Rules for the Russian language, supplement for example. Supplement in English: direct and indirect

– is the person or thing to which the action is directed. The object is found after the verb or the combination “verb-link + adjective”:

After the verb: I see you. - I see you.
After a linking verb + adjective: I am afraid of you. - I'm afraid of you.

Direct object in English

Direct object(direct object) is the object to which the action is directed. A direct object can be added without a preposition:

I love this game. – I love this game.

I believe you. - I believe you.

We learn languages. – We learn languages.

Also direct object can be joined using a preposition (prepositional object).

I'm talking to you. - I'm talking to you.

He is proud of you. - He's proud of you.

Prepositions between a verb and an object are a stumbling block, and not only for beginners. Here you cannot rely on the patterns inherent in verbs and prepositions in the Russian language. It often happens that in the Russian version a preposition is needed, but in English it is not, or vice versa.

A cat climbed the tree. – The cat climbed ON tree.

Don't listen TO him– Don't listen to him.

To quickly remember which preposition comes after which verb, pay attention to the context when learning verbs. Consider that “verb + preposition” is a whole word with its own meaning, and the same verb + another preposition is another word. For example:

Talk about something- talk about something

Let's talk about art. - Let's talk about art.

Talk to somebody- talk to someone

Talk to my boss. - Talk to my boss.

In addition, practice helps to cope with the “verb-prepositional” problem (as with any other problem). The more you read and listen, the more combinations you remember, the easier you understand and use them.

Indirect object in English

Both in English and Russian there are verbs that require not only a direct object, but also an indirect one - an object to which the action is directed through a direct object.

Let's take the verb tell- talk, tell. This action can be directed to a single object - a direct object:

Jane is telling a fairy-tale. - Jane is telling a story.

But often the action tell is aimed at two objects - one directly, the other indirectly, through the first, it answers the question “to whom?” note that indirect object is between the verb and the direct object.

Jane is telling me a fairy-tale. Jane is telling me a story.

An indirect addition cannot do without a direct one. Even if there is no direct object in the sentence, it is implied, unspoken:

He told me... - He told me... (possibly told “everything” or “the truth”)

As a rule, verbs that fit into the logical scheme of “doing something to someone” have two objects – indirect and direct – for example: show- show, explain– explain, give- give. Moreover, the direct object is usually some object, and the indirect object is a person.

He showed you his city. – He showed you his city.

Give us your phone, please. - Give us your phone number, please.

She passed Jack a slice of pizza. – She handed Jack a piece of pizza.

Indirect object after direct

In many cases, an indirect object can be placed after a direct object, then a preposition will be needed before it to(indirect prepositional object):

He showed his city to you. “He showed you his city.”

Give your phone to us, please. – Give us your phone number, please.

She passed a slice of pizza to Jack. – She handed a piece of pizza to Jack.

A number of verbs allow only this option of addition, for example: prove- to prove, explain– explain, repeat- repeat.

Right: Repeat the word to me. - Repeat the word to me.
Wrong: Repeat me the word. – Repeat my (?!) word.

Addition. Types of additions and ways of expressing them.

Addition is minor member sentences usually expressing object relations. Οʜᴎ answer questions that coincide with the questions indirect cases.

Meaning. The value of the object is the most a clear sign additions. In this case, the addition can express other meanings (subject, instrument of action, state): The teacher has set a task(teacher– subject of action in the passive context); He's sad (he's- subject of the state).

Means of expression. Morphologized object - a noun in the form of an indirect case, a pronoun. The unmorphologized complement must be expressed various parts speeches: You're talking idle talk(adjective); He didn't understand what he read ( Communion); I learned to play the violin(infinitive); I managed to see something dark, small(indivisible phrase); The commander did not particularly respect the weaker sex ( FE).

Position in a sentence. The addition is usually located after the word being distributed. In this case, inversion of additions in colloquial or poetic speech is possible.

Syntactic connection. Main view subordinating connection additions with the main word are control (less often - adjacency) or free accession to the entire predicative center (determinant). Most complements refer to one word, ᴛ.ᴇ. are non-deterministic. Only some semantically obligatory additions act as determinants: It's both painful and funny to him.

In relation to the semantic content of the sentence. Additions are semantically obligatory components of a sentence: He is in a cheerful mood.

Non-deterministic complements differ based on which word in the sentence they refer to, ᴛ.ᴇ. what parts of speech control them.

1. The most common and widespread are verb complements, since many verbs name an action that presupposes a particular object: build a house, build for workers, tell a friend, tell about an incident, chop with an ax.

2.Adjective additions. Οʜᴎ are rarely used, since only high-quality adjectives have the ability to manage, and not all of them: We lived in an ore-rich region. The region is poor in forests.

3.Adjuncts can refer to nouns. These are substantive additions. There are also few of them, since the complement should be used only with an abstract noun formed from a transitive verb or from qualitative adjective. This means that in the phrase dress sleeve, house roof The relations are not objective, but attributive, since the distributed nouns are non-verbal. But in the phrase treatment of patients object relations. The common noun is formed from a strongly controlled direct transitive verb treat. If the noun refers to a strongly controlled but intransitive verb, then the addition acquires a defining connotation and syncretism appears: passion for music, thinking about my son.

4.Additions may refer to words in the status category: I felt sorry for Bela (Lermontov).

5.Additions can also apply to adverbs: far from home.

Types of add-ons. Traditionally, additions are divided into direct and indirect. The direct object expresses the meaning of the object to which the action directly passes. It must be expressed by a noun or pronoun in the accusative case without a preposition: I read a book and saw a horse. However, the direct object must be expressed by a noun or pronoun in the form genitive case without a preposition with a negative predicate – transitive verb: I haven't read this novel. And also a noun in the genitive case, expressing the meaning of “part of the whole”: drink tea, bring firewood. The remaining additions are indirect.

There is some disagreement in the linguistic literature regarding the boundaries of the use of direct and indirect objects. Some believe that the division of objects into direct and indirect concerns only verbal objects (Skoblikova). Others believe that direct objects also occur with words of the state category ( I feel sorry for him) Still others believe that direct ones can include both adjectival and substantive complements.

The addition expressed by the infinitive is extremely important to distinguish from the part of the GHS, ᴛ.ᴇ. subjective infinitive from objective: I start to tell, I can tell, I was afraid to tell - I ordered to tell, asked to tell, helped to tell. The infinitive object has its own LP. In LZ there is neither modal nor phase meaning. Activities are indicated by different verbs. Such additions are ϶ᴛᴏ objective infinitive. A subjective infinitive can also act as a complement, when the subject of the action indicated by the complement coincides with the subject of the action of the verb being explained: agreed to correspond.

Addition. Types of additions and ways of expressing them. - concept and types. Classification and features of the category "Addition. Types of additions and ways of expressing them." 2017, 2018.

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Lesson objectives: enrichment vocabulary learning new words, mastering theoretical material, the ability to find direct and indirect additions in a sentence, developing personal competencies, instilling a love of poetry.

Lesson type: synthetic

Lesson type: lesson experiment

Visibility: posters, markers

Lesson progress

I. Organizational moment(1-2 min)

a) greeting (slide No. 3): Hello! IN different countries they greet in their own way: And in one of the African tribes, when meeting, they say: “I see you”:
b) autogenic training: everyone says to themselves the phrase “I’m the best!”

II. Survey homework: read an essay on the topic “Russian folk traditions”

III. New topic: Direct and indirect object

1. The teacher's word.

Dear students! Today we have unusual lesson, which will take place in a creative workshop. You must conduct an experiment and determine what the topic of today's lesson is. (There is a white poster on the board on which students must write the topic of the lesson after they have carried out a linguistic experiment and made a conclusion.)
But before we start studying, we must plant a tree of expectations, i.e. Each student writes their expectations from this lesson on pieces of paper and attaches them to the tree. (Tree of expectations. Slide No. 4)

2. Brainstorm(Slide No. 5). Question: What is the topic of our lesson?

Supporting concepts: main members of a sentence, secondary members of a sentence, subject, predicate, object, indirect and direct object.
Mukagali Makataev, teacher of the Russian language, lyric poetry, Dante, Shakespeare (Among these concepts, the new ones are: direct and indirect objects, Mukagali Makataev. Based on the new concepts, students come to the consensus that in the lesson we will talk about direct and indirect objects, and Also, the lexical topic will be devoted to the work of Mukagali Makataev.)

3. Teacher: What did we talk about in the last lesson?

Pupils: We studied the topic “Addition”

(Students, answering this question, write the definition of addition on the reference poster. Other terms related to new topic, are entered by students in this reference book!)

An addition is a minor member of a sentence that answers questions about indirect cases. (Slide No. 6)

4. Linguistic experiment(7 slide

Here are some examples: (syntactic five minutes)

In Russian:

At the fair you can buy a woven basket and a patchwork rug.

Masters showed how to make a toy from a tire

In Kazakh language:

Tura zhane zhanama tolyktauysh

1) Balans of okytudy zhek kormedim (Tabys septic tura tolyktauysh)
2) Qulak estigendi koz koredi
3) Oner – white bar zhurttar (Neden? Shygys septic tank, zhanama)
Tastan barn salgyzdy (Y. Altynsarin)
4) Zhylkyda ot zhok, oser malda olim zhok (Zhatys septic) zhanama tolyktauysh

IN English:

Direct, indirect and prepositional objects
1) I wrote a letter (direct)
I wrote a letter
2) I wrote a letter to him (whom?) (indirect)
3) I spoke about him (prepositional object)
(I talked about him)

(Students find additions in sentences, since they speak three languages, students make a comparison and draw a conclusion: there are two types of additions in the Kazakh language, three types of additions in English, and how many in Russian?)

5. The linguistic experiment in the creative workshop continues (slide 8)

Explain why the phrases are divided into two columns?

After writing down examples, students determine case forms nouns and indicate the transitivity of verbs. On the student reference poster they write:
Transitive verbs denote actions directly and necessarily aimed at some object. The action denoted by this verb presupposes one or another object (house, dam, factory, etc.) and is impossible without it. The object to which the action of a transitive verb passes is always expressed in the accusative case form without a preposition.
Sometimes the direct object of a transitive verb is in the genitive case: when denoting a partial object, when negating.
Intransitive verbs denote actions that are not directed at any object. They have the meaning of position in space, state, sound: sitting, grieving, barking, etc. In accordance with their meaning, they cannot control the form of the accusative case without a preposition.

6. Presentation of the directory (9 slide).

On the poster-reference book, students write case forms in two columns, which are necessary for transitional and Not transitive verbs. Then they draw a conclusion about direct and indirect additions and write the topic of the lesson on a blank poster.
The direct object refers to a transitive verb and is expressed in the accusative form, less often - in the genitive form without a preposition. All other additions are called indirect.

7. Selective exercise.

1. My grandmother loves to collect medicinal plants. 2. My sincerity amazed Pugachev. 3. Give me some milk, please. 4. Son, buy some bread at the store. 5. They said there would be no water during the day. 6. I don't like your jokes. 7. To achieve a goal, you have to work hard. 8. The patient lost sleep. 9. Many composers devoted their entire lives to music. 10. I will not allow anyone to deceive me. 11. We melt tin and drive cars. 12. The old man was catching fish with a seine. 13. From newspapers and old magazines I learned about the life of other cities, other peoples. 14. Not a single holiday passes without music and songs. 15.I went to the city with a friend. 16. Dulat plays chess well.

8. Work according to the table (Slide No. 10)

Students consolidate their knowledge of direct and indirect objects using a table.

9. Phonetic exercise (or speech exercise) the hiss of a snake; rustle of leaves; the wind howls; a crow croaks. (Slide No. 11)

(Students must pronounce words, performing the actions listed above, for example: the hiss of a snake - s-s-sun, ts - ts- flower, s - s - light; the wind howls - pere - y - y- street, y - y- street, chance; a crow croaks - kar- kar- picture, kar- kar- cardboard, kar- kar- caricature.
This phonetic exercise serves as a bridge to move to lexical topic“Mukagali Makataev.”

Teacher: Do you think this method is used?(i.e. repetition of the same sounds) poets in poems? What is it called?

Students: This method is called alliteration. It is often used by poets. Alliteration is the repetition of identical consonant sounds in poetic speech, one of the types of sound writing. Alliteration makes it stand out individual words and lines that therefore become especially expressive:

The echo roars across the mountains,
Like thunder rolling over thunder.
(G. Derzhavin. Waterfall.)

(“Brief Dictionary literary terms" L.I. Timofeev, S.V. Turaev)

Teacher: Today we will get acquainted with the life and work of Mukagali Makataev (Slide No. 12). This is a famous Kazakh poet. His poems occupy the most important place V Kazakh literature. Mukagali Makataev also wrote poetry in Russian. He worked as a Russian language teacher. And now you must read the text about him, observing the rules of pronunciation.

Exercise 4 from the textbook “Russian Speech” edited by G. Badambaeva.

One of the most talented Kazakh poets Mukagali Makataev lived only 45 years (1931-1976). He was born in the Narynkol district of the Alma-Ata region. Teachers gathered in his house, and his readers simply came to the poet. In the evenings we often discussed poetry and talked about poetry. For the first time, the Kazakh teacher was introduced to the work of Makataev in 1966 in the newspaper “Kazakh Adebieti” by the oldest poet of our republic, Abdilda Tazhibaev.
On the formation of Makataev - a poet great influence provided spoken word poetry the Kazakh people, a love for which he showed in childhood. Long winter evenings the future poet loved to listen to stories, legends, and songs by the fireplace.
Mukagali Makataev translated into Kazakh language works of Dante, Shakespeare and other classics of foreign literature.

10. Lexical corner: working with new words - discussed, influence, legends.

Make up sentences with new words. Decline nouns.

11. Working with text: Reprint the text on paper in small print and hang it on the board.

Divide the class into two groups and ask them to close their books. Each group should
restore text in notebooks. To do this, two students write, and the rest of the students, having read one sentence at a time at the board, approach the student who is writing and dictate the sentence they read from memory. The group that is the first to restore the text without errors and (underline the addition in the sentences) deserves an award.
(This type of work allows students to develop memory, and also gives students the opportunity to move around in class)

12. Problem from “Teddy Bear”: find the addition.

The bullfighter put on a sombrero.
Sombrero put on Torero.
Answer: Sombrero (from Spanish) is a wide-brimmed hat with a high cone-shaped crown and usually with the edges of the brim rounded upward.

13. Structural discussion on the topic: “Do modern youth read fiction? (Slide No. 13 )

Students express their opinions from the point of view of optimists, pessimists, and realists. Observers and the analyst evaluate the statements.

14. Lesson summary: Tree with results.(Slide No. 14)

Students write their reviews on pieces of paper and attach them to the tree. The teacher compares expectations with the results obtained.

15. Homework: write about your favorite poet, using direct and indirect objects.

The direct object denotes the object to which the action is directed, is expressed in the accusative case form without a preposition, extends the transitive verb, as well as some words of the state category (you can see the house, hear the music, it hurts your head): Nature creates man, but develops and forms his society (Belinsky ). The genitive form of the direct object is possible with transitive verbs with negative particle not: I don't
I love spring (Pushkin); I cannot imagine a situation where there would ever be nothing to do (Dostoevsky).
The preposition of the direct object often allows it to retain the accusative case form for transitive verbs with the negation of not. Apparently, this is explained by the weakening of the connection between the substantive word and the verb. Wed: The night did not bring coolness (A.N. Tolstoy). - I could not recognize my father’s house (Yesenin). But the genitive case is also possible: The sun is not visible - the sky is overcast with Burning (Gerasimov).
Note. They are not direct objects of the genitive case form in the following sentences, since they do not contain transitive verbs: I lack your tenderness, you lack my care (Shchipachev); Stronger than cats there is no beast (Krylov); Gerasim was no longer in the yard (Turgenev).
The indirect object is expressed by forms of indirect cases with and without prepositions and refers to the verb,
to an adjective, to words of the state category, to a noun: So forget about your anxiety, Don’t be so sad about me (Yesenin); The word “tomorrow” was invented for indecisive people and for children (Turgenev); I brought a basket full of dew from the forest (Marshak); It is impossible to live in the world without sacrifices, without efforts and hardships: life is not a garden in which only flowers grow (Goncharov).
The meaning of an object in secondary members of a sentence is often complicated by attributive and adverbial meanings.
Determinative complements are subject to sentence members expressed by verbal nouns that retain the action component in semantics ( categorical meaning verb). This explains the correlation between a number of verbal and substantive phrases: think about the past - thoughts about the past, dream about travel - dream about travel, demand quality - demand quality, study history - study history, etc.
The brighter in semantics verbal nouns verbal component, the more distinct the meaning of the object among their distributors. When neutralizing the verb component in dependent word stronger definitive meaning: thought about you, meaning of speech, etc.
Circumstantial additions are subject to verb forms: Butterflies flutter over the flowers... (Sokolov-Mikitov); For_
art is only suitable for the material that has won
place in the heart (Paustovsky).