§1. The concept of collective numerals

In this lesson we will get acquainted with one of the categories of cardinal numerals - collective numerals, their meaning and features of combination with nouns.

Before us are three famous literary works: Russian folk tale“The Wolf and the Seven Little Goats”, Hans Christian Andersen’s fairy tale “Five from a Pod” and Jerome’s story “Three in a Boat, Not Counting a Dog”.

Their names contain numerals that denote several objects as one whole. Seven, five and three are collective numerals. This group includes the following numerals: two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, as well as both and both.

Collective numerals are numerals that denote the number of objects as one whole.

These numerals are characterized by the suffix -er- (six, seven) and the suffix -oi- (in the words two[j]+e, three[j]+e).

§2. Features of combining collective numerals with nouns

Collective numbers are combined:

1. with masculine and general nouns naming persons: three friends, two orphans;

2. with nouns children, guys, people, persons (meaning “people”): five friends, three children;

3. with the names of baby animals: four bear cubs, seven kids;

4. with nouns that have only a form plural or denoting paired objects: four days, two scissors.

In modern Russian, the numerals eight, nine and ten are extremely rare.

It should be remembered that collective numerals, except for the word both, are used only with nouns masculine. Gross violation literary norm are combinations like “three friends” or “four students”. It’s correct to say: three friends, four students.

IN indirect cases It is preferable to use cardinal numbers. For example, the form T.p. will sound - with three children, not with three children. In R.p. It would be more correct to say there are no four scissors, not four.

§3. Features of collective numerals

Collective numbers vary by case. Only the words both and both have the category of gender. The numeral oba is used with nouns in the formal form. and s.r. (both friends, both villages), and the numeral both - with nouns zh.r. (both friends).

It should be remembered that when declension of numerals both and both vowels in words are different.

As can be seen from the examples, the collective numerals oba (both) in the masculine and neuter genders in the oblique cases have the basis obo-, and in the feminine gender - oba-.

At parsing the combination of a collective numeral with a noun is one member of a sentence.

For example: Three brothers were enrolled in the sports section.

They enrolled (who?) three brothers. This phrase answers R.p.’s question; in the sentence it is an addition.

So, collective numerals are numerals that denote several objects as one whole. They are combined with nouns m.r. and the general gender, with the words children, guys, people and others, with the names of baby animals and with nouns that have only a plural form or denote paired objects. Both numerals, both have different vowels at the base when inflected.

Examples of which are constantly found in everyday speech, are practically not used in business documents. And this concept itself is conditional. After all, in fact, the collective numeral is a kind of quantitative number. But there are differences between these categories.

What do collective numbers mean?

Each part of speech plays its specific role in a sentence. However, collective ones mean almost the same thing. But there is a significant difference in their use. Collective numerals indicate a person, which determines their substantivization. For example: “Who are these three guys? Surely these three young people Many people found out, because they were the ones who starred in the famous TV series!” From the context it is clear that we are talking about guys in numbers three people. Thus, the answer to the question of what a collective numeral is is as follows: it is a part of speech that indicates the number of persons in a particular collection of people. But it is impossible to use them in relation to animals.

Collective numbers

Examples of phrases such as “two workers,” “five kids,” or “both boys” indicate more than just the number or order of listing. First of all, these expressions reflect a group of certain individuals. An interesting fact is that in the modern Russian language a numeral (collective) is a closed, non-productive, vestigial group of words. This phrase should be understood as follows: language is constantly transforming and developing. However, this branch of it remains unchanged, maintaining its traditional historical appearance.

Groups of collective numerals

1. The numeral stands out as a special point both (both). It will be discussed separately.
2. According to the methods of formation, the words “two” and “three” are distinguished. Their roots are their corresponding cardinal numbers two And three. They are formed with the participation of the suffix -oh.
3. A broader group consists of collective numerals four, five and so on, until ten. They are formed using the suffix -er- and endings -o.

Vernacular in the group of collective numerals

The use of such formations from larger numbers should be considered common parlance, although it would be an imprudent act to completely dismiss their existence. Sometimes you can even find fiction such collective numbers. There are examples of such statements in Lavrenev’s story “The Forty-First,” when main character- a girl from the people - reads poetry of her own composition. The line “Twenty went to the steppe” is bright and picturesque - it shows that in common parlance collective numerals are used not only those formed from the numbers of the first ten, but also from larger ones. They are produced in the same way, that is, using the suffix - er- and endings - O.

Changing collective numerals by gender, number and case

Words change in a sentence to make connections. Just like cardinal numbers, collective numbers have no number and gender. An exception in this sense is the word “both”, since it can have the form feminine- "both". But all collective numerals change by case. Examples:

1. Oh, it's a great miracle when two lovers They give affection to each other, create a family, give birth and raise children!
2. The love triangle is so called precisely because the relationship binds three loving people , not two.
3. To seven guys I never had to return to my parents - they were blown up by a mine in the first battle. (Dative).

Declension of the words "two" and "three"

Collective numerals with nouns - for example, “two boys” and “three guys” - change by case in the same way as full adjectives in the soft version, standing in For example:

Despite the fact that two boys(R. p.) there was only one toy, quarrels never arose between them. This two kids(D.p.) was so comfortable with each other that a feeling of white envy of their friendship arose in the soul by itself. Seeing these two guys(V.p.), selflessly playing with the same toy, adults sometimes thought about whether we were living correctly in our adult world? The old women admired with tenderness two kids(T.p.), who practically never separated for a minute. And the local gossips were gossiping about these two boys(P.p.), inventing incredible stories their origin.

Declension of words “four”, “five” and so on

All other quantitative-collective numerals must be changed by case according to the principle of full plural adjectives. Only this process takes place hard version. It should also be remembered that the stress in these collective numerals in indirect cases always falls on the ending. Let’s inflect the expression “four singers”:

I. p. - four singers.

R. p. - four singers.

D. p. - to four singers.

V. p. - four singers.

etc. - four singers.

P. p. - four singers.

Collective numeral both (both)

This word stands out especially since it means not only two people, but also a couple inanimate objects. The rest of the collective numerals can denote a group of persons only, that is, people, or inanimate beings having human form, for example, the dead. You should also know that a collective numeral such as “both” can be combined with feminine nouns in the form “both”. These words are declined in the same way as the collective numerals “two”, “three”, that is, similar full adjective soft plural: both, both(I. p.), both, both(R.p.), both, both(D.p.), both, both(V.p.), both, both(T.p.) both, both(P.p.).

Speech errors associated with the use of the word “both”

1. Most often in conversation there is a substitution of the word “both” with the noun “wallpaper”. Here the similarity of the letters included in them plays a cruel joke. As an example, consider the grandmother’s message that both grandchildren have returned home: “Wallpaper is at home, come quickly!” Her daughter could well interpret this statement as the fact that someone bought the trellises for renovation and placed them in the room.
2. Often people use the form “both” in combination with nouns denoting feminine persons or objects, instead of the collective numeral “both”. For example, it would be incorrect to say: “She had bracelets on her both hands, and all the fingers are studded with rings and rings.” Instead, you should say and write like this: “She had bracelets on both hands, and all the fingers are studded with rings and rings.”

Use

Collective numbers are used less often than cardinal numbers. This happens because they can be combined with a narrower range of nouns.

Errors when using collective numerals

1. The most commonly noticed nuance of incorrect use of this group of words is their combination with nouns denoting female persons, for example: “four pilgrims”, “five nuns”, “three students”. Instead, you should use cardinal numbers, such as: “four pilgrims”, “five nuns”, “three students”.
2. It is absolutely unacceptable to use collective numerals with Not animate nouns having a singular number, for example: “two tools”, “three tables”. Here, as in the subparagraph above, you need to use combinations “two instruments”, “three tables”.
3. You cannot combine collective numerals with animate nouns that denote animals rather than persons, for example: "three bears" instead of "three bears", "four bulls" instead of "four bulls».

Variant forms of using nouns with cardinal and collective numerals

The Russian language differs from all others in that there are always variants that can replace one expression with another equivalent one. It is often possible to use phrases both as nouns with collective numerals and with cardinal numerals. Such replacements are possible in the following cases.

1. When talking about males, variability is allowed: "four spies" And "four spies", "two detectives" And "two detectives".
2. In phrases of nouns denoting single objects, but in singular not used, and collective numerals (except for “two”, “three” and “four”) it is also possible to use quantitative ones. For example: “five gates” - “five gates”, “seven pitchforks” - “seven pitchforks”.

But in conclusion it should be repeated: collective numerals are more appropriate in common parlance, in colloquial speech. If the author sets himself the goal of writing a beautiful text literary language, such phrases should be avoided. But in work of art(when designing dialogues) they will help add color to the images of the heroes and convey the spirit of the era. It is strictly forbidden to use collective numbers in documents and official speech.

Note. About type connections need to, necessary bread (Them necessary profits. L. Tolstoy; [Nile:] Fields was? [Tatiana:] You her need to? Gorky), as well as type hurt hand cm. § .

In the forms gen., dat., tv. and cont. cases, nouns agree with the cardinal numeral in the case: two sisters, two sisters, three brothers, on seven winds, with hundred fifty nine soldiers(cm. § ).

A complex numeral controls how separate word: fourty five - days, eight hundred fifty - soldier. Similar relationships in cases five minutes on the go, three hours ride, fourty minutes flying.

With numerals two, three, four and all collective ones, including both (both) in the form of wines. n., animated the noun agrees with the numeral ( I see two girls, both brothers). With numerals How many, some, so many, many, A little in the form of wines. n. animate noun or governed by a numeral ( I see some Human, called many guests) or consistent with it ( several Human, many guests).

A cardinal number can simultaneously control two genders. cases, while the first of the controlled forms, naming the unit of calculation, turns out to be informatively redundant (redundant): it acquires a demonstrative (pronominal) function: ten things cartridges, five Human soldier, thirty Human guests (All Human thirty guests. Dost.), Human two hundred people(Bulg.), Human twenty partisans(Fad.). Characteristic is the individual case of purely pronominal use of the word Human: cured five Human pigeons(Lidich).

The adjacency of an adverb to a cardinal number occurs in such cases as twice two, three times three, five five; adjacency of case forms: three from gathered, four from guests, How many from you; five With half, two With a quarter, without five three (hours), seven (hours) With minutes, thirty (years) With ponytail(colloquial).

Note 1: Collective numbers two, three, four, five, six, seven developed in themselves lexical meanings: “two people”, “three people”, etc. (cf. the title of Gorky’s story “Three”, combinations like two inseparable, four brave). In this meaning, the collective numeral takes on a consistent definition: these two (these two unknown, but only two these), those three (those three young, but only three those), again came yesterday's four(but only four yesterday's).

Note 2: Collective numbers two, three, four cannot be part of a compound numeral, therefore combinations like * twenty two days, *thirty three sleigh.

For connections between numerals, see also §.

§ . Ordinal (countable) adjectives can have dependent adjectives case forms: first from those who came, sixth from rules, second from those who signed up, first from angle, third from started, second from edges, third With edge, fifth With left sides, third V family, seventh V list, second By account, first By in order, By ranker, adverbs: second right, third contract

The great Russian writer Maxim Gorky (Peshkov Alexey Maksimovich) was born on March 16, 1868 in Nizhny Novgorod- died on June 18, 1936 in Gorki. IN early age“went public,” in his own words. He lived hard, spent the night in the slums among all sorts of rabble, wandered, subsisting on an occasional piece of bread. Passed huge territories, visited the Don, Ukraine, the Volga region, Southern Bessarabia, the Caucasus and Crimea.

Start

He was actively involved in social and political activities, for which he was arrested more than once. In 1906 he went abroad, where he began to successfully write his works. By 1910, Gorky had gained fame, his work aroused great interest. Earlier, in 1904, critical articles and then books “About Gorky” began to be published. Gorky's works interested politicians and public figures. Some of them believed that the writer interpreted events taking place in the country too freely. Everything that Maxim Gorky wrote, works for the theater or journalistic essays, short stories or multi-page stories, caused a resonance and was often accompanied by anti-government protests. During the First World War, the writer took an openly anti-militarist position. greeted him enthusiastically, and turned his apartment in Petrograd into a safehouse for politicians. Often Maxim Gorky, whose works became more and more topical, gave reviews of his own work in order to avoid misinterpretation.

Abroad

In 1921, the writer went abroad to undergo treatment. For three years, Maxim Gorky lived in Helsinki, Prague and Berlin, then moved to Italy and settled in the city of Sorrento. There he began publishing his memoirs about Lenin. In 1925 he wrote the novel “The Artamonov Case”. All of Gorky's works of that time were politicized.

Return to Russia

The year 1928 became a turning point for Gorky. At the invitation of Stalin, he returns to Russia and for a month moves from city to city, meets people, gets acquainted with achievements in industry, and observes how socialist construction develops. Then Maxim Gorky leaves for Italy. However, the next year (1929) the writer came to Russia again and this time visited Solovetsky camps special purpose. The reviews are the most positive. Alexander Solzhenitsyn mentioned this trip of Gorky in his novel

The writer's final return to Soviet Union happened in October 1932. Since that time, Gorky has lived in his former dacha in Spiridonovka in Gorki, and goes to Crimea on vacation.

First Writers' Congress

After some time, the writer receives a political order from Stalin, who entrusts him with preparing the 1st Congress Soviet writers. In light of this order, Maxim Gorky creates several new newspapers and magazines, publishes book series on the history of Soviet plants and factories, civil war and some other events of the Soviet era. At the same time he wrote plays: “Egor Bulychev and others”, “Dostigaev and others”. Some of Gorky's works, written earlier, were also used by him in preparing the first congress of writers, which took place in August 1934. At the congress, organizational issues were mainly resolved, the leadership of the future Union of Writers of the USSR was elected, and writing sections by genre were created. Gorky's works were also ignored at the 1st Congress of Writers, but he was elected chairman of the board. Overall, the event was considered successful, and Stalin personally thanked Maxim Gorky for his fruitful work.

Popularity

M. Gorky, whose works for many years caused fierce debate among the intelligentsia, tried to take part in the discussion of his books and especially theatrical plays. From time to time, the writer visited theaters, where he could see with his own eyes that people were not indifferent to his work. And indeed, for many, the writer M. Gorky, whose works were understandable to the common man, became a guide to a new life. Theater audiences went to the performance several times, read and re-read books.

Gorky's early romantic works

The writer's work can be divided into several categories. Gorky's early works are romantic and even sentimental. They do not yet feel the rigidity of political sentiments that permeate more later stories and the writer's stories.

The writer's first story "Makar Chudra" is about gypsy fleeting love. Not because it was fleeting, because “love came and went,” but because it lasted only one night, without a single touch. Love lived in the soul without touching the body. And then the death of the girl at the hands of her beloved, the proud gypsy Rada passed away, and after her Loiko Zobar himself - they floated across the sky, hand in hand.

Amazing story incredible strength narration. The story "Makar Chudra" became for many years business card Maxim Gorky, firmly taking first place in the list " early works Gorky".

The writer worked a lot and fruitfully in his youth. Early romantic works Gorky is a cycle of stories whose heroes are Danko, Sokol, Chelkash and others.

A short story about spiritual excellence makes you think. "Chelkash" - a story about common man, carrying high aesthetic feelings. Fleeing from home, vagrancy, Meeting of two - one is engaged commonplace, another is brought by the case. Gavrila's envy, mistrust, readiness for submissive servility, fear and servility are contrasted with Chelkash's courage, self-confidence, and love of freedom. However, Chelkash is not needed by society, unlike Gavrila. Romantic pathos is intertwined with tragic. The description of nature in the story is also shrouded in a flair of romance.

In the stories "Makar Chudra", "Old Woman Izergil" and, finally, in "Song of the Falcon" the motivation for the "madness of the brave" can be traced. The writer places the characters in difficult conditions and then, beyond any logic, leads them to the finale. What makes the work of the great writer interesting is that the narrative is unpredictable.

Gorky's work "Old Woman Izergil" consists of several parts. The character of her first story, the son of an eagle and a woman, the sharp-eyed Larra, is presented as an egoist incapable of high feelings. When he heard the maxim that one inevitably has to pay for what one takes, he expressed disbelief, declaring that “I would like to remain unharmed.” People rejected him, condemning him to loneliness. Larra's pride turned out to be destructive for himself.

Danko is no less proud, but he treats people with love. Therefore, he obtains the freedom necessary for his fellow tribesmen who trusted him. Despite the threats of those who doubt that he is capable of leading the tribe out, the young leader continues on his way, taking people along with him. And when everyone’s strength was running out, and the forest still did not end, Danko tore open his chest, took out his burning heart and with its flame illuminated the path that led them to the clearing. The ungrateful tribesmen, having broken free, did not even look in Danko’s direction when he fell and died. People ran away, trampled on the flaming heart as they ran, and it scattered into blue sparks.

Gorky's romantic works leave an indelible mark on the soul. Readers empathize with the characters, the unpredictability of the plot keeps them in suspense, and the ending is often unexpected. In addition, Gorky’s romantic works are distinguished by deep morality, which is unobtrusive, but makes you think.

The theme of individual freedom dominates early work writer. The heroes of Gorky's works are freedom-loving and are ready to even give their lives for the right to choose their own destiny.

Poem "The Girl and Death" - shining example self-sacrifice in the name of love. young, full of life a girl makes a deal with death for one night of love. She is ready to die in the morning without regret, just to meet her beloved again.

The king, who considers himself omnipotent, dooms the girl to death only because, returning from the war, he was in a bad mood and did not like her happy laughter. Death spared Love, the girl remained alive and the “bony one with a scythe” no longer had power over her.

Romance is also present in “Song of the Storm Petrel”. The proud bird is free, it is like black lightning, rushing between the gray plain of the sea and the clouds hanging over the waves. Let the storm blow stronger, the brave bird is ready to fight. But it is important for the penguin to hide his fat body in the rocks; he has a different attitude towards the storm - no matter how he soaks his feathers.

Man in Gorky's works

The special, sophisticated psychologism of Maxim Gorky is present in all his stories, while the individual is always given main role. Even the homeless tramps, the characters of the shelter, are presented by the writer as respected citizens, despite their plight. In Gorky’s works, man is placed at the forefront, everything else is secondary - the events described, political situation, even actions government agencies are in the background.

Gorky's story "Childhood"

The writer tells the life story of the boy Alyosha Peshkov, as if on his own behalf. The story is sad, it begins with the death of the father and ends with the death of the mother. Left an orphan, the boy heard from his grandfather, the day after his mother’s funeral: “You are not a medal, you shouldn’t hang on my neck... Go join the people...”. And he kicked me out.

This is how Gorky's work "Childhood" ends. And in the middle there were several years of living in the house of my grandfather, a lean little old man who used to flog everyone who was weaker than him on Saturdays. And the only people inferior to his grandfather in strength were his grandchildren living in the house, and he beat them backhand, placing them on the bench.

Alexey grew up, supported by his mother, and a thick fog of enmity between everyone and everyone hung in the house. The uncles fought among themselves, threatened their grandfather that they would kill him too, cousins they drank, and their wives did not have time to give birth. Alyosha tried to make friends with the neighboring boys, but their parents and other relatives were in such complicated relationships with his grandfather, grandmother and mother that the children could only communicate through a hole in the fence.

"At the Bottom"

In 1902, Gorky turned to philosophical topic. He created a play about people who, by the will of fate, sank to the very bottom Russian society. The writer depicted several characters, the inhabitants of the shelter, with frightening authenticity. At the center of the story are homeless people on the verge of despair. Some are thinking about suicide, others are hoping for the best. M. Gorky's work "At the Depths" is a vivid picture of social and everyday disorder in society, which often turns into tragedy.

The owner of the shelter, Mikhail Ivanovich Kostylev, lives and does not know that his life is constantly under threat. His wife Vasilisa persuades one of the guests, Vaska Pepel, to kill her husband. This is how it ends: the thief Vaska kills Kostylev and goes to prison. The remaining inhabitants of the shelter continue to live in an atmosphere of drunken revelry and bloody fights.

After some time, a certain Luka appears, a projector and a blabbermouth. He “fills up” for no reason, conducts lengthy conversations, promises everyone indiscriminately a happy future and complete prosperity. Then Luke disappears, and the unfortunate people whom he encouraged are at a loss. There was severe disappointment. A forty-year-old homeless man, nicknamed Actor, commits suicide. The rest are not far from this either.

Nochlezhka as a symbol of the dead end of Russian society late XIX century, an undisguised ulcer of the social structure.

The works of Maxim Gorky

• "Makar Chudra" - 1892. A story of love and tragedy.
• "Grandfather Arkhip and Lenka" - 1893. A poor, sick old man and with him his grandson Lenka, a teenager. First, the grandfather cannot withstand adversity and dies, then the grandson dies. Good people The unfortunates were buried along the road.
• "Old Woman Izergil" - 1895. Some stories from an old woman about selfishness and selflessness.
• "Chelkash" - 1895. A story about "an inveterate drunkard and a clever, brave thief."
• "The Orlov Spouses" - 1897. A story about a childless couple who decided to help sick people.
• "Konovalov" - 1898. The story of how Alexander Ivanovich Konovalov, arrested for vagrancy, hanged himself in a prison cell.
• "Foma Gordeev" - 1899. A story about the events of the late 19th century that took place in the Volga city. About a boy named Thomas, who considered his father a fabulous robber.
• "Bourgeois" - 1901. A story about bourgeois roots and the new spirit of the times.
• "At the Bottom" - 1902. A poignant, topical play about homeless people who have lost all hope.
• "Mother" - 1906. A novel on the theme of revolutionary sentiments in society, about events taking place within a manufacturing factory, with the participation of members of the same family.
• "Vassa Zheleznova" - 1910. The play is about a youthful 42-year-old woman, the owner of a shipping company, strong and powerful.
• "Childhood" - 1913. The Tale of a simple boy and his life is far from simple.
• "Tales of Italy" - 1913. Cycle short stories on the topic of life in Italian cities.
• "Passion-face" - 1913. Short story about a deeply unhappy family.
• "In People" - 1914. A story about an errand boy in a fashionable shoe store.
• "My Universities" - 1923. The story of Kazan University and students.
• "Blue Life" - 1924. A story about dreams and fantasies.
• "The Artamonov Case" - 1925. A story about the events taking place at a woven fabric factory.
• "The Life of Klim Samgin" - 1936. Events of the beginning of the 20th century - St. Petersburg, Moscow, barricades.

Every story, novel or novel you read leaves an impression of high literary skill. The characters carry a number of unique characteristics and characteristics. The analysis of Gorky's works involves comprehensive characteristics of the characters followed by a summary. The depth of the narrative is organically combined with complex but understandable literary devices. All works of the great Russian writer Maxim Gorky were included in the Golden Fund of Russian Culture.