Stroganovs are one of the most famous families in Russia. The salt dynasty, exceptional in its scale of activity and unheard of wealth, did not leave the political and economic arena of Russia for five centuries. Its representatives developed new territories in the Urals, organized the famous campaign of the conqueror of Siberia Ermak entirely with their own money, helped the militia of Minin and Pozharsky, Peter I in his war with the Swedes, and were also famous philanthropists. And even the appearance of beef stroganoff - one of the most popular dishes of Russian cuisine - the world owes to Stroganov.
Stroganov Anika Fedorovich
It was Anika Stroganov who laid the foundations of the business and enormous wealth of this family at the beginning of the 16th century. Having inherited an estate and several salt pans in Solvychegodsk (now it is Arkhangelsk region), Anika, continuing the family business, began to engage in salt making, which was very not an easy task. At first, brine was pumped from wells, like oil, from which salt was then obtained by evaporation in huge frying pans, which was very expensive in those days.
The young salt worker Anika turned out to be very successful entrepreneur, and things were going well for him. His new salt enterprises opened not only in Solvychegodsk, but also in other more remote areas, and brought in good income. But Anika did not intend to stop there.
Development of the Middle Kama region
Having learned that the Perm land is rich in salt deposits, Anika Stroganov sent one of his sons with a petition to Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich to ask for part of the lands in the Urals in order to “set up barns and cook salt.” Anika proposed not only to develop these lands, develop salt deposits there, but also to defend with his own forces the eastern borders, which were very turbulent at that time.
Periodic raids on these territories by the adjacent warlike Siberian Khanate greatly annoyed the king. Having made sure that the Stroganovs were asking for truly uninhabited lands, Ivan the Terrible in 1558 signed a letter of credence, which granted the Stroganov family wild forest possessions on both sides of the Kama.
Having moved to the Urals, the Stroganovs very quickly attracted people here and began to look for salt brines and set up brewhouses.
They settled down thoroughly, establishing farms similar to those in Solvychegodsk, only larger. Having cleared previously deserted places of forests, they plowed up the lands and built cities and fortresses.
Really rich deposits were discovered here, from the development of which and the trade of the extracted salt by the Stroganovs, and enormous wealth was acquired. Anika Stroganov became the richest industrialist in Rus', even richer than the Tsar. The Stroganovs, receiving more and more powers, created their own practically independent state.
Ermak and the Stroganovs - annexation of Siberia
At the end of his life, Anika Stroganov retired from business, leaving a huge inheritance to his sons, took monastic vows and entered a monastery.
His sons Gregory and Yakov successfully continued his work, but at this time Kuchum came to power in the Siberian Khanate, dreaming of seizing the eastern Russian lands, and the situation on the border worsened - the Stroganovs had to repel constant raids by the Siberians.
Ivan the Terrible, having granted them vast new lands, began talking about seizing the Siberian kingdom. Grigory and Yakov began to prepare for the upcoming campaign, stocking up on the necessary weapons and equipment, but soon both died. Then their children got down to business. There was a catastrophic shortage of people for the upcoming campaign, but they found a way out.
In those days, Cossacks under the leadership of the dashing Ermak were operating on the Volga. It was to them that Nikita and Maxim sent a letter: “...We have fortresses and lands, but there are few squads; come to us to defend Great Perm and the eastern edge of Christianity." Soon, a detachment of Ataman Ermak in the amount of 500 people arrived, and, united with a fairly significant army of the Stroganovs, fully equipped with everything necessary, set out on a campaign against Khan Kuchum. A huge amount of money was spent on his equipment, and state support there wasn't at all.
As a result, the army of Khan Kuchum was defeated, and the Siberian Khanate fell. And the enormous merit in this goes not only to Ermak, who is considered to be the conqueror of Siberia, but, of course, to the Stroganovs as well.
Aristocrats and philanthropists Stroganovs
At the end of the 17th century, the sole owner of all the wealth accumulated by the Stroganovs was Grigory Dmitrievich Stroganov, who turned out to be the only heir and immediately turned into the largest industrialist and richest man in Russia. It was then that the saying was in use: “You won’t be richer than Stroganov.”
He provided generous support to Peter I in all his endeavors, it was especially valuable during the Northern War, for which a grateful Peter subsequently granted his sons a baronial title, “for the merits of their ancestors.”
In St. Petersburg, on the corner of Nevsky Prospect and the Moika River embankment, there is a famous building - the Stroganov Palace.
It was built in 1754 according to the design of the famous architect F.B. Rastrelli on the initiative of two sons of Grigory Dmitrievich - Nikolai and Sergei. This magnificent building, which became one of the best possessions of the Stroganovs, belonged to the famous family from 1754 to 1918, its first owner was Sergei Grigorievich.
The Stroganov barons, like their ancestors, continued to engage in philanthropy, patronizing talents and glorifying their family. One of their descendants, Alexander Sergeevich, was an honorary member of the Academy of Arts. Having then become its president, Alexander Stroganov supported young talented artists, paying for their studies abroad.
He was also the director of the Public Library, the project of which he himself was the author of. Under his supervision and with his significant financial support, the Kazan Cathedral was built, the architect of which was Andrei Voronikhin, for whom it was Stroganov who at one time paid for his education and helped him to become a public figure.
Anyone who is interested in Russian history will certainly be interested in the story of how
The Stroganov family of merchants has been known in Rus' for a long time. Their origin is traced back to Pomeranian peasants who managed to get rich.
But there were historians who recognized the origin of the Stroganovs from the Tatars, in particular, from the family of the main Tatar Golden Murza.
According to legend, the founder of the Stroganov family was from a Tatar family, who after baptism received the name Spiridon. This man was later recognized Orthodox Church saints
Spiridon was the son Tatar Khan. When the Tatar Khan found out that his son had converted to Christianity in Rus', he was very angry and went to war against Rus'. Spyridon fell in battle and was later recognized as a saint. The Tatars chopped him into pieces (planed), hence the name Stroganov.
There is another version of the origin of the surname - “plows” (boats), which transported goods from one place to another. The founder of the family is Fyodor Lukich Stroganov. His place of residence was Sol-Vychegda, his son Anikey developed the business, starting to trade salt in those parts. But the Stroganovs were not only involved in salt.
Later they began to build factories to make weapons. They contributed to the discovery of minerals in different regions. They helped the Russian tsars in wars when it was necessary to melt down cannons. They contributed to the cultivation of the land, which eventually began to bear wonderful fruits.
Thanks to the efforts of the Stroganovs, industry developed in Russia, which eventually overtook the European one. As a result, Russia became a highly developed state that led the world historical movement.
History of the family in the 16th century
During the reign of Tsar Ivan the Terrible, the Stroganov merchants enjoyed his great confidence. The Tsar brought them closer to the court and gave them the opportunity to conduct business throughout Rus'. The Stroganovs helped Grozny conduct business and annexed more and more regions to Russia. They provided financial assistance Ermak, who paved the way to new lands. During the Time of Troubles, the Stroganovs allocated a large sum of money to Vasily Shuisky. With their help, Shuisky overcame the Poles and contributed to the strengthening of the capital in Moscow.
History of the family in the 17th-18th centuries
At this time, the Stroganov family continues to play a significant role in Russian history. They help Peter the Great in his policies and finance him. Thanks to their efforts, the war with the Swedes was largely won. Under Catherine II, one of the Stroganovs heads the commission for creating laws. He leads the legislative process.
Alexander Stroganov contributed to the development of sciences and arts, and was considered one of the most educated people of its time. He was the director of the library. He also founded the State Archaeological Commission. He had a son, Sergei, who became a prominent commander and served a lot for the glory of Russia.
The Stroganovs built many palaces and beautiful buildings. They will forever remain in the people's memory as the creators of all that is most beautiful on Russian land. Therefore, their memory is worthy of respect, and they will remain in the memory of the Russian people.
In the history of the Russian economy, there are many trading houses. However, only a few of them managed to stay afloat: usually their existence lasted no more than two or three generations, after which the surnames disappeared from the historical arena without leaving family archives or other documents by which one could judge their activities. Today there are only fragmentary materials that provide mostly insignificant information about the actions of representatives of these extinct clans. In this regard, the Stroganov house is a kind of exception, one might say a unique phenomenon in the history of Russian entrepreneurship. A lot is known about the Stroganovs. True, this genus was united only in the 15th century. At the beginning of the 16th century, it split into three independent branches: the Totemsky, Tsirennikovsky and Solvychegodsky Stroganovs. The first two branches died out by the 18th century, and only the Solvychegodsk branch survived until the beginning of the 20th century. And it was its representatives who left a bright mark on Russian history.By the XVI-XVII centuries. These include the first attempts at large-scale entrepreneurship in the sphere of production at that time; contacts of large capital with crafts and small non-agricultural trades are outlined. The most remarkable thing in this regard is the extraction of salt. Salt pans have long been common in Russia, especially in the north and north-west (Staraya Russa, Pomorie, Northern Dvina basin, Galitskaya Salt in Kostroma region etc.). They were owned by princes, boyars, and many varnitsa were located in the estates of large monasteries (Solovetsky, Trinity-Sergiev, Kirillo-Belozersky, etc.). They were usually served by dependent and subservient people of these owners. The townspeople were also engaged in salt production, they kept the salt pans on shares, investing mainly their own labor and their small funds into this business. Quite early, this fishery began to attract large capital: salt had a stable and reliable sale everywhere, its extraction at the same time required significant, but not excessive, costs for attracting labor and simple equipment. (In those days, salt was mined from underground - wells were drilled, water was pumped into them, and then pumped back brine, which was evaporated in special vats).
Already at the beginning of the 16th century. Representatives of the Stroganov family, one of the most famous families in the history of Russian entrepreneurship, become famous among entrepreneurial salt workers.
Rich patrimonial owners, industrialists and merchants, the Stroganovs for several centuries influenced the political, economic and cultural life Russian state. The beginning of their activity dates back to the 15th century, when four representatives of this family - Spiridon, Kuzma, Luka and Fedor, townspeople who came from the Pomeranian peasantry, became the founders of a powerful commercial and industrial house, which continued its activities until the October Revolution of 1917.
The foundations of large business and the extensive fortune of this family were laid by Anika Fedorovich Stroganov, whose father moved from Novgorod to Solvychegodsk at the end of the 15th century.
Anika Stroganov - youngest son Fedora, born in 1497 and died as the monk Joseph in 1570, was a curious figure among the merchants. A prudent businessman, hiding behind piety, he built salt pans, and nearby churches and other buildings. The instincts of a major entrepreneur, skillfully using the mistake of a competitor and the weakness of a person dependent on him, were combined in him with intelligence and foresight, the calculation of a politician who knows how to get the assistance of the church and the royal government. An eternally active, increasing his wealth, a resourceful merchant and a brave entrepreneur, inclined to take risks - this is the appearance of the founder of the Solvychegodsk branch of the Stroganovs. Having started his activity at the age of 18, Anika early involved his three sons in business, forcing them to work independently, but skillfully guiding and teaching them, passing on to them the essence and methods of conducting trade and fishing business.
Having inherited a small salt business from his father, Anika increased it many times over. At first he operates in Solvychegodsk, striving for a monopoly in this district, by hook or by crook, acquiring the brewhouses and wells of his neighbors-salt workers, not stopping even at using violence. At the same time, he conducts extensive trading operations. As one of the wealthy merchants, Anika Stroganov was authorized to oversee the trade of the British when they opened it through the White Sea and the Northern Dvina. According to the orders of the king and his court, he purchased the necessary goods from foreigners. This bargaining with foreigners brought great income to Anika himself. Furs were especially successful. In an effort to expand trade in them, A. Stroganov, his brothers and sons penetrate further to the east, reach the Kama basin, and reach the Urals.
Initially, the Stroganovs had land only in the Solvychegodsk region, which was significantly expanded through purchases; however, their most important land acquisitions were formed from places granted to them by numerous and different charters from Moscow sovereigns. Already on April 9, 1519, they were given a charter for salt mines, “wild forests and Kochalovskaya Salt for eternal possession” - in the Solvychegodsk region. At first, the lands were complained to the Stroganovs only for temporary possession, but each new sovereign upon his accession to the throne, he invariably confirmed their rights to everything previously granted to them; the all-powerful contemporary of Peter the Great, Grigory Dmitrievich Stroganov, petitioned this sovereign for a charter confirming him and his heirs in eternal possession of all places.
Boiled in large quantities The Stroganovs sold salt on large and small ships for sale up the Kama - to Cherdyn and further, down it - to Kazan and Nizhny Novgorod, and up the Oka - to Kaluga and Kolomna, thus expanding the sales of this product even wider, than it was under their father, and almost completely freed trade from all duties. So, for example, only the Stroganovs did not pay money when their ships passed Kasimov, where at that time the Tatar Khan Shikh-Aley lived, who had the right to exactions on all goods transported along the Oka.
In 1560, at a distance of one mile from this city, the Stroganovs began construction of a monastery in the name of the Transfiguration of the Lord, which later became known as Pyskorsky. To this Stroganov monastery for commemoration royal family donated the “closest places” to it - lands from the Lysva River to the Nizhnyaya Pyskorka River with various lands and several salt pans. In 1558, by decree of Ivan the Terrible, the middle son of A. Stroganov, Gregory, was granted “for the whole family” 3.5 million acres of land in the northwestern Urals. Subsequently, new awards followed, and the Stroganovs seized vast lands themselves. By the end of the 16th century. they had at their disposal more than 10 million acres of land. Since their establishment on the Upper and Middle Kama, the Russian element in this region began to arrive especially quickly. Attracting various kinds benefits of non-taxable and illiterate people, the Stroganovs very successfully began to populate coastal strips Kama, Chusovaya and other rivers. The proximity of restless natives and warlike Tatars forced them to resort to the construction of “towns”, “fortresses”, i.e. small fortresses. In the latter, at their own expense, they kept “gunners, squeakers and collars” to “protect themselves from the Nogai people and other hordes.” From the moment they moved to the Urals, the Stroganovs began to boil salt, continuing this business on a larger scale in Perm the Great. This was one of the first types of mining industry in Russia in general, and for the Stroganovs the most significant and important source of their large incomes. Also very important source their income was provided by the continued barter trade started by Anika Fedorovich and his heirs with foreigners living beyond the Urals, which also had the historical significance that it more thoroughly acquainted the Stroganovs with the way of life, customs and life in general of the Siberian inhabitants and gave them the idea of the possibility of conquering Siberia .
Here in the Urals, the Stroganovs continue salt production, establishing the Kama Salt mines. Using the right of duty-free trade, being practically monopolistic salt producers in this region, they supply large quantities of salt to Kazan, Nizhny Novgorod, and other cities of the Volga region and Central Russia. But at the same time, as before, they are actively trading in furs, fish, and other various goods. Their wealth grows, and at the same time their privileges grow.
With the rank of a special honorary class, eminent people, the Stroganovs enjoyed many advantages - immunity from the jurisdiction of ordinary authorities (they were subject only to the personal royal court), the right to build cities and fortresses, maintain military people, cast cannons, fight with the rulers of Siberia, conduct duty-free trade with Asian and other foreigners, judge their own people themselves, benefit from all billets, many taxes and money, freedom from personal oath. In administrative and judicial relations The estates of the Stroganovs, which occupied a good half of Perm the Great, represented something independent, not subject to the sovereign’s governors and governors. It was like a vassal state with its own laws, regulations, regulations and administration.
Lands and fields of the Stroganovs for a long time were in the joint possession of the entire “clan”, i.e. all descendants of Anika Fedorovich. His sons - Yakov, Gregory and Semyon - became the founders of three branches of the family. The older two lines soon died out. Yakov Anikievich's son Maxim had three children, of whom the two eldest sons, Vladimir and Maxim, died childless (the latter around 1650), and the younger Ivan had an only son, Daniel, the last of the men of this line, who had only two daughters, Stefanida and Anna. Even earlier, the middle line had died out, the second and last representative of which was the only son of Grigory Anikievich, Nikita Grigorievich, who died unmarried. Only the younger branch remained, originally from Semyon Anikievich. His second son Pyotr Semenovich had many children, of whom only one son Fedor Petrovich reached mature age, but left no male offspring; the rest of Pyotr Semenovich's children died in their young years. The eldest son of Semyon Anikievich, Andrei Semenovich, left Dmitry Andreevich as heir, whose only son, Grigory Dmitrievich, remained the lone representative of the entire family and, having received property parts from the extinct two senior lines, united all the enormous family wealth in his hands. In addition to 10 million acres of land, he had 20 cities and "ostrogs", over 200 villages, 15 thousand male souls. Relying on the support of the authorities, he defended his industries from the competition of other salt industrialists, actively collaborated with the treasury during the reign of Peter I. In 1722, his son Alexander accompanied Peter I to Persian campaign and was awarded the title of baron.
Stroganov Alexander Grigorievich, the eldest son of the last eminent man in his family, Grigory Dmitrievich, was born on November 2, 1698 in the family estate of Gordievka, not far from Nizhny Novgorod. In 1720, he traveled to the Perm and Solvychegodsk estates, where for six months he became acquainted with the state of the economy in general and salt production in particular. Convinced that the Solvychegodsk industries were unprofitable, he, with the consent of his mother and younger brothers, Nikolai and Sergei, liquidated these industries, but significantly improved the rest by building new ones and repairing dilapidated brewhouses. The activities of Alexander Grigorievich as a salt industrialist and owner of huge family estates are inseparably connected with the activities of his brothers, Nikolai and Sergei Grigorievich. The brothers always constituted, as it were, one legal entity and in their actions required by circumstances they invariably acted with common consent. Their name is associated primarily with the gradual but steady decline of Perm salt production, which reached a high peak under their father and became one of the most significant areas of the then Russian industry. The Stroganovs themselves are least to blame for this: the reasons that contributed to the decline lay outside their sphere of influence. These were unfavorable government measures, economic conditions (in the foreground was a shortage of labor) and, finally, an open source of cheaper salt production - Lake Elton. Subsequently, the Stroganovs’ entrepreneurial activity declines: new figures appear in the Urals, there are not enough workers to extract and especially export salt to Central Russia. To the domestic market of the country everything is in more salt comes in, extracted from lakes in the Lower Volga region, which was cheaper than boiled in the old-fashioned way in the Stroganov estates. In 1752, the Stroganovs were allowed to supply only 2 million poods, and soon only 1 million. Thus, the once flourishing and profitable industries gradually lost their former importance, and at the same time the importance of the Stroganovs as almost the only salt industrialists in Russia fell.
As entrepreneurs, the Stroganovs were best known in the 18th century as owners of metallurgical plants. Even their ancestors, and then under Peter the Great in 1721, they themselves were given permission to search for ore and, if it turns out, to develop it. Busy all the time with salt production, for a long time they paid almost no attention to the new branch of industry. In 1723, four state-owned copper smelting plants were built on their lands - Yagoshikhinsky, Pyskorsky, Visimsky and Motovilikhinsky - and soon they themselves built a small copper smelting plant for their own needs. After the division of 1749, each of the brothers was more attentive to the smelting of metals. Alexander Grigorievich built the Yugokamsky and Nytvinsky factories with two blast furnaces; his third wife - Khokhlovsky plant; Nikolay Grigorievich - copper smelting Tomansky and Pozhevsky and iron smelting near the Kypu River; Sergey Grigorievich - the Bilimbaevsky copper smelter on the Dobryanka River with two blast furnaces and two hammers and the Ochersky and Satkisatkinsky iron smelters.
The Stroganovs submitted an application for the construction of their first plant in 1721, and at the same time the Berg College, which was in charge of these issues, allowed them to build a copper smelter on the river. Tamanka. However, the Stroganovs did not rush, but began to do this only three years later, and the plant began operating only in 1726, but did not operate at full capacity.
Following the Taman plant, the Stroganovs built the Bilimbaevsky plant. Its construction was preceded by a lawsuit with Akinfiy Demidov, who made requests “in reserve” in order to get rid of competitors in this way. This time, the expansive Demidov invaded the Stroganovs' possessions and tried to register the mines on the Bilimbakh River in his name. Baron Alexander Grigorievich Stroganov, who submitted a petition to the Berg College in support of his rights, had to refer to the privilege of 1719, which gave preference in the construction of factories to the owners of lands on which ore was discovered. The impudent Akinfiy Demidov then failed to win the case against his eminent rivals (which he unjustly did many times against weaker ones). There is no doubt that Demidov’s encroachment had some impact on the construction of the Bilimbaevsky plant.
During the construction of the third, Yugo-Kama plant, the Stroganovs had to overcome the resistance of the treasury, which wanted to build copper smelting furnaces there and had priority. With the support of the Salt Office, the Stroganovs managed, although not immediately, to achieve their goal, and in 1746 they built a plant, committing a number of violations of laws. A scandal arose over this. The obstinate prosecutor of the Berg Collegium, Suvorov, tried to protest the actions of the Stroganovs, but only himself suffered from this, so strong was the influence of the Stroganovs at court.
Over the course of several centuries, the Stroganovs' relations with the state developed differently. On the one hand, representatives of this family provided assistance to the Moscow princes, kings, and emperors. So, according to some information, the grandson of Spiridon (the founder of the dynasty) Luka Kuzmich in 1445 or 1446 bought from Tatar captivity Grand Duke Vasily Vasilyevich the Dark "out of great zeal for him, with a significant amount of money, not sparing his belongings." IN Time of Troubles At the beginning of the 17th century, Maxim Yakovlevich and Nikita Grigorievich Stroganov provided monetary and military assistance to the government of Vasily Shuisky. Financial assistance Other representatives of the Stroganov family also provided assistance to the Moscow sovereigns, especially during the Time of Troubles, when there were no funds in the treasury to pay salaries to warriors. One of the letters of Peter I states that during the interregnum and the reign of Mikhail Fedorovich (the first tsar of the Romanov dynasty), the Stroganovs donated about 850 thousand rubles, which at that time was considered simply an astronomical amount.
Everyone famous hike Ermak to Siberia was also organized with money and on the initiative of the Stroganovs. This is one of the most brilliant pages in the history of the family. Back in 1574, Grigory and Yakov Stroganov were summoned to Moscow to see Ivan the Terrible. As a result of the conversations, the brothers received a charter from the tsar, which expanded their possessions to the eastern side of the Urals and at the same time entrusted them with the issues of defense and expansion of the eastern borders of the Russian state. After the death of their parents, their sons Maxim Yakovlevich and Nikita Grigorievich were seriously concerned about the protection of their possessions. In 1579, having learned that a gang of Cossacks was robbing the Volga (which also robbed Karamyshev, the Russian ambassador to Persia), they decided to invite her to their service. The letter sent to the leaders of the Cossacks, among whom was Ermak Timofeevich, stated that they should “not be robbers, but warriors of the White Tsar and ... reconcile with Russia.” “We have fortresses and lands,” the Stroganovs further wrote, “but there are few squads; come to us to defend Great Perm and the eastern edge of Christianity.” The Cossacks responded to this invitation and in the winter of the same year they arrived to the Stroganovs. In 1581, Ermak Timofeevich, supplied by the Stroganovs with everything they needed, began his famous campaign to Siberia.
One of the royal letters states that Maxim Yakovlevich and Nikita Grigorievich “to help him, Ermak, hired many people as military comrades and repaired the whole army: money, and clothing, and a combat rifle, and gunpowder, and lead, and everything they gave supplies for military affairs from their belongings and sent servants with them, and with that service, zeal and sending Siberian state they took the Tatars, the Ostyaks, and brought the Vogulichs under our (the tsar’s) high hand.” However, as a result of the denunciation, the Stroganovs’ actions in Moscow were assessed extremely negatively. They received an order that when the Cossacks returned from the campaign, they must be arrested and hand over to the representatives of the Moscow authorities. If this does not happen, then “we will put great disgrace on you, and we will order the atamans and Cossacks who listened to you and served you to be hanged.” This royal message greatly frightened the Stroganovs. Cossacks in Siberia, they went to justify themselves in Moscow. As a result, the royal anger was replaced by mercy, and the Stroganovs were granted the right to duty-free trade in the newly conquered lands.
In the 18th century, when the process of “nobility” began, that is, merchants receiving noble titles, the Stroganovs were among the first to make the transition to the privileged class. In 1722, Alexander, Nikolai and Sergei Grigorievich Stroganov “for the merits of their ancestors” were elevated to baronial dignity. The descendants of the Stroganovs, using their wealth, received titles and made careers in public service, acquired estates and serfs, that is, they led the typical life of the Russian aristocracy. However, the Stroganovs were distinguished by one characteristic feature - patronage of representatives of culture.
Already in late XVI and the beginning of the 17th century, the Stroganovs supported the work of the most skilled icon painters, who strived for a special elegance of painting, ordering and purchasing their works for their “uppers”. During that period, Stroganovskaya was formed. art school. IN late XVII century, we can talk about the Stroganov style in architecture. It is in this style that the Church of the Nativity of the Virgin Mary is made in Nizhny Novgorod, built at the expense of G. D. Stroganov.
In the 18th century, the first count in the Stroganov family, Alexander Sergeevich (1733-1811), became one of the outstanding Russian philanthropists in the full sense of the word. He patronized talents both in art and literature. His support was enjoyed by Derzhavin, Bortnyansky,
Bogdanovich, Krylov. Since 1768 A.S. Stroganov was an honorary member of the Academy of Arts, and in 1800 he was appointed its president. A common thread running through Alexander Stroganov’s entire life is his passion for collecting outstanding works and rarities in the field of painting, sculpture and partly literature. For this purpose, he never spared either money or labor. Already in 1793, his gallery contained 87 paintings by the most famous artists of various schools - Florentine, Roman, Lombard, Venetian, Spanish, Dutch, etc. At the same time, he personally compiled and published small quantity copies description of your collection. In 1801, the count was entrusted with overseeing the construction of the Kazan Cathedral, which took place under the direction of the architect Voronikhin, who had previously been his serf. A.S. Stroganov was also the author of the project to open a Public Library in St. Petersburg, of which he was appointed director. Countess Natalia Pavlovna (1796 - 1872) became famous for her special kindness in the Stroganov family. Contemporaries noted the amazing gentleness of her character and meekness of heart. “She was especially distinguished by her compassion for her neighbor and poor people in general; her whole life revolved around her family, deeds of good, and she had no other world. That’s how she began her existence, that’s how she spent her whole life, and that’s how she went to eternity".
Another famous philanthropist and philanthropist is Count Sergei Grigorievich Stroganov
(1794 - 1882) - from 1835 to 1847 he was a trustee of the Moscow educational district and Moscow University. Contemporaries called this period the “Stroganov era.” While managing the university, Stroganov knew how to find and encourage talented teachers. Granovsky, Kavelin, Soloviev, Buslaev, Bodyansky - these are just a few professors who began their university activities at this time, and subsequently became the pride of Russian science. Under his leadership and at his expense, “Antiquities of the Russian State” and a number of other publications were published, including those of which he himself was the author. A great lover and connoisseur of painting and sculpture, Sergei Grigorievich Stroganov left a memory of himself as the founder of the first Russian drawing school. In 1825, he organized the now famous Stroganov School in Moscow. History of entrepreneurship of the Stroganovs in the 16th-17th centuries. for all its exclusivity, it is very characteristic of the late Middle Ages, for the era that marked the beginning of the process of the so-called “initial accumulation of capital.” This process occurred in all countries and meant the formation of large capitals directed into production under the indispensable condition of creating a market for hired labor due to the ruin of many small producers. In Russia, under the dominance of the serf system, this process lasted for centuries. People dependent on them worked in the fields of the same Stroganovs. But in their activities, such features of the era of primitive accumulation are also obvious, such as the combination of entrepreneurial energy with violence and non-economic coercion, the seizure of the industries of small producers, support from the state, privileges and monopoly in this regard, making profit from the exploitation of the natural resources of the colonized areas, and The entrepreneur also uses administrator rights here. The corresponding trading companies of England and Holland acted in much the same way in the East and West Indies at the same time, relying on the rights granted by their governments.
Among Russian entrepreneurs, there is, perhaps, no other family that can be compared in antiquity, scale of activity and the trace left in history with the Stroganov family. The richest patrimonial owners, industrialists and merchants, the Stroganovs had a significant influence on the political, economic and cultural life of Russia for five centuries.
It is quite difficult to briefly talk about the Stroganov dynasty. This family began its existence even before the reign of Ivan IV. The activities of the Stroganov dynasty (photos of some representatives can be seen in the article) had great importance for the economy of the Russian state. The family included famous entrepreneurs, art connoisseurs, military men, statesmen. The legacy of the Stroganov dynasty is carefully protected by the authorities today. Why is the family so famous?
Beginning of the dynasty
The Stroganovs descended, according to one version, from a Tatar who took the name Spiridon in baptism. The author of this version is considered to be the merchant Isaac Massa. And it was spread by the Dutchman Nikolai Witsen, who met with Massa. This version explains the origin of the Stroganov dynasty. Spiridon married a relative of Dmitry Donskoy, but was subsequently captured by the Tatar-Mongols. The Khan ordered him to be tied to a post and his body to be “planed”, then chopped into pieces and scattered. In 1395, Spiridon's son Kuzma (Kozma) was born, who was named Stroganov (Strogonov) in memory of his father's death. This version, however, is partially refuted by Karamzin, considering the fact of “planing” to be just a fable.
The author of the second hypothesis was N. G. Ustryalov, who worked in the archives of the Stroganov family. The history of the dynasty, according to this version, begins in Nizhny Novgorod. Here, too, the founder is Spiridon, who had a son, Kuzma. As F.A. Volegov clarifies, Spiridon’s grandson, Luka Kuzmich, gave money for the ransom of Vasily the Dark. Around 1488, his son Fyodor Lukich (monastically Theodosius) settled in Soli-Vychegda. Here he had 4 sons: Stepan, Vladimir, Osip and Anika (Ioannikiy, Anikiy). The first three died without leaving offspring. It was Anika who became the founder of the rich Stroganov dynasty.
Start of activity
Anika started with salt making. Most sources point to 1515. However, this is unlikely, since he was only 18. A. A. Vyvedensky has evidence that Anika bought a third of the brewhouse without a salt pan (tsyren) and a third of the cooking station, and then in 1540 another brewery with a place and a tsyren. In 1550, a charter was purchased from Ivan IV to establish a brewery with tax benefits for 6 years.
Many historians are concerned with the question of who was the founder of the Perm branch of the Stroganov dynasty. Let's figure it out.
Anika had three sons: Yakov (after the death of his grandson Daniel, the male line of this branch was cut short), Gregory (he had only one son Nikita, who died single) and Semyon (all the other Stroganovs came from him).
In April 1558, Ivan IV granted Gregory vast lands along the river. Kama (region of the Ural Kama region, from the mouth of the Lysva to the Chusovaya river). In total, 3.5 million dessiatines were transferred (one dessiatine is 1.09 hectares). In August 1566, all these lands became part of the oprichnina, and accordingly, the income went to the state treasury. In March 1568, a charter for lands along the river. Chusova was given to Anikei's eldest son Yakov.
The Stroganovs developed salt production, hunting, fishing, ore industries, agriculture, and construction on their lands. They built cities, fortresses, suppressed uprisings local population, with the help of squads, they annexed new territories in Siberia and the Urals to their lands.
Time of Troubles
Shortly before the Time of Troubles, Semyon Anikeevich was killed. The Stroganov dynasty was headed by his second wife Evdokia Nesterovna (descended from the boyar family of the Lachinovs). Everything came from this couple known descendants. Other branches, except those that became peasants, ceased to exist in the 17th century. Marrying Lachinova was beneficial to Semyon, since she was the sister of the Solikamsk governor.
During the Time of Troubles, the position of the Stroganov dynasty strengthened significantly. According to Shuisky’s charter, Nikita Grigorievich, Pyotr and Andrei Semenovich received the special title of “eminent people” for their service to the Fatherland and the provision of cash loans. The Stroganovs were always present at the ceremonial dinners of the Moscow patriarchs, sitting next to the boyars. The main source of income for entrepreneurs after the Time of Troubles remained the salt trade. Salt production was developed in the Sol-Kamskaya area.
In addition to entrepreneurial activities, the Stroganovs actively participated in foreign policy. They sponsored the Smolensk War, Russian-Polish war 1654 - 67.
It is known that at the end of the 17th century. The construction of the temple complex of the Trinity-Sergius Lavra was carried out with the participation of representatives of the Stroganov dynasty. An arch was built in Sergiev Posad - a continuation of the entrance to the monastery. After it, the Church of the Nativity of John the Baptist was erected in the Stroganov Baroque style.
Beginning of the 18th century
The Stroganov dynasty was very numerous - the children of Anikey had many heirs. In the 80s, he began to unite the properties fragmented between them. XVII century Grigory Dmitrievich Stroganov. He received 8 royal charters. According to six of them, he received real estate and land in the Kama region. By 1715 total area land amounted to 6 million 639 thousand dessiatines.
Competition
It should be noted that not only the Stroganov dynasty was involved in salt fishing. Let's briefly look at some of their competitors.
So, in 1661 - 62. The Sokolovs (Balakhna industrialists) took over land for salt production. But in 1688, the territories passed to the Shustovs through a petition filed in 1685. The document stated that salt mining was not carried out on these lands. Grigory Stroganov made a claim to the territory. He filed a petition in which he claimed that the disputed lands were his possessions. As a result, land surveying was carried out and the Lenva salt mines were transferred to him. At the same time, the townspeople who opposed land surveying were deported to Azov along with their families. In 1697, Grigory rents, and 3 years later takes Zyryanovsky Usolye into eternal possession.
Judging by the available documents, Gregory had great influence. This is confirmed, in particular, by the following. In 1698, by order of Prince Dashkov, the local salt industrialist Rostovshchikov was imprisoned in the official hut. However, he filed a complaint and, with the active assistance of Stroganov, the prince was removed from the post of governor.
Entry into the nobility
During the Northern War (beginning of the 17th century), the history of the Stroganov dynasty was marked by a number of significant events. As before, they sponsored military actions, providing large sums to Peter I. In addition, the Stroganovs founded metallurgical and other factories in the Urals.
After the war, in 1722, Sergei, Nikolai and Alexander Grigorievich received baronial titles, and the title of “famous people” was removed from them. From this time on, the active government activities of the Stroganov dynasty of entrepreneurs began. Alexander Sergeevich took part in the creation of a draft of new legislation during the reign of Catherine II. In addition, at the turn of the 17th - 19th centuries. he headed the Academy of Arts, directed Public library, was a member of the State Council. In 1761 he received the title of count from the Holy Roman Emperor.
Pavel Alexandrovich was a member of the Secret Committee of Alexander I, and was deputy (comrade, as this position was called then) of the Minister of Internal Affairs. Sofya Vladimirovna, his wife, founded the Maryino estate and created the School of Forestry and Agricultural Sciences.
From Grigory Alexandrovich comes the second branch of the Stroganov dynasty. The founder of the branch was a prominent diplomat of his time. One of the sons - Sergei Grigorievich - in 1859 - 60s. was Moscow Governor-General. Alexander Grigorievich was the Minister of Internal Affairs in 1839 - 41, and in 1849 he became a member of the State Council.
Many representatives of the Stroganov dynasty are known for their interest in literature, history, art, and archeology. Pavel and Grigory Sergeevich, in particular, collected impressive libraries, collections of medals, paintings, etc.
The last representative of the dynasty, Sergei Alexandrovich, being naval officer, actively sponsored the development of weapons. In 1923 he died in Nice.
Division and seizure of territories
In the middle of the 17th century. in the history of Russian entrepreneurship, the Stroganov dynasty, in short, big role didn't play.
In 1749, the Chusovsky, Zyryansky, Novousolsky and Lenvensky salt mines were divided between the brothers. The lands of the upper Kama region and people remained common family property. Alexander Sergeevich tried to develop the South Ural territories. He built the Trinity-Satkinsky plant in 1755 - 1757. But the enterprise turned out to be unprofitable, so Stroganov sold it to the merchant Luginin in 1769.
In the second half of the 18th century. Most of the Stroganovs' possessions passed into the hands of the Shakhovsky, Golitsyn, Lazarev, and Vsevolzhsky princes. In addition, the territories owned by entrepreneurs were reduced by almost half due to the seizure of state-owned lands for the construction of factories.
Alexander Sergeevich first filed claims for the return of possessions, but in 1790 he decided to renounce all claims to them. He agreed to the confiscation of territories on which state-owned metallurgical plants and villages of state peasants were located. His son, Pavel, in 1817, before his death, asked Emperor Alexander I to transfer the Perm estate to a primordial estate.
In accordance with the imperial decree of August 11, 1817, the Stroganov estate was to be transferred from one person to another into complete ownership. It was prohibited to partially or fully mortgage it or sell it to a private person or the state, encumber it with debts or other obligations. If any transactions were made in violation of the decree, then they should have been declared invalid, regardless of who and where they entered into. In the history of Russian entrepreneurship, the Stroganov dynasty is one of the few families that enjoyed such patronage. The status of primogenitor was retained by the Perm estate until 1917.
Collapse of the primogeniture
The authorities tried to legislatively stop the destruction of the Perm estate. However, the collapse continued until 1917. In 1833, the area of the primordium was 1,551,625 acres, and in 1859 - 1,456,576. But the number of men increased from 57,778 to 78,064 people. The acceleration of the collapse of the Perm primordium was due to the abolition of serfdom in the factories of the Urals. According to the law, all liberated people had to be given land. During the redemption of Stroganov estates from 1872 to 1886. former serfs, rural and industrial workers received a total of 700,982 dessiatines.
The area of the primordium in the late 1880s. was approximately the same as in 1858. This is due to the fact that the estate was increased in 1872 and 1877. due to the annexation of territories of other branches of the Stroganov dynasty. So, in 1872, the lands of Sergei Grigorievich became part of the majorate - about 600,000 acres with the Kynovsky plant. And in 1877, Alexander Grigorievich sold the estate for 1 million rubles. 150 thousand dessiatines with Levensky industries. Accordingly, by 1886 the area of the estate amounted to almost 1.5 million dessiatines. Sergei Stroganov increased it by acquiring the Utkinsky plant from the Demidovs in 1890 and almost 90 thousand acres of land (although the count had to give 24 thousand acres to the population of the mining center).
At the beginning of the 20th century, the area of the primordium continued to decrease. It was associated with the delimitation of land and disputes with neighbors. In 1907-17 almost 100 thousand dessiatines went to the artisans, former trade workers and yard workers of the Stroganov estate. As a result, by the October Revolution, the primordium included 1,464,576.81 dessiatines.
Reorientation of production
At the beginning of the twentieth century it was celebrated new round in the history of Russian entrepreneurship.
The Stroganov dynasty owned vast forest areas. Shortly before the First World War, factories in Majorata ceased to bring the expected profits and began to close. As a result, the Stroganovs refocused on selling timber. The wood was floated to Tsaritsyn along the Volga and Kama rivers. In 1915, timber worth 915 thousand rubles was sent.
The second place in the Stroganov production was occupied by the production of iron and cast iron. Thus, the Belimbaevsky plant smelted about 6 million pounds of pig iron, and the Utkinsky plant - more than 6.5 million pounds. The Dobryansky plant, in turn, produced almost 9.5 million pounds of iron from all this cast iron.
At the beginning of World War I, the Stroganovs entered into an agreement with the state to produce artillery shells at the Dobryansky plant. For this purpose, the necessary equipment was brought from America in 1916.
At the beginning of the 20th century, there were still saltworks in the primordium. In 1908 - 17 they produced almost 3.5 million pounds of salt. In 1917, 5 wells and 7 brewhouses were operating in Usolye, and 5 wells and 8 brewhouses in Lenva.
Flour milling was also very profitable. By 1917, 56 working mills and 160 flour production machines remained in the Perm majorate.
The most important discovery of the First World War was the peat deposits on the territory of the Stroganov estate.
Barons Stroganovs - admirers of art
Sergei Grigorievich, a prominent representative of the dynasty, with the active participation of Rastrelli, built a palace in St. Petersburg, in which he exhibited a collection of paintings. Later his son Alexander continued the tradition. By by and large, he became the first Russian philanthropist.
Alexander Stroganov, a famous nobleman of the Catherine period, traveled to European countries. There he became interested in collecting books and paintings. The Baron returned to his homeland impressed by European libraries. In Russia, the first library was established only under Paul I.
The first Count Stroganov managed to collect large collection sculptures, paintings, books. Already in old age, he began the construction of the Kazan Cathedral in St. Petersburg. Only Russian architects and painters were involved in the construction.
Pavel Alexandrovich, the son of A. S. Stroganov, was very close to the imperial house of Alexander I. He distinguished himself in military affairs.
Educational activities
The Stroganovs began to actively lead her into early XIX century. The most prominent representative of the “new generation” was Count Sergei Grigorievich. He actively promoted the opening of vocational schools and schools for the poor. In 1825, the count, with his own money, founded a drawing school in Moscow, the famous Stroganovka.
For a long time, Sergei Grigorievich stood at the helm of Moscow University. As an archaeologist, member historical society, he made a huge contribution to the development of Russian numismatics. In addition, Stroganov actively participated in the construction of the Cathedral of Christ the Savior. He also created the Archaeological Commission and became its permanent chairman.
Conclusion
After the October Revolution of 1917, the last representative of the male line of the Stroganov dynasty, Sergei Alexandrovich, handed over the keys to the palace in St. Petersburg to the People's Commissar of Education. After that he moved abroad. Some of the valuables remaining in the house were given to the Hermitage, some were stolen. Subsequently, many different institutions were located in the Stroganov Palace. In 1988, the building was transferred to the Russian Museum. Currently, active restoration of the palace is underway.
Representatives of the female line of the Stroganov dynasty today live abroad. Their surnames, of course, have long been different. In 1992, one of the representatives of the dynasty, Elena de Lundinghausen, founded a charitable foundation. All the money that comes into it is directed towards the restoration and reconstruction of monuments, incl. architectural structures, Stroganov heritage in the Russian Federation.
Of course, the Stroganovs did a lot for the state. I would especially like to emphasize their patronage of art, books, and sculpture. Entrepreneurial activity The dynasty brought huge sums to the treasury necessary for the implementation of foreign policy tasks facing government officials.
Origin of the Stroganovs
The earliest version of the origin of the Stroganov family - from the Murza of the Golden Horde - belongs to the Dutch burgomaster and scientist Nikolai Witzen, who in turn borrowed the story about the origin of the Stroganovs from the writings of the Dutch merchant Isaac Massa, who wrote about Russia back in 1609. According to this legend, the ancestor of the Stroganovs was a close relative of the Tatar khan who lived in the 14th century; according to other statements, even his son. Sent by the khan to serve the Grand Duke Dmitry Donskoy in Moscow, he, “diligently discussing the faith of Christ the Savior, wished to accept the Christian law, and at baptism he was named Spiridon.” The baptized Murza gained the favor of Dmitry Ivanovich. “For the sake of baptism Grand Duke he loved him even more and bestowed him with many gifts, marrying him off to his close relative (according to one version, his daughter, according to another, his niece).
Having learned about Murza’s baptism, the khan demanded his return, then his extradition, but was refused twice, and “not being satisfied with this answer... he sent many armed Tatars to the Russian borders and ordered the Russian settlements to be devastated with fire and sword.” Dmitry Donskoy sent a “noble detachment” led by Spiridon against them; a skirmish occurred, and although “the Russians had a strong effect,” they were nevertheless defeated, and Spiridon was captured. Having made unsuccessful attempts to persuade him to accept the old faith, the khan ordered “to tie him to a post, trim his body on it, and then, chopping everything into pieces, scatter it,” which was immediately done. This is legendary story about the founder of the Stroganovs.
The date of the martyrdom of Spiridon in the genealogy of the Stroganovs compiled under Peter the Great is assigned to 1395 (6903). The son, born soon after his death, was named Kozma, and by his last name, in memory of his father’s martyrdom, he was nicknamed Stroganov or Stroganov (from the word “plane”). This story was repeated historians XVIII century by G. F. Miller and M. M. Shcherbatov. H. M. Karamzin was the first to express doubts about his loyalty, at least in some matters, although he recognized the origin of the Stroganovs from the Horde.
The historian N. G. Ustryalov spoke more definitely on this matter in his book on the history of the Stroganov dynasty, written in 1842 by order of Countess Sofia Vladimirovna Stroganova. Documents from the patrimonial Stroganov archive were made available to the historian. In his opinion, “much more likely is another legend, preserved in one collection of the Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery,” about the origin of the Stroganovs “from the house of Dobrynin from an ancient Novgorod surname.” According to Ustryalov, there is no doubt that in the Ustyug and Solvychegod districts, the ancient Novgorod regions, the Stroganovs from time immemorial owned extensive quitrent articles. He also calls another opinion, widespread among historians, that the Stroganovs were merchants before Peter I granted them the baronial title as a mistake. They “had a special title that exclusively belonged to them, the title of “eminent people”; constituted a special honorable class, inaccessible to others.”
Subsequently, historians finally rejected the legend of the Murza ancestor and accepted the version that the Stroganovs came from the lands of Veliky Novgorod; their ancestor was a certain Spiridon, who lived during the time of Dmitry Donskoy. Spiridon's grandson, Luka Kuzmich, is already mentioned in acts as the owner of several quitrent articles in the Dvina land. He is also credited with the ransom from Tatar captivity from the Kazan Khan Ulu-Makhmet of the Grand Duke of Moscow Vasily the Dark.
But the version about the Novgorod origin of the Stroganovs later raised doubts among historians. Although the first Stroganovs - Spiridon, Kuzma, Luka and Fedor - were mentioned in chronicles under the years 1381, 1395, 1424 and 1461, respectively, almost no documentary information about their origin has been preserved. And the Novgorod origin of the Stroganov surname does not have sufficient evidence. The most authoritative hypothesis is that the Stroganovs came from peasants who had lived on the lands of Veliky Ustyug since ancient times. Since the 13th century, these lands were practically part of the Suzdal, and since the 14th century, the Moscow principality, which made Veliky Ustyug an outpost in the fight against Novgorod. The Ustyug lands also included the entire Solvychegodsky district - the future family residence of the Stroganovs and the center of administration of their estates.
Some of the Stroganovs also denied their aristocratic, and at the same time their Novgorod origins. A great expert in history and archeology, Count Sergei Grigorievich Stroganov wrote to the historian Kolmakov: “Why did your Ustryalov decide to attach the Stroganov surname to the meaning of feudal barons? There was nothing like that. On the contrary, the Stroganovs were people of Russian origin who devoted themselves to the industries, first salt, and then iron and generally ore... and now in the Vologda province, where the Stroganovs actually came from, there are people who also bear the name Stroganovs and no less ancient origin, like myself, I am personally acquainted with them and consider my origin, as well as theirs, from the same ancestors.”
Grand Duke Vasily Vasilievich
Information about the Stroganovs' wealth dates back to the first half of the 15th century. “When calculating certain lands,” says famous historian S. M. Soloviev, - once belonged to the little-known Prince Konstantin Vladimirovich of Rostov, the plaintiff of the latter was a certain Luka Stroganov.” This was the same Luka who “ransomed Grand Duke Vasily the Dark from Kazan captivity at his own expense.” On July 7, 1446, the Grand Duke was captured near Suzdal by the Tatars. They demanded a ransom of 20 thousand rubles, and if he refused, they threatened to kill him. The state treasury was empty. Then the Stroganovs paid a ransom, and on October 1, Grand Duke Vasily Vasilyevich was released from captivity.
More complete information has been preserved about Spiridon’s great-grandson, Fyodor Lukich, who moved with his children (Stepan, Osip, Vladimir and Anika) from Novgorod to Solvychegodsk around 1488. Soon after this, already at an advanced age, Fyodor Lukich accepted monasticism with the name Theodosia and died around 1497. The three eldest sons died childless and did not leave any noticeable traces of their activities. On the contrary, the youngest of them, Anika (Ioannikiy), enterprising, energetic, with his skillful actions laid a solid foundation for the family wealth, which increased even more under his sons - Yakov, Gregory and Semyon, who became the founders of three branches of the family.
The older two branches soon died out, leaving only the youngest, from Semyon Anikievich. His second son, Pyotr Semenovich, had many children, of whom only one son, Fyodor Petrovich, reached adulthood, but left no male offspring; the rest of Pyotr Semenovich's children died in their young years. The eldest son of Semyon Anikievich, Andrei Semenovich, left Dmitry Andreevich as heir, whose only son Grigory Dmitrievich, a contemporary and associate of Peter I, was the only representative of the entire family. Having received property parts from the extinct two senior lines, he united in his hands all the enormous family wealth.
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