List of adverbs. How to distinguish an adverb from an adjective? What is an adverb in Russian

Adjectives and adverbs can have similarities lexical meaning. For example: light - easy; fast - quickly; yesterday - yesterday .

However, adjectives and adverbs are independent parts of speech that perform different functions in a sentence and have different morphological characteristics. Their analysis will help avoid difficulties in defining the concepts “adjective” and “adverb”, as well as identify distinctive features each of these parts of speech.

Adjectives in Russian it is large group words that denote the attribute of an object by quality, shape, belonging to someone or other properties:

sweet tea;

round table;

father's order.

In a sentence, adjectives are associated with the words they define coordinating connection and in nominative case singular answer the questions: Which? which? which? which?

The adjective has the syntactic role of an agreed definition.

Adverb is an independent indeclinable part of speech that denotes a sign of an action, a circumstance of an action or a sign of a characteristic:

go light;

sit high;

to offend inadvertently;

very bright.

In a sentence, adverbs play the role of circumstances and are connected with the words to which they refer, not grammatically, but by meaning, that is, by a connection of adjacency.

The commonality between adjectives and adverbs is that they contain a certain attribute of something, however, it is precisely by the nature of this attribute that these parts of speech are separated.

Adjectives have three categories of meaning:

quality (green, sweet, soft) ;
relative (wooden, hedgehog, material) ;
possessive (mother's, fox's, Matrenin) .

Qualitative adjectives may have a greater or lesser intensity of the attribute, so they are classified according to degrees of comparison:

positive degree (smart, kind, strong) ;
comparative (smarter, kinder, stronger) ;
superlative (the smartest, the most intelligent; kindest, kindest; strongest, strongest) .

Qualitative adjectives can be used in full or short form:

cold - cold;

white - white

Because adjectives are variable part speech, they have inconsistent signs kind ( iron character, Iron door ); are declined according to cases and can be used in singular and plural.

Unlike adjectives, adverbs are classified according to their meaning as attributive and adverbial. These main categories are divided into

quality (How? - high, cold) ;
course of action (how? - quickly, together) ;
measures and degrees (to what extent? how much? – very, little, twice);
places (where? where? - left, right) ;
time (When? how long? - in the morning, always) ;
causes (Why? - going blind) ;
goals (For what? for what purpose? - out of spite) .

A common morphological feature of adverbs is their immutability. However, qualitative adverbs -o, -e can have degrees of comparison, like the adjectives from which they are formed.

Dul cold wind. With every minute he became more and more colder. (compare the article of a qualitative adjective)

There was Cold. Still on the balcony colder. (qualitative adverb, comparative v.)

Conclusions website

An adverb differs from an adjective in morphological characteristics. An adjective is a modifiable part of speech, an adverb does not change.
By meaning, an adverb is a part of speech that denotes a characteristic of an action, state or other characteristic, while an adjective denotes a characteristic of an object.
Adjective fulfills syntactic role agreed upon definition, and the adverb is the circumstances.
The categories of adjectives and adverbs are characterized different signs, since the adverb is directly related to the action, and the adjective is directly related to the object or subject of the action.

Each of us has been familiar with such a part of speech as an adverb since school. We actively use them in everyday speech, without thinking at all about any rules or basic theory.

However, it is necessary to understand the concept itself: what is an adverb in the Russian language? According to the rules of literature, this term is defined as denoting a sign perfect action, the state of an object or the quality of an object, and plays the role of circumstance or inconsistent definition. Answers the question: “how”?

Adverbs bring more meaning, precision and expressiveness to our speech. To correctly construct a sentence that contains this part speech, it is necessary to take into account its stylistic significance and semantic role.

Writing particles not with adverbs ending in -o (-e). Consistent use

Let's consider the spelling of the particle not- with adverbs ending in -о (-е). The role of the particle not in the Russian language is manifested in negation and word formation.

A particle not with adverbs ending in -o (-e) is written together if a new word is formed with opposite meaning. Instead, you can substitute a synonym that is not missing. List of adverbs: not bad (the original word is bad); illiterate ( original word- competently); not far (the original word is far). Exceptions are the words: not soon (soon), not in vain (in vain), not by chance (by chance), not on purpose (on purpose).
The particle does not join the undefined and negative adverbs. Examples: no need (why), nowhere (where).
In case a word cannot be used without a particle: absurd, accidental, careless, unexpected, clumsy, sloppy.
If the sentence contains opposition and conjunction but: speak quietly, but expressively.

Separate use

Let's look at another spelling of adverbs in -o (-e):

Separate writing occurs if the sentence contains opposition and conjunction a: I thought about it not well, but badly; fly not high, but low; visited not often, but rarely; It didn't sound loud, but quietly.
If the adverb is associated with the words: far from, not at all, not at all, not at all, etc. Examples: not at all stupid, not at all reliable, not at all too late.

Role in a phrase

Collocations with adverbs are found in almost all lexico-grammatical types. Depending on the part of speech that plays the main role, there are: verb, noun and adverb phrases.

In verb phrases the main role assigned to the verb. There are also cases in which the secondary word is the adverb itself. Example: deal with three, decide fairly.
IN noun phrases the main role can be given to several parts of speech. Collocations with adverbs, like minor members, can include nouns and adjectives. An example of combining a construction with a noun: walking, swimming in Korean. An example of combining a construction with an adjective: unbearably hot, surprisingly sensitive.
What occupies the main (and secondary) position in adverbial phrases is no longer in doubt. An example of a construction with two adverbs: very stupid, still not bad. An example of a phrase with one noun: near the park, shortly before the day off, alone with his father.

Adverb and adjective - what's the difference?

An important question when studying adverbs is the question of their similarities and differences with the adjective.

So, how do you distinguish an adverb from an adjective?

Firstly, due to the lack of dependent and definable words. In a verb conjunction, an adverb, as a rule, plays the role of an adverb. An adjective has several dependent words, which are consistent with it. In addition, adjectives are easily omitted, since standing nearby prepositions do not belong to them, but to nouns.

Secondly, one adverb with a similar meaning can take the place of another: then - then, in vain - in vain, first - first, etc. Replacement can only be done with another adjective, or another nominal parts speeches: to an empty house - to a free house.

So, we figured out how to distinguish an adverb from an adjective in Russian. The same provisions also apply when it is necessary to distinguish it from a noun, pronoun and numeral. Unions stand out for their connecting function between homogeneous members, as well as parts of a complex or whole sentence.

Degrees of comparison

If qualitative adjectives participated in the creation of adverbs, then

Superlative degree and its education

Adverbs have compound form. As a rule, it combines the comparative degree and two pronouns - everyone and everything.

Qualitative adverbs

The two most important categories of adverbs are called qualitative and adverbial. The first can determine the quality of the action performed (the so-called adverb of action), or a characteristic that is expressed by adjectives.

Let's look at the list of adverbs included in the qualitative category and examples of their use:

Sing talentedly, grin contemptuously, defend brilliantly, deliberately quietly, spring-like warm, caringly, cautiously, etc.
Qualitative adverbs often play the role of an epithet, which figuratively reflects the actions of verbs: “The night stood solemnly and regally” (from the story of Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev).
Qualitative adverbs have the power to form subjective assessments, meaning intensification, diminution, endearment or weakening of the attribute. This form is usually characteristic of colloquial speech, for example: recently, far, far away, hard, rather bad, etc.

Place of quantitative adverbs inside qualitative ones

Quantitative adverbs, as a subgroup within qualitative ones, mean:

The degree or measure of action and sign: to do little, to rush a little, much older.
Intensity of action: tie tightly.
Accuracy: exactly at midnight, almost a centimeter.

This adverb answers the questions:

How much?
How many?
To what extent?

List of adverbs and examples of their use: three times older, slightly lower, too late, etc. In addition to verbs, nouns can also be defined: almost a teenager, twice awarded, etc.

Adverbs of adverbs

With the help of adverbial adverbs, you can express the circumstance of time, space, reason and purpose. They give explanations to verbs, adjectives and nouns: during the day, in the morning, from ancient times, everywhere, on the right, from ancient times, on purpose, from afar.

Qualitative and adverbial adverbs form another category - qualitative-adverbial, located somewhere in the middle. In this case the following questions are used:

How?
How?

These also include adverbs that correlate with numerals and denote comparison and likening. A list of adverbs that fall under the qualitative-adverbial category: crookedly, swimming, out loud, together, five of us, alone, honestly, in your opinion, in my opinion, in a comradely way.

Predicative adverbs or state category

Predicative adverbs are a large group of parts of speech that have a state meaning and act as a predicate. As a rule, such predicates “live” inside impersonal sentences.

The condition applies both to living beings (honestly, sadly, sadly) and to the surrounding world (stuffy, narrow, spacious, rainy). The adverbs it is possible, it is a pity, it is impossible, once (and a number of others) are proper predicative adverbs.

Correct use of adverbs will help make your speech literate and beautiful.

Comparing adverbs of different categories helps to understand the rules of their use, both in writing, and orally. Their misuse can lead to some pretty funny situations. In the speech of the older generation one can find outdated words, as well as words characteristic of certain rural settlements: from there (instead of from there), ikhniy (instead of them), nonche (instead of today), vnutri (instead of inside) and many others.

Many problems can arise when using interrogative and relative adverbs "where". Instead of where, another interrogative and relative adverb is often used - “where”. So, the phrases “Where did it go?” “Where did you go?”, “Where did you go?” change to “Where did you go?”, “Where did you go?” and “Where did you go?”

The situation is the same with the adverb “terribly”: its use does not add any additional expressiveness to our speech, as it might seem at first glance, but, on the contrary, spoils it. This is especially noticeable when using the adverb “creepy” with words that mean something positive: terribly beautiful, terribly beautiful, terribly pleasant, etc. Such phrases have a tinge of slang and mannerisms. Writers usually resort to this technique to add a negative or ironic character to their work and characters.

The adverb “strongly” will not give you anything useful if it is constantly replaced by others. important words. For example: “hit hard” (instead of “hit hard”), “had a hard lunch” (instead of “had a big lunch”), “you are well versed in this topic” (instead of “you are well versed in this topic”), etc.

If you want to use these adverbs in speech, then you should take into account their features. Thus, the adverb “strongly” has its place only in descriptions of a person’s thoughts and feelings: you’re thinking hard, you’re really bored, you’re in deep doubt, etc.

It is also worth mentioning tautological phrases in which an adverb appears next to a first-person personal pronoun: “I personally consider this inappropriate”; “I personally don’t care”; “We personally are going to go on vacation”; “I personally think that you are lying now,” etc.

It is known that such an adverb in the Russian language as “tacitly”, formed from the adjective “taciturn”, can replace the gerund silently. A person whose speech contains such substitution will most likely seem illiterate, and his phrases will seem meaningless.

Examples: “She silently walked up to the table and took a book”; “The hunter silently watched the prey”; “The police carried out the search silently,” etc.

Thus, it becomes clear that such disparaging use of adverbs can only spoil our speech. The Russian language is difficult but beautiful, so arm yourself with the knowledge you've acquired and speak and write with confidence!

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Slide captions:

Degrees of comparison of adverbs Teacher of Russian language and literature MBOU Vylkovo Secondary School Chernakova N.A.

Repetition: Degrees of Comparison of Adjectives comparative adjective Superlative adjective simple complex simple complex Suffixes: - EE, -E, -SH Particles: MORE LESS Suffixes: -AYSH-, -EYSH- Particles: THE LEAST STRONGEST ITS LOUDER E YOUNGER MORE PERSISTENT LESS DIFFICULT DEEP TENDER THE KINDEST MOST DANGEROUS

Fill in the empty cells in the table Full form Simple comparative degree Complex comparative degree Simple superlative degree Complex superlative degree 1. Tall Higher Tallest 2. Calm Calm calmest 3. Most beautiful 4. Large Larger 5. Dangerous most dangerous 6. kinder The kindest

Question: What degree of comparison of the adjective is formed using the particle MOST? Comparative simple. Excellent simple. Comparatively complex. Excellent complex

Degrees of comparison of adverbs Comparative degree Superlative degree Suffixes -EE, -E, -SH Particles MORE AND LESS Pronoun ALL + simple form comparative degree PRECISION ITS HIGHER E THINTER MORE ACCURATE MORE HIGH MORE FINELY MORE ACCURATE THAN ALL HIGHER ALL THINTER ALL

Fill in the blanks in the table Original form Simple comparative degree Complex comparative degree Superlative degree shorter Shorter Shorter than all Wide Wider than all Energetic often More often Hotter than all Sweetly comfortable more convenient More comfortable Most convenient Most attentive Most difficult of all

Question: The superlative degree of adverbs ... There is only a simple one. There is only a compound one. There are both simple and compound ones. Doesn't form at all.

Differences between the degrees of comparison of adverbs and the degrees of comparison of adjectives You probably noticed that the forms of the simple comparative degree of adverbs and adjectives are very similar. By appearance or by sound, it is absolutely impossible to distinguish the adjective SPICTER from the adverb SPICTER. But if the words match in sound and spelling, this does not mean that we have the same word.

Words having same sound and spelling are called HOMONYMS. You've known them since 5th grade. For example: Bow (plant) and bow (weapon) Key (spring) and key (item)

Let's compare two phrases: THE NEW KNIFE IS SHARPER THAN THE OLD n. adj. THE TOOLS ARE SHARPENED SHARPER verb adverb What? How?

Try to find the differences between the forms of adverbs and adjectives yourself by doing the exercise Determine the part of speech and the form of degree of comparison This tree is taller than that. Today he jumped higher than yesterday. This kindest person. He laughed more cheerfully than anyone else. This essay was written more competently than the previous one.

6. Work faster. 7. He solves problems the fastest. 8. This is the most dangerous path. 9. These apples are tastier than those. 10. This is the most powerful telescope.

Answer the question: Cognate adverbs and adjectives in the simple comparative form are... Neologisms Homonyms Synonyms Antonyms

Conclusions This lesson was devoted to the study of forms of degrees of comparison in adverbs. Adverbs, like qualitative adjectives, have degrees of comparison if they denote a characteristic that can be manifested to a greater or lesser extent.

The form of the simple comparative degree is formed using the suffixes: -EE, -E, -SHE. The form of the complex comparative degree is formed with the help of particles: MORE or LESS, which are added to the original adverb. An adverb in Russian has only a complex form superlatives. It is formed using the word ALL, which is added to the adverb in a simple comparative degree.

Final testing What words are involved in the formation of the complex comparative degree of an adjective and adverb? MORE, LESS MOST, MOST, LEAST VERY ALL

2. What category of adjectives has degrees of comparison? All classes of adjectives have degrees of comparison. Qualitative Relative Possessive

3. Cognate adverbs and adjectives in the form of a simple comparative degree are... Synonyms Homonyms Archaisms Antonyms

4. During education complex shape The superlative adjective word MOST is added to... Full form of this adjective The simple superlative form The simple comparative form The complex comparative form

5 . What suffixes are used to form the simple comparative degree of adjectives - AISH-, -EYSH- -IM-, -EM- -E, -EY, -SH -OVA-, -EVA-

HOMEWORK

Forms of degrees of comparison are characteristic only for qualitative adverbs(T.

E. from such attributive adverbs of the method of action, which are formed from qualitative adjectives): cheerfully, beautifully, etc. The formation of forms of degrees of comparison of qualitative adverbs and adjectives is generally similar: cheerful - more fun and fun - more fun, beautiful - the most beautiful of all and beautiful - the most beautiful everyone.

The comparative degree (or comparative) is formed synthetically and analytically.

To form a synthetic (simple) form of the comparative, after truncation of the adverbial suffix -o, add to the base of the adverb the suffixes -ee, -ey, -e, -she: beautiful o - beautiful her, dry-o - dry-e, far o - far she.

The analytical form of the comparative is formed by adding to the form positive degree adverbs of auxiliary words more, less; more beautiful, less loud. Such forms are perceived as somewhat bookish; in colloquial speech the synthetic form of the comparative is more often used.

The superlative degree (or superlative) is usually formed analytically: 1) by adding the auxiliary words most, least to the form of the positive degree; most (least) loudly; 2) adding auxiliary words everything, everyone to the synthetic form of the comparative; the most beautiful of all, the funniest of all. Synthetic form of the superlative of adverbs (with suffixes -еishe, -аishe) in modern language used extremely rarely, only in stable speed, and is perceived as archaic: I humbly thank you, I bow most humbly.

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