself must turn his back to the star. Sunbeam will pass through the hole and create a projection of the solar eclipse onto another cardboard.