Which signs are permanent and which are not permanent. Inconstant verb features

A verb, like any verb, has signs by which its characterization is made. They represent grammatical categories, which are inherent verb forms. Let's consider the constant and inconstant signs of the verb, studied as part of the school curriculum.

A verb is understood as a linguistic verbal category with its inherent syntactic and morphological properties, which denotes the state or actions of the subject in question. Part of speech answers the questions “what to do”, “what to do”.

When studying, the following forms must be considered:

• Initial. Found under the name indefinite. Another name is the infinitive. They end in -ch, -t, -ti. The endings listed refer to formative suffixes. Within school curriculum they are often seen as endings. Examples: protect, carry, roll. The indefinite verb form is characterized by naming an action or state. There is no indication of a specific person, time or date. Such features allow us to classify it as unchangeable. Main feature, which distinguishes the infinitive from other categories, is the presence of constant properties.
• Personal. This category includes all existing categories, other than the infinitive. They have personal endings.
• Participle. Some scientists classify participles as a separate part of speech.
• Involved. In some programs, similar to the gerund, it is distinguished as separate part speech.

Knowledge about what morphological characteristics has a verb, the student receives it in Russian language lessons. Exactly 5th grade in general education high school It is considered to be the optimal period for mastering the basics of morphology.

As part of the 5th grade curriculum, the student receives basic knowledge about constant and inconstant signs of a verb. They also acquire practical skills in parsing a word as a part of speech.

Thorough mastery of the basics of spelling in the Russian language is impossible without knowledge morphological properties, characterizing the verb as a part of speech.

There is the following classification:

• Constant morphological characteristics. Distinctive feature– cannot be modified regardless of the presence of other parts of speech or other influencing factors.
• Variable morphological features of the verb. In some literary sources found under the name mutable. Marked by the ability to change depending on general meaning sentences or single phrases.

Permanent

Grammatical categories that accompany the characteristics of verb forms are called constant morphological features. Regardless of semantic meaning, which is endowed with the phrase, they cannot be changed.

Among the constant morphological features inherent in the verb, the following categories are found:

• View. Identifies perfect and non-perfect verbs perfect form. The first group is characterized by a completed action and the question “what to do.” For example: run away, read. The second group names the unfinished action and answers the question “what to do”: see, multiply.
• Returnability. Serves to describe a potential state (swears) or an ongoing action performed by the subject in relation to himself (washes himself), as well as an action occurring in relation to two or more objects that are in close relationship (make peace). A special feature is the presence of the postfix -sya/sya. There is a division into reflexive (wash, undress) and non-reflexive (plant, give water) verbs.
• Transitivity. It is a category that characterizes the possibility of directed action. A special feature is the ability to add an add-on. It is customary to distinguish between transitive (wash fruit, eat cake) and intransitive (go, be).
• Conjugation type. It is a category according to which the conjugation mechanism for persons and numbers is determined. There are 2 (ending in -it) and 1 conjugation (all others). There are also different conjugated verb forms.

Consideration of the constant morphological features of the verb is impossible without characterizing the non-constant ones.

Fickle

The grammatical categories inherent in conjugated verbs and participles belong to non-constant features. This group is characterized by the ability to change under the influence of the semantic load contained in the phrase.

What non-permanent signs are usually identified:

• Mood. Expresses the relation of action to reality. It is customary to distinguish between the conditional (the peculiarity is the particle “would”: I would see, I would read, I would go), the imperative (do, look, hear) and indicative (I am resting, you understand) moods.
• Number. Is a category that determines the number of described subjects involved in the action. Inherent in verbs and participles. There is a division into singular (runs, walks, read) and plural (wore, walk, painted) numbers.
• Time. Contains an indication of the time period when the action took place relative to the moment of speech. Characteristic of the indicative mood. It is customary to distinguish between the present (I watch, I eat), the past (I watched, I ate) and the future (I will watch, I will eat) tenses.
• Face. Gives an idea of ​​who is performing the action. Characteristic for the imperative and indicative mood of the future and present tense. Classified into 1 (draw, read, let's go), 2 (eat, think, swim) and 3 (stroking, watching) faces.
• Genus. Characterized by the gender of the person performing the action. Inherent in participles, conditional and indicative verbs in the past tense. There are feminine (decorated, cleaned up, would have screamed), masculine (dirty, swept, would have eaten), neuter (cleaned up, galloped off, would have needed) gender.

Parsing order

Among the practical skills provided curriculum, students must know how to parse a word.

For a verb, there is the following order of actions when morphological analysis:

1. The part of speech, the infinitive, is determined.
2. The verb form is highlighted.
3. The conjugation is determined.
4. The time is revealed.
5. The number is being specified.

Depending on whether the person belongs to the future or present tense, the definition of a person becomes available. Gender is chosen for past tense verb forms. The last step in the analysis is the definition as a member of the sentence, that is syntactic role in a specific sentence.

Useful video

Let's sum it up

Knowledge of such concepts as constant and non-constant morphological within the Russian language is necessary in order to successfully pass final exam at school and subsequently enter a university where Russian is included in the list of entrance tests.

Russian language lesson in 6th grade on the topic

“And the action strives for a result” (constant and inconstant signs of the verb) (slide 1)

Using certain techniques of RCMCP technology

When preparing the development of a lesson in the Russian language and as a result of it practical implementation three-stage is used basic model RKMChP technologies.

The perception of information occurs in three stages, which corresponds to the following stages of the lesson:

1. preparatory - challenge stage;
2. the actual perception of the new is the semantic stage (or the stage of realization of meaning);
3. appropriation of information - the stage of reflection.

On this lesson were delivered and implemented following goals and tasks:

1. Intensify the work of students in the lesson by creating a problem situation.

2. Develop student skills

Independently determine your knowledge and ignorance on the topic being studied;
- work in pairs;
- compare, analyze, formulate questions, make inserts;
- systematize the material into a cluster.

3. Foster a desire to rethink your own knowledge on the topic being studied and its practical application.

Subsequent lessons are not dedicated to theoretical material, but its practical development.

In my opinion, technology “Development critical thinking through reading and writing” is effective and has good positive results; designed for the student to bring him as close as possible to the process of learning the Russian language and so that he receives moral satisfaction from this.

Epigraph: “The verb gives life to speech, - with its presence it gives life individual words“- wrote N. Grech(slide 2)

Techniques: Individual work students in class; group work; reception “ brainstorming”; “insert”, creating a cluster.

Lesson progress

I. Challenge stage - goal setting

The teacher’s word: “Guys, today guests came to our Russian language lesson from a distant Old Slavonic school that existed in Russia many centuries ago. They will tell us very interesting stories about the most important part of speech in the Russian language, without which nothing in the world could exist and develop.

Student: “Many writers and linguists (linguists) paid attention to the amazing power of the Russian verb. For example, Nikolai Grech wrote: “The verb gives life to speech; with its presence it gives life to individual words.” You see Nikolai Grech’s statement on the board as an epigraph in today’s Russian language lesson.

The name “verb” comes from the Old Slavonic word “to verb - to speak.”

One of the meanings of the word “verb” in Old Russian language there was “the word”, “speech in general”.

It is in this sense that A.S. used it. Pushkin in the poem “Prophet”: “With a verb, burn the hearts of people.” The verb is the most important part of speech in the Russian language. The name itself emphasizes its special significance. The verb as a part of speech means “process”. With the help of a verb, we learn how everything in this world moves, speaks, changes colors, how it sounds, how it feels.”

Question: Guys, how do you understand Nikolai Grech’s statement about the Russian language?

Student: “The famous Russian linguist A.M. Peshkovsky argued that “verbs are words that animate everything to which they are applied.” And this is true. With the help of nouns we can name everything that surrounds us. Adjectives help us clarify what is called by a noun, but only verbs can “revive” the world around us.

Linguists highlight the verb as the most complex and capacious independent part speech. According to scientists, the verb ranks second (after the noun) in frequency of use in speech.

And in the texts different styles the verb is assigned a different role. So, in formal business style- approximately 6% of verbs, in scientific - about 10%. IN artistic speech the verb is used much more often: up to 15% of all words in a literary text are verbs. Masters of Russian speech skillfully used direct and figurative meaning verbs.

Let's all learn together to use the whole variety of verb vocabulary and choose the most accurate ones for each speech situation verbs.”

Question: Guys, why do you think we need to learn to use a variety of verbal vocabulary?

2. Now let’s do an interesting exercise for the brain: “Who is doing what?” (slide 3)

Cook - ..., doctor - ....., teacher - ..., student - ..., accordion player - ..., artist - ..., dressmaker - ..., salesman - ..., baker - .., wind - ..., thunder - ..., lightning - . ., grass - .., rain - ..., fire - ..., sun - .., water - ..

Draw a conclusion.

3. Now let’s turn our gaze to the pictograms depicted in front of you (there are 9 pictograms of faces with a clearly defined mood of joy, sadness, kindness, etc. attached to the board), and using verbs we will name the mood that you see on these bright “ pictogram faces.” (Rejoices, laughs, frowns, cries, smiles, gets angry, etc.)

Draw a conclusion.

5. Formulate and write down the topic of the lesson yourself.

6. Set a goal and write it down.

7. Remember everything you knew before about the verb and write down “I knew...” in the first column of the table.

8. Get into pairs and discuss your lists. Leave information with which both agree, mark information with which someone disagrees with a question mark.

(One or two pairs read the information, the teacher writes it on the board.)

(Questions are written on the board to help children work in pairs.)

Questions: (slide 4)

1. What questions can a verb answer?

2. What does a verb mean as a part of speech?

3. What morphological features does the verb have?

4. How does it change?

5. What member of the sentence usually is?

II. Semantic stage

1. Students work individually with a text that contains correct information. Marking the text is used to ensure that the student learns new things and rejects incorrect information. Text is marked using special characters:

“ ! ” - I knew it.

“+” - New for me.

“ - “ - Makes me doubtful.

“?” - Question.

2. Students write down briefly (words and phrases) new information in the second column of the table.

3. Students formulate and write questions in the third column of the table (only if they arise).

Physical education minute.

III. Information text

1. The name “Verb” comes from the Old Church Slavonic word“verb”, which means “to speak”.

2. Verb - it is an independent part of speech, which denotes the action or state of an object and responds toquestions what to do? what to do?

3. Verbs can havelexical meanings of movement(jump, run, swim...); sound (sing, talk, shout); state (turn blue, turn golden, get sick); process (absorb, heat up); existence (live, be) and others.

4. Verbs have something in commongrammatical meaning is “action”.

5. The verb has the following morphological features:

1) Constant signs: (slide 5)

a) view : perfect (what to do?); and imperfect (what to do?)

b) transitivity and intransitivity (transitive verbs require direct object, intransitive verbs cannot carry a direct object);

V) repayment and irrevocability(reflexive verbs are formed from intransitive verbs using the suffix –СЯ-Сь;

d) conjugation - this is a change in verbs by persons and numbers. Conjugation is determined by personal stressed endings verb. If the personal endings of verbs are unstressed, then it is necessary to rely on the infinitive form of the verb. (The second conjugation includes all verbs in– it , except to shave, lay; 7 verbs for – to eat (look, see, hate, depend, offend, endure, twirl); 4 verbs per– at (hear, breathe, hold, drive).

2) Variable signs(slides 6-7)

a) mood: indicative (verbs in indicative mood denote actions that actually happened in the past, are happening in the present or will happen in the future), conditional (The conditional form of verbs is formed from the stem of the indefinite form using the suffix - l – and particles would; for example, would do, would like...), imperative (verbs in imperative mood, which someone orders or asks to be carried out; for example, write, read, study...).;

b) time (only verbs in the indicative mood change from time to time): present (what is it doing? what are they doing?), past (what did (a,o) do?), future (what will (ut) do? what will (ut) do?;

c) number: singular and plural;

d) face : 1st (I - WE); 2 - e (YOU - YOU); 3 - e (HE - SHE - IT); however, there are verbs for which change in person is unusual, and this is due to the peculiarities lexical meaning these verbs. Such verbs name actions that occur on their own and are called impersonal, that is, without a person. They express: natural phenomena (it’s freezing, it’s getting dark); physical or mental states person (fever, chills, unwell). Impersonal verbs There are always predicates in a sentence; they do not and cannot have a subject. (It was getting dark. It was already evening.)

e) gender (only for singular past tense verbs)

6) In a sentence is most often predicate, can act as a subject (“Learning is always useful”), is included in grammatical basis offers.

7) Particle – NOT with verbs it is always written separately, with the exception of those verbs that are not used without “not”. These are the following verbs:unwell, hate, indignant, perplexed, unwell, lacking (knowledge), pamper, dislike.

8) B literary text verbs most often act as personifications (transfer of human properties to an inanimate object). For example: the wind howls, whistles, plays; the fog breathes...

9) The verb puts into action everything that happens around us, thanks to it, movement forward occurs, that is, life….

IV. Stage of reflection (thinking) (8 slide)

After reading the text, students should remember the information that turned out to be relevant for each of them; rethinking your own knowledge; creating a cluster ( graphic image) so that the information is retained in memory.

Students work in pairs.(Students discuss new information in pairs, based on the questions written on the board.)

Questions:

1.Which of what you read was already familiar to you? What was new? What do you disagree with? What caused doubt? Why? Prove your point.

2. Drawing up a cluster on the board and in a notebook together with the teacher “Inconstant and constant morphological features of the verb.”

Brain exercise “Who is doing what?” Cook - ..., doctor - ....., teacher - ..., student - ..., accordion player - ..., artist - ..., dressmaker - ..., salesman - ..., baker - .., wind - ..., thunder - ..., lightning - . ., grass - .., rain - ..., fire - ..., sun - .., water - ..

Questions: 1. What questions can the verb answer? 2. What does a verb mean as a part of speech? 3. What morphological features does the verb have? 4. How does it change? 5. What member of the sentence usually is?

Constant signs of the verb a) aspect: perfect (what to do?); and imperfect (what to do?) b) transitivity and intransitivity (transitive verbs require a direct object, intransitive verbs cannot have a direct object); c) reflexivity and non-reflexivity (reflexive verbs are formed from intransitive verbs using the suffix –СЯ-Сь; d) conjugation is the change of verbs in persons and numbers. Conjugation is determined by the personal stressed endings of the verb. If the personal endings of verbs are unstressed, then it is necessary to rely on the infinitive form of the verb. (The second conjugation includes all verbs in – it, except shave, lay; 7 verbs in – eat (look, see, hate, depend, offend, endure, twirl); 4 verbs in – at (hear, breathe, hold, drive ).

Inconstant features of a verb a) mood: indicative (verbs in the indicative mood denote actions that actually happened in the past, are happening in the present or will happen in the future), conditional (The conditional mood of verbs is formed from the stem of the indefinite form using the suffix - l - and particles would; for example, would do, would like...), imperative (verbs in the imperative mood that someone orders or asks to do; for example, write, read, study...).; b) time (only verbs in the indicative mood change by tense): present (what is he doing? what are they doing?), past (what did (a,o) do?), future (what will (ut) do? what will he do (ut)) ?;

c) number: singular and plural; d) person: 1st (I - WE); 2 - e (YOU - YOU); 3 - e (HE - SHE - IT); however, there are verbs for which change in person is unusual, and this is due to the peculiarities of the lexical meaning of these verbs. Such verbs name actions that occur on their own and are called impersonal, that is, without a person. They express: natural phenomena (it’s freezing, it’s getting dark); physical or mental conditions of a person (fever, chills, unwell). Impersonal verbs in a sentence are always predicate; they do not and cannot have a subject. (It was getting dark. It was already evening.) e) gender (only for singular past tense verbs)

Questions: 1. Which of what you read was already familiar to you? What was new? What do you disagree with? What caused doubt? Why? Prove your point.

1. Verb type

Most ch. have species pairs: build – build.

Some ch. don't have species pairs:

Ch. owls V.: to utter, to gush, to burst out, to rush.

Ch. nesov. V.: prevail, stride, depend, participate.

Methods for forming species pairs:

A) replacing suffixes: resh A t - decide And ugh, scream A t - shout at t;

B) adding the prefix: grow old - By grow old, bake - is bake;

B) shifting the accent: cut - cut, pour out - pour out;

D) changing the stem of the word: speak - say, take - take.

Attention! Some verbs can take on either a perfect or an imperfect meaning: marry, execute, telegraph, order, wound, investigate. Compare offers:

2. Transitivity/intransitivity

3. Refundability/non-refundability

Reflexive verbs denote an action directed at the object itself. They have postfixes (also designated as suffix):

SY: hide xia, prepare Xia, return Xia,

SY: getting dressed sya, I'm proud sya.

Non-reflexive verbs - everyone else.

4. Conjugation type

Conjugation- this is a change in verbs by persons and numbers, it is indicated by Roman numerals.

Remember! Pronunciation and spelling rules for some verbs:

1) At Ch. There is And give when changing the form, prefixes appear: With eat, By There is, re give, pops give.

2) Speak correctly put, put; put, put; go, go.

Verb features are grammatical categories of verb forms that are inherent to the verb as a part of speech. In the Russian language, constant and inconstant signs of a verb are distinguished.

Constant signs of the verb

Constant features of a verb are grammatical categories inherent in all verb forms. These features do not change depending on the context in which the verb is used.

Type is a sign that determines exactly how an action occurs.
Perfective verbs answer the question “what to do?” ; Imperfective verbs answer the question “what to do?” .
Reflexive verbs; Irreversible verbs.

Transitivity is a sign that defines a process or action that passes to an object.

Transitive verbs; Intransitive verbs.
I conjugation; II conjugation; Heterogeneously conjugated.

Inconstant verb features

Inconstant features of a verb are grammatical categories characteristic of conjugated verbs and participles. These categories change depending on the context in which the word is used.

Mood is a category that expresses the attitude of an action or process to reality. The feature is characteristic of conjugated forms of verbs.
Indicative; Imperative; Conditional.
Plural; The only thing.
Future; Present; Past.
1st person; 2nd person; 3rd person.
Male; Female; Average.

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Inconstant verb sign - what is it? Reply to asked question you will find in the materials of the presented article. In addition, we will tell you about what forms it has this part speech, how she bows, etc.

General information

Before understanding what constant and inconstant signs of a verb exist, it is necessary to say what this part of speech generally represents.

A verb is a part of speech that denotes the state or action of an object and answers the questions “what to do?” and “what should I do?”

Verb forms

Each verb has the following forms:

• Initial. It is sometimes called the infinitive or indefinite form. Such verbs end in -ti, -t or -ch, that is, in formative suffixes(for example: guard, bloom, bathe, etc.). The indefinite form of the verb names only a state or action and does not indicate number, tense or person. This is the so-called immutable form. It has only permanent characteristics.
• Conjugated forms, that is, not being an infinitive. As a rule, they have constant and inconstant signs of a verb.
• Participle.
• Communion.

So, in order to correctly compose the text of a letter, you should know that the presented part of speech has:

• fickle;
• constant signs of the verb.

Let's look at them in more detail.

Video on the topic

Inconstant verb features

Non-permanent forms include:

• number;
• mood;
• face;
• time.

It should be especially noted that each of these signs has its own characteristics.

Mood

All verbs have 3 mood forms. This sign shows how talking man evaluates the action. In other words, with the help of this form one can find out whether he considers it desirable, possible or real under any particular condition.

Time

The term “non-constant verb features” speaks for itself. That is, this part of speech changes over time. However, this only applies to verbs in the indicative mood.

So, let's look in more detail at how this part of speech changes over time:

• Present tense. Formally, it is expressed by such personal endings as -у, -yu, -eesh, -et, -ut, -ete, etc. (For example: walking, thinking, doing, dreaming, carrying etc.). It should be especially noted that the present tense denotes a process that takes place in at the moment. Moreover, he himself may not be in the present, but in the past or future. Here's an example: She runs ahead of me. She thought she was running ahead of me. She'll run ahead again.
• Future tense. As you know, it denotes a process that will happen very soon. For example: I'll go for a walk in the evening. It should also be noted that verbs of the perfect and imperfect forms also have a future tense. Although in these cases it is expressed differently ( I will read - I will read, I will sing - I will sing, I will walk - I will walk etc.).
• Past tense. This tense denotes an action that has already passed (for example: walked, did, thought). This form is formed by adding the suffix -l-.

Number

Inconstant signs of a verb are those signs that, if necessary, can change the word in right time, face, etc. The number is also a fickle sign. It could be:

• The only one: I'm doing, I'm waiting, I'm going, I'm going, I'm going etc.
• Plural: do, wait, go, let's go, let's go etc.

Face

In the future and present forms, all verbs change according to the following persons:

• The 1st person indicates that the process is carried out by the speaker: I sing, we sing;
• The 2nd person indicates that the action is performed by the listener: you are silent, you are silent;
• The 3rd person indicates that the action is carried out by a person not participating in the dialogue: it, he, she goes, they go.

It should also be noted that some verbs name any action or state that occurs without the participation of a specific person, as if by itself. Such verbs are called impersonal. Here's an example: Chills. It's getting light. It's getting dark.

Genus

What other inconstant features of a verb exist? Of course, this includes gender. However this form is inherent only in verbs singular, conditional mood and past tense:

Now you know what non-constant morphological features of a verb exist and how this part of speech changes in accordance with them. However, it should be noted that, in addition to non-permanent ones, there are also permanent forms. Let's look at them in more detail.

Verb signs are constant

If someone turns to you and asks: “Name the inconstant features of a verb,” then you will probably do it without hesitation. But what do you say if they want to hear from you a list and differences between the constant features of a verb?

So, these forms include:

• transitivity;
• repayment;
• conjugation.

View

Absolutely all verbs are imperfect or perfect. This sign shows exactly how the action proceeds. As you know, all verbs of the perfect form answer next question: “What should I do?” In addition, they indicate the result of an action, its completion, beginning or end (for example, what to do? - stand up).

Verbs of the perfect form can change in the past ( what did you do? - got up) and future simple tense ( what will they do? - will stand up). This feature does not have a present tense form.

Imperfective verbs answer the following question: “what to do?” In addition, when denoting an action, they do not indicate its result, completion, beginning or end: get up. Such verbs have a past ( what did you do? - got up), present ( what are they doing? - get up) and the future difficult time (what will you do? - I'll get up). Also in the imperfect species there is also indefinite form verb ( what will it do? - will get up, will dance etc.).

It should be especially noted that in the Russian language there is small quantity two-type verbs. Such words, depending on the context, can become either perfect or imperfect ( order, marry, explore, execute, arrest, marry, attack, examine etc.).

Here's an example:

• Rumors spread throughout the city that the king himself would execute his enemies. In this case, the verb “execute” answers the question “what does it do?” and has an imperfect appearance.
• Rumors spread throughout the city that the king himself would execute several rebels. In this case, the verb “execute” answers the question “what will he do?” and looks perfect.

Repayment

Constant characteristics also include such a form as recurrence. Thus, verbs that have the postfix -sya or -sya are called reflexive. For example: fight, swear etc. The rest are non-refundable. For example: beat, scold, think etc.

Transitivity

All verbs are divided into intransitive and transitive. The latter denote a process that transfers to another subject. Its name can be expressed:

All other verbs are considered intransitive ( play in the forest, believe in justice etc.).

Conjugation

You know what inconstant feature of a verb can be used to write beautiful stylistic writing. However, this is not enough to compose a competent text. After all, it is very important to know how verbs are written in one conjugation or another.

As you know, with this form the endings of verbs change. In turn, conjugations depend on the person and number of a word.

So, to compose a competent letter, you need to remember that:

• Verbs of the 1st conjugation have the endings: -eat (-eesh), -у (-yu), -et (-yot), -ete (-yote), -em (-yom) and -ut (-yut). Here's an example: work, want, howl, eat, run etc.
• Verbs of the 2nd conjugation have the endings: -ish, -u (-yu), im, -it, -at (-yat) or -ite. Here's an example: grow, feed, love, pass, destroy etc.