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Discipline: “Research of control systems”

Topic: " Scientific style».

Introduction………………………………………………………………………………………...3

1. Concept and features of the scientific style…………………………………….4

2. General features of the scientific style…………………………………………………………….6

3. Substyles and genres of scientific style………………………………………….9

Conclusion…………………………………………………………….………11

List of references………………………………………………………...12

Introduction.

The exclusive role that language plays in the scientific understanding and exploration of the world determines philosophical meaning his analysis. Literary language has passed long evolution, it formed various styles. One of them is scientific.

Each style appears in its own time - when the conditions for its formation are ripe in society, when the language reaches high degree development.

The main task of the scientific style is to convey the information being communicated to the reader as clearly and accurately as possible. And this in the best possible way achieved without using emotional means. After all, science appeals, first of all, to reason, and not to feeling.

The scientific and technological revolution also changed the very nature of research. Scientific problems Problems are now solved, as a rule, not by the efforts of individuals, but by teams of scientists and engineers. And this leads to the fact that modern way scientific presentation can be defined as collective, or formal-logical, in which there is no room for emotionality.

The scope of application of the scientific style is very wide. This is one of the styles that has a strong and diverse influence on the literary language.

1. Concept and features of scientific style.

Scientific style is a functional style of speech, literary language, which has a number of features: preliminary consideration of the statement, monologue character, strict selection linguistic means, attraction to standardized speech.

The style of scientific works is ultimately determined by their content and goals scientific communication: explain facts as accurately and completely as possible, show cause-and-effect relationships between phenomena, identify patterns historical development.

Scientific style is not a whim, but a duty. It has long been accepted among scientists and scientific workers that all scientific texts should be written in a certain strict style. This is caused, first of all, by the need to avoid ambiguity and polysemy of certain scientific concepts. The style of scientific works is determined, ultimately, by their content and the goals of scientific communication: to explain facts as accurately and completely as possible, to show cause-and-effect relationships between phenomena, to identify patterns of historical development, and so on.

Original form of existence scientific speech- written, which is explained by such a defining feature as a conceptual reflection of reality, logical presentation. Scientific speech must be strictly evidence-based and reasoned. Really scientific presentation mainly still focused on written speech, as is clearly evidenced by the need in many cases for at least a partial transition to the elements written statement(for writing formulas, demonstrating tables, diagrams, etc.).

The concepts with which scientific thinking operates are usually expressed by multicomponent structures characteristic specifically of writing. This happens because written form more convenient and reliable in the sense of detecting the slightest information inaccuracies, logical violations that are irrelevant in everyday communication, and in the scientific can lead to the most serious distortions of the truth. Usually, scientific reports and messages are first written, working out an adequate form of embodiment of scientific information, or at least drawing up an abstract or plan.

Scientific style has a number of common features, manifesting themselves regardless of the nature certain sciences(natural, exact, humanitarian) and differences between genres of statement (monograph, scientific article, report, textbook, etc.), which makes it possible to talk about the specifics of the style as a whole. At the same time, it is quite natural that, for example, texts on physics, chemistry, mathematics differ markedly in the nature of presentation from texts on philology or history.

The scientific style is characterized by a logical sequence of presentation, an ordered system of connections between parts of the statement, and the authors’ desire for accuracy, conciseness, and unambiguity while maintaining richness of content.

Logic - this is the presence of semantic connections between successive units of text.

Consistency has only such a text in which the conclusions follow from the content, they are consistent, the text is divided into separate semantic segments, reflecting the movement of thought from the particular to the general or from the general to the particular.

Clarity, as the quality of scientific speech, presupposes understandability and accessibility. In terms of accessibility, scientific, scientific-educational and popular science texts differ in material and in the method of its linguistic design.

Accuracy scientific speech presupposes unambiguous understanding, the absence of discrepancies between the signified and its definition. Therefore, scientific texts, as a rule, lack figurative, expressive means; words are used mainly in direct meaning, the frequency of terms also contributes to the unambiguity of the text.

Strict accuracy requirements for a scientific text limit the use of figurative language: metaphors, epithets, artistic comparisons, proverbs, etc. Sometimes such means can penetrate into scientific works, since the scientific style strives not only for accuracy, but also for persuasiveness and evidence. Sometimes figurative means are necessary to implement the requirement of clarity and intelligibility of presentation.

Emotionality, like expressiveness, in a scientific style, which requires an objective, “intellectual” presentation of scientific data, is expressed differently than in other styles. Perception scientific work can evoke certain feelings in the reader, but not as a response to the emotionality of the author, but as an awareness of himself scientific fact. Although scientific discovery influences regardless of the method of its transmission, the author of a scientific work himself does not always refuse an emotional and evaluative attitude towards the events and facts presented. The desire for a limited use of the author’s “I” is not a tribute to etiquette, but a manifestation of an abstract and generalized stylistic feature of scientific speech, reflecting the form of thinking.

Characteristic feature style of scientific works is their saturation of terms ( in particular, international ones). However, one should not overestimate the degree of this saturation: on average terminological vocabulary usually 15-25 percent general vocabulary, used in the work.

Plays a big role in the style of scientific work use of abstract vocabulary .

The vocabulary of scientific speech consists of three main layers: common words, general scientific words and terms. In any scientific text, commonly used vocabulary forms the basis of the presentation. First of all, words with a generalized and abstract meaning are selected (being, consciousness, fixes, temperature). Using general scientific words, phenomena and processes in different areas science and technology (system, question, meaning, designate). One of the features of the use of general scientific words is their repeated repetition in a narrow context.

A term is a word or phrase that accurately and unambiguously names an object, phenomenon or concept of science and reveals its content. The term carries a large amount of logical information. In explanatory dictionaries, terms are marked “special”.

Morphological features of the scientific style:

Predominance of nouns;

Widespread use of abstract nouns (time, phenomena, change, state);

Plural use of nouns that do not have forms in ordinary use plural(cost, steel...);

Use of nouns singular for generalized concepts (birch, acid);

The use of almost exclusively forms of the present tense in a timeless meaning, indicating the constant nature of the process (stands out, comes).

3. Substyles of scientific style.

The difference between scientific and all other styles of speech is that it can be divided into three substyles:

1. Scientific. The addressee of this style is a scientist, a specialist. The purpose of style can be called the identification and description of new facts, patterns, discoveries. Characteristic for dissertations, monographs, abstracts, scientific articles, scientific reports, theses, scientific reviews, etc.

2. Scientific and educational. Works in this style are addressed to future specialists and students in order to teach and describe the facts necessary to master the material, therefore the facts presented in the text and examples are given as typical ones. A description “from general to specific”, strict classification, active introduction and use of special terms are mandatory. Typical for textbooks, teaching aids, lectures.

3. Popular science. The audience with this style usually does not have special knowledge in this area. The purpose of the style is to familiarize yourself with the described phenomena and facts. The use of numbers and special terms is minimal (each of them is explained in detail). Features of the style are: relative ease of reading, the use of comparison with familiar phenomena and objects, significant simplifications, consideration of particular phenomena without general overview and classifications. The style is typical for popular science magazines and books, children's encyclopedias, messages " scientific nature"in the media. This is the most free substyle, and it can vary from newspaper sections “historical/technical information” or “this is interesting” to popular science books, similar in format and content to textbooks (scientific educational style).

Scientific texts are formalized in the form of separate completed works, the structure of which is subject to the laws of the genre.

You can select following genres scientific prose: monograph, journal article, review, textbook ( training manual), lecture, report, information message (about a conference, symposium, congress), oral presentation (at a conference, symposium, etc.), dissertation, scientific report. These genres are primary, that is, created by the author for the first time.

Secondary texts, that is, texts compiled on the basis of existing ones, include: abstract, abstract, summary, abstract, abstract. When preparing secondary texts, information is collapsed in order to reduce the volume of the text.

The genres of the educational and scientific substyle include: lecture, seminar report, course work, abstract message. Each genre has its own individual style features, however, they violate the unity of the scientific and technical style, inheriting it general signs and features.

Conclusion.

The main task of the scientific style is to convey the information being communicated to the reader as clearly and accurately as possible. And this is best achieved without the use of emotional means. After all, science appeals, first of all, to reason, and not to feeling. The scientific and technological revolution also changed the very nature of research. Scientific problems are now solved, as a rule, by the efforts not of individuals, but of teams of scientists and engineers. And this leads to the fact that the modern method of scientific presentation can be defined as collective, or formal-logical, in which there is no room for emotionality.

The scope of application of the scientific style is very wide. This is one of the styles that has a strong and diverse influence on the literary language. The scientific and technological revolution taking place before our eyes is introducing into general use huge amount terms. If earlier explanatory dictionaries were compiled on the basis of language fiction and, to a lesser extent, journalism, it is now impossible to describe the developed languages ​​of the world without taking into account the scientific style and its role in the life of society.

The widespread and intensive development of the scientific and technical style has led to the formation within its framework of numerous genres, such as: article, monograph, textbook, patent description (description of the invention), abstract, abstract, documentation, catalog, reference book, specification, instructions, advertising ( having signs and journalistic style). Each genre has its own individual stylistic features, but they do not violate the unity of the scientific and technical style, inheriting its general characteristics and features.

So, the rapid development of society, the rapid progress of science and technology create a need for the formation special language, best suited for the expression and transmission of scientific knowledge.

List of used literature :

1. Albetkova V.I. Russian literature. - M., 2001.

2. Vlasenkov A.I. Russian language: Grammar. Text. Speech styles: Textbook. - M.: Education, 2003.

3. Solganik G.Ya. Stylistics of the text. - M.: Education, 2001.

4. 4. Russian language: Textbook. / Ed. MM. Razumovskaya, P.A. Lekanta. - M.: Bustard, 2002.

5. http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_language

Scientific style and its substyles. General characteristics.

The scientific style of speech includes such type of literature as articles in scientific journals and collections, monographs, dissertations, encyclopedias, dictionaries, reference books, educational literature. Scientific reports and lectures, speeches at scientific conferences and meetings are also examples of the scientific style of speech. The main features of this style are: consistency of presentation, accuracy of word usage.

In the scientific style, there are a number of substyles: scientific, scientific-educational, scientific-business and popular science.

The scientific style is characterized by: an abstract and generalized nature of speech, unambiguous and terminological words.

Scientific style is one of the book styles literary language, which is characterized by a number of general conditions functioning and linguistic features: preliminary consideration of the statement, its monologue nature, strict selection of linguistic means, inclination towards standardized speech.

The sphere of scientific communication requires precise, logical, unambiguous expression of thoughts, which must be argued. The purpose of science is to reveal patterns. Hence the generalized nature.

Traits:

-abstractly generalized

-emphasized logic of presentation

- semantic accuracy

-objectivity of presentation

Substyles:

-properly scientific

-scientific and technical

-scientific and educational

-popular science

22. Language features scientific style. Vocabulary and phraseology.!!!

Lexical and phraseological composition of scientific style. From a semantic point of view, the lexical and phraseological composition of the scientific style can be divided into three groups. The first includes words and expressions characteristic of the national Russian literary language and used in book speech with the same meaning that is fixed in the language. They form the basis of the vocabulary and phraseology of the book style, but do not create its originality. For example: perform, consider, basics, experience, results, etc.

The second group includes words and expressions of the national Russian literary language, which in a scientific style changed their semantics and became terms. Therefore, not their very presence in the text, but the specificity of the meaning can serve as an indication that the text belongs to the scientific style, for example, the use of the words thinking, preposition, bark in the expressions: “Thinking is realized in speech”; "Pretext- service part speech"; " Earth's crust subject to fluctuations."

The third group includes special words and combinations that are not used anywhere except in scientific speech. This includes highly specialized and general scientific terminology, for example: liming, granulation, sphere, atmosphere, symptom, impulse, etc.

The scientific style is implemented in several substyles, but there is still debate about their number in science. However, the existence of three substyles is generally recognized: these are the scientific (academic), educational and scientific and popular science substyles. The differences between them are especially clear in the following points:

in the specifics of the addressee;

in the amount of general background knowledge of the subject of speech and the addressee;

in the use of terminology in scientific texts.

Thus, communication within the academic substyle assumes that the subject of speech and the addressee have a significant amount of common scientific knowledge, therefore, terminology in a scientific article, in a speech at a scientific conference, etc., as a rule, is used without definitions. In the texts of the scientific-educational substyle, terms are introduced gradually, with definitions, taking into account the significant difference in the amount of scientific knowledge between the teacher and the student. This principle is used, for example, to present material in a textbook. And finally, in popular science works terminology is used sparingly, and the meaning of the term is explained as much as possible. accessible form, since almost every person who has any, even minimal, amount of background knowledge about the subject of speech can act as the addressee.

The system of substyles of the scientific style and their main genres is presented in the following table:

Table 1.1

Substyles and genres of scientific style

Let us recall that primary genres include texts that are based on creative, research work on the study of one or another object of reality, and secondary genres include texts that are the result of processing, generalization, evaluation, etc. of another, original, primary text. The thesis (thesis project), as we see, is the primary genre.

The most clearly style-forming features of a scientific text are expressed in the scientific substyle itself (this is evidenced by its name); least – in popular science. The fact is that the reader of a popular science text needs to be attracted and interested not only in the subject of speech, but also in the author’s manner of presenting scientific information. That is why popular science works must be written in an accessible, entertaining form; they widely use a variety of expressive and colloquial language means. Although this contradicts the very essence of the scientific style, it gives the text a journalistic and even artistic quality.

In the text of the thesis ( graduation project) features of the popular science style look alien and are therefore unacceptable.

Scientific style refers to the system of book styles of the Russian literary language. He has such specific features, as preliminary consideration of the statement, its monologue character, strict selection of linguistic means, attraction to standardized speech (Rosenthal D.E. Practical stylistics of the Russian language. M., 1987. P. 32-38).

The scientific style of speech is used in the scientific-professional, scientific-educational sphere, among scientists, engineers and technicians, professionals in a particular field. Therefore, scientific speech also has its addressee. The recipients of works of scientific style are mainly specialists - persons prepared to perceive scientific information.

The style of scientific work is determined by the content and goals of the scientific message. As academician V.V. wrote Vinogradov, function scientific thinking- this is “awareness of the world through its logical development by transforming facts of knowledge into semantic (logical) categories, concepts, devoid of expressive coloring And emotional assessments(accordingly, the function of artistic thinking is awareness of the world through its mastery through creative reconstruction)”

Thus, the main purpose of the scientific style is to communicate objective information, accurate and full description facts of reality, proof of the truth of scientific knowledge, establishing cause-and-effect relationships between phenomena, identifying patterns of historical development, etc.

The scientific style is recognized as such primarily because there are other functional styles, to which it is opposed and with which, on the contrary, it correlates. Their differences are determined by a number of specific features that are inherent in a given style of speech, and can also be traced in the quantitative and qualitative distribution of lexemes, morphological forms, syntactic constructions.

The scientific style of speech is distinguished by a number of features due to the peculiarities of scientific thinking, primarily abstraction, generalization and strict logic of presentation. M.N. Kozhina notes that the most general specific features of the scientific style, resulting from abstractness and strict logical thinking, are abstract generalization and emphasized logical presentation. Derived stylistic features in this case are semantic accuracy (unambiguity) and objectivity of presentation. N.M. Razinkina notes that “logical rigor, objectivity, consistency and accuracy are those properties that are considered the ideal of scientific prose” (Kozhina M.N. Stylistics of the Russian language. M., 1983. P. 175).

The most general stylistic features inherent in scientific speech predetermine the use of specific linguistic means and categories in it. A characteristic feature of almost all scientific works without exception is their saturation with scientific terminology, in particular international, without which the exchange of modern scientific knowledge, mutual understanding at the national and international levels is impossible, forward movement modern science.

A term is a word or phrase that defines a particular concept of a special field of knowledge or activity. The term is characterized by the function of definition, i.e. definitions, interpretation of the concept.

Specific properties of the term as a special unit lexical system Russian languages ​​are:

1) consistency;

3) a tendency towards unambiguity within its terminological field;

4) stylistic neutrality;

Moreover, the term realizes all these properties only within the terminological field, outside of which its definitional and systemic characteristics are lost (Culture of Russian speech: Textbook for universities. Edited by L.K. Graudina, E.N. Shiryaev. M., 1998. With . 170).

The abstract generality of the scientific style of speech also requires the use of abstract, abstract vocabulary (for example, words meaning, attention, condition, typology, classification), verbs with a generalized meaning of action or state ( exists, exists, consists, is used, is used). Almost every word used in scientific speech means abstract concept or phenomenon. In general, scientific speech is characterized by the nominal nature of the presentation of information; there is a predominance of the noun over the verb.

Adjectives are widely used, mainly fulfilling terminological function. For example, in legal speech one may find the use of adjectives in the composition legal terms (mild punishment, knife wound, serious consequences).

The language of scientific works is also characterized by a number of grammatical features. In the field of morphology, this is the use of shorter variant forms nouns ( keys instead of key, cuff instead of cuff(ring for fastening pipe ends), banknotes instead of banknote) in order to save language resources.

In scientific calculations, the singular form of nouns is often used in the plural meaning: Fish breathes through gills, Wolf is a predatory animal of the dog group(called whole class items indicating them characteristic features). Real and abstract nouns are often used in the plural form: precipitation, low temperatures, grave consequences.

The scientific style in general is not characterized by the use of personal pronouns. In particular, it does not use the 1st person singular pronoun “I”; instead, to designate the writer - the author of this scientific work - the 1st person plural pronoun is used We(the so-called “author’s” We). “Author's” We used for purposes of modesty, when the writer seems to be hiding behind the authority of science. Therefore, in the scientific style the percentage of 1st person verbs is low; these are mainly plural verbs in combination with the author's We (In this article we observe...; Based on the above, we can observe the development of the following trend...).

As shown special studies, syntactic structures scientific speech is more complex and richer than in artistic prose. Scientific speech in general is distinguished by complex but clear syntax.

The objectivity of scientific speech is manifested in direct word order, when the presentation of information goes from the known to the unknown, from “old” to “new”. The reverse, subjective order of words in a sentence is practically impossible, except in cases of updating information, when the most important member of the sentence in communicative terms is placed in first place.

The emphasized logic of the scientific style of speech requires the use large quantity introductory words and sentences expressing relationships between parts of the text ( firstly, secondly, thus, therefore, based on the above, based on the above, as already mentioned), special words, emphasizing the logic of thought development ( first, then, next), derived prepositions ( thanks to, as a result of, during, in continuation of, except). Connections between sentences can be made by repeating words.

In the scientific style of speech, complex sentences with subordinate clauses, reasons, goals, conditions, consequences, concessions are common. Indicative are such complex sentences in which the main information is contained in subordinate clause; the main sentence serves to move from one part of the statement to another ( You could say that the plan is a mirror scientific work; It should be said that we began observations on the syntax of the criminal law for the first time).

Substyles of scientific style

Scientific style is very heterogeneous. It has its own varieties (substyles). The most traditional is the division of the scientific style into such substyles as scientific (academic), scientific-educational, popular science, scientific-business, scientific-technical (industrial-technical), scientific-journalistic. Some researchers also identify a science fiction subgenre, although it is difficult to draw a clear line between science fiction literature and the science fiction subgenre within the scientific style.

Works written within the actual scientific substyle scientific style, created for specialists. Therefore, they are characterized by a strictly scientific presentation of facts and an emphatically informative orientation. The important organizing features of this substyle are extreme precision transmitted information, persuasiveness of argumentation, logical sequence of presentation of material, conciseness and brevity of form. The academic substyle includes such scientific works as scientific article, dissertation, monograph, abstract, scientific report.

An important substyle of modern scientific prose is scientific and educational, which is determined by the goals of training, mastering the basic knowledge of a particular subject scientific field. Addressed to future specialists, such educational presentation is replete with examples, illustrations, comparisons, explanations, and interpretations. The genres of the educational and scientific substyle include textbook, study guide.

Popular science The substyle within the scientific style has its own significant features. These features are determined by the fact that the addressees of popular science works are non-specialists - individuals who seek to expand their knowledge in a particular science. The creation of the popular science substyle was facilitated by the idea of ​​popularization of science, which involves presenting scientific knowledge in an accessible, entertaining, interesting and in a fun way. The purpose of such a narrative is not to master, as in the scientific educational genre, the fundamentals of science, but only to familiarize the reader with certain scientific information.

Other tasks arise from other principles of structural and textual organization of linguistic means. The author of a popular science text does not strive for brevity, conciseness and strict scientific presentation, since this risks reducing the reader’s degree of understanding of difficult-to-access material. On the contrary, he tries to make the presentation as clear and accessible to the reader as possible, which is achieved by using figurative, emotionally charged elements of language. A strictly scientific presentation of facts is intertwined here with artistic ones, bookish elements are combined with colloquial ones.

Occupies a special place scientific and business (scientific and informative) style of speech, which is a synthesis of elements of scientific and formal business styles and is implemented in such genres as as an abstract of a dissertation, a report on research work. The main purpose of this type of literature is to communicate scientific information with the most accurate objective description of the available facts, as well as legal protection of this information. Very strict requirements are imposed on the language of scientific and business literature: stereotypic composition, maximum standardization and unification of linguistic means.

Scientific and technical substyle associated with the development and description of various scientific technologies and methods, planning and organization of scientific and technical research, registration of the latest scientific developments, know-how. If the academic substyle is related to the field scientific research, then the technical substyle is with the sphere of high-tech production and organization of science. The scientific and technical substyle also differs from the academic one in that it is more active not in abstract terminological vocabulary, but in professionalism.

Thus, the scientific style of speech unites types of literature that are very heterogeneous in content, structure and purpose, as a result of which the internal division of the scientific style into substyles can be somewhat arbitrary, the boundaries between individual varieties are very blurred.

In addition, there is no consensus among scientists regarding the number and composition of the substyles themselves.

Thus, some researchers also identify such varieties of scientific style of speech as:

a) scientific and journalistic, which is characterized by the motive of proclamation social role science in modern world, the need to popularize it among the general public;

b) scientific memoir, which is associated with a description of the history of various discoveries and biographies of scientists.

The difference between scientific and all other styles of speech is that it can be divided into four substyles:

Scientific. The addressee of this style is a scientist, a specialist. The purpose of style can be called the identification and description of new facts, patterns, discoveries. Typical for dissertations, monographs, abstracts, scientific articles, scientific reports, theses, scientific reviews, etc. Example: “Rhythmics expressive speech in no language and under any circumstances can it be identical rhythmic organization neutral speech. An increase in the number of pauses and their length, unstable tempo, emphatic stress, specific segmentation, more contrasting melody, lengthening of sonants, sibilants, prolonged stop holding in plosives, voluntary stretching of vowels, affecting the ratio of the duration of the stressed and unstressed syllables in the rhythm group, violate the dominant rhythmic tendencies in the language (T. Poplavskaya).”

Scientific and educational. Works in this style are addressed to future specialists and students, with the goal of teaching and describing the facts necessary to master the material, therefore the facts presented in the text and examples are given as typical ones. A description “from general to specific”, strict classification, active introduction and use of special terms are mandatory. Typical for textbooks, teaching aids, lectures, etc. Example: “Botany is the science of plants. The name of this science comes from Greek word“botane”, which means “greenery, grass, plant”. Botany studies the life of plants, their internal and external structure, distribution of plants on the surface globe, the relationship of plants with surrounding nature and with each other (V. Korchagina).”

Popular science. The audience with this style usually does not have special knowledge in this area. Yu. A. Sorokin points out that a popular science text is written “scientifically, popularly, artistically,” that is, while maintaining the rigor and clarity of presentation characteristic of a scientific text, its feature is the simplified nature of the presentation and possible use emotionally expressive means of speech. The purpose of the style is to familiarize yourself with the described phenomena and facts. The use of numbers and special terms is minimal (each of them is explained in detail). Features of the style are: relative ease of reading, the use of comparison with familiar phenomena and objects, significant simplifications, consideration of particular phenomena without a general overview and classification. The style is typical for popular science magazines and books, children's encyclopedias, and “scientific” messages in the media. This is the most free substyle, and it can vary from newspaper sections “historical/technical information” or “this is interesting” to popular science books, similar in format and content to textbooks (scientific educational style).

Scientific and technical. The addressee is technical specialists. The goal is to apply achievements fundamental science in practice.

Genres of scientific style.

Scientific texts are presented in the form of separate completed works, the structure of which is subject to the laws of the genre. The following genres of scientific prose can be distinguished: monograph, journal article, review, textbook (textbook), lecture, report, information message (about a conference, symposium, congress), oral presentation (at a conference, symposium, etc.), dissertation, scientific report. These genres are primary, that is, created by the author for the first time. Secondary texts, that is, texts compiled on the basis of existing ones, include: abstract, abstract, summary, abstract, abstract. When preparing secondary texts, information is collapsed in order to reduce the volume of the text. The genres of the educational and scientific substyle include: lecture, seminar report, course work, abstract report. Each genre has its own individual stylistic features, but they violate the unity of the scientific and technical style, inheriting its general characteristics and features.

Abstract (from Latin annotatio - remark), brief description books, articles or manuscripts, their ideological and political orientation, content, purpose, value, etc. An abstract can be descriptive or recommendatory, general or specialized. Annotated bibliographical indexes help the reader navigate the selection of published works.

A review is a critical essay that contains an analysis and evaluation of a work. There is a distinction between external (printed) and internal reviews. The latter, in turn, can be external and internal publishing.

Review is an expressed opinion about someone, something, an assessment of someone, something. Critical article, review. Official document, containing an assessment of someone's performance.

Abstract (German Referat, from Latin refere - to report, report) is a written report or speech on a specific topic, which collects information from one or more sources. Abstracts can be a statement of the content of a scientific work, fiction book etc.