Exercise 1. Read the requirements for a specialist’s speech. Using material of this assignment, make a memo “How an educated person should not speak.”

The specialist’s speech should answer the following T requirements :

1. Oral and written language there must be a specialist correct , i.e. meet Russian standards literary language(orthoepic, spelling, grammatical, punctuation, stylistic).

2. The specialist’s speech should be accurate . This presupposes knowledge of the terminology of your profession, knowledge exact value special words, laws of their compatibility and rules of use.

3. The specialist’s speech should be logical . A specialist must be able to highlight the main and the secondary, defend his point of view, build reasoning, put forward a thesis and provide relevant arguments as evidence.

4. The specialist’s speech should be clear And accessible. These qualities of speech are achieved with the precise formulation of thoughts and the logical construction of speech in accordance with the purpose and context of communication, therefore, the specialist’s speech must be communicatively appropriate - appropriate.

6. The specialist’s speech should be expressive. Expressiveness of speech is associated with the ability to use synonyms (lexical and grammatical), figurative means of language (epithets, metaphors, etc.).

7. The specialist’s speech should be aesthetic. The aesthetics of speech is given by such qualities as expressiveness, purity, and correctness.

8. A specialist must be able to lead dialogue And monologue with one or more speech partners in person, by telephone or through business letters.

9. When conducting a dialogue or monologue with speech partners, it is important to remember to comply language norms. Success verbal communication largely depends on general culture a person, from his awareness of the rules of etiquette accepted in society.

The specialist must know and use formulas speech etiquette :

1. Greeting and farewell formulas: Hello; Good afternoon; Greetings; Goodbye; all the best; best wishes; see you.

2. Formulas for introductions and acquaintances: Let me introduce myself; My name is...; let me introduce you to...; please introduce yourself to this...; glad to meet you; very nice to meet you.

3. Formulas of apology and gratitude: I'm sorry; Sorry; excuse me; guilty; let me thank you; Thank you; thank you; I appreciate it.

4. Formulas of sympathy and condolences: I sympathize with you; my condolences.

5. Compliments and approvals: You look wonderful; your report was the most interesting; you are doing great; you are an irreplaceable worker; you did a great job.

6. Congratulations and wishes: Congratulations; Let me congratulate you; Wish you; happy holiday; Please accept my sincere congratulations.

7. Formulas accompanying requests: Please; be kind; let me ask you; if you don't mind; I beg you very much; it's not difficult for you; you can't (couldn't).

The specialist must be able to use politeness tactics :

1. Warning negative reaction addressee.

I'll bother you; let me ask you; if you do not mind; I'm sorry to trouble you; can I contact you; Can you help me.

2. Objection under the guise of consent.

Yes, but; This is partly true; you're probably right, but; It seems to me that it is worth paying attention to this fact.

If you allow me to enter into a debate; I doubt that this is so; It is hard to believe; don't you think that...; if I'm not mistaken; I think.

IN last time, when we made this decision, it didn't turn out very well; let's try to avoid previous mistakes.

5. Polite refusal.

I would really like to help you, but...; I'm very sorry, but our company does not provide such services; Today we cannot fulfill your request, please contact us in a week.

6. Providing freedom of action to the addressee when demonstrating his position.

You can do as you wish, but I believe; the right to choose remains yours, but let me note that...; I don’t want to impose my point of view on you, however...; It is your right.

Task 2.Based on the above proverbs and sayings, formulate the rules of speech behavior for the speaker and the listener.

1. They kill with a knife in a deserted place, in a word - in public. 2. Cows are caught by the horns, but people are caught by the tongue. 3. If you watch your tongue, it will protect you; if you loosen it, it will sell you. 4. What is unspoken can be expressed, what has been said cannot be returned. 5. It’s better to be lame on your leg than on your tongue. 6. Don't say everything you know, but know everything you say. 7. It’s better to cry at the right time than to laugh at the wrong time. 8. The egg taught the chicken wisdom. 9. Words are pearls, but when there are many of them, they lose their value. 10. The liar’s house burned down - no one believed it. 11. Throws pearls before swine. 12. The meaning of a word depends on the tone in which it is said.

Task 3.Read the texts below, determine what types of logical proofs (reasoning with a definition, inductive and deductive reasoning, analogical reasoning) are presented in the examples.

1.Irina Khakamada: I believe that public policy is not a game of amateurs to assert themselves among the whole people, but this is a normal profession, the same as the profession of a doctor or an artist. There are people capable of this profession, and there are those who are not. And most importantly, if you are engaged in it, then, as in any profession, you must know the rules of the game. The rules of the game are that you must give interviews and be as sincere as possible. Whether you like it or not, dance; if you don’t want to dance, leave this profession.

2.THEIR.: We are lucky (thesis): a person does not always manage to live several eras during one life, huge historical eras. I was born in Soviet country, I survived Gorbachev's perestroika, I survived the democratic shock therapy Gaidar and Yeltsin, and I myself created, I was a piece of this history, and everything depended on whether I could decide to run with this history together or sometimes even get ahead of it, or whether I would be afraid and then stay somewhere on the edge (arguments). I was lucky that I made up my mind, and I began to stew in the formation new history(conclusion). And therefore, of course, main idea- change, try

3.THEIR.: I recently returned from St. Petersburg, and everyone asks me: “How is it that you walk around without security and are not afraid?” I say: “Security is when a person invents a toy for himself”... It’s like small child painted like christmas tree, the mother does this not for the child, because the child is terribly uncomfortable, but for herself. So it is with security, it is not for protection, but simply to raise your loved one in your own eyes.

(Based on materials from the TV program “School of Scandal”)

The pace and manner of speech, the volume of your voice, intonation and clarity of pronunciation are the characteristics on the basis of which an opinion will be formed about you in the first minutes of the conversation. It is advisable to try to restrain the tempo of speech so that it is calm, without excessive expression. " Empty word pours out like peas from a sieve, a rich word turns slowly, like a ball filled with mercury,” said K.S. Stanislavsky about the difference between the perception of fast and measured speech. Therefore, if you want your words to be listened to, take your time and don’t chatter However, it should be remembered that fast speech is perceived more convincingly, therefore, especially important points It's better to speed up its pace.

You must speak with weight and confidence - like an experienced specialist who knows his worth. An indecisive person can be recognized by vague statements replete with euphemisms that soften speech: “to achieve certain success” instead of “become a leader,” “not very happy” instead of “angry,” etc. The so-called qualifiers also create the impression of uncertainty: “as if”, “only”, “a little”, “apparently”. A candidate who speaks this way is considered to be a weak person, unsuitable for serious and responsible work. The impression is reduced by such self-deprecating statements such as: “I’m not a speaker,” “I’m still an inexperienced specialist,” “I’m a new person.”

If you want to test how well you can present yourself verbally, record your “self-presentation” on a voice recorder (or take a video), and then listen to the recording. Usually, even the most experienced top managers wrinkle their foreheads in annoyance when listening to their self-presentations. And what can we say about us mere mortals?

If necessary, adjust your speech towards greater decisiveness and certainty. The main thing is to be sincere. Any falsity is noticeable and plays against us.

How relevant are these tips to you and your friends? Which of the described errors in speech behavior Are you celebrating at your place?

Task 5.Become familiar with questions that may be asked during an interview. Using material tasks 4, formulate approximate answers to them.
1. What attracts you to work with us in this position?

2. Why do you consider yourself worthy of this position? What are your advantages over other candidates?

3. What are your strengths?

4. What are your weak sides?

5. Why did you leave your previous job?

6. Have you received any other job offers?

7. Would your personal life this work related to additional loads?
8. What changes would you make to new job?

9. What salary are you expecting?

10. What can you tell us about your professional connections that you could use in your new job?

11. How do you increase your professional qualifications?

12. What time frame could you start working?

13. Name those situations in which you were unable to succeed. Why?

14. How do you feel about the method of coercion and threats towards subordinates? When should you resort to threats?

15. Do you often use praise towards your subordinates and other people?
16. What do you like to do in your free time?

Task 6.Get to know standard phrases in business telephone conversation. Emphasize those that you use most often when talking on the phone.

Task 7.Determine which form of public communication is used

(report, message, speech, conversation, lecture).

Speech by a library employee in a group with an overview of new arrivals; speech of a parliamentary candidate during a pre-election meeting; the Prime Minister's report on the work of the government; speech of a young scientist at scientific conference; speech by a trade unionist to students; conversation between a psychologist and a student; explanation of the material by the teacher during a lesson with students.

Task 8.Choose the correct statements.

1. A speech at a funeral meeting is a protocol and etiquette speech.

1. A toast is an entertaining performance.
2. A joke for an audience is an entertaining performance.
3. The welcoming speech at the opening of the conference is a protocol and etiquette speech.
4. A report is a prepared speech.
5. A lecture is an informational presentation.
6. A student’s answer in an exam or test is a persuasive speech.
7. A conversation between a dean and a student is public speaking.
8. The rector’s congratulations to university graduates at the graduation ceremony is a convincing speech.

APPLICATION

Dean of the State Faculty of TSTU

prof. Pavlova I.I.

3rd year student gr. IST -34

Smirnova A.D.

Statement

Please allow me early delivery exams for summer session due to the fact that during the session I will have to undergo a course of treatment in a sanatorium.

I have attached a copy of the voucher to the sanatorium.

What is an educated person?

A truly educated person is not one who graduated from any, even higher, educational institution - you never know how many of them turn out to be ignorant, narrow specialists or clever careerists! Not the one who has read a lot in his lifetime, even a lot, at least the most good books. Not the one who has accumulated in himself in one way or another a certain reserve, even a very large one, different knowledge. This is not the very essence of education.

Its very essence is in the influence that it can and should have on the surrounding life, in the power that education will give to a person to remake surrounding life, in introducing something new into it, something of one’s own in one or another area, in one or another corner of it. Whether it is general education or whether it is special education, all the same, its criterion is the remaking of life, the changes made in it with its help.

The greatest happiness for a person is to feel strong. Of course, we're not talking about physical strength, but about fortitude. The greatest reformers in science and philosophy - Newton, Pascal, Spencer, Darwin - were physically weak people. It is important to be able to prove your opinion. An opinion that he does not know how to prove, defend from attacks, or put into practice has no particular value. We should all understand education as an active and bright force, not only in itself, but precisely by its application in public life.

Especially valuable to us are those educated people who have responsiveness, strength of feeling, energy, will, those who know how to penetrate to their very foundations the spirit of the public. We can call these, and only these educated people, intelligent people in in the best sense this word. “What do we care about these educated people who are educated only for themselves and about themselves! - one worker writes to us. “They make us neither warm nor cold!” Absolutely correct. This is not what Russia needs. Last decade Russian life has shown quite clearly what kind of educated people the people are waiting for and what kind of people many of the most intelligent, capable, sympathetic people from the most diverse strata of the population are trying to become. Intelligent person- this is a person who knows and understands life so much, and its course, and its needs, and its needs, who at any moment can prove himself to be their true exponent.

Understanding the life around us is the first task of an educated person. Service to the surrounding life, the nature of this service - this is the touchstone for evaluating it. Whoever you are, reader, young or old, Russian or foreigner, man or woman, do not forget public importance your education and especially self-education. Russian history is unique and changeable. She can force any of you at any moment to become a representative of life, its interests and needs, aspirations and hopes, an exponent of its most urgent demands and workers and fighters for their satisfaction. A truly educated person must always be ready and prepare in advance so that at any moment, in case of need, he can be a spokesman for the needs and needs of the surrounding social life.

The very essence of a person is not in this business, that is, not in his profession and occupation, but in the man himself, in his attitude to this business.

In a very dark corner, even the most ordinary candle is an extremely important phenomenon and, in the literal sense of the word, bright, and does an important job, and can even be proud of what it does, the fact that it sheds light where no electric lamps have yet penetrated, and will they penetrate, and when?

Where there is light, there cannot but be a spread of light to others. If there is an educated, thinking, understanding, thoughtful, socially minded person, he cannot do without public service, and in any case, a person who is unable to express the interests of life is not a truly educated person in the best, highest sense of the word.

Our definition of it is somewhat at odds with usual definition education. It may be objected to us that we cannot help but classify among the educated and learned people who are alienated from social activities.

An educated person is certainly a versatile, and therefore tolerant, person. He must be completely alien to the spirit of intolerance and ideological exclusivity. Facts require thoughtful study, discussion and comprehensive assessment. Thus, the first task of a truly educated person is not to be narrow-minded, to develop in himself a versatile knowledge and understanding of life and the ability to evaluate other people’s opinions about life, while having his own.

"Worldview and life task and the purpose of each person’s life is determined by his historical situation,” the conditions of that time and place, that social and national environment in which we live, although we should not blindly obey these conditions. The purpose of education can be briefly expressed in the following words: it should “so direct the development of man that he becomes capable of understanding and acting in his natural and historical environment.” “An educated person is able to quite consciously and confidently determine his attitude to thoughts and ideas, to life forms and the aspirations of their living environment.”

What interesting things are happening with education in the digital age? How do relations between generations work now? Why today is it necessary to talk about life in conditions of uncertainty, about the ability to make choices, build horizontal connections, and think beautifully? CHTD suggested several topics for discussion for the academician Russian Academy education, psychologist Alexander Asmolov and co-founder of the educational projects, entrepreneur Alexander Rudik. We publish their dialogue.

doctor psychological sciences, director Federal Institute Development of Education (FIRO), Head of the Department of Personality Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Moscow State University. M.V. Lomonosov.

investor, president of the Proobraz Foundation, entrepreneur, member of the Coordination Council of Business Russia, co-founder of media projects about education “Mel” and ChTD.

How digital is changing society

The explosion associated with network reality is dramatically changing people's mental attitudes. For example, the “center-periphery” opposition disappears. Many schemes that are in our minds begin to crack and break. When I once got lost in Paris, I pestered everyone with the question: “How to get to the center?” Until one smart person told me: “There is no center in Paris.”

For us, the Kremlin is always geographically in the center, our space is packed like this. But there is a completely different mental package, where center-periphery is only one of the lines. Then there is no basis for an inferiority complex if I am somewhere on the outskirts, and others are in the center of the world. This is possible thanks to the digital reality in which new generations live and operate.

Another feature of these new generations is that, like Julius Caesar, they are multitaskers. They don't have single-track task processing. Their horizons are broad, and they go into the digital reality, like into a portal.

Recently, when I was asked to speak, I proposed a topic that everyone could understand: “How to catch up with children and grandchildren.” We need to create an Internet education program for 50-60-70 year olds. Not just to teach them how to use the Internet, but to give them the opportunity to communicate with younger generations in a different way.

I know situations where fighting grandmothers or grandfathers began to quickly master the Internet. One friend, when she got an iPhone, told me: “I’m hooked. Finally, my granddaughter looked at me as a serious person.”

However, most do not understand how this or that works. digital technology(same mobile phone), although everyone uses it. There is even an opinion that society is moving towards a digital primitive system.

Another problem that digital has brought, in my opinion, is the problem of excess information. Nowadays there is a lot of talk about digital literacy. This important question, but I would do more about information literacy now. The ability to filter out unnecessary things, determine the value and veracity of information - this, it seems to me, is the simplest thing to learn.

Because we often waste a lot of time on all sorts of nonsense; We are wasting our most valuable resource. The ability to work with information is critically important, but no one teaches this.

A. Asmolov: The Internet and the redundancy of information it generates constantly affects us, so we can consider digital environment factor in human evolution. We have to learn to live in this environment, deal with excess, select what is valuable from what is thrown at us, and be responsible for our choices.

Who do we want to release?

A. Rudik: The ability to make a choice and be responsible for it is the next topic, which, unfortunately, is not taught in our country at all. The rector of one of the London universities answered my question: “What result do you expect when you provide education?” replied: “We teach you to think beautifully.” I say: “That’s all? This is all?" Yes, there are no other tasks.

In essence, what does “digital” give? An unprecedented degree of freedom. You generally find yourself in a different world, where the monopoly on information and knowledge disappears. The content is free, the means of communication are practically free. With a little effort, you can ask anyone in the world a question and get an answer. And the education system must change completely to suit these new conditions. But she doesn’t change, she remains.

A. Asmolov: She is changing slowly.

A. Rudik: Yes, but mentally she doesn't change. Another idea is that we should graduate the “difficult” person from the education system. Not smart, but complex, who understands how to act, how to evaluate information, how to do the right thing in a situation of uncertainty. Not everyone still realizes how big the revolution is ahead.

A. Asmolov: There is actually a complexity revolution underway. It is cleaner than the industrial revolution and other technological revolutions, because the revolution of complexity is, first of all, a revolution of mentality. As a result, a person appears with “excessive degrees of freedom.”

Descartes said: “I think, therefore I exist.” For today's age, we must say differently: “I doubt, therefore I exist.” Doubt is working with uncertainty. And when we raise people who are ready to work with uncertainty, you are absolutely right, it’s really beautiful.

Who has a need for development?

A. Rudik: It seems to me that thinking adults definitely have such a need. But there are not many of them. But all adults can be gradually “squeezed” from two sides: there are children who live in the digital world, and there are people of silver age.

It was a discovery for me that older people are so active, so eager to learn something and find a use for themselves in the new world!

If, conditionally, children are pressing on one side, and active grandparents are on the other...

A. Asmolov:...Who want to catch up with their grandchildren...

A. Rudik: Yes. Then adults will have to change too.

A. Asmolov: With our children different models success. I know what models of success we have, but what models of success do they have? We often see pedagogical universities who drag children (through teachers) back. It’s as if we want the children to be detained and returned. I hope it doesn't work out. Although zombification is happening quickly.

A. Rudik: The problem here is a lack of understanding of the motivation of modern children and what goals we pursue in training and education. IN complex world“Zombification” is the simplest way out, an attempt to lean against at least some kind of system in conditions of uncertainty. That is why both society and government so often appeal to Soviet experience. But then the world was completely different, and the tasks were different. Ideology kept the system coherent, and the system did not end with school graduation. Now this is not the case. Now ask half of the officials who are responsible for education: “What do the children want and where do you want to take them?” - they won't say.

A. Asmolov: Finding success models is a monumental task today. And most importantly, how naively think those who want their children back! One of the management leaders told me: “You are a psychologist. What happens to the children? They are all on the Internet now. Could you help us negotiate with the main blogger?” This idea of ​​a “chief blogger” is akin to the idea that there is always a Kremlin in the middle of the city.

Learn to play in an orchestra

A. Rudik: The requirements for people today are completely different. They must be able to quickly adapt to each other in order to play - relatively speaking - in an orchestra, in order to act harmoniously. Not only know your part, but be able to adapt - play in the right key and tempo. Without a conductor.

It seems to me that society will be built on the principle of communities. This is already happening now. Moreover, these communities will arise, disappear, evolve, merge, and move in some other way. There will be many “orchestras”. If earlier there were vertical groups arranged as a hierarchy, now freedom has become almost absolute. There is a big stage ahead in organizing these communities. All sorts of different ones, big, small... And it doesn’t matter on what basis.

A. Asmolov: And between them there are bridges.

A. Rudik: Yes. And bridges are through people, not through institutions.

A. Asmolov: Vertical in general is a fragile structure; in this world, where there are so many challenges and complexities, it stops working because it reduces the number of degrees of freedom. Now in society it is more likely that force will act weak ties(in accordance with the concept of the American sociologist Mark Granovetter. - CTD), that is, the relationships that arise between neighbors, colleagues, and distant acquaintances.

What makes an educated person different?

A. Asmolov: One of the unique things is skillfully swimming in an abundance of information. But the most main feature- generation of new information.

The wonderful Hans Selye, who introduced the concept of “stress” into our culture, divided all people into two categories: problem makers and problem solvers. And he modestly said: “Here Einstein and I are problem makers.”

In fact, it is a unity: posing problems and the ability to search for information. And thirdly, make decisions. Responsible choices, not just choices. Today, to be educated means to beget education.

A. Rudik: In English there is a word literacy, which is translated as “literacy”, but this is not quite literacy. Not as before: “you can write and read correctly,” but digital, information, and social literacy. A competent person cannot be passive.

You cannot be educated, literate, if you do not interact with the world, are not part of some community, do not give impulses to it...

You must understand how to give and receive a signal, you must do something. This is precisely what literacy is in a broad sense words.

A. Asmolov: In fact, education is the generation of meanings. And technologies and platforms are secondary. Why am I afraid of platforms and programs? I'm afraid of programmed man. IN in this case a person who generates meanings and overcomes excessive degrees of freedom - this is an educated person.

A. Rudik: Moreover, meanings are not only the result of the work of the mind. I saw a speech here, the creator of Alibaba, and he said that now in the world it is not IQ that is more important and in demand, but LQ. L - from the word Love, Love. That is, a person who knows how to love first of all is important. This is something that a robot with the most advanced artificial intelligence cannot do. This is the element of a “complex” person. What is love? This is the ability to give more than to receive, which is mathematical logic doesn't fit.

A. Asmolov: Yuri German had a brilliant understanding of love, close in meaning to what you say: “Love is general system blood circulation." And the fact that the leader of such a large company says that in the beginning there was love, not technology or a platform...

A. Rudik: This is one of the most technologically advanced companies in the world.

An educated person is a useful person

2. What is an educated person?

A truly educated person is not one who graduated from any, even higher, educational institution - you never know how many of them turn out to be ignorant, narrow specialists or clever careerists! Not someone who has read many, even very many, at least the best books in his lifetime. Not the one who has accumulated in himself, by one means or another, a certain stock, even a very large one, of various knowledge. This is not the very essence of education.

Its very essence is in the influence that it can and should have on the surrounding life, in the power that education will give to a person to remake the surrounding life, in introducing into it something new, something of his own in this or that area, in this or that her corner. Whether it is general education or whether it is special education, all the same, its criterion is the remaking of life, the changes made in it with its help.

The greatest happiness for a person is to feel strong. Of course, we are not talking about physical strength, but about mental strength. The greatest reformers in science and philosophy - Newton, Pascal, Spencer, Darwin - were physically weak people. It is important to be able to prove your opinion. An opinion that he does not know how to prove, defend from attacks, or put into practice has no particular value. We should all understand education as an active and bright force, not only in itself, but precisely by its application in social life.

Especially valuable to us are those educated people who have responsiveness, strength of feeling, energy, will, those who know how to penetrate to their very foundations the spirit of the public. It is these, and only these, educated people that we can call intelligent people in the best sense of the word. “What do we care about these educated people who are educated only for themselves and about themselves! - one worker writes to us. “They make us neither warm nor cold!” Absolutely correct. This is not what Russia needs. The last decade of Russian life has shown quite clearly what kind of educated people the people are waiting for and what kind of people many of the most intelligent, capable, sympathetic people from the most diverse strata of the population are trying to become. An intelligent person is a person who so knows and understands life, and its course, and its needs, and its needs, who at any moment can prove himself to be their true exponent.

Understanding the life around us is the first task of an educated person. Service to the surrounding life, the nature of this service - this is the touchstone for evaluating it. Whoever you are, reader, young or old, Russian or foreigner, man or woman, do not forget the social significance of your education and, especially, self-education. Russian history is unique and changeable. She can force any of you at any moment to become a representative of life, its interests and needs, aspirations and hopes, an exponent of its most urgent demands and workers and fighters for their satisfaction. A truly educated person must always be ready and prepare in advance so that at any moment, in case of need, he can be a spokesman for the needs and needs of the surrounding social life.

The very essence of a person is not in this business, that is, not in his profession and occupation, but in the man himself, in his attitude to this business.

In a very dark corner, even the most ordinary candle is an extremely important phenomenon and, in the literal sense of the word, bright, and does an important job, and can even be proud of what it does, the fact that it sheds light where no electric lamps have yet penetrated, and will they penetrate, and when?

Where there is light, there cannot but be a spread of light to others. If there is an educated, thinking, understanding, thoughtful, socially minded person, he cannot do without public service, and in any case, a person who is unable to express the interests of life is not a truly educated person in the best, highest sense of the word.

Our definition of it is somewhat at odds with the usual definition of education. It may be objected to us that we cannot help but classify among the educated and scientific people who are averse to social activities.

An educated person is certainly a versatile, and therefore tolerant, person. He must be completely alien to the spirit of intolerance and ideological exclusivity. Facts require thoughtful study, discussion and comprehensive assessment. Thus, the first task of a truly educated person is not to be narrow-minded, to develop in himself a versatile knowledge and understanding of life and the ability to evaluate other people’s opinions about life, while having his own.

“The worldview and life task and purpose of life of each person are determined by his historical situation,” the conditions of that time and place, the social and popular environment in which we live, although we should not blindly obey these conditions. The purpose of education can be briefly expressed in the following words: it should “so direct the development of man that he becomes capable of understanding and acting in his natural and historical environment.” “An educated person is able to quite consciously and confidently determine his attitude to thoughts and ideas, to the life forms and aspirations of his living environment.”

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Self-concept of a preschool child

Program "I am a man". Introducing the child to the social world. The purpose of the program is to give the teacher a “tool” that will help him form a child’s idea of ​​the world around him, of himself as a representative human race; about people...

on the topic of: Educated person - useful person

Introduction

Word and life

What is an educated person?

Requirements for an educated person

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

The state is doing everything possible to ensure that children grow up healthy and happy, receive an excellent education, and learn new skills. information technology, necessary in the 21st century, have become worthy, respected people, patriots of the Fatherland.

As we see, one of the goals is to provide education, which is enshrined in the basic law of the state - the Constitution of the Russian Federation. What determines this goal setting, how necessary it is, and how its usefulness is expressed, let’s try to figure it out now.

Thus, education is the process and result of mastering systematized knowledge, skills and abilities. Consequently, in the process of education, the knowledge of all the spiritual riches that humanity has developed is transferred from generation to generation, the assimilation of the results of socio-historical knowledge reflected in the sciences of nature, society, technology and art, as well as the mastery of labor skills and abilities. Thus, in my opinion, education is necessary condition preparation for life and work, the main means of introducing a person to culture and mastering it, the foundation for the development of culture.

Based on the above, I believe that an educated person is a useful person - he is a kind of means of transmitting information.

1. Word and life

"A man's word is the blood of his heart"(Arabic proverb)

The above proverb of the people of the East means that everything that a person can convey to people that is useful through words cannot be expressed by him for the benefit of people unless it is experienced and felt by the speaker himself. The word is like one of important means communication with people should be not only a means, but also a special rational content - something that gives a person his spiritual experience of life and observation.

Powerfully influencing the minds and feelings of people, such a word turns into creative process life and spiritualizes this life, giving it reasonable content and direction. All in all cultural development humanity only from this direction human activity and special spiritual values ​​have accumulated, like religion, in its true meaning, which has given in the field of feelings moral laws relationships between people, and science, which has provided abundant material for material improvement in the field of experience and knowledge human life.

To liberate a person’s personality from ignorance and awaken the creativity of thought in him, education is necessary - this is the broadest acquaintance of a person with the achieved scientific values ​​through the free study of everything that is subject to the attention and judgment of a person.

The need to convey the experience of life, as well as the need to study the hidden forces of nature, is innate to the feeling of man as a rational, thinking being. This created a continuity of one generation with another, contributing to the further mental development of mankind.

This is the meaning human word. The printed word, being a good facilitator of self-education, can only fulfill its high meaning when it contains serious and reasonable material that meets the needs of the human spirit, and when the reader treats it with a thoughtful disposition.

The reader began to look in reading not for solutions to serious questions of life, not for confirmation of the correctness of his observations and experiences, but for pleasure for himself during rest, not from work, but from the severity of the excesses he was experiencing. And once such a reader was born, then, according to the demand causing supply, a writer appeared who satisfied the taste of this reader, and therefore the word itself, as a means of communication, lost such a high meaning that was previously given to it, as a means of expressing only a special human wisdom. It is worth recalling the words of the poet: “Sow what is reasonable, good, eternal: sow, - the Russian people will thank you from the bottom of their hearts!..”.

From all that has been said, a conclusion should be drawn for both the writer and the reader, and for the latter, perhaps, it is necessary no less serious attitude to reading, as it helps self-education. The very essence of reading should not consist in a simple mechanical perception of other people’s knowledge, other people’s thoughts and moods - “what last book says, then it will fall on the soul"; the essence of reading is to experience one’s own thoughts and moods excited by what one reads, that is, to translate other people’s words and thoughts into the language of one’s spiritual feeling, which is born from deepening one’s consciousness into the transmitted thoughts in connection with one’s observations life.

Only such an attitude creates the condition for the enlightenment and development of human consciousness, for life is, first of all, creativity, and in order to create, this requires active ability and the ability to understand the surrounding circumstances.

2. What is an educated person?

A truly educated person is not one who graduated from any, even higher, educational institution - you never know how many of them turn out to be ignorant, narrow specialists or clever careerists! Not someone who has read many, even very many, at least the best books in his lifetime. Not the one who has accumulated in himself, by one means or another, a certain stock, even a very large one, of various knowledge. This is not the very essence of education.

Its very essence is in the influence that it can and should have on the surrounding life, in the power that education will give to a person to remake the surrounding life, in introducing into it something new, something of his own in this or that area, in this or that her corner. Whether it is general education or whether it is special education, all the same, its criterion is the remaking of life, the changes made in it with its help.

The greatest happiness for a person is to feel strong. Of course, we are not talking about physical strength, but about mental strength. The greatest reformers in science and philosophy - Newton, Pascal, Spencer, Darwin - were physically weak people. It is important to be able to prove your opinion. An opinion that he does not know how to prove, defend from attacks, or put into practice has no particular value. We should all understand education as an active and bright force, not only in itself, but precisely by its application in social life.

Especially valuable to us are those educated people who have responsiveness, strength of feeling, energy, will, those who know how to penetrate to their very foundations the spirit of the public. It is these, and only these, educated people that we can call intelligent people in the best sense of the word. “What do we care about these educated people who are educated only for themselves and about themselves! - one worker writes to us. “They make us neither warm nor cold!” Absolutely correct. This is not what Russia needs. The last decade of Russian life has shown quite clearly what kind of educated people the people are waiting for and what kind of people many of the most intelligent, capable, sympathetic people from the most diverse strata of the population are trying to become. An intelligent person is a person who so knows and understands life, and its course, and its needs, and its needs, who at any moment can prove himself to be their true exponent.

Understanding the life around us is the first task of an educated person. Service to the surrounding life, the nature of this service - this is the touchstone for evaluating it. Whoever you are, reader, young or old, Russian or foreigner, man or woman, do not forget the social significance of your education and, especially, self-education. Russian history is unique and changeable. She can force any of you at any moment to become a representative of life, its interests and needs, aspirations and hopes, an exponent of its most urgent demands and workers and fighters for their satisfaction. A truly educated person must always be ready and prepare in advance so that at any moment, in case of need, he can be a spokesman for the needs and needs of the surrounding social life.

The very essence of a person is not in this business, that is, not in his profession and occupation, but in the man himself, in his attitude to this business.

In a very dark corner, even the most ordinary candle is an extremely important phenomenon and, in the literal sense of the word, bright, and does an important job, and can even be proud of what it does, the fact that it sheds light where no electric lamps have yet penetrated, and will they penetrate, and when?

Where there is light, there cannot but be a spread of light to others. If there is an educated, thinking, understanding, thoughtful, socially minded person, he cannot do without public service, and in any case, a person who is unable to express the interests of life is not a truly educated person in the best, highest sense of the word.

Our definition of it is somewhat at odds with the usual definition of education. It may be objected to us that we cannot help but classify among the educated and scientific people who are averse to social activities.

An educated person is certainly a versatile, and therefore tolerant, person. He must be completely alien to the spirit of intolerance and ideological exclusivity. Facts require thoughtful study, discussion and comprehensive assessment. Thus, the first task of a truly educated person is not to be narrow-minded, to develop in himself a versatile knowledge and understanding of life and the ability to evaluate other people’s opinions about life, while having his own.

“The worldview and life task and purpose of life of each person are determined by his historical situation,” the conditions of that time and place, the social and popular environment in which we live, although we should not blindly obey these conditions Viyam. The purpose of education can be briefly expressed in the following words mi: it should “direct the development in this way the need for a person to become able to understand his natural and historical local environment and act in it.” “An educated person is able to quite consciously and confidently determine his attitude to thoughts and ideas, to the life forms and aspirations of his living environment.”

3. Requirements for an educated person

knowledge word educated public

Anyone, no matter who he is, can always, with his inner striving, although not without effort, and sometimes hard struggle, rise at least one step above the usual level everyday life. Even if this is only a grain of achieved enlightenment, it still has benefits for public life. This is said about people who have no other conditions for their enlightenment other than through self-education. But what can we say about those who had the opportunity to take advantage of all the conditions and means of education? What can we say about a person who has received a comprehensive and complete education?

Life makes more demands on such a person. An educated person must turn all his knowledge into a constant source of light for others. He must enter the sphere of enlightening and ennobling influence on life itself and become in direct communication with by the masses. An educated person must represent that part of society which is transformed from the rough material of life, like blood in the heart, into spiritual values ​​for the entire social organism.

It must manifest a special type of social activity. He should not represent a dead passive force, but the active heart and brain of the social organism, intelligently connecting with all its directions, as a thinking, feeling and directing force. He must understand and evaluate reality from the point of view public good. An educated person cannot be educated only for himself and to himself - he is educated for everyone and must be a bright phenomenon in the corner where he lives.

Particular sensitivity and responsiveness to the interests of the surrounding life, in general, and to the personal interests of each person, in particular, is a kind of education of character and peace of feeling, which complements mental development in the same way as with a flower, in addition to its beautiful appearance, you also need a fruit. He must remember that the world of life is a world of social exchange of labor and mutual assistance in close connection serving each other, and for this mental development alone is not enough, it is also necessary to develop feelings, that special sensitivity and responsiveness that characterize the peculiarities of a person’s relationship to others in his actions and activities.

Such an increased demand for an educated person is currently dictated by life itself. It is not enough for an educated person to only know about many scientific things, but he needs to show in himself how this scientific knowledge must be applied to life in communication with people, in short, to live scientifically. And this already moves into the area of ​​self-knowledge, into the area of ​​feeling. To do this, you must first of all become spiritually stable and strong yourself; you need to accumulate in yourself not only the power of thought and reason.

Everyday life is clogged with many habits with harmful consequences, and this is only because people see examples of the actions of other people in satisfying their harmful whims. The practical application of scientific thought, the formation of separate circles for conducting scientific ideas into life, they will create centers that enliven life, from which influence on the creation of a new scientific life will flow into public life folk life. This will be helped by the ability of an educated person to think about, evaluate and understand the demands of current life.

The ability of an educated person to organize himself in life, relying on reliable scientific knowledge and impartial moral duties should always be the property of society, as material that compensates for social inequality of mental development, especially when this is inherited from past conditions of social life. Now, only with such a personal relationship of an educated person to life can he be called truly educated in the best and high value this word.

Conclusion

While doing this work, I came to the conclusion that only in special conditions personal activity of an educated person and in direct communication Together with the broad masses of the people, a broad opportunity can be created to transfer education through practical life into the very environment of people’s life. If within the walls educational institutions knowledge is transmitted to students, then consciousness and practice must work outside these walls.

Purchased educated person scientific value obliges him to this special scientific activity in direct communication with people. This will undoubtedly greatly facilitate and develop self-education for those who cannot break away from family life. working life and devote his years exclusively to science. True, one of the types of communication is literature, this is something printed word, which is an intermediary between a thinking, educated person and a person looking for funds for his spiritual development. But the very word that is conveyed by literature comes from those processes of life in which man himself finds himself, according to the expression: “he who is conquered by whom is his slave.”

Bibliography

1. Magazine "Bulletin" No. 12.

Rubakin N.A. Letters to readers about self-education.

Magazine "School and Life".

Bieri P. Domestic notes.

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