Participial and adverbial phrases rules table. Isolation of participial and participial phrases Theory A participial phrase is a participle with a dependent word or words, t

SEPARATION OF THE PARTICIPANT AND

PARTICIPIPIPIPIPIPIPIPIPIPIPIPIPIPIPIPIPIPIPIPIPICIPLE

PARTICIPIAL TURN - this is a participle with dependent word or words, that is, with words to which you can ask a question from the participle.

For example:

A book lying on the table.

Participle - lying (the one that lies).

The dependent word is on the table.

Lying where? - on the table.

Participial phrase- lying on the table.

REMEMBER:

1. The participial phrase answers the question WHAT? WHICH? WHICH? WHICH? etc.

2. The word being defined is expressed by a noun or.

The word being defined is the word from which the question goes to the participle. For example: a book lying on the table. The defined word is book. What book? - lying down.

3. The participial phrase is separated by a comma or commas in the following cases:

a) if it comes after the word being defined

In the sentence Outside the window, leaves were flying, torn from the trees by the wind; the participle torn off is the one that was torn off.

The word being defined is foliage. What kind of foliage? - torn off.

Participial phrase “plucked from the trees by the wind”: plucked by what? - by the wind, where from? - from the trees.

The participial phrase comes after the word being defined, so it is set off with a comma: foliage, plucked...

The second comma is not placed in this sentence, since the turn ends the sentence, i.e., at the end of both the turn and the sentence, a period is placed here.

If the participial phrase is isolated in the middle simple sentence, it is highlighted by commas on both sides: Outside the window, leaves flew, torn from the trees by the wind, and fell on the cold ground.

b) if the defined word is expressed by a personal pronoun, and the participial phrase can be located anywhere in relation to the defined word

I was taken off the horse, soaked to the last thread.

Soaked to the last thread, I was taken off the horse.

c) if the participial phrase is removed from the word being defined

The young man quickly got dressed and left the house, overcome by some vague premonition.

d) if the participial phrase has an additional circumstantial meaning of reason or assignment

Stunned by the heavy roar, Tyorkin bows his head. (Terkin bows his head because he is deafened by the heavy roar)

4. The phrase is not separated by commas if it stands before the word being defined: Outside the window, foliage torn from the trees by the wind was flying.

5. Participles can be recognized by suffixes:

Usch-, - yusch-; - ash-, - box-; - wsh-, - w-; - eat-, - om-, - im-; - enn-, - enn-, - nn-, - t-.

6. The participle can be replaced with a verb

flying ball - one that flies
a written book is one that was written

The sea has merged with the sky and is fast asleep, reflecting the transparent fabric of cirrus clouds (not) hiding the golden patterns of the stars.

3) Make sentences according to the proposed schemes:

a) [ H | ~~~~ |…]. b) [ |~~~ | H...]. c) [ |_ ._ | Ch].

Communion and gerunds are nothing more than special forms verb. This article describes in detail the grammar and syntactic features, methods of education, characteristic features participles and gerunds. For better understanding of the material, examples and important points are given.

Communion and gerunds in Russian- these are two special forms of the verb that differ in meaning, grammatical and syntactic features. Participles denote a sign by action and answer questions Which? Which? What do you do? What did he do? What did he do? Participles denote an additional action and answer questions Doing what? What did you do?

Rules regarding the use and spelling of participles and gerunds with examples are given in the table.

Pay attention! Participles in Russian vary according to gender, number and case. Participles do not change and have no endings.

Features of participial and participial phrases

Participial and participial phrases- This syntactic constructions, which differ general meaning and a function in a sentence:

• Participial phrase is a participle with dependent words. In a sentence, like a single gerund, they play a syntactic role isolated circumstance(set off with commas on both sides) and indicate an additional action.

  Examples: The man was very happy meeting an old friend. Jumping over the barrier, the puppy ran to the owner.

• Participial phrase– participle with dependent words. In a sentence, as a rule, it is a non-isolated (usually if it stands before the word being defined) or a separate (if it stands after the word being defined) definition.

  Examples: Came to visit a friend brought delicious cakes. Vita needed to go out to the street, crossing the central square.

And participles. There is no need to talk about the mystery of these parts of speech: it is still not issue resolved about their place in the morphology of the Russian language. We will consider their main features, features and differences in our article.

Verbal formations

The fate of these parts of speech remains unknown. In modern school curriculum, depending on the author of the educational and methodological complex, the concept of what participles and gerunds are is interpreted differently. Some authors, such as Razumovskaya, rightly consider them to be unique forms of the verb. Undoubtedly, there is some truth in this, since participles and gerunds were formed precisely from the verb.

Both of these versions have a right to exist, they are logical and each of them can be argued in its own way.

That’s how mysterious it is, the Russian language. Participle and gerund are special forms that make our speech more dynamic and colorful.

Participle turnover

Every part of speech is remarkable in its own way. And what are participles and gerunds, what do they do special in a sentence that other parts of speech cannot? Their main distinctive feature- formation of revolutions. This happens when one of them has dependent words.

For example: Girl walking on summer garden, admired nature. If we carefully consider this sentence, we will see that from the participle “walking” we can ask the question “where?” The answer will be the phrase “in the summer garden.” This means that we have a participial turn. It is much smarter and more beautiful to use phrases than to endlessly repeat the word “which”.

Don’t forget to put commas if it comes after your qualifying word (here it is “girl”). At parsing The question arises: how to emphasize it? Everything is simple here: we ask a question from the word being defined: (girl) what? Answers it minor member sentences, known to all of us - definition. Therefore, it is worth emphasizing the entire turn with a wavy line.

In the case when the phrase comes before its designated word, everything is different. There is no need to put commas there. Syntax function This turn of phrase is different - each part of speech in it is emphasized independently of each other.

Participial phrase

With him things are a little different. Firstly, the gerund itself may not contain any dependent words, but, nevertheless, it will be separated by commas. Linguists call it single.

For example: Without hesitation, he rushed into the burning house to save people.

As you can see, the participle is very similar in meaning to the adverb (here it answers the question “how?”). You can even replace it with this part of speech: He quickly rushed into the burning house to save people.

As is the case with the brother-participle, the gerund can subjugate words and thereby form a turnover. Since it always fulfills only one role in a sentence, it is customary to call it. You can’t overdo it with punctuation marks: commas are absolutely always used. And you don’t need to look at how the word being defined is positioned relative to this phrase.

For example: Without completing homework, Misha went for a walk.

From the gerund “without fulfilling” we ask the question “what?” and we get the answer - “homework”. Before us is an adverbial phrase.

and gerunds

The word formation of each part of speech is studied by schoolchildren starting from the fifth grade. Some of them (for example, noun and adjective) have several ways of creating new words: not only prefixes and suffixes, but also addition and abbreviation. With participles and gerunds everything is simpler: their main method of word formation is suffixal. It is by this morpheme that we distinguish them from other parts of speech.

Knowing what participles and gerunds are, it will not be difficult to remember suffixes. Need to know a few simple rules. Don't forget that participles are divided into two large groups: active and passive.

Active participles in the present tense have the following suffixes: ush/yush (dancing, singing), ash/yash (screaming, flying).

For the passive - eat- (hesitant), -om- (attracted), im (dependent).

When participles are in the past tense, we will also distinguish them by voice.

Valid reason. :- wsh- (bought), sh (grown).

Suffering :- t- (chopped), -enn- (scrolled), -nn- (measured).

The main thing to do is to correctly identify the part of speech. Then the suffixes of participles and gerunds are much easier to remember. Moreover, they are similar to each other.

The gerunds do not have a collateral category; they differ only in time. Present time: - a (slowly), -I (guessing), -uchi (being), -yuchi (happily). Past tense: -in (having done), -lice (not knowing).

Conclusion

Suffixes of participles and gerunds are easy to remember in practice. It is enough to complete several exercises on this topic to consolidate their spelling. Despite the apparent complexity of these verb forms, they will not present much difficulty for those who carefully read the rule.

Participles and gerunds

Rule: If the participial phrase comes after the word being defined, then it is separated by commas on both sides: Goluboe southern sky, darkened with dust, cloudy. Rule: In the suffix -enn- after the hissing ones, under stress, e (ё) is written, although it is pronounced [o]: burned, decided. Rule: In short passive participles, one letter n is written: read, told. Rule: If the participle is formed from verbs ending in -at, -yat, then the letters a or i are written before -nn- and -n-: plow - plowed - plowed; oblige - obligated - obligated. If the participle is formed from any other verbs (not -at or -yat), then the letter e is written before -nn- and -n-: study - studied - studied. Rule: In full passive participles with the suffixes -enn- and -nn- two letters n (nn) are written if:

1) the participle has a prefix (except not): boiled fish, plowed field;

2) the participle has words dependent on it: fish fried in oil;
3) perfect participle: solved example;
4) the participle is formed from verbs with the suffixes -ova-, -eva-, (-irova-): pickled mushrooms, asphalt highway. If a word has none of listed signs, it is written with one n: boiled fish, fried fish.
(page 146)
Rule: Not with full participles it is written separately:
1) if the participle has dependent words, i.e. forms a participle phrase: On the table lay a letter that I had not sent. — There was an unsent letter on the table;
2) if the sentence contains a contrast with the conjunction a: The vase contained not withered, but fresh flowers. Not written together with full participles:
1) if it does not have dependent words: incessant rain;
2) if the participle without is not used: a hateful look. With short participles the particle is not written separately: The letter was not sent. The book has not been read. (page 146)

Rule: Particle Not written separately with gerunds: Answered without hesitation.
Rule:
The participial phrase is always separated by commas: Howling angrily, blowing cold autumn wind. A cold autumn wind is blowing, howling angrily. The cold autumn wind blows, howling angrily.

Participles have a number of correspondences among adjectives, partly in origin going back to participles. These include:

1) Active present participles and adjectives with the same root:
Blushing - red;
bluish - blue;
whitening - white.

2) Present participles active voice(as well as reflexive) and adjectives with the suffix -uchy, -yuchy, -achy, yachy, which are Old Russian participles in origin:
Flowing - free-flowing;
sitting - sedentary;
prickly - prickly.

3) An active present participle (usually with a negation) and an adjective coinciding with the passive present participle with negative prefix non-: Not burning - fireproof;
not fading - unfading;
not getting wet - waterproof.

4) Passive participles of the present tense (usually with negation) and adjectives with the prefix un- and the suffix -im:
Inadmissible - unacceptable;
not defeated - invincible;
untamed - indomitable.

5) Active past participles and adjectives formed from participles with the suffix -ly:
Tanned - tanned;
burnt - burnt;
blue - blue.

6) Next in meaning from the participles are the unprefixed adjectives na-ly, which do not have fully corresponding participles; for them there are only more distant participles with prefixes:
Ripened - ripe;
ripe - mature;
withered - lethargic.

7) Passive past participles and adjectives that were formed from these participles; usually the first with prefixes, and the second without prefixes:
Boiled - boiled;
grated - grated;
broken - beaten.

8) Active and passive participles and adjectives homonymous with them, formed from these participles:
A) A stone shining in the sun is a brilliant report.
Cape protruding into the sea - outstanding figure.
Jackals wandering in the forest - a wandering smile. The director calling the technician - a defiant tone.
b) A person respected by all, a respected comrade.
A driver-controlled car is a controlled balloon.

tbobolovich.narod.ru

Participle and gerund

Communion and gerunds in Russian- these are two special forms of the verb that differ in meaning, grammatical and syntactic features. Participles denote a sign by action and answer questions Which? Which? What do you do? What did he do? What did he do? Participles denote an additional action and answer questions Doing what? What did you do?

Rules regarding the use and spelling of participles and gerunds with examples are given in the table.

· availability of full and short forms;

-ush-/-yush-/-ash-/-box-(actual participles NV);

-vsh-/-sh-(actual participles PV);

-eat-/-om-/-im-(passive participles NV);

-nn-/-enn-/-t-(passive participles PV).

The syntactic role is adverbial.

The girl was walking down the street smiling.

Syntactic role is a definition or part of a compound nominal predicate.

Features of participial and participial phrases

Participial and participial phrases- these are syntactic constructions that differ in their overall meaning and function in a sentence:

Participial phrase is a participle with dependent words. In a sentence, like a single gerund, they perform the syntactic role of a separate adverbial adverb (set off on both sides with commas) and denote an additional action.

Test on the topic

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Material on the Russian language (grade 6) on the topic:
Table “Difference between participle and gerund”

The table will help you understand the differences between participles and gerunds

Preview:

Table1. Differences between participle and gerund

What are you doing? What did the lice do? What did you do? What are you doing eating?

HOW? HOW?

What am I doing? What did you do? What did the lice do?

Developing, remembering, written, moving

Having developed, remember, I wrote lice

Refers to a noun (pronoun)

Refers to a verb (predicate)

Present tense: -ushch-(yushch), - ashch-(yushch) - valid.

I eat-, -im- – passive

Vsh-, -sh- – valid

Nn-, -enn-, -t- – passive

Imperfect form (present time):

Perfect form (past tense):

A participial phrase is a participle with words dependent on it

Software is a separate definition

An adverbial phrase is a gerund with dependent words

DO is a separate circumstance

üOn the porch stood a man who was arming people.

ü Pierre could not fall asleep for a long time, thinking about what had happened.

On the topic: methodological developments, presentations and notes

A lesson in repeating and summarizing the studied material on the topics “Communion” and “Partition”. Students are offered multi-level tasks. The lesson is built using modular technology. Attached is the pre.

Summary of a lesson in the Russian language on summarizing what has been learned in the form of the game “Starry Hour”.

I taught this lesson while participating in the “Teacher of the Year” competition. The class to whom I was giving a lesson was unfamiliar to me (this was the condition of the test). But thanks to the skit at the beginning of the lesson, guys a.

Summary of a general lesson in 6th grade according to the program of M.M. Razumovskaya.

The selected material for the test allows you to test your knowledge on the topics: “Partipulations” and “Gerundial Participles” most fully.

The lesson reinforces the skills of forming participles and gerunds and spelling their suffixes.

The collection represents control tests, testing work, allowing you to practice a difficult topic for sixth-graders: “Communion and gerunds.” Tasks are worked out by Or.

2.7. Participle and gerund

Difficulties associated with the use of a special form of the verb - the participle - in speech can be divided into two groups: in the formation of participle forms and in the use of participles.

Errors in the formation of participles usually consist of incorrect construction formative basis(cf.: using the wrong form galloping instead of normative - galloping) and in the wrong choice formative suffix. Since the choice of a form-building basis is common for conjugated and non-conjugated forms, if there is difficulty, you should use the recommendations given in paragraph 2.6.

When choosing a formative suffix in the formation of a participle form special attention Please note the following cases.

1. Most active past participles are formed using suffixes -вш- from the stem of the infinitive (past tense) ending in a vowel:

write - wrote, decide - decided.

The suffix -ш- is used if the stem of the infinitive ends in a consonant:

carry - carried, carry - carried.



2. Passive past participles use the suffixes -nn- (-n-), -enn- (-en-) and -t- ( cleaned, made, finished). In speech, quite often there is an error associated with the use of one suffix instead of another.

For example, in the sentence: The room has been cleaned– instead of the normative form removed with the suffix -n- the suffix -t- was mistakenly used.

3. It should be remembered that when forming a participle, all word-forming prefixes and suffixes of the verb must be preserved. The most common mistake is dropping the suffix -sya when forming participles from reflexive verbs.

For example, in the sentence: The wind tore off the leaves left on the trees– the suffix -sya was illegally omitted. The following sentence would be grammatically correct: The wind tore off the remaining leaves on the trees.

4. It should be taken into account that some verbs are characterized by the absence or infrequency of certain forms of participles. Thus, according to the rules of Russian grammar, passive participles are formed only from transitive verbs:

Passive participles cannot be formed from verbs like get up, lie down etc., since these verbs cannot be combined with accusative case without pretext.

At the same time, the absence of certain forms of participles may be due not to grammatical laws, but to tradition.

arrest, protect, beat, take, wake up, carry, twirl, twist, transport, knit, iron, look, cook, warm, smash, load, gnaw, crush, hold, regret, fry, reap, wait, burn, call, know, have, boil, put, glue, prick, feed, paint, sculpt, treat, pour, revenge, grind, wash, find, plow, sing, bake, write, saw, drink, weed, spoil, hide, tear, cut, chop, salt, set, guard, dry, sprinkle, weave, stew, pull, teach, bury, clean, whisper, sew etc.

2) There are no forms of passive past participles for transitive verbs:

When using participles in speech, special attention should be paid to the following points.

1. The contrast between active and passive participles is related to the meaning they express.

Active participles (suffixes -ush-, -yush-, -ash-, -yash-, -vsh-, -sh-) denote the attribute of who (what) directly performs the action:

a singing girl, a boy drawing.

Passive participles (suffixes -om-, -em-, -im-; -nn- (-n-), -enn- (-en-), -t-) indicate a sign of who (what) is experiencing an action:

a book you read, a magazine you bought.

In speech, a fairly common mistake is to use active participles instead of passive ones, and vice versa.

For example, in the sentence: I had one ticket won– misused passive participle, since in this case this construction means: I won a ticket, and not a specific prize, amount of money, etc. with a lucky ticket. It is grammatically correct to use the active participle ( winning ticket), since the defined noun does not experience, but produces an action.

2. In Russian, the passive meaning can be expressed both by passive participles and by active participles from reflexive verbs with the suffix -sya.

In some cases in literary language Both possible forms are used:

project approved by everyone - project approved by everyone.

In other cases, either only the passive participle is used, or only active participle from a reflexive verb.

Wed: a built house is a house under construction.

It should be remembered that the main expresser of the meaning of passivity is precisely the passive participle, and where it is present, the reflexive participle is usually unacceptable.

Thus, the following phrases will be grammatically incorrect: a child dressing up as a nanny; carpenter's box. IN in this case It is mandatory to use passive participles: a child dressed by a nanny; a box made by a carpenter.

The reflexive participle is usually used when the corresponding passive participle is not available in the language or is rarely used. For example, forms of passive past participles from verbs are not formed or are rarely used imperfect form.

Wed: a paper written by a student last year; a report written by a student over the course of a year.

3. It should also be remembered that in Russian there are no and cannot be future participles. You cannot use participles in relation to the future! Therefore, constructions like:

In just a few years we will have a whole complex of enterprises that could cause an environmental disaster.

When forming forms of gerunds, the following points must be taken into account.

1. Imperfective participles are formed from the stem of the present tense of imperfective verbs using the suffixes -а/-я:

take – take – taking; cry - cry - crying.

A number of imperfective verbs also form participles using the suffix -uchi/-yuchi:

being, driving, regretting, playing, walking, sneaking.

However, they did not receive any widespread use in the literary language. Typically, the forms in -uchi/-yuchi are perceived either as outdated or as a means of stylizing folk and ancient speech.

In addition, not all imperfective verbs are capable of forming gerunds. As a rule, verbs that do not have vowels in the present tense do not form participles (cf.: weave - weave):

beat, twist, lie, bend, eat, reap(hand) reap(rye), wait, burn, lie, pour, crush, drink, tear, send, sleep, weave, rub, sew.

There are no or no participles from verbs with alternating consonants z–zh, s–sh in the stems of the infinitive and present tense (cf.: knit - knit, dance - dance):

weigh, knit, seem, mow, lick, dance, cut, scratch.

Imperfective verbs with -ch, na-nut do not form participles:

protect, burn, might, oven, flog, guard, cut, flow, wither, go out, stall, grow stronger, freeze, get wet, smell, drown, pull.

Imperfect participles from verbs are not used:

arrest, run, stab, climb, plow, sing, be born, freeze, want.

2. Perfective participles are formed from the stem of the infinitive (past tense) of perfective verbs, mainly using the suffix -в:

buy - having bought, decide - having decided.

From a number of verbs of the perfect form, gerunds are formed using the suffix -а/-я ( enter - entering, subtract - subtract etc.) or suffixes -louse, -shi ( offended, upset etc.).

In the overwhelming majority of cases, forms with the suffix -в are used: they are shorter and more euphonious. The cacophony of forms like having written M. Gorky especially emphasized. But it should be borne in mind that reflexive verbs usually have only one form - laughing, wrapped up. The use of the suffix -shi instead of the suffix -v is also typical for many verbs with a consonant as a stem: grow up - grown up; save - having saved.

The use of the suffix -а/-я in the formation of perfect participles (cf.: putting - putting, hearing - hearing, noticing - noticing) was a fairly common phenomenon in the 19th – early 20th centuries. For example, such forms were widely used by M. Gorky: leaning, approaching, getting off etc. Currently, many of these forms are out of use.

3. The main mistake when forming participles is the use of one suffix instead of another.

For example, in the sentence: I dialed the number after hanging up– the form of the gerund with the suffix -a was mistakenly used. From verbs with a sibilant stem, perfective participles are usually formed using the suffix -a, but the normative version will be the form with the suffix -v (putting phone).



Errors of this kind are quite common when using phraseological units. In many of them there are outdated forms gerunds ( hand on heart, damn my head). Arbitrary replacement of such forms with modern forms in some idiomatic expressions (rushed headlong) is an error!

Quite regularly in speech, the so-called filling of “empty cells” is also observed, that is, the erroneous formation of gerunds from verbs that in a literary language cannot have gerund forms at all (for example: While sleeping, he shuddered).

Correct spelling: what are participles and gerunds, rules with examples

In the Russian language there are special parts of speech adjacent to a noun or verb. Some linguists consider them to be special verbal forms and explain this by the presence of similar features.

Morphological features

Let's consider in detail, what are participles and gerunds. Even ancient grammarians noted their duality, so they gave them a name meaning “participation” in a noun, adjective or verb.

Declined, that is, it changes according to gender, number, case, has a short and full form. At the same time, it has the properties of a verb. For example, having the form:

• checking notebooks (imperfect form) – the one who checks (what is he doing?);
• checker (perfect form) – the one who checked (what did he do?).

Besides , time matters. This constant sign data parts of speech having the form either present time(creating) or past(built). There is also the presence return form(admitted Xia).

It is characterized by the presence of two voices - passive and active. Passive participles denote a sign of an object experiencing an action (parcel received - parcel received). Real ones reflect the attribute of an object that independently produces an action (a running person is one who runs himself).

From all of the above the following conclusion follows: this part speech denotes an attribute of an object by action, manifested in time.



Participle

The term originated in the 18th century and means " attitude to action”, as indicated by the first part of the word “dee-” (doer, action). In modern grammar, this name has a part of speech that denotes additive action in relation to the main thing expressed by the verb. Therefore, this form has verbal characteristics:

• view perfect(opening), imperfect (closing);
• repayment(pretending s).

Perhaps this is where the similarity of the parts of speech under consideration is limited, but there are numerous differences.

How are they different?

First of all, it should be noted that participle does not change, that is, does not decline or conjugate. Therefore, in his morphemic composition no inflection. On the contrary, the endings of participles are their distinguishing feature.

The questions they answer will help you distinguish between these verb forms:

1. Full Communion(which (-th; -oe, -ies) ?); short (what (-a; -o, -s)?).
2. Participle(what by doing? what by doing? how? in what way?).

Another difference is the different syntactic role. The participle performs the function of an adverbial circumstance (Bending, winding, the river into the distance.). Short Communion is only a predicate (The doors to the world of beautiful dreams are open.). The complete one could be:

3. definition (Foaming waves crashed against high, inaccessible rocks.);
4. part of a compound nominal predicate (The bread was moldy).



The formation of participles and gerunds occurs in a suffixal way.

Participles are formed from verbs of the corresponding type. Table 1.

Communion - inconjugated form of the verb. Denotes a sign of an object that occurs in time, as an action that the object produces, or as an action to which it is subjected by another object ( summoner - summoned).

Communion combines signs of verb and adjective. Like the shape verb participle possesses grammatical meanings verb:

• transitivity and intransitivity of action
• pledge
• time
• control
• compatibility with adverb.

How adjective, participle:

• denotes an attribute of an object
• varies by gender, number and case
• when declension has the same system as the adjective case endings
• acts as a sentence in a sentence definitions and predicate.

Participle- an unconjugated form of a verb that combines grammatical properties verbs and adverbs. Signs verb:

• control
• ability to be defined by an adverb

The gerunds do not have a passive voice. Like adverbs, the gerunds do not change: they do not agree, they are not controlled, but they adjoin.

Most often, gerunds adjoin to the predicate-verb and are circumstance. In this case, they do not allow replacement by the conjugated form of the verb. May indicate an additional action accompanying the action, expressed by the predicate. In this case the gerund is minor predicate and replacement with a conjugated form of the verb is possible. Less commonly, the gerund adjoins nominal predicate expressed by a short passive participle, short adjective or noun.

May also apply to other members of the sentence:

• addition (maintaining silence)
• definition-participle (sleeping leaning on his elbow)
• adverbial adverbial participle (drinking without wincing)

The use of gerunds is possible only provided that the actions belonging to the gerund and the predicate belong to the same person ( Having finished her homework, the girl went for a walk).

Formation of participles. Active participles can be formed from transitive and intransitive verbs, and passive participles - only from transitive ones. Passive present participles are not formed from the verbs bake, reap, shave, weed, etc. Present participles, active and passive, are formed from imperfective verbs and are not formed from perfective verbs that do not have present tense forms. Passive past participles, as a rule, are formed from verbs only of the perfect form. Thus, only active past participles can be formed from perfective intransitive verbs, for example: jumped, stood etc.

Present participles, active and passive, are formed from the base of the present tense of the verb through suffixes -ush- (-yush-), -ash- (-box-)- for active participles and suffixes -eat, -im-- for passive participles.

The past participles, active and passive, are formed from the stem indeterminate form(or past tense) through suffixes -vsh- and -sh- for active participles and - nn; -enn-, -t--for passive participles.

Stylistic character of participles.

Communion - the most important means designations of characteristics of objects in the form of an agreed definition. The participle not only figuratively characterizes an object, but represents its characteristic in dynamics. At the same time, it “compresses” information.

In modern Russian, participles are widely used in scientific style . Fine the function of participles is most clearly manifested when they are used as definitions : He saw her inflamed, sometimes perplexed and suffering, sometimes smiling and calming his face (L.T.). But predicates expressed by participles can also give special expressiveness artistic speech: And the wind poured into the round window like a damp stream - it seemed as if the sky was burned by a red-smoky dawn (Ahm.).

Participles that have received a metaphorical meaning usually become linguistic tropes: screaming contradictions, unfading glory.

The scope of wide figurative use of adjectival participles - journalistic style. Here the expressive function is played by participles, meaning extremely high degree manifestations of the intensity of action: blatant lawlessness, massive blow.

On aesthetic assessment participles leave an imprint negative attitude writers to discordant suffixes -shi, -lice, -ush-, -yush-. The writer either completely abandons dissonant verb forms, shortening the text, or replaces them with others that do not have “hissing” suffixes.

In common parlance, the postfix -xia is omitted for participles formed from reflexive verbs: "unbreakable dishes", instead of unbreakable.

Replacing a passive participle with an active one, formed from a reflexive verb, can lead to a distortion of the meaning as a result of changes in the shades of voice meanings: Parcels sent to Moscow by plane arrive there on the same day (the passive participle is superimposed on the general return).

As a violation literary norm the formation of verbal forms with -but, -from intransitive verbs: start - started, arrive - received.

Participles in modern Russian by stylistic coloring fall into two diametrically opposed groups:

• book forms with suffixes -а, -я, -в: breathing, knowing, saying
• colloquial with the suffixes - lice, -shi: having said, having come.

In the literary language of the past and the beginning of this century, the use of gerunds in - lice, - shi was stylistically unlimited. Nowadays they are used as stylistic device to express vernacular language. But it would be wrong to say that absolutely all participles in -lice, -shi are stylistically marked. Reflexive verbs form neutral gerunds: blushing, crying, staying, smiling. Those few gerunds are also stylistically neutral irreflexive verbs, which cannot be formed without -shi: grown up, lay down, spread out, kindled.

Participles that stand out sharply for their stylistic coloring, in our time, words attract the attention of artists who highly value common verbs in -a, -i, -v. It is worth putting such participles into action - and the picture will immediately come to life.

Participles that figuratively depict an action often serve as tropes.

In the Russian language there are many unproductive verbs from which gerunds cannot be formed: go, knit, smear, protect, burn etc.