7. The formation of all-Russian governing bodies and a special form of statehood The formation of a single territory of the Russian state was closely intertwined with both the concentration of power in the hands of the Grand Duke of Moscow and with the creation of an all-Russian system

No. 22 Order of the Revolutionary Military Council of the USSR No. 564 “On the reorganization of the district administrative apparatus of the Red Army” April 15, 1924. The Secret Revolutionary Military Council of the SSS Republics orders.1. Reorganize the currently existing military district apparatus and have it in the following composition with

№56 Service memo boss Organizational management Headquarters of the Red Army S.I. Ventsova deputy Chairman of the Revolutionary Military Council of the USSR I.S. Unshlikht on the expediency of abolition local authorities military administration and transfer of their functions to the command of territorial districts No. 2308314 October 1924

After the attack fascist Germany in the USSR in the Soviet state apparatus necessary changes were made due to military circumstances.

Bodies of state power and administration, both central and local, retained their powers during the war. The Supreme Soviet of the USSR, its Presidium, the Council of People's Commissars and the People's Commissariats did not dissolve, but continued to operate. It was the same in republican bodies and local Soviet institutions.

The war left its mark on the work of power structures, subordinating it to wartime needs. On June 22, 1941, the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR “On martial law” was adopted, which was introduced throughout the European part of the country. In this territory, all functions of state authorities and administration in relation to the organization of defense, maintaining public order and ensuring state security were transferred to the military authorities.

To ensure the uninterrupted operation of enterprises in a military regime, emergency measures were introduced to regulate military facilities, combat epidemics, and emergency regulatory measures were introduced labor relations. They were given the right to regulate the working hours of institutions and enterprises, attract the population and vehicles for defense purposes and protection of national economic and military facilities.

Military authorities could issue regulations binding on the entire population, as well as on local authorities and public organizations. Later, by decrees of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, martial law was introduced in the Georgian SSR, in some cities of Transcaucasia, along the shores of the Black and Caspian Seas, as well as in all railways, on sea, river and air transport.

The introduction of martial law in transport equated its workers and employees to the military and increased labor discipline, including through criminal liability for misdeeds and crimes of A.A. Baklanov. The role of the General Staff during the Great Patriotic War / A.A. Baklanova, V.M. Chernykh // History of science and technology. - 2007. - N 5. - P. 18..

In order to ensure timely and quick solution operational issues in wartime conditions, on July 1, 1941, the Resolution “On the Expansion of Rights people's commissars USSR in wartime conditions", in which the People's Commissariats were given the right to distribute and redistribute material resources, authorize the commissioning of enterprises under construction and their individual parts, and incur costs for the restoration of enterprises and housing destroyed by military operations.

In the activities of the Soviets and their executive committees (executive committees), issues related to the organization of armed defense of the Fatherland came to the fore. Mobilization of the population, supplying the Red Army with weapons and uniforms, creating acceptable living and working conditions for the people left behind - all these problems were solved by party and Soviet bodies. The merging of their apparatuses has intensified. They decided together critical issues military, mobilization and economic life.

The activities of the Allied People's Commissariats as governing bodies did not curtail in connection with wartime, but, on the contrary, acquired new facets. On July 1, 1941, the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR adopted the Resolution "On expanding the rights of the People's Commissars of the USSR in wartime conditions." The heads of the People's Commissariats, as well as plant directors and construction supervisors received broad powers within their competence, which contributed to increased management efficiency and timely resolution of the tasks assigned to them.

In July 1941, the Council of People's Commissars adopted the Resolution "On granting the Councils of People's Commissars of the republics and the region (region) executive committees the right to transfer workers and employees to other jobs." This decision gave local authorities the right to subject the perpetrators to legal liability for refusing to transfer to another job as for leaving work without permission.

Under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, a number of central departments arose that were in charge of supplying industry: Glavsnabneft, Glavsnabugol, Glavsnables, etc. New divisions were also created in the People's Commissariats.

The needs of the war required the creation of a number of new allied people's commissariats. People's Commissariat for branches of industry that produced weapons were formed: in September 1941, the People's Commissariat of the Tank Industry of the USSR was created and operated until October 1945; from November 1941 to February 1946, the People's Commissariat of Mortar Weapons of the USSR, transformed from the People's Commissariat of General Engineering, operated.

In August 1941, the Main Directorate of Logistics of the Red Army was created, headed by the Deputy People's Commissar of Defense. Military councils of fronts, armies, fleets and flotillas were created. They were headed by the commander - the chairman of the Military Council. Also at the beginning of the war, the Soviet Information Bureau (Sovinformburo) was created.

During the war, the rights of the union republics were expanded. On February 1, 1944, at a session of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, the law “On the creation of military formations of the union republics” was adopted. As a result of this resolution, the Supreme Councils of the Union Republics established People's Commissariats of Defense, appointed People's Commissars and, in connection with this, made changes to their constitutions Budnitsky O. Materials on history occupation regime and collaboration during the Great Patriotic War in American archives // Ros. story. - 2014. - N 3. - P. 126..

Thus, the all-Union People's Commissariat of Defense "in order to strengthen the defense power" of the USSR was transformed into a union-republican one.

There have been changes in the field of criminal law. Great responsibility during the war fell on the country's punitive authorities.

In July 1941, a single NKVD was recreated, in April 1943, an independent People's Commissariat of State Security was created, and the Main Directorate military counterintelligence(SMERSH) was transferred to the People's Commissariat of Defense.

The Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR dated June 22, 1941 approved the Regulations on military tribunals in areas declared under martial law and in areas of military operations. The rights of military tribunals were expanded.

In connection with the war, the procedural order of consideration of cases in military tribunals was changed: complaints and protests against the verdicts of the tribunals were not allowed. Sentences were carried out immediately, about sentences to to the highest degree punishment was communicated by telegram to the chairman of the Military Collegium Supreme Court USSR" Glazkova L. Intelligence reported accurately // Russian Federation Today. - 2005. - N 6. - P.61..

The Great Patriotic War brought significant changes to the composition, structure and management of the armed forces. The attack on our country by a multi-million fascist army required immediate mobilization. In accordance with the mobilization plan, already on June 22, 1941, the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, guided by the Constitution of the USSR, announced the mobilization of military personnel of 14 ages in 14 military districts of the country. In the first days of the war, 5 million people were drafted into the army. Later, mobilization was carried out in other districts, and men aged 18 to 55 were subject to conscription. By the end of the war, the number of Soviet armed forces reached 11,365 thousand people. In total, during the war, about 31 million people, born before 1927 inclusive, served in the Red Army.

One of most important tasks military construction was the mass training of defenders of the Motherland to replenish the active army. Soviet state took measures to ensure that each new recruit came to the army and navy already with military skills. In accordance with the resolutions of the State Defense Committee "On the preparation of reserves in the system of the People's Commissariat of Defense and the People's Commissariat Navy"dated July 16, 1941 and "On universal compulsory training military affairs of citizens of the USSR" dated September 18, 1941, all men aged 16 to 50 were subject to compulsory training. In total, during the war years, about 18 million people went through the military preliminary general training system.

Military mobilizations were not the only source of replenishment of the armed forces. In the very first days of the war, a patriotic upsurge gripped all Soviet citizens. Hundreds of thousands of volunteers joined the army. Divisions began to form people's militia, fighter battalions, female volunteer units and units. At the beginning of July 1941, the creation of militia divisions was authorized by the State Defense Committee. These divisions were formed on a voluntary basis in areas directly threatened by fascist troops, from citizens not subject to mandatory mobilization. By providing assistance to the regular army, the people's militia covered itself with unfading glory.

In the territory temporarily captured by the Nazis, the number of partisan formations grew - a clear indication of activity masses V liberation struggle against the occupiers. According to official data alone, there were more than 1 million fighters in partisan detachments and formations. The peoples of the USSR consciously went into battle, made sacrifices and hardships in order to bring victory over the fascist invaders closer.

Much has been done to improve the system of training command personnel. During the war, about 2 million military personnel passed through it.

In January - February 1943, new insignia were introduced for personnel of the Red Army and Navy, and shoulder straps were restored.

At the hardest initial period war was born in battles soviet guard. Military units, ships, formations and associations (armies) that showed heroism, high organization and the ability to defeat the enemy were given the names of Guards and awarded them Guards Red Banners. Special distinctions were established for personnel in the form of military guards ranks and badge. To encourage soldiers and officers who particularly distinguished themselves in battle during the war, nine new military orders were established, including the Order of Suvorov, Kutuzov, Alexander Nevsky, the Patriotic War, Glory, and many medals.

The beginning of the Great Patriotic War brought significant changes to the organization military administration .

In June - August 1941, the system of strategic and operational management bodies of the Armed Forces was rebuilt. On June 23, 1941, by decision of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, the Headquarters of the Main Command of the Armed Forces of the USSR was created as the body of the country's highest military leadership. On July 10, 1941, it received the name of the Supreme Command Headquarters, and on August 8 - Rates Supreme High Command . It included members of the Politburo of the Party Central Committee and leaders of the People's Commissariat of Defense: S.K. Tymoshenko (chairman), SM. Budyonny, K.E. Voroshilov, G.K. Zhukov, N.G. Kuznetsov, V.M. Molotov, I.V. Stalin.

During the war, Stalin held a number of senior party and government posts. He was at the same time Secretary General Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (b), Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR (from May 6, 1941), Chairman of the GKO, Supreme Commander-in-Chief (from August 8, 1941), People's Commissar of Defense of the USSR (from July 19, 1941), Chairman of the Transport Committee of the GKO.

The working apparatus of the Headquarters was the General Staff, the Offices of the People's Commissariat of Defense and the People's Commissariat of the Navy. The decisions made by the Headquarters were communicated to the command of the fronts and fleets in the form of directives of the Supreme High Command. In its activities, the Headquarters relied on the military councils of the fronts. Communication with the fronts was also carried out through representatives of the Headquarters, whose tasks included: coordinating the actions of the fronts, monitoring the implementation of the directives of the Supreme High Command, and assisting the fronts in planning, preparing and carrying out operations. Most often, the Headquarters was represented by G.K. Zhukov, appointed first deputy in August 1942 Supreme Commander-in-Chief, and the boss General Staff A.M. Vasilevsky.

The highest formations of troops since July 1941 were the three most important strategic directions led by their Main Command (North-Western - K.E. Voroshilov, Western - S.K. Timoshenko, South-Western - S.M. Budyonny), and after the reform of directions in July 1942, the fronts, led by commanders and military councils, became the highest formations of troops. They led military operations.

The military councils of the fronts and armies were constantly connected with the State Defense Committee and the Supreme High Command, and bore full responsibility to them for fighting, military training, political and moral state and logistical support of troops.

During the war, formations included corps, divisions, and brigades. Commanders of fronts and armies, commanders of formations who directly supervised combat operations were granted the right to assign military ranks, appointment to positions of command and commanding staff, awarding orders and medals to those who distinguished themselves in battle on behalf of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. Units in the Red Army were regiments, as well as special category divisions called “separate” ( separate battalion, separate division), whose command enjoyed rights one step higher.

Important role Political organs played in the army and navy. General leadership Party political work in the army was carried out by the Main political administration(GPU) of the Red Army and the Main Political Directorate of the Navy (both as military departments of the Central Committee of the party. By the end of the war, more than 2 thousand political agencies and about 78 thousand primary organizations operated in the army.

On July 16, 1941, the institution of military commissars was introduced in units and formations, who, while leading party-political work, along with commanders, bore full responsibility for combat training and combat effectiveness of troops. But unlike times civil war control functions over command staff the commissioners did not have. The positions of political instructors were introduced in the units. After the successful deployment of a multimillion-strong army, the rise of its moral and political spirit and combat effectiveness, and the accumulation of experience by commanders in political work, it became possible to strengthen unity of command in command and control of troops. In October 1942, the institution of military commissars in the army and navy was abolished. The positions of deputy commanders for political affairs were introduced. Military commissars were retained in the partisan detachments. There were partisan departments under the Main Political Directorate and at the political departments of the fronts.

On May 30, 1942, to unite the leadership of the partisan struggle behind enemy lines on an all-Union scale and coordinate the actions of partisan detachments with units of the Red Army at Headquarters, the Central Headquarters of the partisan movement was created (headed by the First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Belarus (Bolsheviks) P.K. Ponomarenko) and republican (Ukrainian, Belarusian, Lithuanian, Latvian, Estonian) headquarters. At army headquarters, special departments were created for communications with partisan detachments.

From this moment on, the partisan movement acquired a more organized character and coordinated its actions with the army (Belarus, Northern part Ukraine, Bryansk, Smolensk and Oryol region). By the spring of 1943, underground sabotage work was carried out in almost all cities in the captured territory. Large partisan units(regiments, brigades), led by experienced commanders: S.A. Kovpak, A.I. Saburov, A.F. Fedorov, N.Z. Kolyada, S.V. Grishin and others. Almost all partisan formations had radio contact with the Center. Since the summer of 1943, large partisan formations carried out combat operations as part of combined arms operations. Particularly large-scale partisan actions were during Battle of Kursk, operations " Rail War" and "Concert". As it comes Soviet troops partisan units were reorganized and merged into units of the regular army.

In total, during the war years, the partisans disabled 1.5 million enemy soldiers and officers, blew up 20 thousand enemy trains and 12 thousand bridges, destroyed 65 thousand vehicles, 2.3 thousand tanks, 1.1 thousand aircraft, 17 thousand km of communication lines.

More than 1 million partisans fought behind enemy lines throughout the war. The central headquarters of the partisan movement established contacts with partisan formations, directed and coordinated their activities, spread the partisan struggle again, trained personnel, supplied the partisans with weapons, ammunition, medicine, and most importantly, organized their interaction with the troops. For some time (from September 6 to November 19, 1942) the position of Commander-in-Chief existed partisan movement(Marshal Soviet Union K.E. Voroshilov).

The combat experience of all branches of the military during the war was regularly summarized and was clearly reflected in new regulations and manuals, including the 1942 Infantry Combat Manual, the 1942 Staff Field Service Manual, and the 1942 Military Intelligence Manual.

EMERGENCY BODIES OF STATE ADMINISTRATION DURING THE GREAT PATRIOTIC WAR

An emergency situation developed in the country when the question of the very existence of the Soviet state arose.

All the changes in the control system could not solve the wartime problems. Therefore, along with traditional forms power and administration were created at the beginning of the warspecial emergency bodies with special powers. These bodies were extraordinary because, firstly, their creation was not provided for by the Constitution of the USSR; secondly, their powers were higher than those of the constitutional bodies of power and administration. Already in the first days of the war, the inadequacy of the measures taken to repel aggression became visible.

The need to concentrate all power in one hand became obvious, where there would be no division into party, state and military bodies, where any management issues would be resolved quickly and authoritatively. It became such a bodyState Defense Committee(GKO), created by a joint resolution of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR on June 30, 1941. Initially, the GKO included 5 people, and then was expanded to 9 people, and by the end of the war was reduced to 8. Headed GKO Stalin.

On September 17, 1941, the State Defense Committee issued a decree “On universal compulsory military training for citizens of the USSR,” according to which, from October 1, 1941, compulsory military training all male citizens of the USSR from 16 to 50 years old. The organization of this training was entrusted to the People's Commissariat of Defense and its local authorities. As part of the People's Commissariat of Defense, it was formedDirectorate of General Military Training(Vseobuch).

Through the People's Commissariats of the State Defense Committee he supervised the work of state institutions and departments, and through the Headquarters of the Supreme High Command he directed the armed struggle against the invaders. The GKO was abolished by the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on September 4, 1945.The State Defense Committee had unlimited powers. Its composition indicated that it contained the most capable and authoritative people from the highest party and state bodies endowed with legitimate powers of power. Despite the small number of the State Defense Committee, wartime conditions did not allow it to meet regularly and in full force. Decisions were made by the chairman or deputy in agreement with other members of the State Defense Committee.

Regulations State Committee Defenses had the force of martial law. All organizations - party, Soviet, economic, public - were obliged to strictly comply with any resolutions and orders of the State Defense Committee. The committee made do with its own small administrative apparatus. He exercised leadership through party and Soviet structures authorities. In the republics, territories and regions, as well as in the military and industrial people's commissariats, positions of GKO commissioners were established.

In front-line areas, by decision of the State Defense Committee, regional and city defense committees were created, which united party, Soviet and military power in the region. Their activities were subordinated to the interests of defense. They supervised the creation of the people's militia, the construction defensive structures, repairing military equipment, carried out social and educational work, established peaceful life in areas liberated from the occupiers.

The State Defense Committee created auxiliary bodies to strengthen control over certain industries of the defense complex. In July 1942, at a joint meeting of the Politburo and the State Defense Committee, theTransport Committee. This committee became a unified management body for all types of transport. He mobilized the resources of the country’s railway workers, watermen, and aviators, and ensured the interaction of all links transport system. The Transport Committee included the People's Commissars of Communications, Maritime and river fleet, representatives of the People's Commissariat of Defense. In December 1942 it was createdGKO Operations Bureau. This body monitored the work of the industrial and transport people's commissariats, drew up monthly and quarterly production plans for the most important industries, and monitored the timely supply of metals, coal, oil, and electricity. The Operations Bureau also took over the functions of the abolished Transport Committee.

The Armed Forces of the USSR also underwent changes during the Great Patriotic War. To guide military operations the day after the start of the Great Patriotic War, the Council of People's Commissars and the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) createdHeadquarters of the High Command. On July 10, 1941 it was converted intoHeadquarters of the Supreme High Command. The headquarters was supposed to exercise strategic leadership of the country's armed forces. Stalin headed this body and was appointed Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of the USSR.

On June 24, 1941, by resolution of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks was formedEvacuation advice. The council worked closely with the People's Commissariats, under which evacuation departments were created. In June 1941, the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR determined the procedure for the removal and placement of human contingents and the most valuable property. In September, under the Evacuation Council, it was createdDepartment of Evacuation of the Population. Along with the Evacuation Council in October and December 1941, there was alsoEvacuation Committee. The committee supervised the evacuation of equipment, supplies of raw materials and food. The placement of evacuated enterprises and organizations was carried out jointly with local authorities. Along with the Council and the Evacuation Committee, on June 22, 1942, the State Defense Committee was created by DecreeEvacuation Commission. The commission operated until the autumn of 1942. Such emergency management bodies were also created and operated asCommittee on Food and Clothing Supply And Transport Cargo Unloading Committee.

At the first stage of the war, due to the country’s insufficient preparedness for active defense, many regions of the USSR found themselves occupied by fascist troops. Despite severe repression, the Nazis failed to completely paralyze and eliminate the Soviet system of government in the occupied territory. In the zone German occupation continued to operate or were created again party and Soviet authorities. They relied on underground movement Andpartisan formations.

The partisan movement arose soon after the occupation of the part Soviet territory. However, it gained wide and organized scope after proper management of partisan detachments and formations was organized. On May 30, 1942, the State Defense Committee adopted the Resolution “On the creation at Headquarters of the Supreme High CommandCentral headquarters of the partisan movement" In the republics, territories and regions, corresponding headquarters were created to lead the partisan movement. Partisan headquarters were also created under the Military Councils of the fronts. In the rear Nazi troops partisan regions were created, zones where organs were restored Soviet power, collective farms, local industrial enterprises, medical, cultural and other institutions.

Emergency bodies of power and administration were also created to solve specific problems that arose in connection with the war. Wartime conditions dictated the creation of new governing bodies.

On November 2, 1942, the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR formedEmergency state commission to identify and investigate crimes, perfect German fascist invaders, and determining the damage they caused to citizens, collective farms, government agencies THE USSR. This commission was entrusted with the collection of documentary data on atrocities, their verification, and the preparation of materials on the damage caused Soviet citizens during the occupation. Similar commissions were created in republics, territories, regions, and cities.

The creation of emergency management bodies did not remove responsibility from traditional levels of leadership. They were required not only to be diligent, but also to be proactive and fully dedicated to their efforts. Government bodies, like the whole country, operated in a state of emergency.

An emergency situation developed in the country when the question of the very existence of the Soviet state arose.

All the changes in the control system could not solve the wartime problems. Therefore, along with traditional forms of power and management, with the beginning of the war, special emergency bodies with special powers were created. These bodies were extraordinary because, firstly, their creation was not provided for by the Constitution of the USSR; secondly, their powers were higher than those of the constitutional bodies of power and administration. Already in the first days of the war, the inadequacy of the measures taken to repel aggression became visible.

The need to concentrate all power in one hand became obvious, where there would be no division into party, state and military bodies, where any management issues would be resolved quickly and authoritatively. Such a body became the State Defense Committee (GKO), created by a joint resolution of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR on June 30, 1941. Initially, the State Defense Committee included 5 people, and then was expanded to 9 people, and to at the end of the war it was reduced to 8. The State Defense Committee was headed by Stalin.

On September 17, 1941, the State Defense Committee issued a decree “On universal compulsory military training for citizens of the USSR,” according to which, from October 1, 1941, compulsory military training was introduced for all male citizens of the USSR from 16 to 50 years old. The organization of this training was entrusted to the People's Commissariat of Defense and its local authorities. As part of the People's Commissariat of Defense, it was formed Directorate of General Military Training (Vseobuch) .

Through the People's Commissariats of the State Defense Committee he supervised the work of state institutions and departments, and through the Headquarters of the Supreme High Command he directed the armed struggle against the invaders. The State Defense Committee was abolished by the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on September 4, 1945. The State Defense Committee had unlimited powers. Its composition indicated that it contained the most capable and authoritative people from the highest party and state bodies endowed with legitimate powers of power. Despite the small number of the State Defense Committee, wartime conditions did not allow it to meet regularly and in full force. Decisions were made by the chairman or deputy in agreement with other members of the State Defense Committee.

Resolutions of the State Defense Committee had the force of wartime laws. All organizations - party, Soviet, economic, public - were obliged to strictly comply with any resolutions and orders of the State Defense Committee. The committee made do with its own small administrative apparatus. He exercised leadership through party and Soviet power structures. In the republics, territories and regions, as well as in the military and industrial people's commissariats, positions of GKO commissioners were established.

In front-line areas, by decision of the State Defense Committee, regional and city defense committees were created, which united party, Soviet and military power in the region. Their activities were subordinated to the interests of defense. They supervised the creation of the people's militia, the construction of defensive structures, the repair of military equipment, carried out social and educational work, and established peaceful life in areas liberated from the occupiers.

The State Defense Committee created auxiliary bodies to strengthen control over certain industries of the defense complex. In July 1942, at a joint meeting of the Politburo and the State Defense Committee, the Transport Committee . This committee became a unified management body for all types of transport. He mobilized the resources of the country's railway workers, water workers, and aviators, and ensured the interaction of all parts of the transport system. The Transport Committee included the People's Commissars of Railways, the Sea and River Fleet, and representatives of the People's Commissariat of Defense. In December 1942 it was created Operations Bureau GKO. This body monitored the work of the industrial and transport people's commissariats, drew up monthly and quarterly production plans for the most important industries, and monitored the timely supply of metals, coal, oil, and electricity. The Operations Bureau also took over the functions of the abolished Transport Committee.

The Armed Forces of the USSR also underwent changes during the Great Patriotic War. To guide military operations the day after the start of the Great Patriotic War, the Council of People's Commissars and the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks (Bolsheviks) created Headquarters of the High Command . On July 10, 1941 it was converted into Headquarters of the Supreme High Command . The headquarters was supposed to exercise strategic leadership of the country's armed forces. Stalin headed this body and was appointed Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of the USSR. See: History of public administration in Russia: Textbook. Ed. 3rd, revised and additional/Under general. ed. R.G.Pikhoi. - M.: Publishing house RAGS, 2004. P.289.

On June 24, 1941, by resolution of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks was formed Evacuation advice . The council worked closely with the People's Commissariats, under which evacuation departments were created. In June 1941, the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR determined the procedure for the removal and placement of human contingents and the most valuable property. In September, under the Evacuation Council, it was created Department of Evacuation of the Population . Along with the Evacuation Council in October - December 1941, it also acted Evacuation Committee . The committee supervised the evacuation of equipment, supplies of raw materials and food. The placement of evacuated enterprises and organizations was carried out jointly with local authorities. Along with the Council and the Evacuation Committee, on June 22, 1942, the State Defense Committee was created by Decree Evacuation Commission . The commission operated until the autumn of 1942. Such emergency management bodies were also created and operated as Committee on Food and Clothing Supply And Transport Cargo Unloading Committee .

At the first stage of the war, due to the country’s insufficient preparedness for active defense, many regions of the USSR found themselves occupied by fascist troops. Despite the most severe repressions, the fascists were unable to completely paralyze and eliminate the Soviet system of governance in the occupied territory. In the zone of German occupation, party and Soviet bodies continued to operate or were newly created. They relied on the underground movement and partisan formations.

Guerrilla movement originated shortly after the occupation of part of Soviet territory. However, it gained wide and organized scope after proper management of partisan detachments and formations was organized. On May 30, 1942, the State Defense Committee adopted the Resolution “On the creation at Headquarters of the Supreme High Command Central headquarters of the partisan movement " In the republics, territories and regions, corresponding headquarters were created to lead the partisan movement. Partisan headquarters were also created under the Military Councils of the fronts. In the rear of the Nazi troops, partisan regions were created, zones where Soviet authorities, collective farms, local industrial enterprises, medical, cultural, and other institutions were restored.

Emergency bodies of power and administration were also created to solve specific problems that arose in connection with the war. Wartime conditions dictated the creation of new governing bodies.

On November 2, 1942, the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR formed Extraordinary State Commission to establish and investigate the atrocities committed by the Nazi invaders and determine the damage they caused to citizens, collective farms, and government institutions of the USSR . This commission was entrusted with the collection of documentary data on atrocities, their verification, and the preparation of materials on the damage caused to Soviet citizens during the occupation. Similar commissions were created in republics, territories, regions, and cities.

The creation of emergency management bodies did not remove responsibility from traditional levels of leadership. They were required not only to be diligent, but also to be proactive and fully dedicated to their efforts. Government bodies, like the whole country, operated in a state of emergency.