Examples of professionalisms with explanations from the explanatory dictionary. Professionalism in the speech of people of different professions

Orenburg State Pedagogical University, Orenburg

Abstract: The article is devoted to the description of special vocabulary, traditionally divided into terms and professionalisms. Are given large number examples of professionalism from different professional fields: aviation, auto transport workers, bank employees, librarians, businessmen, accountants, journalists, engineers, cinematographers, meteorologists, medical, police, marine, hunters, carpenters, printers, puffers, advertising (PR people), rock musicians, builders, taxi drivers, theater , television workers, traders of old Moscow, teachers, schoolchildren, electronics and computer engineers. The materials of the article may be useful to philologists and university teachers.
Key words: special words, term, professionalism

Professionalisms in the people`s speech of different professions

Tverdokhleb Olga Gennadjevna
Orenburg State Teacher Training University, Orenburg

Abstract: The article describes the special vocabulary, traditionally divided into terms and professionalisms. Given the large number of examples of excellence from different professional fields: aviation, autoprodiks, Bank employees, librarians, businessmens, accountants, journalists, engineers, film-makers, meteorologists, medical, police, marine, hunters, carpenters and joiners, printers, needlewomen, advertising (PR), rock musicians, construction workers, taxi drivers, theater, TV crews, vendors of old Moscow, teachers, students, engineers and computer scientists. The article can be useful to philologists-teachers of the University.
Keywords: special words, the term, the professionalism

Language, reflecting the surrounding reality, consolidates in its lexical composition the practical, social and cognitive experience of people, material, spiritual, cultural and scientific achievements. The most important function of language is communicative, ensuring communication in all spheres of human activity.

Common words that are understandable to all speakers of a given language are included in dictionaries of the literary language. But, in addition to commonly used words, the language has huge amount special words serving different areas of science, technology and culture. Specially professional communication is carried out through the language of science and technology, a special form natural language, concentrating collective professional and scientific memory. Special vocabulary is words and combinations of words used and understood primarily by representatives of a certain branch of knowledge or profession. However, the special role of science and technology in modern society determines the ongoing interest in various problems of special vocabulary.

In specialized vocabulary, it is customary first of all to distinguish terms and professionalisms.

Terms are part of a terminological system, and “a classifying definition is applicable to them through the nearest genus and species distinction.” Crafted for Precise Expression special concepts and based on the definition, they, playing a classification and systematizing role, organize and streamline scientific knowledge in various fields, in particular: military (N.D. Fomina 1968, G.A. Vinogradova 1980, P.V. Likholitov 1998); marine (A. Croise van der Kop 1910, N.V. Denisova 2003); naval (N.A. Kalanov 2003, L.V. Gorban 2005); railway (S.D. Ledyaeva 1973), economic (M.V. Kitaigorodskaya 1996); legal (N.G. Blagova 2002), etc. As special lexical units, terms have been the subject of analysis of many works of linguistic content, both theoretical and practical.

Professionalisms are words used by small groups of people united by a particular profession. Scientists note that professional jargon (slang) are words and phrases of a semi-official nature, denoting some special concept for which there is not yet an officially accepted designation in a given science, branch of technology, etc. We have already indicated that used in work of art professional jargon, in particular school jargon, “must be understandable to the reader, and therefore explained.” It is precisely the lack of officially accepted names that is responsible for the fact that there is still no complete list of all professionalisms in the speech of people of different professions. This determines the relevance of our work.

This article provides material for such a list (in alphabetical order):

aviation: goat ‘involuntary jump of the plane during landing’; underdose ‘undershoot’; peremaz ‘flight’; fly around ‘get used to the car’; bubble / sausage ‘balloon’; give goat ‘hard plant airplane; aircraft names: Annushka ; Plush ; duck ‘biplane U-2’, Donkey , Donkey 'airplane I-16’; Pawn ‘Pe-2 plane’; Hawk ‘plane Yak-3,7,9’; Humpback ‘Il-2 plane’; Balalaika ‘airplane MiG-21’; Eggplant ‘airplane IL-86’; Rook ‘airplane Su-25’;
car haulers: mouse ‘gray ’; on the handle ‘With manual transmission gears’; skin ‘leather interior’;
bank employees: drunk And goggle-eyed ‘O fake banknotes, portraits on them’; car loan ‘car loans’;
librarians: storage room ‘room, Where are stored books’; comb fund ‘arrange carefully books on shelves’;
businessmen: white rollback ‘official commission intermediary’; non-cash , By cashless ‘pay non-cash’; turn on the counter ‘increase the loan percentage’; send ‘give bribe’; cash , cash , cash ‘pay cash’; shuttle , shuttle (business);
accountants: Kasachka , cash register ‘cassation’; izlup ‘overpaid tax’; kapiki ‘capital investments’; axles ‘fixed assets’;
journalists: overlay ‘error'; snowdrop ‘Human, working correspondent, But listed V state By another specialties’; telekiller ‘corrupt journalist’; duck ‘deception’;
engineers (workers): pot (in nuclear physics) ‘ synchrophasotron’; goat (in metallurgy) ‘ remains of frozen metal in the ladle’; cup a (in production optical instruments) ‘concave grinder (one of the abrasive devices)’; sneaker ‘self-recording device’;
filmmakers: filmmaker ‘worker cinema’; shelf movie ‘O unshown/ prohibited film’;
meteorologists: star , needle , hedgehog , plate (‘species snowflakes’) ;
medical: eight (at dentists) ‘ tooth wisdom’; cover ‘pronounce death’; pulse stretches in a thread ;neuralgic ; birthplace ; talus ;
policeman: hanger ‘hopeless case’; brood ‘investigative experiment’; tinsel ‘ECG film’; lost ‘missing without lead’; pipes are burning ‘problems with appendages’; cleanliness ‘sincerely confession’;
nautical: admiral's ‘cabin at the stern’;certificate ‘duffel bag, clothing property’, tank bulletin (tank news ) ‘rumors exchanged between sailors on the forecastle in their wardroom’;Barents ‘Barents Sea’;bargevik (barzhak ) 1. ‘sailor sailing on a barge’. 2. ‘rude, blasphemous’;beska ‘cap, headdress of sailors, petty officers and naval cadets’;all-night watch ‘watch while staying in a port or roadstead (berthing watch) from 00.00 to 8.00, i.e. all night’;V bre ‘vacation in September-December’; helicopter ‘snow shovel’; grab by the nostril ‘take in tow’;lie ‘lift up or choose, drag towards oneself, towards oneself (from the team "vira")’; Vladik ‘Vladivostok’;soak the anchors ‘stand at anchor for a long time’;galliuntimes ‘newspaper in the toilet’; Holland ‘Higher Naval School in Sevastopol’;Debardaker ‘every mess’; grandfather , hazing ; fraction ! ‘team: « enough! stop working!”(in the navy)’; caperang ‘captain first rank’; drop ‘captain-lieutenant’; compass ; mine ‘lower or(push, pull)move away from oneself(from the "mine" team)’; fur ‘mechanic’; buyer ‘an officer who arrived at the military registration and enlistment office to receive a team of conscripts’, ‘a representative of a formation, a unit who arrived as a half-crew to receive young recruits’; blazer ‘a person in an officer position, but without a diploma from a military university’; rapport ; bagel ‘helmsman’, new guy , starley ‘senior lieutenant’, starmos ‘senior sailor’; holdway ‘bad wine’; walks ‘floats’; chop , sniff ‘sail (about the ship)’; shkershchik ‘a worker who guts fish (usually by hand) on fishing vessels’; types of ships, names of ships: bandura , Warsaw woman ‘B class submarine’; diesel fuel ‘diesel submarine’, box , little one, tumbler, Rybinets,tuzik , pike ;
hunters: hang on one's tail ‘chase the beast with hound dogs’; wheel ‘grouse's loose tail’; dug ‘sharp lower tusk of a boar’; kuiruk , burdock ‘deer's tail; shovel ‘beaver tail’; seasoned ‘dominant, main wolf ’; pestun, peston ‘old bear’; pereyarok ‘yearling wolf’; log ‘wolf tail’; profitable ‘wolf to year’; embrace the beast ‘take away a hunted animal from a dog’; furry ‘squirrel tail’; pipe ‘fox tail’; fallen ‘hidden hare’; flower , bunch , burdock ‘forms tail hare’;
carpenters and joiners: mold , zenzubel , tongue and groove (‘species planer’);
printers: widow ‘incomplete line with which a page begins or ends’;clogged (font) ‘font, located for a long time in typed galleys or strips’; Christmas trees ‘quotes’; goat (goats ) ‘omission of text in prints’; paws ‘quotes’; slur ‘outsider imprint on imprint’; ending ‘decoration V end books’; slur ‘foreign imprint on the print’; strip ‘column'; tendril - ‘ending with thickening in the middle’, tail ‘lower external field pages’ and also ‘ the bottom edge of a book, opposite the head of the book’; stranger (font) ‘letters of a font of a different style or size that are mistakenly included in the typed text or heading’; cap ‘common title for several publications’;
downworts (Orenburg): snowflakes , feline paws , rays , little trees , snakes , raspberries , large raspberry , little windows , millet , ropes (‘species patterns’);
advertising (PR people): vital cycle ‘period, V flow whom noticeable positive reaction on advertising’; wall ‘inscription propaganda content on walls, fences, cars; used V black PR’; drain ‘tradition publicity Togo, What held on V secret’; elephant ‘authoritative face, organization, which can bring to the candidate additional vote voters’; sandwich -advertising ‘previously recorded video clip television or radio advertisements, inside whom reserved empty place For inserts special advertising messages’; background ‘effects, which accompany advertising announcement By radio And television or advertising V press’;
rock musicians: operational drive ; execution live , under plywood ; labukh ‘bad musician’; drummer ‘drummer’; soundtrack ‘sound track’; cover-version ‘transfer’;
builders: capital ‘overhaul’;
taxi drivers: station worker ‘taxi driver, specializing on service station public’; hat ‘fastidious passenger Taxi’;
theatrical: chief manager , give bridge ‘emotionally complete stage’; green play ‘last play season’; throw , leave text ‘fast repeat dialogue With partner’; pass text kicks ‘physically distribute text on stage’; clean change ‘full change scenery’;
TV people: bow ‘funny story program news, to cheer up spectators’; leader ‘producer’; cranes , fishing rods ‘microphones on long stick, stretched To far standing hero plot’; sound ‘sound engineer, sound engineer’; suckers ‘spectators V studios’; furniture ‘People, invited V program, including communication with spectators: them they will give say one phrase or No, their called "For furniture"’; bush ‘big fluffy nozzle on microphone, protective his from wind’; soapy ‘ a sentimental film (often a television series) dedicated to the problems of love, family relations, raising children’;block synchronous ‘impose picture on interview, relevant, When Human speaks too much for a long time’; overlap ‘short plot, voiced Not correspondent, A leading’; eyeliner , ustnyak ‘words presenter before showing plot’; gun ‘microphone’; shot down pilot ‘leading, which was Very popular, A Then disappeared With screen’; Cup , Stakankino ‘television center "Ostankino"’; ear ‘earphone, through which leading hears teams from hardware’; wheeze ‘message, transmitted correspondent V ether By telephone, with bad quality sound’;
traders of old Moscow: handbrake ‘hand seller’; collar ' gatekeeper’; money for the wind ‘missing money’; prick ‘complete the deal’; sub-fence place ‘a place reserved for sale near a fence’;
teachers: zero ‘preparatory Class’; window , good guy ;
schoolchildren: wheel , wheels ‘vehicle’, control ; rooster ‘five'; spurs , crib ;
electronics and computer engineers: tower ‘tower computer case (mini tower, midi tower, big tower)’; vir ‘computer virus’;truck ‘a character with ultra-high strength indicators, used to transport goods and resources’; freeze ; save ‘save’; script ‘ write a script, create some sequence of actions’;computer ;machinists And evaem people ‘computer center maintenance personnel’; soap box ‘a simple, cheap camera, player, radio, or any other portable device’;get too drunk ‘reboot’; armpit ‘mouse pad’; inkjet ‘inkjet printer’;brake ‘extremely slow operation of a program or computer’; X horny ‘computer mouse’ etc.

References

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Relevance: When parents come home and start talking to each other, we children become unwitting listeners to these conversations. Their conversation is mainly about work. We often hear words from our parents that are incomprehensible to us.

I want to understand what my parents do and what they talk about. Therefore, the topic “Professional vocabulary of my parents” became relevant for me, which is why I chose it.

Target: get acquainted with the professional vocabulary of my parents.

Tasks:

Get acquainted with the phrase “professional vocabulary”.

Compare jargons, professionalisms and terms. What is their difference?

Find out what my parents' job is. Be present at my parents’ workplace and write down words that are unfamiliar to me.

Decipher words unknown to me from the professional vocabulary of my parents.

Observe how often they are used professional words mom and dad are at home.

Object of study: mom, dad.

While doing the work I set hypothesis: Professional vocabulary is needed for the laconic and precise expression of thoughts in communication between people of certain professions.

Research methods:questioning of students of grade 6 "b" MBOU "Secondary School No. 1" with subsequent statistical processing and analysis of the obtained data.

Self-education is a difficult matter,

and improving its conditions -

one of the sacred duties of every person,

because there is nothing more important

as the education of oneself and one's neighbors.

Socrates

There are three ways to develop professionalism:

– Lexical. This is the emergence of new special names. For example, fishermen formed the name of the profession from the verb “shkerit” (to gut fish) - “shkershik”.

– Lexico-semantic. The emergence of professionalisms by rethinking an already known word, that is, the emergence of a new meaning for it. A trumpet for a hunter means nothing more than the tail of a fox.

– Lexico-word formation. Examples of professionalisms that arose in this way are easy to identify, since they use suffixes or addition of words. For example, the chief editor - editor-in-chief.

Chapter 1. Professional vocabulary.

Professional vocabulary- this is vocabulary characteristic of a given professional group, used in the speech of people united by a common profession, that is, they are not commonly used.

"Balda"(a heavy hammer for crushing stones and rocks) - in the speech of miners.

"Galley"(kitchen on the ship), cook(cook) - in the speech of sailors

Professional vocabulary ( professionalism) are expressively rethought words and expressions, characteristic of many professions, taken from general circulation. Professionalisms are given in explanatory dictionaries with the mark “special”; sometimes the scope of use of a particular term is indicated: physics, medicine, mathematics, astronomer. etc.

Professionalisms- a range of conventional expressions of a profession that have limited application. Inappropriate, unmotivated use of them can reduce the artistic dignity of the text (L.I. Timofeev).

Professionalisms- words and phrases related to the production activities of people of a certain profession or field of activity.

Many professionalisms are based on a vivid figurative idea of the named object, and it is often random or arbitrary. Examples of such expressive words are paws and fir-trees (names of types of quotation marks in the professional environment of printers and proofreaders); give a goat (for pilots this means “to land the plane hard,” i.e. land it so that the plane bounces on the ground); undershot and overshot (in the speech of pilots, these words mean, respectively, undershooting and overshooting the landing sign); skinner (among kayakers this is the name for a shallow and rocky section of a river).

Professionalisms can be grouped according to the area of their use: in the speech of athletes, miners, doctors, hunters, fishermen, etc.

Professionalisms appeared by transferring the properties of an object or phenomenon to some other object based on external similarity or similarity in the sound of a word. For example, the word “hat” (a general title for several notes) is in the speech of printers, in everyday life “hat” is a headdress; “slopes” - wheel tires (driver’s); “piggy” - boiler heat exchanger (from boilermakers)

Some linguists believe that professional vocabulary is "semi-official" compared to terminology:

Professionalism required:

For a better understanding of people of the same profession.

For convenience of explanation of the term.

To understand professionalism in the 6th grade Russian language course.

For better assimilation of information through the imagery of special vocabulary.

To be able to quickly remember the text due to the capacity of concepts

Professionalisms function primarily in oral speech as “semi-official” words that do not have a strictly scientific nature. Such special words can be found in explanatory dictionaries, and in newspapers and magazines, and in literary works; they often perform a figurative and expressive function in these texts.

Chapter 2. Comparison of jargons, terms from professionalisms.

Some professionalisms denote scientific concepts; these are terms (from the Latin terminus - limit, boundary) that have definitions (definitions) used in the corresponding field of science and/or technology

Unlike terms, professionalisms are usually a specialized part of colloquial vocabulary, rather than literary.

There is a lot of confusion, vagueness, and disagreement in judgments about professionalism. We should probably proceed from the fact that professionalisms are precise vocabulary, normative in nature, and their share in the composition literary vocabulary huge.

The ways of education of professionalisms and, in particular, scientific and technical terms are diverse. the term may be a commonly used word in figurative meaning, which is recorded in the corresponding dictionaries. This is how the computer terms mouse, virus, window, field, cell, menu, etc. appeared.

Despite the fact that in some scientific sources Professionalisms and professional jargon are defined almost identically; they have their own characteristics. Unlike jargon, professionalisms are used in a literal sense, they are not figurative. Jargons, like professionalisms, perform the function of distinguishing between “us” and “outsiders”, a sign of the speaker’s belonging to a certain social group. Professional jargon is figurative and may be incomprehensible outside the profession.

Professional jargons are more familiar, emotional and expressive compared to professionalisms. Professionalisms can sometimes be used by specialists in official speech (in reports and speeches at conferences and interviews), while the scope of use of professional jargon is limited to the oral speech of specialists in an informal setting.

Like jargon, professionalism is corporate vocabulary, it is used to recognize “our own people” (a doctor is a doctor, a physicist is a physicist, etc.). but unlike slang, professional vocabulary is stylistically neutral, it is part of literary vocabulary. Like jargon, professionalisms are perceived differently in different contexts. The same word (phrase), depending on the context, can be common, jargon, or professionalism. For example, everyone understands the word work, i.e. any business, but in criminal jargon it means a crime, while for physicists work is a measure of the action of force. Let's take another word - gold. V common meaning- is a precious material for the manufacture of many expensive things; for chemists, gold is one of the elements periodic table Mendeleev with its own properties, and for economists gold is a special commodity, the use value of which expresses and measures the value of all other goods.

Imagery, expressiveness, and emotionality distinguish professionalism from always neutral terms and phrases of an official nature.

Chapter 3. My parents' work

My mother works at the Central District Hospital as the chief nurse.

I attended my mother's work.

In a conversation with her employees, she used such professional words as: grandma-violator, aiknuty, disco, liuski, UFO, teletubby, etc.

Chapter 4. Explain the meaning of words unknown to me.

Aiknuty is a patient after an operation performed using a heart-lung machine (ACB).

Disco - siren and emergency lights on.

In the field of specialized and professional communication and exchange of scientific, technical and other knowledge, professional vocabulary is a significant, capacious carrier of special scientific information. This is explained by the nature of its information function as a carrier of special information. The use of professional vocabulary by representatives of the same field of activity determines the degree of efficiency, effectiveness and productivity of professional communication, and, consequently, the quality result of their joint work.

Aiknuty is a patient after an operation performed using a heart-lung machine (ACB).

Granny-narushka is an elderly patient with acute cerebrovascular accident. See Violator.

BNVPB is a blockade of the lower branch of the right bundle branch, an abbreviation often found in descriptions of electrocardiograms.

Tug - sodium hydroxybutyrate - a psychotropic drug. See Ksyukha, Oksana.

Batseshnik is a patient who has been diagnosed with both hepatitis B and hepatitis C.

Deadwood - a ward with bedridden patients. See Lounger.

Galochka with Fenechka is a combination of haloperidol and phenazepam. Used to load the patient.

An accordion is a manually operated artificial lung ventilation device. They brought the client in on an accordion - the ambulance delivered the patient connected to a ventilator.

Pull the esophagus - perform transesophageal (therapeutic or diagnostic) electrical cardiac stimulation. See CHPECSnut.

Childhood - children's department of the hospital.

Disco - siren and emergency lights on. See Color music.

Toad - angina pectoris. Sometimes - a particularly unpleasant patient from the cardiology department.

Starting a patient - restoring sinus (normal) rhythm after cardiac arrest.

Load the patient - administer psychotropic drugs.

Zebra is a patient after a demonstrative suicide attempt with typical superficial incised wounds of the forearm. See Fiddler.

Caesareans are women who have had a caesarean section.

The client is a patient, most often an ambulance.

Clinic - clinical death. See Stop.

Canned food - patients who are in a department (usually a surgical department) on a conservative basis, i.e. non-surgical treatment.

Ksyukha is the same as Tug. See Oksana.

Bedbed - a bedridden patient.

A lazy eye is an eye that deviates from the visual axis due to strabismus.

The skiers are elderly patients, leaning on a cane and shuffling down the corridor with their slippers.

Lyuska is a patient with syphilis.

Magnolia - magnesium sulfate - a drug used to lower blood pressure. Intramuscular injection of magnesium sulfate is very painful.

Flicker, Mertsukha - atrial fibrillation, atrial fibrillation.

Tinsel - film for single-channel electrocardiograph. Usually rolled up, accidentally released from the hands and unfolds like a serpentine.

Kaltenbrunner's anesthesia is insufficient pain relief. See Operation under crycaine.

Narushnyak is an acute disorder of cerebral circulation.

A non-ablable patient is a patient with an arrhythmia that cannot be corrected by radiofrequency ablation.

Nepruha - intestinal obstruction.

UFO - a motionless object; most often a patient in a coma.

An operation under Krikain is the same as anesthesia according to Kaltenbrunner. From the words “scream” and “novocaine”.

The stop is the same as the Clinic.

Skydivers are patients who were injured when falling from a height.

Overinfusing a patient means administering too many intravenous solutions, most often through an IV.

Submarine- revenge for a false call or simulation; a combination of a strong antipsychotic droperidol and a diuretic furosemide. Theoretically, it should cause uncontrolled urination in a state of medicinal sleep. A submarine on the ground is the same cocktail with the addition of proserine, one of the effects of which is the emptying of the rectum.

Waif is a patient with age-related mental changes who has forgotten the way home.

Soak the grandmother - to achieve the release of urine through the catheter after surgery or an acute condition accompanied by cessation of urination. It is considered a good prognostic sign. In intensive care units this is a very anticipated event.

Recidivist - a patient with a relapse (recurrence) of the disease.

Pink puffer - a patient with severe emphysema, usually with a pink-gray skin tone. Speech and any movement of such a patient is accompanied by increasing shortness of breath.

Samodelkin is a traumatologist. During operations in traumatology, a large number of tools similar to metalworking tools are used: hammers, wire cutters, saws, chisels, etc.

Blue puffy - a patient with chronic obstructive bronchitis. Such patients are characterized by diffuse diffuse cyanosis (blue discoloration) and swelling of the face and neck.

Slides - 1. A piece of tissue taken during endoscopy or surgery for histological examination. 2. Smear.

Shoot, knock - restore the functioning of the heart using an electrical discharge from a defibrillator.

Planed fingers are typical scalped wounds on the dorsum of the fingers, resulting from careless handling of carpentry tools.

TV - fluoroscopy.

Teletubby is a patient with jaundice and severe ascites (accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity).

Chatter - atrial flutter.

Pipe - a plastic tube for insertion into the trachea (intubation), used to connect artificial lung ventilation devices (ALVs). Place on the tube - intubate the patient.

Platypus is a medical student doing a nursing internship. Usually he is entrusted with servicing bedridden patients, including bringing in and taking out “ducks”.

Ears - phonendoscope.

Trunk is the same as Trumpet. Inserting a trunk is the same as placing it on a pipe.

Chelyuskinites, jaws - patients of the department maxillofacial surgery.

Turtle is a surgical helmet-mask that covers the entire head and leaves only the eyes open.

Sharmanka - electrocardiograph (device for recording ECG).

A sword swallower is a patient with metal foreign bodies of the gastrointestinal tract (paper clips, needles, etc.), allegedly swallowed by accident.

The jugular is a plastic venous catheter in the internal jugular vein.

Shitty asshole - patient with diarrhea

“Pipes are burning” - problems with appendages

Negro - a stranger brought in to help transport the patient to the car

Breathe - perform mechanical ventilation

"ass" - enter intramuscularly

“skull (stomach, kidney) by the window” - a client is lying on a bed by the window, diagnosed with a TBI (appendix, kidney disease).

Sector prize" - car at night, on the way home.

"The Last Chuck" is a drug.

“Play a war game” - wake up the neighbors at 3 am to drag a stretcher.

"Field of Miracles" - service area.

“Pick mushrooms” - go on duty.

“Mom is calling for lunch” - the dispatcher returns for lunch.

"Enema room" - the manager's office.

"Tinsel" - ECG film.

“Warm up” - get up at night under a lantern and write a map.

“Rats” are random night passers-by, witnesses.

“Whose back to rub” - who am I in line for?

“Drag on the snot” - use a raincoat stretcher.

"Boy" is the driver.

"Girl" is an ambulance.

"Wheelbarrow" - a gurney.

"Kindergarten" - sobering-up station.

"Indians" are cops.

"Banker" - homeless

Light music - siren, flashing lights (with light music)

Yelp - call back

Rooms - sobering-up station (we go to the rooms)

Gift - homeless (bring a gift)

"accordion" - electrocardiotransmitter

"yellow suitcase" - medical storage box

"BTR" - ambulance transport

"magnet" - magnesium sulfate

"vitamin A" - aminazine

"pilot, driver" - drove

"wheezy" - walkie-talkie

"aquarium" - the room in which dispatchers sit

Flushka - fluorography,

Ray - fracture of the radius,

Fiza - physical. solution,

Film - ECG,

Dropper - dropper, system,

Tube - endotracheal tube,

Tube - tuberculosis.

being natural and necessary in the oral and written speech of specialists, professionalisms are inappropriate, incomprehensible or insufficiently understandable in other communication situations, because every statement is constructed taking into account its addressee.

inaccurate and inappropriate use of professionalism can lead to funny things.

The logic of life is such that everyday life is constantly updated, replenished with new things, so many professionalisms over time become commonly used words. A clear example of such processes is the massive spread of computer technology and, accordingly, computer vocabulary; V last decade The following words have become commonplace: monitor, display, printer, cartridge, file, cursor, scanner, modem, spam, joystick, etc.

The ways of education of professionalisms and, in particular, scientific and technical terms are diverse. a commonly used word in a figurative meaning can be used as a term, which is recorded in the corresponding dictionaries. This is how the computer terms mouse, virus, window, field, cell, menu, etc. appeared.

Many professionalisms, due to the universality of science and technology (and corresponding languages), are used in different types of activities

When isolating professionalisms as part of the vocabulary of the national language, distinguishing them from commonly used words and jargon, researchers face considerable difficulties associated with the constant development, updating of vocabulary, diversity functional styles and contexts of word use.

professionalism in the speech of the narrator and characters is often motivated by the theme of the work or part of it.

However, Tolstoy cares about his general reader, for which he resorts to “translation”, an explanation in parentheses of words that may be incomprehensible.

The average reader, however, does not understand everything in these dialogues, and needs a real commentary on the texts. it is necessary, for example, to explain that ....etc.

What unites the speech of the characters and the narrator is the proximity of professionalisms and personifying metaphors, the same comparisons and epithets

professionalisms are often used when depicting comic contradictions and characters - in satirical and humorous works. One type of comedy is the character's false self-esteem. a hack and an ignoramus who considers himself an expert can be exposed by testing his knowledge, in particular his command of terminology and professional vocabulary.

in the novel and Ilfa and Evg. Petrov's "The Twelve Chairs" Nikifor Lapis, the creator of the new "Gavriliad", makes numerous "blunders", introducing professionalism into his template texts in order to show a thorough knowledge of the subject. The staff of the Stanok newspaper hung a newspaper clipping with a sketch of Lapis on the wall, surrounding it with a mourning border. the essay began like this: “the waves rolled over the pier and fell down with a swift jack..." Already from this phrase, snide fellow journalists doubted Lapis' knowledge of the meaning of the word "jack".

they ask him:

"- how do you imagine a jack? Describe in your own words.

- so... falling, in a word...

- the jack falls. notice everything! The jack is falling rapidly!..”

and Lapis is brought a volume of the Brockhaus encyclopedia with the definition of a jack - “one of the machines for lifting significant weights” (chapter xxix. “author of the Gavriliad”).

The work of many writers indicates that professional vocabulary is not on the outskirts of literature. in the arsenal stylistic means she has a prominent place.

Professionalisms are words and phrases associated with the production activities of people of a certain profession or field of activity. Unlike terms, professionalisms are usually a specialized part of colloquial vocabulary, rather than literary.

At the heart of many professionalisms lies a bright figurative representation about the named object, and it is often random or arbitrary. Examples of such expressive words are paws and fir-trees (names of types of quotation marks in the professional environment of printers and proofreaders); give a goat (for pilots this means “to land the plane hard,” i.e. land it so that the plane bounces on the ground); undershot and overshot (in the speech of pilots, these words mean, respectively, undershooting and overshooting the landing sign); skinner (among kayakers this is the name for a shallow and rocky section of a river). With their expressiveness, professionalisms are contrasted with terms as precise and mostly stylistically neutral words. Some linguists believe that professional vocabulary is "semi-official" compared to terminology: these are informal synonyms of official scientific names.

The use of professional vocabulary allows the speaker to emphasize his belonging to certain circle persons, by these words you can identify “your own”. Thus, printing workers are identified by such words and expressions as corral, meaning “spare typed texts”; clogged font - “erased, worn-out font; font that has been in typed proofs for a long time”; tail - “bottom edge of the book”; header - "large heading"; marashka - “marriage in the form of a square”, etc. In the acting environment there are many specific professional expressions: to abandon or leave the text means “to quickly repeat it with a partner”; go through the text with your feet - “say the text while moving around the stage”; not giving the bridge to someone - “to complete some scene emotionally.”

The closer any area of professional or industrial activity is to the interests of society as a whole, the faster professionalisms become generally known and become common words. Thus, in particular, in the modern Russian language, many professionalisms from among specialists in the field have become widespread. computer technology. Among them there are old words with new meanings (mouse, virus, menu, hardware), and neologisms, mainly borrowings from the English language (spam, monitor, file, hacker, joystick).

Without understanding their meaning, we feel a little out of place when these words apply directly to us. Words that characterize specialized processes and phenomena from any specific branch of knowledge are professional vocabulary.

Definition of professional vocabulary

This type of vocabulary is special words or figures of speech, expressions that are actively used by any person. These words are a little isolated, since they are not used by a large mass of the country’s population, only by a small part of it that has received a specific education. Words of professional vocabulary are used to describe or explain production processes and phenomena, tools of a particular profession, raw materials, final result labor and the rest.

The place of this type of vocabulary in the language system used by a particular nation

There are several important issues regarding different aspects professionalisms that are still studied by linguists. One of them: “What is the role and place of professional vocabulary in the national language system?”

Many argue that the use of professional vocabulary is appropriate only within a certain specialty, so it cannot be called national. Since the formation of the language of specialties in most cases occurs artificially, according to its criteria it does not fit the characteristics of commonly used vocabulary. Its main feature is that such vocabulary is formed in the course of natural communication people. In addition, the formation and formation of a national language can take quite a lot long period, which cannot be said about professional lexical units. Today, linguists and linguists agree that professional vocabulary is not a literary language, but it has its own structure and characteristics.

The difference between professional vocabulary and terminology

Not all ordinary people know that the terminology and language of the specialty differ from each other. These two concepts are differentiated on the basis of their historical development. Terminology arose relatively recently; the language of modern technology and science refers to this concept. Professional vocabulary reached its peak of development during the times of craft production.

The concepts also differ in terms of their official use. Terminology is used in scientific publications, reports, conferences, and specialized institutions. In other words, it is the official language of a specific science. The vocabulary of professions is used “semi-officially,” that is, not only in special articles or scientific works. Specialists of a certain profession can use it in the course of work and understand each other, while it will be difficult for an uninitiated person to understand what they are saying. Professional vocabulary, examples of which we will consider below, has some opposition to terminology.

The presence of emotional coloring of speech and imagery - lack of expression and emotionality, as well as imagery of terms.
Special vocabulary is limited conversational style- the terms do not depend on the usual style of communication.
A certain range of deviations from the norms of professional communication is a clear correspondence to the norms of professional language.

Based on the listed characteristics of terms and professional vocabulary, many experts are inclined to the theory that the latter refers to professional vernacular. The difference in these concepts can be determined by comparing them with each other (steering wheel - steering wheel, system unit - system unit, motherboard - motherboard and others).

Types of words in professional vocabulary

Professional vocabulary consists of several groups of words:

professionalism;
technicalisms;
professional slang words.

Lexical units that are not strictly scientific in nature are called professionalisms. They are considered “semi-official” and are needed to designate any concept or process in production, inventory and equipment, material, raw materials, and so on.

Technicalisms are words of professional vocabulary that are used in the field of technology and are used only by a limited circle of people. They are highly specialized, that is, it will not be possible to communicate with a person who is not initiated into a certain profession.

Professional slang words are characterized by reduced expressive coloring. Sometimes these concepts are completely illogical and can only be understood by a specialist in a particular field.

In what cases is professional vocabulary used in literary language?

Varieties special language can often be used in literary publications, oral and Sometimes professionalisms, technicalities and professional jargon can replace terms when the language of a particular science is poorly developed.

But there is a danger in the widespread use of professionalism in periodicals - it is difficult for a non-specialist to distinguish between concepts that are close in meaning, so many may make mistakes in the processes, materials and products of a particular production. Excessive saturation of the text with professionalism prevents it from being perceived correctly; the meaning and style are lost for the reader.

Each profession has its own specifics not only in the field of activity, but also in vocabulary. Terms, names of tools, work actions - all this has its own definitions, understandable only to specialists. Progress sweeps across the planet, and with the development of science, more and more new words appear. For example, it is worth noting that today there are almost 60 thousand items in the field of electronics, and in Ozhegov’s well-known dictionary there are 3 thousand fewer of them. There is no other way to describe this than a terminological explosion.

Professionalisms in the Russian language: place and meaning

First of all, let's define this phenomenon. Production vocabulary - autonomous language system, which is the totality of all scientific and technical concepts and names. It has the most developed information function.

Special vocabulary penetrates into literary language, which is completely inevitable, since highly specialized words may well become commonly used for objective reasons. This includes the popularization of scientific knowledge, increasing the level of people’s culture, and accessibility to modern communication technologies. For example, today everyone knows, and perigee, you won’t surprise anyone with the expression “ soft landing"or the science of selenology.

Literary language and professional vocabulary have a common word-formation basis, so a reverse cycle can also occur: an already known concept receives a new meaning that has a narrow specialization.

Communication between specialists, various scientific works, reports and production reports contain examples of professionalisms that have their own classification.

special vocabulary

First of all, this is a term (from Latin - “border”). This is the name of a word or phrase (in other words, a linguistic sign), which correlates with a special concept. These terms are included in the vast majority of neologisms that have appeared recently. An example is professionalism in medicine.

Terminological system: its components are, in fact, the same linguistic signs, but have already undergone evolution from functioning as separate (single) definitions to being combined into a holistic scientific theory.

Nomen (from Latin “family name”). This is an independent category of vocabulary, denoting a single, visible object. For example, when they show us a device and say that it is an oscilloscope, then we will imagine it every time as soon as we hear this word. For non-specialists, it is impossible to imagine another device that visualizes electrical vibrations.

The most democratic concept of special vocabulary is professionalism. They are especially widespread since most of them are unofficial synonyms scientific concepts. Examples of professionalisms can be found in explanatory dictionaries, and in newspapers and magazines, and in literary works; they often perform a figurative and expressive function in these texts.

Occurrence classification

There are three ways to form special words:

Actually lexical. This is the emergence of new special names. For example, fishermen from the verb “shkerit” (to gut fish) formed the name of the profession - “shkershik”.

Lexico-semantic. The emergence of professionalisms by rethinking an already known word, that is, the emergence of a new meaning for it. For printers, a header is not a headdress, but a heading that unites several publications. And a trumpet for a hunter means nothing more than the tail of a fox.

Lexico-word formation. Examples of professionalisms that arose in this way are easy to identify, since they use suffixes or addition of words. Everyone knows what a spare wheel is (a backup mechanism or part of something) or a chief editor - editor-in-chief.

Features of speech and special words

Despite the apparent limitation in use, professionalisms are found in all Dryness formal business style you won’t surprise anyone, that’s why the professionalism in it simple function conveying the meaning of an utterance.

Regarding scientific speech, then professionalism is used here for several reasons:

For better assimilation of information through the imagery of special vocabulary;

They make it possible to quickly remember the text due to the capacity of concepts;

Tautologies are avoided by replacing terms with examples of professionalism.

For journalistic and artistic styles the use of special words occurs with the same functions:

Informational;

Communicative (not only hero-hero communication, but also reader-author communication);

Saving speech effort - professionalism always explains in shorter terms;

Cognitive, forming cognitive interest.

Where do special words come from?

The main source of professionalisms, first of all, are native Russian words that have undergone semantic rethinking. They appear from common vocabulary: for example, for electricians, a hair becomes a thin wire. The colloquial layer of vocabulary gives the name of the hammer handle - kill, and the jargon suggested that the driver call downtime "kimarit". Even local dialects have shared the definition for the big road - highway.

Another source of the appearance of special words is borrowing from other languages. The most common of these professionalisms are examples of words in medicine. Whatever the name, it’s all Latin, except for the duck under the bed. Or, for example, a foreign printing machine with a form, called a cliche, from which we only have the designation of the drawing made by it.

Any branch of production has objects that make up a system in which classes can be distinguished. Both require specific names to be combined into thematic groups.

About lexical-thematic groups

Professional titles contain not only knowledge about the industry, but also the speaker's attitude towards the subject. From this point of view, they can be objective (as a rule, these are nomen) and subjective:

Expressing negativity or irony towards the subject itself. So, a faulty car for motorists is a coffin.

Relation directly to the name. This is how the bomber became a bomber in aviation.

Even professionalism can indicate the quality of work. In construction, they say about brickwork: waste (little mortar) or zavalinka (uneven wall).

All these thematic groups are in certain connections, and it is they who fragment reality with the help of words.

About lexical-semantic groups

They are united not only by the presence of an emotional assessment of an object or its name, but also, if possible, interact with each other. This concerns semantic relations: synonymy, homonymy, polysemy, metaphor. In this regard, the following groups can be distinguished:

Words that have an equivalent in common vocabulary. Their meaning can be found by opening a dictionary. There are a lot of professionalisms of this order in the Russian language: mine - large intercolumn spaces on a newspaper page.

Terminological synonyms. In different fields, professionalism means the same thing. For example, among motorists, builders and mechanical engineers, crowbar is called a “pencil”.

Multiple meaning words. The word “Zhiguli”, in addition to the well-known meaning of a car as a trademark, refers to a specific camshaft in mechanical engineering.

And finally about jargon

Each profession has a number of words, phrases, and expressions that contain very vivid expression. These are usually informal synonyms for certain terms. They are used exclusively in communication between specialists and are called “professional jargon”.

The specificity of this vocabulary makes speech incomprehensible to an outsider who is outside this field of activity. Many programmers' professionalisms are tinged with jargon: teapot, dog or crib. They are already more reminiscent of argot - a social dialect widespread in a narrowly professional or even asocial environment. The function of this language is secret, it is only for “our own people”.

Conclusion

Everything related to professional vocabulary, jargon and even argot must be constantly studied, since this is a fairly large lexical layer that cannot be ignored, since it reflects historical processes and the development of society.

To the question Please name the words professionalism and their meaning and who uses them? given by the author Embassy the best answer is
For example:

chief director - chief director;

Examples:

Source:

Reply from Unfamiliar[guru]

Reply from Kamilla Sycheva[newbie]
Professionalisms are colloquial synonyms of terms accepted in a professional group:
for example: The steering wheel is a steering wheel (in the speech of drivers), a typo is a blunder (among newspapermen), etc.
Professionalisms serve to designate various production processes, production tools, raw materials, resulting products, etc.
Unlike terms that represent official names special concepts, professionalisms are perceived as “semi-official” words that do not have a strict character.

Reply from Question[newbie]
Professionalisms are words and phrases associated with the production activities of people of a certain profession or field of activity. Unlike terms, professionalisms are usually a specialized part of colloquial vocabulary, rather than literary.
The basis of many professionalisms is some kind of vivid figurative idea of the named object, and it is often random or arbitrary. Examples of such expressive words are paws and fir-trees (names of types of quotation marks in the professional environment of printers and proofreaders); give a goat (for pilots this means ‘to land the plane hard’, i.e. to land it so that the plane bounces on the ground); undershot and overshot (in the speech of pilots, these words mean, respectively, undershooting and overshooting the landing sign); skinner (among kayakers this is the name for a shallow and rocky section of a river). With their expressiveness, professionalisms are contrasted with terms as precise and mostly stylistically neutral words. Some linguists believe that professional vocabulary is "semi-official" compared to terminology: these are informal synonyms of official scientific names.

Reply from Flush[newbie]
PROFESSIONALISM, words and expressions characteristic of the speech of any professional group
For example:
“to the mountain”, “assault” (in the miners’ speech)
chief director - chief director;
overlay - "mistake" (from the actor's speech),
jamb - "error" - (from the speech of engineers),
wiper - “car windshield wiper”; steering wheel - steering wheel (from the speech of motorists). .
Professional vocabulary also includes words and expressions used in various fields production, technology, which, however, did not become commonly used.
Professionalisms function primarily in oral speech as “semi-official” words that do not have a strictly scientific character. Professionalisms serve to designate various production processes, production tools, raw materials, manufactured products, etc.
Professionalisms can be grouped according to the area of their use: in the speech of athletes, miners, doctors, hunters, fishermen, etc. special group technicalisms are distinguished - highly specialized names used in the field of technology.
Professionalisms, unlike their commonly used equivalents, serve to distinguish between closely related concepts used in a certain form activities of people. Thanks to this, professional vocabulary is indispensable for the laconic and precise expression of thoughts in special texts intended for a trained reader.
Particularly highlighted are professional slang words that have a reduced expressive connotation.
Examples:
for journalists - snowdrop - “a person working as a correspondent for a newspaper, but enrolled in a different specialty”; what to call? - “how to title (article, essay)?”; add italics (emphasize in italics).
In the editorial offices of newspapers and magazines, the specialist who selects illustrations is called a build editor. Build editor is a term. However, in the actual production process it is most often called a build for short - this is professionalism, professional jargon. Bild trampled all the photos according to the layout - undoubtedly, this sentence uses professionalism, but not terms.
V colloquial speech for builders and repairmen, the professional name for capital repairs is used; specialists who build and support computer systems in companies, these are system administrators.
The following professionalisms are used in the speech of printers:
ending - a graphic decoration at the end of a book, clogged font - worn out, worn out font from outdated linotype printing, etc.
Journalists call the preparation of a future text, a draft, a fish or a dog.
Engineers jokingly call the self-recording device a snitch.
In the speech of pilots there are the words nedomaz, peremaz, meaning undershooting and overshooting the landing mark, as well as: bubble, sausage - balloon, give a goat - to land the plane hard, as a result of which it bounces after touching the ground, etc.
Many of these professionalisms have a judgmental or understated tone. On fishing boats, workers who gut fish (usually by hand) are called skippers. Bankers in conversations with each other will use the word auto loans instead of the term car loans, officials call housing and communal services communal services, and social sphere- social services, etc.