Africa is a part of the world with an area of 30.3 million km 2 with islands, this is the second place after Eurasia, 6% of the entire surface of our planet and 20% of the land.
Geographical position
Africa is located in the Northern and Eastern Hemispheres (most of it), a small part in the Southern and Western. Like all large fragments of the ancient continent, Gondwana has a massive outline, with no large peninsulas or deep bays. The length of the continent from north to south is 8 thousand km, from west to east - 7.5 thousand km. In the north it is washed by waters Mediterranean Sea, in the northeast by the Red Sea, in the southeast by the Indian Ocean, in the west by the Atlantic Ocean. Africa is separated from Asia by the Suez Canal, and from Europe by the Strait of Gibraltar.
Main geographical characteristics
Africa lies on an ancient platform, which causes its flat surface, which in some places is dissected by deep river valleys. On the coast of the mainland there are small lowlands, the northwest is the location of the Atlas Mountains, the northern part, almost entirely occupied by the Sahara Desert, is the Ahaggar and Tibetsi highlands, the east is the Ethiopian Highlands, the southeast is the East African Plateau, the extreme south is the Cape and Drakensberg mountains The highest point in Africa is the Kilimanjaro volcano (5895 m, Masai plateau), the lowest is 157 meters below ocean level in Lake Assal. Along the Red Sea, in the Ethiopian Highlands and to the mouth of the Zambezi River, the largest fault in the world stretches earth's crust, which is characterized by frequent seismic activity.
The following rivers flow through Africa: Congo (Central Africa), Niger (West Africa), Limpopo, Orange, Zambezi (South Africa), as well as one of the deepest and longest rivers in the world - the Nile (6852 km), flowing from the south to north (its sources are on the East African Plateau, and it flows, forming a delta, into the Mediterranean Sea). Rivers are characterized by high water content exclusively in the equatorial belt, due to the large amount of precipitation there; most of them are characterized by high flow rates and have many rapids and waterfalls. In lithospheric faults filled with water, lakes were formed - Nyasa, Tanganyika, the largest freshwater lake in Africa and the second largest lake in area after Lake Superior ( North America) - Victoria (its area is 68.8 thousand km 2, length 337 km, maximum depth - 83 m), the largest salty closed lake is Chad (its area is 1.35 thousand km 2, located on the southern edge of the world's greatest desert, the Sahara).
Due to Africa's location between two tropical zones, it is characterized by high total solar radiation, which gives the right to call Africa the hottest continent on Earth (the hottest heat on our planet was registered in 1922 in Al-Aziziya (Libya) - +58 C 0 in the shadow).
On the territory of Africa, such natural zones are distinguished as evergreen equatorial forests (the coast of the Gulf of Guinea, the Congo basin), in the north and south turning into mixed deciduous-evergreen forests, then there is a natural zone of savannas and woodlands, extending to Sudan, East and South Africa, to In northern and southern Africa, savannas give way to semi-deserts and deserts (Sahara, Kalahari, Namib). In the southeastern part of Africa there is a small zone of mixed coniferous-deciduous forests, on the slopes of the Atlas Mountains there is a zone of hard-leaved evergreen forests and shrubs. Natural zones of mountains and plateaus are subject to the laws of altitudinal zonation.
African countries
The territory of Africa is divided between 62 countries, 54 are independent, sovereign states, 10 dependent territories belonging to Spain, Portugal, Great Britain and France, the rest are unrecognized, self-proclaimed states - Galmudug, Puntland, Somaliland, Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic(SADR). For a long time Asian countries were foreign colonies of various European countries and only by the middle of the last century gained independence. Depending on its geographical location, Africa is divided into five regions: Northern, Central, Western, Eastern and Southern Africa.
List of African countries
Nature
Mountains and plains of Africa
Most of African continent is a plain. Available mountain systems, highlands and plateaus. They are presented:
- the Atlas Mountains in the northwestern part of the continent;
- the Tibesti and Ahaggar highlands in the Sahara Desert;
- Ethiopian Highlands in the eastern part of the mainland;
- Drakensberg Mountains in the south.
The most high point country is the Kilimanjaro volcano, 5,895 m high, belonging to the East African Plateau in the southeastern part of the continent...
Deserts and savannas
The largest desert zone of the African continent is located in the northern part. This is the Sahara Desert. On the southwest side of the continent is another smaller desert, the Namib, and from there into the continent to the east there is the Kalahari Desert.
The savannah territory occupies the bulk of Central Africa. In area it is much larger than the northern and southern parts of the mainland. The territory is characterized by the presence of pastures typical of savannas, low bushes and trees. The height of herbaceous vegetation varies depending on the amount of precipitation. These can be practically desert savannas or tall grasses, with a grass cover from 1 to 5 m in height...
Rivers
The longest river in the world, the Nile, is located on the African continent. The direction of its flow is from south to north.
In the list of large water systems mainland, Limpopo, Zambezi and Orange River, as well as the Congo, which flows through Central Africa.
On the Zambezi River is the famous Victoria Falls, 120 meters high and 1,800 meters wide...
Lakes
The list of large lakes on the African continent includes Lake Victoria, which is the second largest freshwater body of water in the world. Its depth reaches 80 m, and its area is 68,000 square km. There are two more large lakes on the continent: Tanganyika and Nyasa. They are located in faults of lithospheric plates.
There is Lake Chad in Africa, which is one of the world's largest endorheic relict lakes that have no connection with the world's oceans...
Seas and oceans
The African continent is washed by the waters of two oceans: the Indian and the Atlantic. Also off its shores are the Red and Mediterranean Seas. From the Atlantic Ocean in the southwestern part, the waters form the deep Gulf of Guinea.
Despite the location of the African continent, the coastal waters are cool. This is influenced by the cold currents of the Atlantic Ocean: the Canary in the north and the Bengal in the southwest. From the Indian Ocean, the currents are warm. The largest are Mozambique, in northern waters, and Agulhas, in southern...
Forests of Africa
Forests make up a little more than a quarter of the entire territory of the African continent. Here are located subtropical forests, growing on the slopes of the Atlas Mountains and valleys of the ridge. Here you can find holm oak, pistachio, strawberry tree, etc. Coniferous plants grow high in the mountains, represented by Aleppo pine, Atlas cedar, juniper and other types of trees.
Closer to the coast there are cork oak forests; in the tropical region, evergreen equatorial plants are common, for example, mahogany, sandalwood, ebony, etc...
Nature, plants and animals of Africa
The vegetation of the equatorial forests is diverse, with about 1000 species of various types of trees growing here: ficus, ceiba, wine tree, oil palm, wine palm, banana palm, tree ferns, sandalwood, mahogany, rubber trees, Liberian coffee tree, etc. . Many species of animals, rodents, birds and insects live here, living directly on the trees. On the ground live: brush-eared pigs, leopards, African deer - a relative of the okapi giraffe, large apes - gorillas...
40% of Africa's territory is occupied by savannas, which are huge steppe areas covered with forbs, low, thorny bushes, milkweed, and isolated trees (tree-like acacias, baobabs).
Here there is the largest concentration of such large animals as: rhinoceros, giraffe, elephant, hippopotamus, zebra, buffalo, hyena, lion, leopard, cheetah, jackal, crocodile, hyena dog. The most numerous animals of the savannah are herbivores such as: hartebeest (antelope family), giraffe, impala or crown-toed antelope, various types of gazelles (Thomson's, Grant's), blue wildebeest, and in some places there are also rare jumping antelopes - springboks.
The vegetation of deserts and semi-deserts is characterized by poverty and unpretentiousness; these are small thorny bushes and separately growing tufts of herbs. The oases are home to the unique Erg Chebbi date palm, as well as plants that are resistant to drought conditions and salt formation. In the Namib Desert, unique plants such as Welwitschia and Nara grow, the fruits of which are eaten by porcupines, elephants and other desert animals.
Animals here include various species of antelopes and gazelles, adapted to hot climates and capable of traveling vast distances in search of food, many species of rodents, snakes, and turtles. Lizards. Among the mammals: spotted hyena, common jackal, maned sheep, Cape hare, Ethiopian hedgehog, Dorcas gazelle, sabre-horned antelope, Anubis baboon, wild Nubian ass, cheetah, jackal, fox, mouflon, there are resident and migratory birds.
Climatic conditions
Seasons, weather and climate of African countries
The central part of Africa, through which the equator line passes, is located in the region low pressure and receives sufficient moisture, the territories north and south of the equator are in subequatorial climatic zone, this is a zone of seasonal (monsoon) moisture and arid desert climate. The far north and south are in the subtropical climate zone, the south receives precipitation brought air masses from the Indian Ocean, here is the Kalahari Desert, the north - the minimum amount of precipitation, due to the formation of a high pressure area and the characteristics of the movement of trade winds, the largest desert in the world - the Sahara, where the amount of precipitation is minimal, in some areas it does not fall at all...
Resources
Natural Resources of Africa
By reserves water resources Africa is considered one of the least affluent continents in the world. The average annual volume of water is only sufficient to satisfy primary needs, but this does not apply to all regions.
Land resources are represented by significant areas with fertile lands. Only 20% of all possible lands are cultivated. The reason for this is the lack of proper volume of water, soil erosion etc.
African forests are a source of timber, including valuable species. The countries in which they grow, export raw materials. Resources are being used unwisely and ecosystems are being destroyed little by little.
In the depths of Africa there are deposits of minerals. Among those sent for export: gold, diamonds, uranium, phosphorus, manganese ores. There are significant reserves of oil and natural gas.
Energy-intensive resources are widely available on the continent, but they are not used due to the lack of proper investment...
Among the developed industrial sectors of the countries of the African continent, the following can be noted:
- the mining industry, which exports minerals and fuels;
- the oil refining industry, distributed mainly in South Africa and North Africa;
- chemical industry, specializing in the production of mineral fertilizers;
- as well as the metallurgical and engineering industries.
The main agricultural products are cocoa beans, coffee, corn, rice and wheat. Oil palm is grown in tropical regions of Africa.
Fishing is poorly developed and accounts for only 1-2% of the total agricultural output. Livestock production indicators are also not high and the reason for this is the infection of livestock by the tsetse fly...
Culture
Peoples of Africa: culture and traditions
About 8,000 peoples live on the territory of 62 African countries and ethnic groups, which totals about 1.1 billion people. Africa is considered the cradle and ancestral home of human civilization, it was here that the remains of ancient primates (hominids) were found, which according to scientists are considered the ancestors of humans.
Most peoples in Africa can number several thousand people or several hundred living in one or two villages. 90% of the population are representatives of 120 nations, their number is more than 1 million people, 2/3 of them are peoples with a population of more than 5 million people, 1/3 are peoples with a population of more than 10 million people (this is 50% of the total population of Africa) - Arabs , Hausa, Fulbe, Yoruba, Igbo, Amhara, Oromo, Rwanda, Malagasy, Zulu...
There are two historical and ethnographic provinces: North African (the predominance of the Indo-European race) and Tropical African (the majority of the population is the Negroid race), it is divided into such areas as:
- West Africa. Peoples speaking the Mande languages (Susu, Maninka, Mende, Wai), Chadian (Hausa), Nilo-Saharan (Songai, Kanuri, Tubu, Zaghawa, Mawa, etc.), Niger-Congo languages (Yoruba, Igbo, Bini, Nupe, Gbari, Igala and Idoma, Ibibio, Efik, Kambari, Birom and Jukun, etc.);
- Equatorial Africa. Inhabited by Buanto-speaking peoples: Duala, Fang, Bubi (Fernandans), Mpongwe, Teke, Mboshi, Ngala, Como, Mongo, Tetela, Cuba, Kongo, Ambundu, Ovimbundu, Chokwe, Luena, Tonga, Pygmies, etc.;
- South Africa. Rebellious peoples and speakers of Khoisani languages: Bushmen and Hottentots;
- East Africa. Bantu, Nilotes and Sudanese people groups;
- Northeast Africa. Peoples speaking Ethio-Semitic (Amhara, Tigre, Tigra), Cushitic (Oromo, Somali, Sidamo, Agaw, Afar, Konso, etc.) and Omotian languages (Ometo, Gimirra, etc.);
- Madagascar. Malagasy and Creoles.
In the North African province, the main peoples are considered to be Arabs and Berbers belonging to the Southern European small race, mostly professing Sunni Islam. There is also an ethno-religious group of Copts, who are direct descendants of the Ancient Egyptians, they are Monophysite Christians.
The widest part of the continent, covering about twenty-five million acres - North Africa. Three quarters of this area was covered by the Sahara Desert, which borders the subcontinent from the south, and the most comfortable territory for living is the Mediterranean zone, which stretches to the north. In the east is the Atlantic, in the west is the Red Sea, to which Egypt and Sudan have access. In this geographical area seven countries are located (according to the UN classification) and one partly recognized state— Western Sahara (SADR). This is also where the most northern point Africa - Cape Ben Sekka in Tunisia.
Natural features - climate, flora, fauna
In climatic terms, two zones stand out very clearly. The southern desert is a desert with monstrous daily temperature fluctuations (from +50 °C to zero), in which human settlements are concentrated around rare oases and along the Nile bed. The fauna is extremely scarce, and a significant part local residents is still forced to lead a nomadic existence.
The northern (smaller) part is well moistened by rain, fertile, with lush vegetation. It's developed here Agriculture, oil trees, date palms, grapes, citrus fruits, and grain crops feel great. All North African countries have access to the sea, so there are problems with export finished products does not arise: Sudan and Egypt supply cotton to the world market, and Morocco is famous for its fruit. Thanks to special geographical location region the most important part national income is international tourism.
Politics and economics - origins and prospects
Trade relations between Europeans and the population of the North African coast began to develop in the Middle Ages, but in the 19th century the process of colonization began rapidly. Closer to the middle of the last century, the region was divided between several powers - Egypt was in the zone of political and economic influence Great Britain, Italy owned Libya, and France open intervention captured Algeria.
The countries of North Africa became independent in the 60s last century, having inherited from the colonial past a fairly developed industry, into which foreign investment is actively flowing today. The subcontinent is extremely rich in mineral resources, with oil and natural gas, there are also deposits in Egypt iron ore, and in Morocco - phosphorites.
In general, this territory is considered an economically promising region, although constant political conflicts prevent many countries from achieving prosperity.
List of states
South Africa- a country in the extreme south of the continent, washed by two oceans, bordered in the north by Namibia, Zimbabwe, Mozambique and Swaziland. In addition, the state of Lesotho is located in the eastern part of the Republic of South Africa.
Ethiopia- a state in eastern Africa, bordered by Eritrea and Djibouti in the northeast, Somalia in the east and southeast, Kenya in the southwest and Sudan in the west. More than half of the territory is occupied by the Ethiopian Highlands (average altitudes 1600-2000m), cut through by numerous rivers and deep gorges.
Eritrea- an independent state in northeast Africa, on the Red Sea coast, bordered by Sudan in the northwest, Ethiopia in the west and south, and Djibouti in the southeast. The length of the sea coast is more than 1000 km. The country's name is associated with the sea (Eritrea means red in Greek). Eritrea was founded as an Italian colony in 1889.
Equatorial Guinea is one of the smallest African states. In addition to the continental part, Mbini (formerly Rio Muni), it includes the islands of Bioko (formerly Fernando Po) and Pagalu. By the way, the capital of the country, Malabo, is located not on the mainland, but on the island. Bioko.
Chad- country in the north central Africa, borders Libya in the north, Sudan in the east, the Central African Republic in the south, Cameroon, Nigeria and Niger in the west. Lake Chad, on the western border of the country, receives the waters of all large rivers territories.
Central African Republic- a country in the center of the continent borders Chad, Sudan, Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), Cameroon. Most of the area is plateau, with two ranges of hills to the north. The southwest is dominated by equatorial forests, the rest is occupied by savanna. In 1910, the territory became part of French Equatorial Africa.
Tunisia- a state in northern Africa, bordered in the southeast by Libya and in the west by Algeria. The country is washed by the Mediterranean Sea from the north and northeast. Within the country there are several natural areas. The north of Tunisia consists of two ridges of the Atlas Mountains, a mild Mediterranean climate, and forests. High Tell (southern ridge) is a continuation of the Saharan Atlas.
Tanzania- a state in south-eastern Africa, on the shores of the Indian Ocean, bordered on the north by Kenya and Uganda, on the west by Rwanda and Burundi, on the south by Zambia, Malawi and Mozambique. The border with the DRC runs along Lake Tanganyika.
Sierra Leone. A small state in West Africa, on the shores of the Atlantic Ocean, bordering Guinea and Liberia, received its name Sierra Leone (Lion Mountains) from the Portuguese navigator Pedro da Sintra, who set foot on the shore in 1460.
Somalia- a country in eastern Africa, on the shores of the Indian Ocean, bordering Djibouti, Ethiopia and Kenya. Sandy coastal plains are located in the north of the country (Gulf of Aden) and in the south. Several mountain ranges with altitudes ranging from 900 to 2100 m cross the north of the territory. The central part of the country is dominated by low, eroded plateaus.
Republic of Seychelles- an archipelago of 115 islands in the western Indian Ocean, northeast of Madagascar, consists of two groups of islands. The main group is Mahe, which includes 32 high granite islands, including all the main islands of the country - Mahe, Praslin and others.
Z Western Sahara- a territory in northwestern Africa, is a desert plain with no permanent watercourses and land suitable for cultivating crops. The basis of the economy is nomadic cattle breeding and the mining of phosphorites, in terms of reserves of which Western Sahara ranks one of the leading places in the world
Rwanda - small state slightly south of the equator, it borders the DRC, Uganda, Tanzania and Burundi. The territory is dominated by mountain landscapes. In the northwestern part there is a chain of Virunga volcanoes. The area is replete with small lakes.
Nigeria- a state on the shores of the Gulf of Guinea, bordered by Benin in the west, Niger in the north, Chad and Cameroon in the east. There are 4 natural areas on the territory of the country. A narrow (up to 16 km) strip of mangrove forests and swamps stretches along the coast, expanding to 100 km only in the Niger Delta.
Namibia- a state in southwest Africa, bordered by Angola and Zambia in the north, Botswana in the east and South Africa in the southeast and south. The country's territory is divided into 3 natural regions.
Mauritius- a state east of Madagascar, includes the islands of Mauritius, Rodrigues and the Agalega Islands. The island of Mauritius is of volcanic origin. The northern part of the island is a flat plain, gradually turning into a middle plateau.
Madagascar- an island state in the Indian Ocean (including Madagascar, the fourth largest island in the world, and several small islands), separated from the southeastern coast of Africa by the Mozambique Channel, became a French colony in 1896, and in 1958 received the status of a self-governing territory, and in 1960 - independence.
Morocco- a state in the extreme northwest of Africa, bordered by Algeria in the east and southeast, and Western Sahara in the south. Two cities on the country's Mediterranean coast, Ceuta and Melilla, are governed by Spain. The latter also owns several small islands off the coast of Morocco.
Libya- The North African state of Libya is bordered to the east by Egypt, to the southeast by Sudan, to the south by Chad and Niger, to the west by Algeria and to the northwest by Tunisia. In the north, Libya is washed by the Mediterranean Sea. The vast majority of the country's population is concentrated in the coastal zone. More than 80% of the territory is occupied by the Sahara Desert.
Liberia- washed from the south by the waters of the Atlantic, bordered in the east by Cote d'Ivoire and in the north by Sierra Leone and Guinea. Narrow (about 80 km) coastal zone- the most populated and economically developed. Most of the country is occupied by mountains, the slopes of which are covered with dense tropical forests.
Ivory Coast- a state in West Africa, bordered in the north by Mali and Burkina Faso, in the east by Ghana, in the west by Liberia and Guinea, and in the south by the Atlantic Ocean. A wide (up to 250 km) strip of tropical rainforest stretches along the coast, indented by numerous estuaries.
Democratic Republic of the Congo(DRC), a state in central Africa, borders the Central African Republic and Sudan in the north, Uganda, Rwanda and Burundi in the east (in addition, Lake Tanganyika separates the DRC and Tanzania), Zambia in the south, Angola in the southwest, with the Angolan enclave of Cabinda and the Republic of Congo to the west.
Kenya is an East African equatorial state on the Indian Ocean, bordered by Somalia, Ethiopia, Sudan, Uganda and Tanzania. There are several well-defined natural areas throughout the country.
Cameroon- located in western Africa, bordered on the west by Nigeria, on the east by Chad and the Central African Republic, on the south by Congo, Gabon and Equatorial Guinea. From the southwest, the territory is washed by the Gulf of Biafra (part of the Gulf of Guinea), and in the far north of the country is Lake Chad.
Zimbabwe- country in south africa, borders Zambia in the north, Mozambique in the northeast and east, South Africa in the south and Botswana in the southwest. The area occupies part of the vast southern African plateau region and is almost entirely covered by savanna.
Egypt. The Nile Valley is the cradle of one of the greatest ancient civilizations. Egypt, a country in northeastern Africa and southwest asia, washed by the Mediterranean Sea in the north and the Red Sea in the east. The state borders Libya in the west, Sudan in the south and Israel in the northeast.
Djibouti- a small state in northeast Africa, on the shores of the Strait of Aden, bordered by Somalia in the southeast, Ethiopia in the south and west, and Eritrea in the north. The territory occupies strategic position on the shores of the Bab el-Mandeb Strait, the “entrance door” to the Red Sea.
Ghana- a country washed by the Atlantic Ocean from the south, bordered by Cote d'Ivoire in the west, Burkina Faso in the north and Togo in the east. The territory is flat, with the exception of the extreme east, where there is a chain of low hills.
Gambia- one of the smallest countries on the continent, The Gambia is a narrow strip of land stretched along both banks of the river of the same name, which flows into Atlantic Ocean.
Burundi- Rwanda’s southern neighbor, also borders the DRC and Tanzania. Burundi and Rwanda have a lot in common. Same mountainous terrain, same climate, same vegetation. Ethnic composition in two neighboring countries is almost the same. Rwanda and Burundi share a common history up to 1962. And their contemporary problems are largely the same.
Burkina Faso- an inland state in West Africa, bordered in the north and west by Mali, in the east by Niger, in the south by Benin, Togo, Ghana and Cote d'Ivoire. The territory is located on a mid-altitude plateau crossed by three rivers named Volta - Black, Red and Belaya. Most of the country is covered with savannas.
Benin- a country in West Africa, on the shores of the Gulf of Guinea, bordered by Togo, Burkina Faso, Niger and Nigeria. France occupied the territory in 1892, and in 1899 Dahomey (the country's old name) became part of the French West Africa.
Algeria- a state in northwestern Africa, bordered on the east by Tunisia and Libya, on the south by Niger, Mali and Mauritania, on the west and northwest by Western Sahara and Morocco. From the north, the territory of Algeria is washed by the Mediterranean Sea.
S. BUNTMAN - Good morning, guys. Our opener continues. And our guest today is Boris Tumanov. Borya, good afternoon.
B. TUMANOV - Good afternoon.
S. BUNTMAN - And today we will talk about northwestern Africa. We talked about Africa, mainly central and eastern.
B. TUMANOV - Equatorial, yes. Black Africa.
S. BUNTMAN - Black so-called Africa. And here... since this is a huge continent, it is now a continent in the strict sense of the word, after the Suez Canal was dug, it separated from Asia. But, you know, I would like to say something completely different. After all, this is the “Opener” program. We are opening different distances, Different things. And today I would like to remember a person who passed away a few hours ago. This is one of the most, you can say about him in the same way as about Yuri Gagarin, well, what? They put him on a ship. And he did what needed to be done. Not such a difficult matter. I mean Neil Armstrong, who died this night Moscow time, and is the first person to set foot on the moon. And it seems to me, and, as President Obama said today, that this is one of the most outstanding heroes of America, probably of the whole world. You can argue as much as you like, guys, about whether this was a feat or just the end of the enormous efforts of the masses of people who prepared it. But still, I have some kind of nagging feeling, Borya, now.
B. TUMANOV - Me too. Because you and I experienced this in our comparative youth. I remember well how shocked I was by this phrase. I don't know if he cooked in advance.
S. BUNTMAN - Cooked, cooked.
B. TUMANOV - Of course. “A small step for a man and a giant step for all mankind.”
S. BUNTMAN - Moreover, he made a mistake and said something different from what was written on the piece of paper he taught her from. It was very funny. Something had to be said. But if we imagine the feeling of a person who takes just this small step, and he probably could never have said a coined phrase so correctly, but this feeling when he comes out, when people really dreamed of getting to the moon, they dreamed for centuries , as soon as they found out that the Moon exists, as soon as they looked, as soon as they stopped howling at it, and began to think what it was. Is it a piece of cheese, or are there states, empires, as the amazing poet Cyrano de Bergerac wrote in his book at one time, and what is it, really?
So there you go. Let's remember. It always seemed to us, when we looked then, who was the most unfortunate person in this story. There were three of them. Both Neil Armstrong and James Aldrin - they went to the Moon, they landed on the Moon in the lunar module, and there was another person, moreover, the commander of the ship, Collins, who was waiting for them in orbit. His Apollo was spinning around the Moon and he waited while these phrases were uttered, when they took the soil, planted the flag here in lunar soil American, but he waited, and so he never went to the moon.
B. TUMANOV - How offended he was.
S. BUNTMAN - Yes. So, my friends, let's remember all the people, from the first man in space, Gagarin, and Alexey Arkhipovich Leonov, who was the first to leave the spacecraft...
B. TUMANOV - Into space.
S. BUNTMAN - Also what we saw in live in 1965, when he went out and swam in this airless space. Through American astronauts who walked on the moon. And let's remember everyone. And for those who now so quietly, alas, work on the space station and walk around, just some with a briefcase go to the subway to work, so they fly to their work on space station. It's wonderful and it's breathtaking. Well, I really wanted to today on such a rather sad day, because Neil Armstrong is no longer among the living, among the people with whom you can talk and whom you can hear. But we remember them.
Here. And now, Borya, we are going after all... What are we talking about? Here Alyosha asked and said that his grandmother was in Tunisia: Is Tunisia there? This is whether Tunisia is one of the countries we are talking about now.
B. TUMANOV - Yes, of course. If we talk about North-West Africa, then it includes the Maghreb, that is, all of North Africa, Arab countries, starting with Morocco and ending with Egypt, and this also includes the Sahel. The Sahel countries are a zone...
S. BUNTMAN - What is the Sahel?
B. TUMANOV - The Sahel is something intermediate, let’s say so, between equatorial Africa and the Sahara Desert. The point is that it was not in vain that you remembered about the Moon, Neil. My memories of Mauritania are somehow connected with...
S. BUNTMAN - Who can, follow the map with your finger.
B. TUMANOV - Yes, with your finger. This is a country located south of Morocco and Algeria, and one of its western sides faces the Atlantic. By the way, this is an absolutely stunning sight. Two elements. When you stand on the ocean shore in Mauritania, there are absolutely no traces of civilization. Absolutely pristine...
S. BUNTMAN - It’s like in the movie “Planet of the Apes,” right?
B. TUMANOV - Absolutely right. Two primordial worlds. Here you are standing, with the ocean on your left and sand on your right. And nothing else. And so they fight each other. The waves are rolling in. The sand accepts all this, absorbs it into itself.
S. BUNTMAN - And it’s not clear what you’re doing here.
B. TUMANOV - Absolutely right. Absolutely. Exactly. You know, I have to tell you, if we talk about Mauritania, about these landscapes, my three-year-old son, who accompanied me on a trip to Mauritania, he uttered prophetic words quite by accident. He said - Dad, extinct people live in Extinction. This is crazy precise definition, because when you... the first feeling is that this is a dead country. But this is a misconception that then disappears. This is a very lively country.
S. BUNTMAN - Mauritania. Now, these are all countries, now I’ll tell you guys what we are playing. And I will be along the way... Boris Tumanov and I will ask you all sorts of fairly simple questions. Well, such, as they say, point-by-point, from history, from something else, how you listen, how you remember, or what you know about it in general. Now I will name a few wonderful books that we are playing.
One of my favorite books. That’s what it’s called, it’s under the heading “ Favorite reading" This is Vasily Aksenov’s book “My Grandfather is a Monument”. A brilliant book, absolutely amazing.
There is a book that is extremely useful. And it’s great that this book and this series are being published. “Scientific entertainment is a mind-boggling chamber.” This is a children's phraseological dictionary. This may already be for our next program, which is hosted by colleagues Severskaya and Koroleva, “Speaking Russian,” but how did it happen different phrases, this is very cool, this is very interesting.
There is a book by David Grossman, “There are Zigzag Children.” Oh, we know that.
B. TUMANOV - In my opinion, all children are zigzags.
S. BUNTMAN - Yes, that’s what I’m saying – they were like that themselves. Yes. And we also have an encyclopedia for children. And I would say that this is such a series - a walk into history, and there is a book for adults “Everyday Life...”, yes, it was published in France, and then they began to publish it here and supplement it. And there is about the same thing, but children's encyclopedias. “We live in such and such an era.” Here “We live in the era of the War of 1812.”
B. TUMANOV - Yeah.
S. BUNTMAN - Simply “We live.” We are not participants in battles, we are not great commanders, cunning diplomats. No, we live in this era. What are we doing? This is such an encyclopedia. I have five copies of this encyclopedia, two copies of David Grossman about “Zigzag Children”, we have two pieces of “My Grandfather the Monument” by Vasily Aksenov, and there are two pieces of “Uma Palata”. We will…
Now I want to introduce such a thing, make an amendment. Since we are having an educational program, the last thing I will say about Armstrong. Dear Ilya and everyone else, the fact is that what is written EA in English, this I is an old Celtic name, it is read as “Neil”. And they look at you very badly, because there is such an island “Mal” in Scotland, which always belonged to Neil’s sons - the MacNeils. And if you say “McNeil”, but they look at you very askance and crookedly. It's better not to say that. And for a very long time it was customary for us to read how EA is very often read as “I”, but here it is not readable at all. And you can shoot me, hang me, and quarter me, but this is Neil.
Fine. Further. We return to Africa. And I want to ask you this. Please tell me what the name of the huge one was Arab state, which later divided into many states with the same name, behold, the name of the form of the state, from its ruler. What was it called huge state, during the formation of which the Arabs came to North-West Africa then, and even reached the wonderful city of Poitiers in present-day France, where Charles Martel stopped them in his time.
It was a huge state. Name the form of this state - a kingdom, a republic or something else. What is the name of this state? And send us an SMS. +79859704545. Three SMS messages with this question will be rewarded with the books I spoke about, which you will order.
So, you say that it seems when you stand, like Pushkin Alexander Sergeevich, between two elements in Mauritania, and it seems that this is an empty country. It turns out that this is not the case.
B. TUMANOV - Not so.
S. BUNTMAN - How?
B. TUMANOV - Here's how. First of all, people. Moreover, the most interesting thing is... I’m not just talking about the Mauritanians here. Here we are also talking about those people who live in Mali, the former Upper Volta, Burkina Faso today, in the south of Algeria. This is a huge space. And, in particular, those countries that I just named are the patrimony of the Tuaregs, the “blue people”. This is a civilization, which, by the way, has a unique, absolutely independent meaning. And I would say that it is difficult to attribute them to the Arab civilization, because they take their ethnic origins from the Berbers. The Berbers were the original inhabitants 5 thousand years ago in this vast space, in this desert, which was not yet a desert.
S. BUNTMAN - Yes. This means that Ivan Efremov and everyone else who said that this was once a flourishing land was right.
B. TUMANOV - Absolutely right. I can, I’ll make a slight digression, I can tell you the next scene. I was driving across the Sahara, it was in Mauritania, in the northeast of Mauritania, I went deeper into God knows where. And I found myself in a sandy valley surrounded by low mountains. And suddenly I thought that I was having visual hallucinations, I looked - there, well, I don’t know, wheat ears were growing at a distance of 10-15 meters from one another.
I rushed to the Mauritanians who were accompanying me - what is this, guys, wheat? They say yes, wheat, but don’t you know? We have rain sometimes, and look what they do.
It turns out that all these surrounding mountains and hills are penetrated by a whole system of canals and water conduits. The Mauritanians themselves do this in order to direct every drop of rain down into the valley. And then, when there is a big heavy rain, it happens that the wheat is heading there. And these spikelets were the remnants of their former luxury. They say - we’ll wait a little longer, the next rain will come, and we’ll have wheat again. Like this.
S. BUNTMAN - Will it be made from wheat... by the way, do they make something from this? Is this some kind of bread?
B. TUMANOV - Yes, they make bread, just like us.
S. BUNTMAN - Flatbread is baked in all hot countries.
B. TUMANOV - Yes, absolutely right.
S. BUNTMAN - I must say that a lot of people answered me correctly. I look at it that way right away. Lena 297th SMS. She wants the book “We live in the era of 1812.” Further. "Uma Chamber" wants Olya 10 years old, 303rd SMS. And we also have... who do we have? Eugene. “My grandfather is a monument”, 311th SMS. “Caliphate” they answer. Now, our friend Konstantin says that there are different caliphates. This, Constantine, during the division, just as the power of Alexander the Great was divided among friends, so were the caliphates, of course, such a spatial nightmare cannot be controlled or somehow lived there, and, of course, already under the very name of “caliphate” we we see what coverage there was. On the one hand - Baghdad, on the other hand - Cordoba, for example, on the territory of Spain, the Iberian Peninsula.
B. TUMANOV - Yes, Seryozha, but before the caliphates, before the coming of the Arabs.
S. BUNTMAN - So, you say - Berbers.
B. TUMANOV - Yes, Berbers.
S. BUNTMAN - Who are the Berbers?
B. TUMANOV - Berbers are indigenous people this north and, I don’t know, a little to the south, northwest Africa, which, by the way, belongs to the white race, to the European race. These are clearly some descendants of those Europeans who crossed the Mediterranean Sea and settled in Africa.
But the first wave of Arabs, still pre-Muslim, came from Yemen. They crossed...
S. BUNTMAN - From Yemen!
B. TUMANOV - From Yemen!
S. BUNTMAN - Guys, can you imagine where Yemen is. This is the very end Arabian Peninsula, southeast end.
S. BUNTMAN - Now, if you imagine him seeing the blade of an ax like this, then this is where the tip is, from the east.
B. TUMANOV - Yes, absolutely right. And that's where it comes from. By the way, in Mauritania they speak “Hasaniya”. Hasaniya is a dialect of Arabic that has been frozen since the ancient Yemenis crossed the Sahara and settled there.
S. BUNTMAN - It's crazy.
B. TUMANOV - Yes, then the Arab-Muslim culture was layered on top of this, quite obviously, when the second wave began, the caliphate and so on and so forth. Therefore, in an ethnic and religious sense, I would say that this mass of people does not represent exactly what we are accustomed to understand as the classical Arab ethnos. I will say that the Tuaregs still retain many elements of their old beliefs. Yes, technically they are Muslims, but this... Well, for example. Now we hear that radical Islamists are destroying mausoleums of world significance. In Timbuktu, say, today...
S. BUNTMAN - Yes, I think a lot of people have heard.
B. TUMANOV - Today this happened in Libya, in the south of Libya. I just looked into the information sources. These are the actions of those radicals who want to return Islam to, as they understand, its true origins, since they believe that true Muslims do not worship any graves, burial places, and so on.
S. BUNTMAN - Well, so formal, let’s say, very, very formal, as was the case with many Protestants who returned to the roots of Protestants in Christianity. But we won’t go there, but let’s say that, of course, this is a mixture of both customs and beliefs. Tuaregs - who are they, who are the Tuaregs?
B. TUMANOV - Tuaregs are, in general, direct descendants of the Berbers. But due to circumstances, they lived compactly. In principle, they were not nomads, that is, they were not nomads; as long as the climate allowed, they led a sedentary lifestyle. They became nomads and began to wander only when nature began to displace them.
By the way, today the Tuaregs are forced to spread across Africa again, because they have unemployment, they have droughts, and so on and so forth.
S. BUNTMAN - Well, yes. Konstantin reminds us that according to one of the versions, and a very good version, the Berbers are generally descendants of the Vandals.
B. TUMANOV - Well, as for the vandals... we can quite agree with this, but I can remind you that, say, the same vandals from Germany, by the way, in the 5th century AD landed in the area of present-day Morocco and scattered along the Mediterranean coast seas. So this is the second wave of vandals. They, in general, did not particularly gain a foothold there, but nevertheless, they passed through the Maghreb.
Look how confusing it is. Somewhere at the beginning of our era in the north-west of the continent, where Morocco is now, there was a kingdom called “Mauretania”, speaking in Russian, right? Today we have Mauritania. Let's say Morocco, French word, comes from Portuguese pronunciation the words "Marrakech". “Morokos” the Portuguese said. Like this.
S. BUNTMAN - Yes. Here, come on, my friends, let's take a break now, my friends. And we see what a confusion. After all, this is also connected with the history of the Roman Empire, all these places. Certainly. But we will talk about this later, and I will ask the relevant questions.
NEWS
S. BUNTMAN - Well, we continue. Boris Tumanov is here, Sergey Buntman and that's all. We're talking about northwest Africa. We have already seen the elements of Mauritania, we have already become a little acquainted with the Berbers, we have already become a little acquainted with the Tuaregs. You answered the question that it was huge Arab Caliphate, which broke up into many others. AND modern states in some ways they sometimes repeat the borders of certain countries. But tell me, please, what city and country were where present-day Tunisia is, famous, not mythical, in particular. Answer - +79859704545. And you can get books from those that we are raffling off. Let me remind you that this is an encyclopedia “We live in an era Patriotic War 1812”, “There are zigzag children”, this is a book, “Uma Palata” is a children’s phraseological dictionary, and Vasily Aksenov’s wonderful book “My Grandfather is a Monument”. Here, answer, please.
There are two funny questions about the Berbers related to surnames. What about the Berberovs is the first question. And the second question is from Nelya: “My friend is Armenian, and his last name is Berberyan.”
B. TUMANOV - It is quite possible. You know, no, as incredible as it may seem, the word “Berber”, in general, was very common in the Mediterranean region, and since the same Armenia, the same Georgia. They are part of the Mediterranean world, it is quite understandable that the word “Berber” once reached ancient Armenia, because this is one of the most ancient Armenian surnames - Berberyan. So everything is understandable.
S. BUNTMAN - So yes. Here there is no need to indulge in any of the historical madness that people love so much.
B. TUMANOV - Hypotheses. But, forgive me, Seryozha, I’ll interrupt you, we got carried away by the northeastern influx of ethnic groups, but let’s not forget that the same Tuaregs, the same Berbers of today - they are fairly mixed, especially along the southern edge of what we call the Maghreb, with the southern , black peoples. And in this strip between the Sahel and the Maghreb you can very often see... and not just often, but this is an everyday picture - people of Arab build, with Arab facial features, but black.
S. BUNTMAN - With dark, very dark skin, right?
B. TUMANOV - Yes. I'll tell you even more. Did you know, you will be shocked that Mauritania only abolished official slavery in the late 1990s.
S. BUNTMAN - 1990?
B. TUMANOV - Yes, yes. Kharatin is a synonym for slave. In principle, this is what they called half-breed people, a mixture of Arabs and Africans, in fact, and these Haratins, well, I with my own eyes saw them, communicated with them, and so on. Of course, it was not slavery in shackles and with whips, but it was a caste that was a priori servants...
S. BUNTMAN - That is, by birth they were like a service caste, yes, they were?
B. TUMANOV - Absolutely right. Wives were also selected from them, and so on and so forth. But those born from the Haratins were not free people. It was only at the end of the last century that Mauritania officially abolished slavery.
S. BUNTMAN - There is such a view on the same Tuaregs who... this is the view from the movies. In some films we can see Tuaregs. Here, guys, when you grow up, watch Bertalotti’s amazing film “Under a Hot Sky,” where a huge part of the film takes place almost without words, taking place among the nomadic Tuareg tribe. And the myths are such that, on the one hand, they are extraordinary handsome men and beauties, and on the other hand, they are unusually stern people.
B. TUMANOV - You know, Sergey, there is some truth in this myth. Firstly, having spent 4 years in this region, I mean not only Mauritania, I also had to go to Mali, and so on, I must say that, in general, the legend of physical beauty men and especially Tuareg women - this is not such a big exaggeration. At least they have something that is not hidden from view; by the way, Tuareg women walk with open faces. But it is difficult to guess the figure under their robes. But their faces are delicately beautiful, as a rule. And the same can be said about men. They have such clear, sharp facial features, but such masculine beauty. By the way, the Tuaregs are famous for their belligerence, and, moreover, not just belligerence, but professional militancy, well, today's events show that the Tuaregs really...
S. BUNTMAN - If you heard about the events.
B. TUMANOV - Yes. In Mali, there was an attempt to secede the self-proclaimed Azavat Republic, and so on. But everyday life these blue people, because they dye their clothes with indigo dye, these are dark blue robes, and the hauri is this scarf that, or, I don’t know, a scarf that they wrap around their heads. Do you know why they loose ends? I did this myself.
S. BUNTMAN - For what?
B. TUMANOV - And here’s why. When does it start sandstorm, you just pick it up and wrap it around your nose, and you’re done with the filter.
S. BUNTMAN - Well, exactly the same as we do with a scarf.
B. TUMANOV - Absolutely right. I must tell you that a sandstorm, if you breathe this mixture of air and the finest sand, is sandpaper. After 15 minutes, your throat gets sore and the mucous membrane of your nose burns.
S. BUNTMAN - Tell me, Bor, please, how are they... also how many films we have seen, and adventure films, and even comic adventure films we have seen. How do they figure it all out? How do they figure it out? Here, in front of them, let’s say, this or that, or sandy with sandy mountains, hills, or simply, as I saw, my school friend was the ambassador to Libya, and he took a photo, he is so simple, harsh, simple in life. Very smart. There was such an old Nissan Petrol. And he’s standing next to him in such a good fighting uniform, in jeans, just standing there. And behind it there is some flat, almost black space. That is, this or that desert... but how do they understand it!
B. TUMANOV - Here's what. It amazed me myself. I remember well how in the area of Atara, a city 15 kilometers from Nouakchott, the capital of Mauritania, festivities were organized on the occasion of the passage of President Moktar Ould Dadd, and after the camel races took place there, and so on and so forth, they began to disperse. And I looked in amazement. This means that one Mauritanian sits on his camel, whips it up and rides in a certain direction. The second one goes a little to the left. There is a desert ahead. Nothing else.
S. BUNTMAN - That is, what is left and what is right.
B. TUMANOV - What is left and what is right. Then they explained to me that in general the inhabitants of the desert navigate it in the same way as we navigate the streets of Moscow. The fact is that in this Hassaniya language there are more than 300 words meaning dunes.
S. BUNTMAN - Here, it’s sandy, right?
B. TUMANOV - Sand dune. That is, a dune with a slope to the right, a dune with a slope to the left, for example, a flat dune, a dune mixed with rocks.
S. BUNTMAN - But they also change shape.
B. TUMANOV - Absolutely right.
S. BUNTMAN - There was such and such, and today, after the storm, she is this.
B. TUMANOV - He drives past it, remembers it, and this is such a dune. That's all. That is, with this purely linguistic trick of theirs, they navigate in the desert the same way we navigate, I repeat once again, in Moscow alleys. Like this.
They themselves were amazed at my amazement. "How? - they say, “don’t you see the differences?”
S. BUNTMAN - Well, there you go.
B. TUMANOV - Well, there, this is this dune, this is this. I went where I needed to go.
S. BUNTMAN - Here you turn the block, here is the third lane.
B. TUMANOV - Here, here. Exactly.
S. BUNTMAN - Wonderful. But tell me, please, this whole... this whole region, what we’re talking about, includes Morocco, and if North Africa, also includes Algeria.
B. TUMANOV - Yes. And Algeria, of course.
S. BUNTMAN - Algeria is entering. Algeria is generally the most complex, it seems to me, such a system. And according to their peoples, and according to their customs. And according to its history.
B. TUMANOV - Algeria is very complex. And the French, when they were the colonizers of Algeria, and where they did not want to leave, they still faced enormous difficulties there, precisely because the entire south of Algeria is inhabited by Berbers, who, in addition to the fact that they did not treat the French very well, they still did not treat the purely Arab population of Algeria very well.
S. BUNTMAN - They had their own problems there too... there were their own problems.
B. TUMANOV - Of course, our differences. Yes. Look what's going on in Libya. There is tribal strife going on there again. Southern tribes against northern tribes. And so on and so forth.
S. BUNTMAN - Tell me then, please, after I reproduce the answer to the question here, what city and state, where present-day Tunisia, was located, and what we read about in textbooks and read with pleasure from Plutarch and in general throughout history. Carthage, of course. Carthage is an absolutely grandiose state, I would say. And not only because, perhaps, Rome, which eventually defeated him, having suffered enough, exaggerated. No, it was an absolutely grandiose thing. And this can probably be seen in Tunisia. That's what I want to say. Here, Alyosha receives “Uma Chamber” from us. This is the 348th SMS. Where else do we have the correct answers? This is Anya, 350th, who wants “We live in the era of 1812.” And Masha, she wants a phraseological dictionary, 353rd SMS.
Oh, tell me, please, who are the Kabyles?
B. TUMANOV - Kabila?
S. BUNTMAN - Yes.
B. TUMANOV - The Kabyles are essentially a type of Berber, simply and simply. These are people who do not separate themselves from the Berbers, but they have more stable, I would say, well, relatively speaking, European habits and traditions. I'm not talking about today's European ones. It’s just that the Kabyles are whiter than the Berbers.
S. BUNTMAN - Well, in principle, they are closest to the Berbers, right?
B. TUMANOV - Absolutely right, absolutely right.
S. BUNTMAN - Why am I asking? Because not so long ago, dear children and dear adults, especially uncles, this problem arose when the incident with Zineddine Zidane occurred. And when he is a brilliant football player after all, but with a very difficult character, and when he was a boy and studied at a football school, and they wrote about him, everyone is good, but we must not forget that he is from the Kabyles, and he has everything habits are like this, and that he reacts very harshly to any insult that seems to him to be an insult, to the fact that he humiliates him. And because of this, he is distracted from his studies, from the game and is engaged only in what affirms his character, his personality.
B. TUMANOV - Seryozha, I wouldn’t say...
S. BUNTMAN - Maybe it’s the French colonialists who write that...
B. TUMANOV - I think that there has simply been a shift in concepts here. If they wanted to say that this football player simply has a self-esteem complex, they only had to say that he comes from the Berbers or the Tuaregs. Because this is a typical feature of every inhabitant of this desert.
S. BUNTMAN - Extremely proud.
B. TUMANOV - Proud, absolutely independent and very scrupulous about self-respect. By the way, advice to everyone. Not even advice, but a strong recommendation. If you ever find yourself in this desert, if ever you are received in the tent of some nomad, it doesn't matter, Moorish, Tuareg, and so on and so forth. If you are offered tea, do not even dare refuse or hesitate.
S. BUNTMAN - I don’t need some coffee, please, right?
B. TUMANOV - And if you drink this tea, you will have to drink three glasses that they will give you. Drinking two and refusing the third is an insult to the owners of the tent. Remember. But the tea itself is amazing. First, give it to you... this is infused mint tea. First, they serve it to you in an ultra-concentrated form - half of our shot glass, a cut glass from which we drink vodka, it is so strong that they pour...
S. BUNTMAN - Adults drink.
B. TUMANOV - Yes, adults. And then on holidays. This tea, how can I tell you, is amazing practical people. Empirically, they even adapted tea to their own needs. Imagine, the heat is incredible, absolute, completely relaxing, drink half a glass of this tea - and, as you remember, one of our actors imitated the iron and warmed up. Your eyes open. Such a buoyant effect. Then they give you a little weaker tea, and the third glass of very weak tea. But you need to drink it. This is a ritual.
S. BUNTMAN - Guys, remember this for the rest of your life. And now I would like to ask: Tunisia is also one of the most amazing. But she's very coastal, right?
B. TUMANOV - It is very coastal, it is very Europeanized. Now, what I say about the Tuaregs, what I say about the Berbers, about this endless desert, about these spontaneous phenomena and so on, this applies least of all to Tunisia. Tunisia is too Europeanized. I don't know whether it's fortunate or unfortunate.
S. BUNTMAN - If you set out to excavate something Carthaginian in Tunisia, you will find it.
B. TUMANOV - Carthaginian? Well, in general, I don't think so. It is unlikely that there were any purely architectural remains left there. They will take you and show you the ruins of what once constituted Carthage. Well, in general, most of these buildings are covered with sand, unfortunately. But finally I would like to say this. If you go there, no matter where in the region, try to be far, far away in the desert at night.
S. BUNTMAN - Scary.
B. TUMANOV - No, it’s not scary. You won't be alone. But you will be rewarded with an absolutely wonderful, magical sight that you will not see anywhere else. Night falls there very quickly. And before your eyes the sky turns into a huge, shining, bluish-white dome. There's so much fresh air that the stars are visible all at once. There are so many of them that when you see them naked eye, they merge into one radiance. This is an absolutely unforgettable sight.
S. BUNTMAN - And this is even more than when many of us who live further south, who have been to the steppe, for example, this is even more if you compare. I remember how amazing it was in southern places both in Russia and on the shores of the Mediterranean Sea. This is even more, just multiply it by many, many, and this is probably what it will turn out to be.
Here, Bor, they ask what language you speak with the residents.
B. TUMANOV - I spoke French. Let's not forget that almost all of this space that we talked about is former French possessions.
S. BUNTMAN - That’s why I was lucky, just as I was lucky in my time to communicate with the residents South-East Asia, so this is ours, excuse me for the word selfish, our selfish benefit, those who studied some of the European languages, the same French, the benefit from their huge empires that formed these states, their colonial empires, and we can in different places, this is how I talk to my African colleagues, who... and I learn from them a lot of interesting things from former French-speaking countries, now French-speaking, former French colonies.
Here, I say, it’s scary, but you will end up with someone. And tell me finally - there is something that you really need to be afraid of doing something other than not finishing your tea. Something needs to be taken into account.
B. TUMANOV - Any taboos?
S. BUNTMAN - Some yes, to feel something or to know something that you may not feel.
B. TUMANOV - Do you know what I will tell you? I have never felt so free anywhere as in Mauritania. The only thing I instinctively understood right away was that you and I were talking about this hypertrophied pride. Not a single local resident, be it Mauritanian, Tuareg, Berber, etc., will ever forgive you for your dismissive tone. You cannot approach these people with a sense of superiority. This is perhaps the only thing that should not be done. Because I felt absolutely safe there.
S. BUNTMAN - Dear guys and dear Borya, I ask myself a question, guys, and I ask you. Is it really worth treating anyone with contempt in the world?
B. TUMANOV - No, of course. But the temptation is great, people are different, and someone turns disdainfully to another in order to assert themselves, in order to get rid of their own inferiority complex. So, I strongly advise this kind of people - when you get to Mauritania or Morocco, or Mali - for God's sake, never treat another with disdain.
S. BUNTMAN - That is, behave like normal people educated people. That's all. That's the whole story.
B. TUMANOV - Absolutely right.
S. BUNTMAN - Boris Tumanov. Today we visited you a little and got to know each other, briefly enough...
B. TUMANOV - Very little.
S. BUNTMAN - Yes, very little. Only the very edge, like the very strip between the ocean and land on which Boris Tumanov stood.
B. TUMANOV - Yes, yes.
S. BUNTMAN - I think that this is not our last trip to different countries, to different places and getting to know different peoples. And finally, I have a question that my colleagues Olga Severskaya and Marina Koroleva ask. This is always the junction of “Openers” and “Speaking Russian.”
In Rus' before Peter I, well, including a certain era, those who were later called blacks, and Arabs were called araps, all without exception, especially...
B. TUMANOV - Peter the Great's Moor.
S. BUNTMAN - Well, yes, well, yes. Where exactly did this word come from? From what languages? From Turkic, from Slavic or actually from African languages? Where did this word come from? Answer. +79859704545. And via SMS, those who respond will receive Anya Schmidt’s book “Sasha and Masha 2” with illustrations, “Fip Westendorp”. Here. What wonderful drawings here and another wonderful book. Thanks a lot. All the best to everyone, and you and my parents will meet, by the way, at a very interesting topic– how to choose your field of knowledge, job, profession? Is it worth choosing, say, from the age of 2 months to choose such and such a service, the position of such and such a manager. Or should you gradually, together with specialists, determine where you will look best both in terms of your aspirations and most usefully for others.
Thanks a lot. It will be " Parent meeting" We will meet at 12 o'clock.
