Games testing ground with cars. Legacy of the USSR: an abandoned biological weapons testing site

Scientists made their conclusions based on several parameters. For example, in the reports of Dr. medical sciences and rector of Orenburg medical academy V. M. Boev says that scientists found an absolutely unexpected amount of plutonium in the soil for the Orenburg steppes. Silt deposits in reservoirs were also studied, in which, even after forty years, the level of radionuclide contamination was seven or even ten times higher than normal.

In 1997, Prime Minister Chernomyrdin New Year suddenly made a gift to Orenburg and the region: he signed the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation “On the socio-economic development of the Orenburg region”, which, in addition to the economic agenda, also included a clause on “medical and social rehabilitation of the population of the Orenburg region after the Totsk nuclear explosion.” According to this paper, the region was supposed to receive funds for the opening of cancer centers in several districts of the region at once. But this joy was short-lived: in 1998, a default occurred, the government cut costs, and saved, among other things, on the resolution on the Orenburg region.

All this time Astafiev tried to restore justice on his own and showed his recent years incredible tenacity. At the very beginning of his struggle to obtain the status of a victim, Astafiev was faced not only with a reluctance to answer his questions, but also with a completely unexpected problem: he had to prove that he was really from Totsky. It turned out that during the census the residents of the village of Astafiev were recorded as Valery Fedorovich, and not Valery Frolovich. But he defended his middle name.

Then it was more difficult. Valery Frolovich, seeking compensation for damage to health, made the story public and turned to everyone he could for help. For example, about six months ago I tried to contact the Commissioner for Human Rights Tatyana Moskalkova, but did not achieve any results. “I wonder how it works? She went to see that guy, Dadin, in the colony, but she doesn’t want to go to us in Totskoye, how is that possible?” - Astafiev lamented.

He also tried to contact politician Valentina Matvienko, journalist Sergei Brilev, Patriarch Kirill and the leader of the party “ Just Russia» Sergei Mironov. In all press centers, Astafiev received polite requests to wait until the situation was sorted out. Almost everywhere they nodded their heads sadly, sympathized and... never got in touch again.

Valery Frolovich Astafiev, witness to the Totsk nuclear explosion

“But I can’t give it up, maybe this is the most important thing for me now. I am very clearly aware that my life is divided into before and after the explosion. Before the explosion we were people, after the explosion we were guinea pigs,” explains Valery Frolovich. Listing those to whom he unsuccessfully turned for help, he becomes noticeably sadder.

“But you know, I don’t lose heart! He published a book of poetry, about Totskoye, of course. I only had a few of them, but I gave them all away...”

There is a river called Samara near Totsky,
It flows quietly and smoothly,
And behind it is a testing ground,
Every summer it shakes there.

The tanks will iron this land there,
Planes are bombing it from above,
Multivocal volleys of guns
The population is not allowed to sleep.

This training ground is filled with death,
Many young boys died
They bring them here for the summer
Learn to fight the enemy.

But one day we caught up with a lot of them:
Somewhere around forty-five thousand.
But they weren’t allowed to think there for long,
What we will all have to experience...

Thank you for reading to the end!

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It turns out there are many places on our planet where it is difficult to suspect a military base. We have already talked about the most famous nuclear test sites, and today in front of you are 10 classified facilities where nuclear tests were carried out (and maybe are still being carried out?).

Totsky training ground, Russia. Despite vast expanses our homeland, it is surprising that one of the nuclear weapons testing sites is located in a relatively densely populated area - north of the village of Totskoye, Orenburg region. The training ground became notorious because of the exercises held on September 14, 1954 under the innocent name “Snowball”. It is believed that the exercises were carried out under the leadership of Marshal Zhukov and consisted of testing the possibility of breaking through enemy defenses using nuclear weapons. Tu-4 dropped a nuclear bomb, which exploded in the air, and approximately 3 hours after the explosion, it was sent to the contaminated territory military equipment. About 45 thousand military personnel took part in the exercises. Both military personnel and civilians were directly exposed to radiation. The materials from Operation Snowball are still classified.

Kootini-Paiyamu National Park (Iron Range), Australia, is described today as 346 sq. km. untouched tropical forest, but in addition to the generous beauties of nature, the jungle thickets keep terrible secrets times cold war. It is known that during the Second World War, part of the Iron Range territory was used as a military air base. And in the 60s, the military forces of Great Britain, the USA and Australia may have detonated a nuclear bomb there to understand how they would react rain-forest to such an impact. The UK Ministry of Defense claims it was a conventional air-detonated bomb, simulating a nuclear explosion, but this is contradicted by some Australian documents. In addition, according to Marie Strain, her father Brian Stanislaw Hussey, after participating in these tests in the Kootini-Payamu National Park, was first awarded the Order British Empire, and three years later, at the age of 45, he died from multiple malignant tumors.

Semipalatinsk Test Site, Kazakhstan- the first and one of the largest nuclear test sites in the USSR. Over the 40 years of the test site’s existence, 456 tests were carried out in this zone, including tests of atomic and hydrogen bombs, ground, air and underground nuclear bombs of various powers. The most modern nuclear weapons were stored at the test site. In 1991, the test site was closed, but secret operations continued to be carried out - however, not to test nuclear weapons, but to bury plutonium.

Eniwetok, an atoll in the Republic of the Marshall Islands. A coral island in the Pacific Ocean in the shape of a ring surrounding a lagoon - this sounds too romantic in the context of nuclear weapons testing. But the phrase “a trash can with nuclear waste from the Pacific Ocean” is no longer so attractive. Alas, the once paradise Enewetak Atoll earned this nickname thanks to the multiple nuclear tests that the US Army conducted there in 1948-1958. In the 1970s American government began disinfecting the territory, and residents who were forcibly evicted from the island began to return. In 1980, the US authorities declared the atoll safe for habitation. Such exploitation of foreign territory cost the United States $340 million (this is the amount of compensation for losses, inconvenience and ill health paid to the residents of Enewetak), plus $6 million annually for various health programs in the Marshall Islands.

Alamogordo Test Site, New Mexico, USA. The world's first nuclear weapons test took place here; the operation was named “Trinity” (appreciate the cynicism in the name, which is translated from English as “trinity”). For testing, 8 different test sites located in sparsely populated areas of the United States were considered. Interestingly, one of the conditions was the absence of Indians in this area (due to the complex relationship between the leadership of the Manhattan Project and the Bureau of Indian Affairs). A plutonium bomb called "Gadget", whose explosion yield was approximately 21 kilotons of TNT, was tested on July 16, 1945.

Christmas Island, or Kiritimati- another atoll in the Pacific Ocean that suffered from the arms race: in 1956-1958, Great Britain tested nuclear weapons here, and in the 1960s it was used as a testing ground for similar tests by the US military. The British detonated the first nuclear bomb on Christmas Island in 1957, continuing a series of atmospheric nuclear explosions throughout 1958. And in 1962, the United States carried out 22 detonations. Neither country nor the other bothered to evacuate the local population. Some sources report that even the military personnel involved in the tests were not sufficiently protected (or were not protected at all). Impact on environment It was devastating: after the explosions, dead fish rose to the surface of the water, and thousands of birds were blinded by the flash. The long-term effects of nuclear testing and the environmental impact have not yet been studied.

Lake Lop Nor, China. The bottom of a dry, once large salt lake in China became the site of a nuclear test site in 1964, after the first tests, code-named "596". There was an explosion at the Lop Nor test site in 1967 hydrogen bomb, dropped from an airplane. In total, by 1996, Chinese military forces had conducted 45 nuclear tests at the test site, which were stopped due to China signing the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty.

Pungeri, North Korea - the largest nuclear weapons testing site in the DPRK. It is located near the extinct Paektusan volcano, 65 km from the shores of the Sea of ​​Japan, 55 km from the border with China and 189 km from the border with Russia. Given how closed North Korea is to foreigners, most information about the site's activities comes from satellite photographs and vibration measurements earth's crust. Thus, in 2006, South Korean experts recorded fluctuations of 3.9 points, which increased after that - it was then that the first nuclear explosion was carried out at the test site. In 2009, during the second test explosion, the fluctuations reached 4.4 points, and in 2013 - 5.0 points, indicating the explosion of a warhead with a yield of 6-7 kilotons.

Area 51, located in the south of Nevada, 133 km from Las Vegas. Due to the secrecy surrounding the military base (its very existence was recently acknowledged by the US government and with obvious displeasure), Area 51 is shrouded in various myths related to conspiracy theories and extraterrestrial civilizations. But in addition to developing experimental aircraft, nuclear tests were also carried out here. As part of the so-called “Project 57”, a nuclear attack was simulated. Built underground the whole city, with sidewalks and buildings, inhabited by animals that were brought there specifically for the experiment. The plutonium bomb was detonated in 1957. The facility was closed in 1973, but it is still unknown what other monstrous tests were carried out there during this time.

Iran. Despite signing the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty, Iran is suspected of harboring nuclear weapons, and the alleged test site has been codenamed Qods Force.

Almost 45 years on a godforsaken island in the middle Aral Sea there was a Soviet testing center biological weapons. Residential town with school, shops, post office, canteen, scientific laboratories and, of course, a testing ground where large-scale testing of deadly biological agents took place, including anthrax, plague, tularemia, brucellosis, and typhus.

In the early 1990s, after the collapse of the USSR, the military abandoned both the city and the training ground in the Aral sands.

1. Back in the late 1920s, the command of the Workers 'and Peasants' Red Army was preoccupied with choosing a place to deploy scientific center for the development of biological weapons and a testing ground for them. The task is to distribute proletarian revolution for the whole world was still on the agenda, and shells with deadly strains inside could speed up the construction of a state of workers and peasants on a planetary scale. For this good purpose, it was necessary to select a relatively large island with a distance from the coast of at least 5-10 kilometers. They even looked for a suitable candidate on Lake Baikal, but in the end they decided to settle on three sites: the Solovetsky Islands in the White Sea and the single islands of Gorodomlya on Lake Seliger and Vozrozhdeniya in the Aral Sea.

2. The main pre-war center for the study of this important issue was the Gorodomlya island located in the Tver region, which was located in relative proximity to the capital of the USSR. In 1936-1941, it was here that the 3rd Division, transferred from the Suzdal monasteries and subordinate to the Military Chemical Administration of the Red Army, was located testing laboratory, the main Soviet center for the development of biological weapons. However, the Great Patriotic War convincingly showed that such institutions should henceforth be created much further from the borders of the USSR with potential opponents.

3. Vozrozhdeniya Island was ideal for this task. This deserted piece of land in the Aral Sea, an endorheic salt lake on the border of Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan, was discovered in 1848. For some unimaginable reason, the lifeless archipelago, where there was no fresh water, was called the Royal Islands, and its constituent parts were called the islands of Nicholas, Constantine and Heir. It was Nikolai, optimistically (and perhaps ironically) renamed Renaissance Island, that after the war became a top-secret Soviet base-testing ground for deadly diseases put in the service of the homeland.

4. This island, with an area of ​​about 200 square kilometers, at first glance met all safety requirements: practically uninhabited surroundings, flat terrain, hot climate, unsuitable for the survival of pathogenic organisms.

5. In the summer of 1936, the first expedition of military biologists, led by Professor Ivan Velikanov, the father of the Soviet bacteriological program, landed here. The island was taken away from the NKVD, exiled kulaks were evicted from here and next year conducted tests of some bioagents created on the basis of tularemia, plague and cholera. The work was complicated by the repressions to which the leadership of the Military Chemical Directorate of the Red Army was subjected (Velikanov, for example, was shot in 1938), and was suspended during the Great Patriotic War to resume again with even greater zeal after its completion.

6. In the northern part of the island, the military town of Kantubek was built, officially called Aralsk-7. In general, it was similar to hundreds of its other analogues that arose in the vast Soviet Union: one and a half dozen residential buildings officers and scientific personnel, a club, a canteen, a stadium, shops, barracks and a parade ground, and its own power plant. This is what Aralsk-7 looked like in a photograph taken by an American spy satellite in the late 1960s.

7. Near the village, a unique airfield “Barkhan” was built, the only one in the Soviet Union that had four runways, reminiscent of a wind rose in its location. It's always blowing on the island strong wind, sometimes changing its direction. Depending on the current weather, planes landed on one runway or another.

8. B total There were up to one and a half thousand military personnel and their families here. It was, in essence, an ordinary garrison life, the only features of which were the special secrecy of the facility and a not very comfortable climate. Children went to school, their parents went to work, watched movies in the evenings at the officers' house, and on weekends they had picnics on the shores of the Aral Sea, which until the mid-1980s still really looked like a sea.

10. Kantubek in his heyday. WITH nearest city to " mainland", Aralsk, sea communication was carried out. Fresh water was also delivered here by barges, which was then stored in special huge tanks on the outskirts of the village.

12. A laboratory complex was built a few kilometers from the village (PNIL-52 - 52nd field research laboratory), where, among other things, experimental animals were kept, which became the main victims of the tests carried out here. The scale of the research is illustrated by the following fact. In the 1980s, a batch of 500 monkeys was purchased especially for them in Africa through the USSR Foreign Trade. All of them eventually became victims of a strain of the tularemia microbe, after which their corpses were burned and the resulting ashes were buried on the island.

13. Southern part The island was occupied by the test site itself. It was here that shells were exploded or pathogenic strains based on anthrax, plague, tularemia, Q fever, brucellosis, glanders, other particularly dangerous infections, as well as large number artificially created biological agents. (Photo clickable)

14. The location of the test site in the south was determined by the nature of the prevailing winds on the island. The aerosol cloud formed as a result of the test is actually a weapon mass destruction, the wind blew in the opposite direction from the military camp, after which anti-epidemic measures and decontamination of the territory were mandatory. The hot climate with regular heat of forty degrees was an additional factor that ensured the safety of military biologists: most bacteria and viruses died from prolonged exposure high temperatures. All specialists who participated in the tests underwent mandatory quarantine.

15. Simultaneously with the post-war intensification of military-scientific work on Vozrozhdenie Island, the Soviet leadership made an imperceptible beginning environmental disaster, which ultimately led to the colossal degradation of the Aral Sea. The main source of nutrition for the lake-sea was the Amu Darya and Syr Darya. In total, these two largest rivers Central Asia supplied about 60 cubic kilometers of water per year to the Aral Sea. In the 1960s, the waters of these rivers began to be drained by reclamation canals - it was decided to turn the surrounding deserts into a garden and grow much-needed food there. national economy cotton. The result was not long in coming: the cotton harvest, of course, increased, but the Aral Sea began to rapidly become shallow.

16. In the early 1970s, the number river water, reaching the sea, decreased by a third; after another decade, only 15 cubic kilometers per year began to flow into the Aral Sea, and in the mid-1980s this figure completely dropped to 1 cubic kilometer. By 2001, sea level dropped by 20 meters, the volume of water decreased by 3 times, the area water surface- 2 times. The Aral was divided into two unconnected large lakes and many small ones. Subsequently, the shallowing process continued.

18. With the shallowing of the sea, the area of ​​Vozrozhdenie Island began to increase just as rapidly - and in the 1990s it grew almost 10 times. The Royal Islands first merged into one island, and in the 2000s it connected with the “mainland” and essentially turned into a peninsula.

19. The collapse of the USSR finally “buried” the test site on Vozrozhdenie Island. Weapons of mass destruction became an entity of little relevance in post-Soviet realities, and in November 1991, the Aralsk-7 military biological laboratory was closed. The population of the village was evacuated within several weeks, all infrastructure (residential and laboratory), equipment were abandoned, Kantubek turned into a ghost town.

22. The place of the military was quickly taken by looters, who in their own way appreciated the wealth of the former top-secret scientific center left by the army and scientists. Everything that was of any value and could be dismantled and transported was removed from the island. Kantubek-Aralsk-7 has become an elusive dream for lovers of abandoned cities.

24. The streets of the town of Soviet military biologists, where just over two decades ago garrison life flowed smoothly.

27. Residential buildings.

29. The children will never go to this school again.

30. Reservoir for fresh water, delivered from the “mainland”.

31. Former store Voentorg.

32. Unlike Chernobyl zone alienation, you can be here without risk to health. The biological threat is much less tenacious than radiation, although environmentalists are still sounding the alarm bell due to the burial grounds that continue to exist on the territory of the former test site with the remains of animals that died during testing.

34. However, sometimes the landscapes still resemble the surroundings of the so distant Ukrainian Pripyat.

TO category:

Autodromes

Test sites

Test sites consist of a complex of various structures necessary for comprehensive testing of a vehicle. In addition to the speed ring, it includes various sections for testing the car for cross-country ability, strength and reliability (country roads, broken cobblestones, ford, etc.), climbs of different steepness, a dynamometer track to determine the acceleration dynamics of the car and some others.

However, the main part of each training ground is its high-speed ring, where most long-term tests (for example, endurance tests). To identify individual qualities the car often needs to pass long distance for short time, which can only be done when the car is moving for a long time at a high average speed. As a rule, landfills do not have designated areas for the general public.

Unlike classic tracks, the high-speed rings of training grounds often use the existing longitudinal profile with ascents and descents, and sharper turns in plan. Thus, movement along such rings occurs with a variable regime, but with a fairly high average speed.

Test site US

NAMI test site (Dmitrov). In plan, the expressway is a closed loop 14.1 km long without intersections at the same level with other roads (Fig. 3). Four straight sections with a total length of 5324 m are connected by curves with transition curves. Two of them have the same radii - 1000 m each, the third - 1200 m, the fourth - 2000 m. All turns are profiled.

To drain water on straight sections, the road surface has a transverse slope of 1.5%. The minimum visibility on the road is 350-400 m. The expressway is characterized by the following values: the width of the roadway is 10 m, the roadbed is 15.5 m, the shoulder is 2.75 m. Interior The roadsides are asphalted, the outer ones are reinforced with gravel.

Rice. 1 Plan of the NAMI test site (see numbers in circles): 1 - dynamometer road; 2 - expressway; 3 - dirt road; 4 - cobblestone pavement; 5 - various test areas; 6 - turning loops of the dynamometer road

The total length of the transition curves reaches 2820 m. Thanks to descents and ascents not exceeding 3%, driving conditions along the high-speed ring are similar to highways.

To determine maximum speed vehicles and parameters characterizing the dynamics of their acceleration, a dynamometer road was built at the test site, which is a completely straight section 5.4 km long, running from north to south. The middle part of the dynamometer road, 4.7 km long, is horizontal. The canvas parameters are the same as expressway. The carriageway is 10 m wide and has a gable profile with a slope. A single-layer asphalt concrete pavement was laid on the roadsides at a width of 2 m.

On the north side, a circular horizontal platform with a diameter of 104.2 m is adjacent to the dynamometer road for turning cars and determining their maneuverability. It has a cement-concrete covering with a slight slope directed towards the center of the site for water drainage, from where it is removed through drainage pipes. The southern side of the dynamometer road ends in a turning loop with an outer radius of 52 m. The width of the road on this loop is 8.5 m, and the transverse slope on its curved part is 8%. The section directly adjacent to the dynamometer road has a carriageway width of 7 m. The main part of the loop is located at a higher level compared to the dynamometer road, so a straight connecting section 650 m long with a longitudinal slope of 2.5% was built.

In addition, an additional turning area with a diameter of 40 m was built in the middle part of the route.

Both ends of the track end in sandy braking sections, 100m long at the northern end and 200m long at the southern end. They provide speed reduction for vehicles that are unable to slow down within the main highway.

Ferrari testing ground

The Fiorano testing ground (Italy), built by Ferrari together with a number of other companies, is intended for testing both large touring and racing cars. In addition, it can provide training for drivers and mechanics who service Ferrari cars.

Rice. 2. Scheme of the Ferrari test track: 1 - section for braking tests; 2 - closed turns;. 3- transition curves; 4- S-turn sections; 5 - turns in a section with a vertical bend; 6 - curves with large radii of curvature; 7 - profiled turn; 8 - the beginning of a straight section

The test site is located near the Ferrari plant in Marinello (Northern Italy). His expressway made in the form of a double loop with intersection at different levels.

The main task set during the construction of this route was the desire to reproduce on it the most typical elements, characteristic of modern sports tracks.

From her total length, equal to 3000 m, 1660 are in curved sections, and 1340 are in straight sections. Thus, the length of curved sections is 1.24 times greater than the length of straight ones.

The alternation of straight sections and turns made it possible to correctly combine right and left turns. The radii of the curves are very different and range from 13.71 to 370 m. The longest straight section (about 500 m) allows you to reach speeds above 260 km/h.

Two difficult turns are closed, one of them is right and the other is left. Before entering them, intensive braking is necessary; passing them allows you to check the engine response at sudden change driving mode. 4 consecutive turns, similar in outline, are used to check the action centrifugal force on the operation of the fuel supply system and vehicle maneuverability in the areas immediately preceding right and left turns.

The 6.5% climb before the bank and the straight section between Turn 5 form a vertical break in the track, followed by a camber and then a second vertical break. This longitudinal profile makes it possible to determine the stability of the vehicle when subjected to vertical centrifugal force. One of the curves is used to test the car's braking. The width of the route is 8.4 m, the road surface has a transverse slope of 2.5% for water drainage, as well as profiled shoulders.

Guardrail type fencing (see p. 77) is used only in areas with a significant slope and on the approach to the tunnel when crossing branches of the route. Elastic fencing such as nylon nets with posts made of polymer materials installed in areas exiting steep turns.

Electronic equipment with photoelectric cameras allows you to indicate on the scoreboard the time a car has passed the entire route and its individual sections, carry out timing in braking zones, and count the time during other tests. For this purpose, there are 45 points along the route that record, using photoelectric means, the moments of cars passing by them.

There is also television equipment with eight television cameras installed in such a way that they allow you to monitor the movement of the car on the entire route on the TV screen and observe the actions of the driver and the car.

The layout of the Fiorano proving ground is an example of the economical use of space combined with the rational configuration of the track, which allows for the creation of conditions typical for complex sports car circuits.

BMW test site

BMW has built a test site in France, 20 km from Monaco, with an area of ​​670 thousand m2. Its complex includes several test roads total length about 20 km.

Rice. 3. Scheme of the BMW test site: 1-speed track; 2 - office premises; 3 - circular platform; 4 - test track; 5 - winding route; 6 - laboratory

The high-speed track (Fig. 3) with a length of 7 km is an elongated loop with two straight lines of length 2.5 and 3 km, closed by two curves with a radius of 110 and 138 m. Near the track there is a closed, very winding track 5, which has 30 sharp turns for type testing slalom.

Inside the western curve of the speed track, there is a circular platform 3 with a diameter of 156 m with an installation for creating artificial rain to test the stability of cars on slippery surfaces.

The expressway's outline allows for high speeds. However, based on test purposes, sections with different surfaces, ascents, and descents that require intense braking were introduced. On certain sections of the route you can check the stability of the car under the influence of crosswinds and aquaplaning.

The BMW test site allows for a wide range of testing work and experiments to determine the stability and reliability of the car.

Rice. 4. Michelin test site diagram

The test site (Fig. 4) is intended for road testing of automobile tires in a wide variety of conditions, including modes corresponding to sports testing. It is similar to automotive testing areas and additionally has some special areas, for example, for skidding tests.

The main structure of the test site is a high-speed ring 7800 m long and 8 to 11.5 m wide. A straight section 1420 m long is connected at both ends by clothoid curves. Thanks to this, throughout the straight section it is possible to maintain a high average speed, which, according to calculated data, reaches 300 km/h.

On the straight section of the high-speed ring 1, vehicles with tires are tested various types on stability, braking with high speed, determine the acceleration dynamics.

Route 2 is 2770 m long and 8 m wide, with curve radii from 60 to 240 m. Various road surfaces are used on it.

Route 3, 2400 m long, and the surrounding areas do not have any obstacles and do not pose a danger if a car leaves the track. At the ends of a straight section 500 m long there are two S-shaped turns with a radius of 40 m each, connected to the straight line by clothoid curves. Both turns are adapted for watering. In the inner part of the main ring of this route there is a branch with sharp turns, some of them are made with a reverse slope of the transverse profile.

Test track 4 consists of five sections:
— the first in the form of a flat quadrangle is intended for conducting hydroplaning tests when driving on various road surfaces with an adjustable water level;
— the second is equipped with turns to check the same phenomenon, but when the car is moving in a circle;
— the third is a flat circle with a diameter of 120 m, made of a concrete slab. The absence of noticeable seams makes it possible to test wheel grip on the road, and the irrigation system allows you to quickly moisten the coating;
— the fourth is straight, 700 m long with a special coating, allows you to measure the rolling resistance of wheels with different tires;
— the fifth section is intended for braking testing at high speeds movements.

Route 7 consists of an 800 m long section, which has a slight slope at both ends and ends on one side with a flat area and on the other with a ring with sections of different surfaces. Both of these end areas are watered equally. They can be used to test lateral grip and lateral stability of the vehicle. The complex of sections makes it possible to test the vehicle's stability with adhesion coefficients from 0.15 to 1. The lowest adhesion is created by a wet basalt coating; in a dry state it has increased adhesion.