The law is called “Forms of education and forms of training”, and says that in the Russian Federation education can be obtained:
1) in organizations carrying out educational activities;
2) outside organizations carrying out educational activities (in the form of family education and self-education).
Forms of obtaining education are receiving education in an organization carrying out educational activities, or outside such an organization (in two different options - family and self-education).
Accordingly, the forms of training are: full-time, part-time, part-time, family education and self-education.
Classification of forms of education and forms of training is a relatively new phenomenon for Russian education. We especially note that The law does not give preferences to any of the forms; they are all equal. In this sense Russian legislation is one of the most liberal when we compare the regulation of these issues, for example, with European and other foreign countries, where often general education or it definitely turns out in educational organization, or other forms of education are discriminated against.
In our country, the forms of education are equal; children who have mastered the educational program of the appropriate level of general education have equal rights, including the right to pass final certification, confirming the fact of mastering the program, which subsequently gives the right to access other levels of education.
This solution provides opportunities to significantly vary the content of education. Family education and self-education make it possible to achieve results established by the relevant standard, with maximum consideration of the interests, characteristics of the student, his inclinations, health status, etc. In fact, recognition of the equality of forms of education means wide opportunities for families to organize the education of their children in the way that seems optimal to them.
The choice of the form of education and the form of training for their children is made by parents (until they reach the age of majority or until they receive basic general education). Besides that Part 4 Art. 17 Federal Law No. 273-FZ allows a combination various forms obtaining education and forms of training. There can be quite a lot of possible combinations. It is also illegal to refuse to choose a combination of forms of education.
At the same time, it seems that such an opportunity should be realized through such a tool as training according to an individual curriculum. The choice by parents, for example, of the form of education in the form of training in an educational organization, but at the same time studying, for example, the Russian language and literature in the form of family education, is extremely difficult to implement in terms of drawing up a state (municipal) assignment to an educational institution, as well as calculating standard costs for such a “truncated” service. In this sense, the realization of individual curriculum technically much simpler for registration. Forms of education and forms of training in the basic educational program for each level of education are determined by the relevant federal state educational standards, unless otherwise provided by law. Forms of training for additional educational programs are determined by the organization carrying out educational activities independently, unless otherwise established by the legislation of the Russian Federation.
Thus, the standard must determine for each level of education whether it can be received in an organization carrying out educational activities and outside such organizations, and also whether it can be obtained in various forms: full-time, part-time, part-time, and correspondence.
For general education, these issues are also specified in the law itself. HF 2 tbsp. 63 of the Law states that general education can be obtained in organizations carrying out educational activities, as well as outside organizations carrying out educational activities, in the form of family education. Secondary general education can be obtained in the form of self-education. Thus, a form of self-education is not permitted at levels earlier than secondary general education.
According to Part 3 Art. 17 Law, education in the form of family education and self-education is carried out with the right to subsequent completion in accordance with part 3 of article 34 the law of intermediate and state final certification in organizations engaged in educational activities.
This third part states the following. Persons who are mastering a basic educational program in the form of self-education or family education, or who have studied in an educational program that does not have state accreditation, have the right to undergo external intermediate and state final certification in an organization that carries out educational activities according to the relevant accreditation. state accreditation educational program. These persons who do not have basic general or secondary general education have the right to undergo external intermediate and state final certification in an organization that carries out educational activities according to the corresponding basic general education program that has state accreditation, free of charge. When passing certification, external students use academic rights students in the relevant educational program.
In fact, this means that the public authority assumes obligations to provide free certification for students mastering general education programs, in whatever form they were trained. Those who study in the form of family education or self-education will be enrolled in organizations carrying out educational activities according to the relevant state-accredited basic general education program for the period of certification, and will undergo it free of charge. IN at the moment This is exactly what the law understands by external studies - persons enrolled for certification are considered external students. External education is neither a form of education (there are two of them - in an organization, or outside it, as a family education or self-education), nor a form of education (full-time, part-time, part-time, correspondence). Extern is a person who, studying in the form of family education or self-education, is enrolled in an organization to undergo intermediate or final certification. Actually, External study is a form of certification in an educational organization, when the education itself was received in a different form (in the family or independently).
In this aspect, the law equates to persons mastering the basic educational program in the form of self-education or family education those children who are studying in an educational program that does not have state accreditation.
When passing certification, external students enjoy the academic rights of students in the relevant educational program.
In the early 90s. last century, with the adoption of the Law of the Russian Federation of July 10, 1992 N 3266-I “On Education”, homeschooling became legal. Article 10 “Forms of obtaining education”, paragraph 1: “Taking into account the needs and capabilities of the individual, educational programs are mastered in following forms: in an educational institution - in the form of full-time, part-time (evening), part-time; in the form of family education, self-education, external studies” (System Garant..., 2013). In the new education law, external education no longer refers to forms of education. In other words, Federal Law No. 273 gave the legalized right to each individual parent (legal representative) to choose family education as a form of education for their child.
The new Federal Law of December 29, 2012 N 273-FZ “On Education in the Russian Federation”, Article 17 “forms of obtaining education and forms of training” reads:
"1. In the Russian Federation, education can be obtained:
1) in organizations carrying out educational activities;
2) outside organizations carrying out educational activities (in the form of family education and self-education).
2. Training in organizations engaged in educational activities, taking into account the needs, capabilities of the individual and depending on the volume of compulsory classes teaching worker with students is carried out full-time, part-time or part-time by correspondence.
3. Education in the form of family education and self-education is carried out with the right to subsequently pass, in accordance with Part 3 of Article 34 of this Federal Law, intermediate and state final certification in organizations carrying out educational activities.
4. A combination of various forms of education and forms of training is allowed" (Collection of questions..., 2014; Federal Law of the Russian Federation No. 273, 2012).
In addition to the family form, there are other ways to organize your child’s education at home: part-time form, correspondence, self-education and a combination of forms (Article 17 of the Federal Law of the Russian Federation No. 273), for example, full-time in geography and mathematics and family education in all other subjects (Dyakova, 2015). These forms of training belong to the so-called alternative forms of training.
Accounting for children entitled to receive general education at each level and living in the territories of the respective municipalities, as well as forms of education and training determined by the parents (legal representatives) of children, are carried out by the authorities local government municipal districts and urban districts. When choosing a form of family education, parents ( legal representatives) must inform the local government body about this municipal district or the urban district in whose territory they live (Part 5 of Article 63 of the Federal Law of the Russian Federation No. 273) (Letter of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation, 2013).
Unfortunately, in regulatory legal acts relating to family education, such as the Family Code (RF IC), Federal Law of December 29, 2012 N 273-FZ “On Education in the Russian Federation”, the Code administrative offenses(Administrative Code of the Russian Federation), no definition of “family education” is given. But distinctions are made, according to Article 41 Part 5 of the Federal Law, that “education of students mastering basic general education programs and in need of long-term treatment, as well as disabled children who, for health reasons, cannot attend educational institutions, can also be organized by educational organizations on home or in medical organizations"(Federal Law of the Russian Federation No. 273, 2012). Thus, the term “homeschooling” or “homeschooling” refers to the opportunity to receive education at home with a medical certificate, and “family education” refers to homeschooling that does not require specific justification for implementation.
It is also important to note that with the adoption of the new law on education and the corresponding change in the forms of education, compensation for the costs of legal representatives of students for the implementation of general education programs outside the educational organization (family education and self-education) is not provided, since the Constitution of the Russian Federation (Part 2 of Article 43) Receiving free general education is guaranteed only in educational organizations. But regional and municipal regulations may provide for compensation for these costs, including in the form of providing support to parents (legal representatives) of students (clause 6 of the letter of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation dated November 15, 2013 No. NT-1139/ 08 “On the organization of education in family form"(Letter from the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation, 2013; Lomov, 2014). In accordance with Part 2 of Article 99 of the Federal Law, “the founder of an educational organization may determine the standard costs for the provision of state (municipal) services for the implementation of a general education program in the form of family education, covering the costs of conducting intermediate and state final certification, the cost of purchasing educational publications(textbooks, teaching aids And educational materials), periodicals, publishing and printing services, access services electronic publications directly related to the implementation of the general education program, the costs of providing psychological, pedagogical, medical and social assistance" It is also stipulated that a subject of the Russian Federation, within the framework of the provided powers, may introduce compensation as a measure for needy families who have chosen a form of family education social support(Letter from the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation, 2013).
Along with the unresolved issue of financing, the issue of certification is also relevant: how many times a year and in what form should a child undergo it (Parfentiev, 2015).
According to Part 3, Article 34 of the Federal Law on Education, students in the form of family education “have the right to undergo intermediate and state final certification in organizations carrying out educational activities under the appropriate state-accredited educational program. These persons who do not have basic general or secondary general education have the right to undergo external intermediate and state final certification in an organization that carries out educational activities according to the corresponding basic general education program that has state accreditation, free of charge. The educational organization must adopt the appropriate local act regulating the procedure for organizing and passing intermediate and state final certification, including for external students. At the same time, the above local act should be available for unhindered review, including on the website of the educational organization on the Internet information and telecommunications network” (Letter from the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation, 2013). It is also advisable to coordinate the procedure for passing certification of an educational organization taking into account the opinions of parents (legal representatives), including based on the pace and sequence of study educational material. Such an organization educational process can be settled at the request of parents (legal representatives) for the entire period of receiving general education, for the period of passing a specific certification or for the period of one academic year depending on objective circumstances and the most effective implementation of the rights and freedoms of the child. The documents that define the relationship between an educational organization and parents (legal representatives) are “an application from parents (legal representatives) to pass an intermediate and (or) state final certification in an organization carrying out educational activities, and an administrative act of the said organization to admit a person to pass intermediate certification and (or) state final certification. An educational organization for passing intermediate or final certification can be defined not only as general education organizations, but also as educational organizations of other types, for example, universities that are granted the right by Federal Law to carry out educational activities in basic general education programs (Letter of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation, 2013).
FEDERAL STATE AUTONOMOUS EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION OF HIGHER PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION
"BELGOROD STATE NATIONAL
RESEARCH UNIVERSITY"
STAROOSKOL BRANCH
(SOF National Research University "BelSU")
FACULTY OF PEDAGOGY
Department of Pedagogy and Physical Culture
REPORT ON THE TOPIC:
“FORMS OF OBTAINING EDUCATION AND FORMS OF TRAINING IN THE RF”
Completed by: student
groups No. 92061103(330)
Goncharenko Alena Igorevna
2013, Stary Oskol
Education in the Russian Federation- a single purposeful process of education and training, which is a socially significant benefit and carried out in the interests of the individual, family, society and the state, as well as the totality of acquired knowledge, skills, values, experience and competence of a certain volume and complexity for the purposes of intellectual, spiritual - moral, creative, physical and (or) professional development of a person, satisfaction of his educational needs and interests.
In the Russian Federation, education can be obtained:
1) in organizations carrying out educational activities;
2) outside organizations carrying out educational activities (in the form of family education and self-education).
Family education is a form of education in the Russian Federation that involves studying a general education program outside of school with annual certification. Upon completion of training, the student receives a matriculation certificate.
Most often, family education is provided to athletes, children engaged mainly in music and art schools, children of diplomats, actors, and children with disabilities. Often training takes place using remote technologies and distance learning servers.
Externship(from Latin externus - outsider) is a form of certification that involves independent study of general education programs of basic general, secondary (full) general, higher education with intermediate and state (final) certification in an educational institution that has state accreditation.
The essence of the external course is the opportunity to obtain a secondary or higher education without going to school or university every day. A two-year (or more) program can be completed in one year with a final (May - June) certification.
Homeschooling(English homeschooling) is a way of obtaining an education that involves studying general education subjects outside of school (at home, in educational centers). Every year, students must undergo mandatory certification at school.
Homeschooling is the most ancient form education, which appeared long before the first schools. For centuries, homeschooling was the only way to obtain an education. Initially, this form was available only to wealthy families who had time to educate their own children or hire a teacher. However, to homeschooling can also be attributed to the transfer of basic management skills household, and training in crafts.
Unschooling(English Unschooling - from the English school - school) - a philosophy and practice of education based on the importance of observing the interests of the child first, when the child learns without leaving the family, based on the experience of his daily, often very diverse life, asking questions, receiving or finding answers to them on your own.
Training in organizations engaged in educational activities, taking into account the needs, capabilities of the individual and depending on the volume of compulsory activities of the teacher with students, is carried out in full-time, part-time or correspondence form.
In Russia there are three main forms of education:
full-time (day);
Full-time education is a type of full-time education that involves personal contact between the teacher and the student, regular attendance at lectures, laboratory and practical classes, passing the current and final certification. The educational process is the main type of student’s employment. Full-time students receive a deferment from military service.
part-time (evening);
Evening education (full-time, part-time, shift) is a type of education in which the student combines study with work, that is, attends an educational institution in shifts, at the most convenient time, free from work. In this case, a free (sliding) class schedule is possible - for example, if a student works in the evening shift, then he attends the educational institution in the morning.
A student can receive secondary, specialized secondary or higher education. Often used to obtain additional higher education.
Correspondence learning is a form of study that combines the features of self-study and full-time study. Characterized by phasicity. In the first phase, the knowledge base, educational literature is obtained and studied (introduction session), in the second phase, the learned material is checked (test and examination session). Moreover, these phases noticeably lag behind each other in time (usually from several months to a year).
The new education law introduced new forms of educational organization:
network training. The network form of implementation of educational programs is the implementation of an educational program using the resources of several organizations engaged in educational activities, including foreign ones, as well as, if necessary, using the resources of other organizations; (Article 15 of the Federal Law “On Education in the Russian Federation”)
electronic and distance learning.
E-learning is an e-learning system, training using information and electronic technologies.
Distance learning (DL) is the interaction of a teacher and students with each other at a distance, reflecting all the components inherent in the educational process (goals, content, methods, organizational forms, teaching aids) and implemented by specific means of Internet technologies or other means that provide interactivity.
Distance learning is an independent form of learning, information Technology in distance learning are the leading means.
Education in the form of family education and self-education is carried out with the right to subsequently pass, in accordance with Part 3 of Article 34 of this Federal Law, intermediate and state final certification in organizations engaged in educational activities.
A combination of various forms of education and forms of training is allowed.
Forms of education and forms of training in the main educational program for each level of education, profession, specialty and area of training are determined by the relevant federal state educational standards, educational standards, unless otherwise established by this Federal Law. Forms of training for additional educational programs and basic vocational training programs are determined by the organization carrying out educational activities independently, unless otherwise established by the legislation of the Russian Federation.
LIST OF REFERENCES USED
Federal Law “On Education in the Russian Federation”
Theory and practice distance learning[Text]: Textbook. aid for students higher ped. textbook institutions / E. S. Polat, M. Yu. Bukharkina, M. V. Moiseeva; Ed. E. S. Polat // M.: Publishing Center "Academy", 2004. - 416 pp. - p. 17
Polat, E. S. Educational technologies distance learning / E. S. Polat, M. V. Moiseeva, A. E. Petrov; edited by E. S. Polat. - M.: Academy, 2006.
http://freeedu.ru/modx/unschooling-anskuling
http://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/ESBE/Externs
1. In the Russian Federation, education can be obtained:
2) outside organizations carrying out educational activities (in the form of family education and self-education).
2. Training in organizations engaged in educational activities, taking into account the needs, capabilities of the individual and depending on the volume of compulsory activities of the teaching staff with students, is carried out in full-time, part-time or correspondence form.
3. Education in the form of family education and self-education is carried out with the right to subsequent passage in accordance with intermediate and state final certification in organizations carrying out educational activities.
4. A combination of various forms of education and forms of training is allowed.
5. Forms of education and forms of training in the basic educational program for each level of education, profession, specialty and area of training are determined by the relevant federal state educational standards, educational standards, unless otherwise established by this Federal Law. Forms of training for additional educational programs and basic vocational training programs are determined by the organization carrying out educational activities independently, unless otherwise established by the legislation of the Russian Federation.
Commentary to Art. 17 of the Law “On Education in the Russian Federation”
The commented article names the forms of education and forms of training. It should be said that partly the provisions of the commented article 17 of the Law on Education of Russia are not new, since Law No. 3266-1 enshrined in its provisions an independent article. 10, referred to as “Forms of education”. Meanwhile, the previous legislation did not contain separate provisions on forms of education.
The commented article introduces forms of education and forms of training.
There are two forms of education:
1) in organizations carrying out educational activities;
2) outside organizations carrying out educational activities.
Forms of training are divided according to the form of education:
in organizations engaged in educational activities - full-time, part-time or part-time;
outside organizations carrying out educational activities - in the form of family education and self-education.
At system analysis provisions of the Law, however, one can also highlight homeschooling, as a form of training in educational programs of primary general, basic general and secondary general education ().
Training outside organizations engaged in educational activities is possible in scientific organizations, in other legal entities, where a unit is created that carries out educational activities in production, in organizations for orphans and children without parental care, organizations providing treatment, rehabilitation and (or) recreation, social service organizations (,). If we're talking about about the child’s stay in organizations for orphans and children left without parental care, in organizations providing treatment, rehabilitation and (or) recreation, or organizations providing social services, then his receipt of primary general, basic general, secondary general education in the specified organizations is ensured if the receipt of education cannot be organized in general education organizations.
For additional professional programs Such a form of training as internship is allowed, as well as one-time and continuously or in stages (discretely) ().
In Law N 3266-1, external studies were also a form of education. With the adoption of Law N 279-FZ, it ceased to be a form of education and was transformed into an institution that provides state final certification in accredited educational organizations for those studying in the form of family education or self-education, or in non-accredited educational organizations.
Home-based education still exists - for students in need of long-term treatment, disabled children who, for health reasons, cannot attend educational organizations. It is reflected in the Law, whereas previously, before its adoption, it existed only at the level of by-law regulation. The corresponding by-laws and letters of instruction have retained their significance today: Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated July 18, 1996 N 861 (as amended on September 4, 2012) “On approval of the Procedure for raising and educating disabled children at home and in non-state educational institutions", letter of the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation dated February 28, 2003 N 27/2643-6, letter of the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation dated March 30, 2001 N 29/1470-6, letter of the Ministry of Education of the RSFSR dated November 14, 1988 N 17-253-6 " About individual training sick children at home."
These acts relate to the functioning of home-schooling schools.
Training in organizations engaged in educational activities is still carried out in full-time, part-time or part-time form. The choice of form of education is provided by the federal state educational standard By specific specialty and the direction of training and is determined by the possibility of obtaining education in such a specialty in full-time or part-time form.
Until the new ones are adopted, Resolution of the Government of the Russian Federation of April 22, 1997 N 463 “On approval of the List of specialties, the acquisition of which in full-time and part-time (evening), correspondence and in the form of external studies in educational institutions of secondary vocational education not allowed" and the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated November 22, 1997 N 1473 "On approval of the List of areas of training of specialists and specialties for which obtaining higher professional education in correspondence or in the form of external studies is not allowed."
The educational organization implements the educational program in the permitted form, and the choice of the form of education is made by the student (his parents). The form of general education and the form of training for a specific basic general education program are determined by the parents (legal representatives) of the minor student. When parents (legal representatives) of a minor student choose a form of general education and a form of training, the child’s opinion is taken into account.
Since local government bodies of municipal districts and city districts keep records of children who have the right to receive general education at each level and live in the territories of the corresponding municipalities, these bodies must also keep records of the forms of education determined by the parents (legal representatives) of the children. When parents (legal representatives) of children choose a form of receiving general education in the form of family education, parents (legal representatives) inform the local government body of the municipal district or city district in whose territories they live about this choice.
The procedure for formalizing relations between a state or municipal educational organization and students and (or) their parents (legal representatives) in terms of organizing training in educational programs of primary general, basic general and secondary general education at home or in medical organizations is established by regulations legal act authorized body state power subject of the Russian Federation.
The result of training in the form of self-education or family education is the final certification as an external student in an accredited organization carrying out educational activities.
The law establishes that such certification is free of charge school programs, since the state, in accordance with Article 43 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, guarantees free and generally accessible basic general education. In the form of self-education it is possible vocational training. It is possible for a child to receive preschool, primary general, basic general, and secondary general education in a family.
In addition to the right to final certification in an organization carrying out educational activities, students in the form of self-education and family education have the right to undergo intermediate certification.
However, in accordance with the intermediate certification, it is mandatory for students in the form of family education. If the intermediate control is not passed, the student acquires academic debt, which must be eliminated. In turn, educational organizations, parents (legal representatives) of a minor student, ensuring that the student receives a general education, are obliged to create conditions for him to eliminate academic debt and monitor the timeliness of its liquidation.
Students in educational programs of primary general, basic general and secondary general education in the form of family education, who have not eliminated academic debt within the established time frame, continue to receive education in an educational organization.
The procedure for passing certification by these students is established by the organization carrying out educational activities. On the issue of final certification, until the adoption of a new act, the order of the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation of June 23, 2000 N 1884 (as amended on April 17, 2001) “On approval of the Regulations on obtaining general education in the form of external studies” is in force, which determines that the state ( final) certification of external students is carried out in accordance with the regulations on the state (final) certification of graduates of grades IX and XI (XII) educational institutions Russian Federation. At the moment, instead of the above, the Regulations on the forms and procedure for conducting state (final) certification of students who have mastered the basic general education programs of secondary (complete) general education, approved by order of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation dated November 28, 2008 N 362, are already in force.
Externs enjoy the same rights as persons undergoing final certification as a result of training in an organization carrying out educational activities. This means, among other things, providing conditions for learning that take into account the characteristics of psychophysical development and health status, including receiving socio-pedagogical and psychological assistance, free psychological, medical and pedagogical correction; use in the manner established by local regulations, medical and health infrastructure, cultural facilities and sports facilities of the educational organization.
If the student receives preschool education in the form of family education, then the parents (legal representatives) of such students have the right to receive methodological, psychological-pedagogical, diagnostic and advisory assistance without charging a fee, including in pre-school educational organizations and general education organizations, if appropriate consultation centers have been created in them . Ensuring the provision of such types of assistance is carried out by state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.
In accordance with the order of the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation dated June 23, 2000 N 1884 (as amended on April 17, 2001) “On approval of the Regulations on obtaining general education in the form of external studies,” external students have the right:
receive the necessary consultations (within 2 teaching hours before each exam);
take educational literature from the library collection of a general education institution;
attend laboratory and practical classes;
take part in various Olympiads and competitions, centralized testing.
The law provides for the possibility of combining various forms of education and training. The combination may be due to the educational program in which the person is studying, or a transition from one form of education or training to another, for example, if the student fails to pass certification and thereby develops academic debt.
Forms of education and forms of training at certain levels of education are determined by Law. Thus, the Law on Education provides that general education can be obtained in organizations carrying out educational activities, as well as outside organizations carrying out educational activities, in the form of family education. And secondary general education can be obtained in the form of self-education. This allocation of secondary education is explained by the age of students, which already allows them to study independently, without parental “interference.” Until this moment, education outside an educational organization is carried out with parental “participation” (family education). Receipt school education it is also possible at home (see commentary to paragraph 1 of this article), in an organization for orphans and children left without parental care, an organization providing treatment, rehabilitation and (or) recreation, an organization providing social services.
In addition, the forms of education and training are determined for each level of education, profession, specialty and area of training by the federal state educational standard, educational standard. At the same time, the guideline until the adoption of new ones is the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of April 22, 1997 N 463 “On approval of the List of specialties, the acquisition of which in full-time and part-time (evening), part-time and in the form of external studies in educational institutions of secondary vocational education is not allowed” and Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of November 22, 1997 N 1473 “On approval of the List of areas of training of specialists and specialties for which obtaining higher professional education in correspondence or in the form of external studies is not allowed.”
The forms of training for additional educational programs and basic vocational training programs are determined independently by the organization carrying out educational activities. specifies this provision, indicating that vocational training is carried out in organizations engaged in educational activities, including training centers professional qualifications and in production, as well as in the form of self-education. For additional professional programs, such a form of training as internship is allowed, as well as one-time and continuously or in stages (discretely).
