Any sentence in the Russian language can be divided into component parts, which in science are called “members of the sentence.” Among them, major and minor ones are distinguished. Can't exist without the main ones most sentences, they form its basis, and secondary ones make the text more informative and rich. What are the main and minor members? offers?

Main

The subject and predicate in a sentence are its main members.

• Subject means the thing that does the action. Questions that will help you detect it when parsing- this is "who?" (if the action is performed animate object) or "what?" (if the sentence talks about a phenomenon or an inanimate object).
• The predicate is most often expressed by a verb and means the action that the subject performs. Questions to determine - “what does it do, what will it do?”

Here's an example: Good mood helped boys overcome difficulties. The question “what” in our example is answered by the word “mood”; it is the subject and during analysis is emphasized by one feature. To find the predicate, we ask the question: “What did the mood do?” It helped. This word is the predicate, expressed by a verb, emphasized by two features. As a result, the sentence with the found main members looks like this: A good (what?) mood (underlined by a solid line) (what did?) helped (underlined by two solid horizontal stripes) the boys to overcome difficulties.

How to find out the subject and predicate during parsing

To avoid making a mistake when figuring out what is the subject and what is the predicate, you should use a hint table.

First of all, you should find character, asking the question: “Who? What?”, this will be the subject. Next they look for the predicate.

Video on the topic

Minor

To parse a proposal into members, you should be able to find circumstances, definitions and additions. They are the secondary members, the purpose of which is to specify and clarify the main ones (or other minor ones). How to find them?

• Definition. Questions that will help to detect it in a sentence - “which”, “whose”.
• Addition. Most often he is asked questions of indirect cases: “to whom (what)”, “with whom (with what)”, “about whom (about what)” and others. That is, questions of all cases, in addition to the nominative.
• Circumstance. It can be found by asking questions of adverbs or gerunds: “from”, “where”, “why”, “how”, “where” and the like.

Let's give an example. Let's find the main and minor terms. offers:

The little boy hurriedly walked along the path.

If you want to break down the proposal by members, it will look like this:

(what, definition) The little (who, subject) boy (how, circumstance) hurriedly (what he did, predicate) walked (by what, object) along the path.

Each major and minor member. The sentence answers its own question, carries a certain load and plays its own role in the sentence.

How to recognize

To avoid mistakes when identifying additions, definitions and circumstances, you can use this summary table-help.

To identify which member of the sentence is in front of us, we must first ask a question.

Additional tips

To find the main members of a sentence, you must follow the rules. The subject and predicate are not a phrase, they are already a sentence, albeit a very short one. The main members are independent of each other.

Syntactic analysis should begin with identifying the subject, then it becomes clear what the predicate is and how it is expressed. Then you should identify the subject group with the help of questions, and only after that - the predicate group. Each minor member is dependent:

• from one of the main ones;
• from one of the minor ones.

One sentence can have several main and minor parts. offers. If there are several bases, then the sentence is complex - compound or complex. If there are several definitions, additions, circumstances, but the basis is the same, then the sentence is simple common.

You can often come across calls, for example: Katya, go do your homework. Despite the fact that the address “Katya” resembles the subject, it is not a member of the sentence and is designated as an address.

Complex cases

Not all main and minor parts of a sentence look obvious. Complex, but interesting cases varied:

• IN one-part sentence there is only one main member. It was getting dark(this is a predicate, the sentence is impersonal). Today we were informed(predicate, indefinite personal sentence), that the exam has been cancelled.
• The predicate may include an adjective: The weather was rainy. In this example, the combination “it was rainy” is a compound nominal predicate.
• The predicate can include several verbs: Today Vasya started studying.“I started studying” is a compound verb predicate.

Main and secondary members. sentences must be highlighted correctly when parsing a sentence.

Secondary members of the sentence are members of the sentence that are not included in the grammatical basis. They are the main members of the sentence. That is, they explain and clarify them.

For example:

This proposal is widespread, since, in addition to the main members, it also has minor members offers.

The secondary members of a sentence are definition, complement and circumstance.

– a minor member of the sentence that determines the attribute of the subject. The definition answers the questions:

• Which?

The definition can be expressed in different parts speeches: ,
or . It is emphasized by a wavy line.

– a minor member of a sentence, denoting an object. The addition answers questions about indirect cases (all except the nominative), namely:

• whom? what?
• to whom? what?
• whom? What?
• by whom? how?
• about whom? about what?

The addition can be expressed noun or pronoun. It is underlined with a dotted line.

Note:

noun, in nominative case, in sentences is the subject, and in accusative case– this is a minor member of the sentence, namely an addition.

The kittens turned the bowl over.

In this case the noun bowl– in the accusative case and is not a subject, but an object.

– a minor member of a sentence, denoting cause, place, purpose, time. Answers questions:

According to the mode of action:

• how?

By location:

• Where?
• where?

By time:

• When?
• How long?
• since when?
• until when?

Due to:

• Why?
• why?

By purpose:

• For what?
• For what?

The circumstance can be expressed adverb , noun or pronoun. The stroke is underlined with a dotted line (dot - dash).

Parsing a simple sentence

1. We determine the grammatical basis of the sentence - the main members: subject and predicate. We indicate which parts of speech they are expressed by.
2. We determine the subject group - members of the sentence that depend on the subject. What questions do they answer, what parts of speech are they expressed.
3. We define the group of the predicate - members of the sentence that depend on the predicate. What questions do they answer, what parts of speech are they expressed.
4. If in the group of a subject or predicate there are minor members that depend on other minor members, we indicate them, as well as by what parts of speech they are expressed.

In the evening there was fluffy snow.

Snow– subject, answers the question “what? » expressed noun in the nominative case.

Snow(what did you do?) – walked– predicate, expressed by a verb.

We determine the subject group:

Snow(Which? ) - fluffy– definition, expressed by an adjective.

We define the group of the predicate:

It snowed (when?) - in the evening - circumstance, expressed by an adverb.

Members of the sentence: addition, and circumstance.

Addition

The complement answers the questions of indirect cases and denotes the object to which the action is directed or associated, expressed by the predicate.

There are additions

Direct (formed by a noun in the accusative form without a preposition); direct object always refers to a transitive verb;
- indirect (all other additions).

In a sentence, complements are most often nouns or indirect pronouns, but can also be expressed by other parts of speech (adjective, participle, verb, numeral, and even phraseological turn), if they appear in the function.

Definition

The definition denotes a sign, property or quality of an object and answers the questions “which?”, “which?”. In a sentence, the attribute can refer to both the subject and the object or circumstance.

There are 2 types of definitions:

Concordants, which are in the same gender, case and number as the word they qualify; such definitions can be expressed by an adjective, an ordinal number or a participle, as well as a pronoun in the role of an adjective;
- inconsistent definitions that are associated with control determined by the type of connection and are expressed by nouns in any cases except the nominative (indirect), adverbs, or personal pronouns.

A special type of definition is application. This, expressed as a noun, contains clarification of the qualities of the word being defined ( social status, age, occupation, etc.). Such definitions are written through with the word they refer to. The exception is applications expressed by proper names (topographic names, names of people, titles of works, etc.).

Circumstances

A circumstance denotes a sign of an action or other sign and relates to the predicate. There are 8 types of circumstances depending on the questions they answer:

1. place of action (Where? From where? Where?);
2. mode of action (How? How?);
3. time (When? In a period of time? How long?);
4. reasons (Why? For what reason?);
5. goals (For what? Why? For what purpose?);
6. conditions (Under what condition?);
7. measures and degrees (To what extent (extent)?);
8. concessions (In spite of what? In spite of what?).

In a sentence, circumstances are expressed by nouns in indirect cases, adverbs, gerunds ( participial phrases), pronouns and verbs in the indefinite form.

All words are sorted by parts of speech. For example, etc. It is quite easy to understand which word belongs to which group - you just need to ask the appropriate question, and everything immediately becomes clear. In addition, words also work in groups. They make sentences. Each word plays its role. It stands out certain member offers. IN in this case words do their job grammatical function and do it in accordance with certain rules and laws. The main information is about who performs the action, what happens, with whom, where and when. The main and minor members of the sentence are responsible for all this. Let's look at them in more detail.

Main members of the proposal

These include subject and predicate. To understand what is what, just ask a question. The subject is “Who?”, “What?”. Predicate - “What does it do?” To be the subject, the word must be in initial form, infinitive. Otherwise, it becomes a minor member of the sentence. This grammar topic first revealed to children in 3rd grade. The main members of a sentence are quite easy to understand and learn with numerous examples. It is good if they are supplemented with illustrations or tables.

Subject

The question "Who/What?" immediately shows which member of the sentence is the subject. The word that answers it is the main member of the sentence, and it is with it that everything happens in the story. Most often the subject is a noun. can also be arranged in different orders. The subject most often comes first. It is emphasized in a sentence with one straight line.

Anna waters the flowers.

The book is on the shelf.

The phone rings loudly.

Sometimes the subject can also be an adjective. However, only if there is no a suitable name noun.

Green is on.

Black is slimming.

Predicate

The question “What does it do?” immediately allows you to determine the predicate in a sentence. It is always paired with a subject and describes what is happening to it. It is difficult to confuse the main and minor members of a sentence with each other if you immediately identify the main pair. The predicate in a sentence is expressed by a verb. It can also characterize the state of the subject. In a sentence, the predicate is emphasized by two straight parallel lines.

The house seemed huge against the backdrop of small garages and buildings.

Lena watches TV series every day.

Mom sat down at the house, waiting for the children from school.

Features of minor members of the sentence

They make the meaning of the main part of the sentence more precise, detailed, and complement it with details. From them we can learn about the place, time, mode of action of what is happening to someone or something. They can be identified by characteristic questions. The secondary members of a sentence (grade 3, Russian language textbook by O. D. Ushakova) are a circumstance (place, time, manner of action), a definition (whose/which?) and an addition (whom/what?, etc.). They are not part of the grammatical basis of sentences.

Definition

It can be expressed in several parts of speech. Nouns, adjectives, and even pronouns that replace nouns serve this purpose. The definition describes the subject. Typical questions for identification: “Which?”, “Whose?”. Used for underlining

Full moon came out from behind the clouds.

A large box blocked the road.

Addition

If a noun word does not answer the question “Who/What?”, it can definitely be said to be an object. It is expressed not only by nouns, but also by pronouns. In sentences, cases are used for emphasis to very accurately help to isolate the main and minor members of the sentence.

The neighbors bought a new car.

The grandmother picked up her granddaughter from kindergarten immediately after lunch.

The flowers were cut with a sharp knife.

Circumstance

It indicates the place, time, reason, purpose, course of action, clarifying, explaining and adding details to the description of what is happening. In each case, the circumstance answers the relevant questions. For example:

Place: Where does it happen/Where does it go/Where does it come from?

Mode of action: How did it happen/How did it happen?

Reason: Why did this happen/Why is this happening?

Time: Since when did it start/When did it start/How long will it last/How long to wait?

Purpose: Why is this/What is it for?

The role of adverbial adverb in a sentence can be played by a noun, adverb and pronoun. For underlining, a dash-dotted line consisting of dots and dashes is used.

A bunch of bananas lay on the table in the kitchen.

Friends canceled a trip to the beach due to bad weather.

He constantly reads a lot of books to appear smart.

Table "Main and secondary members of the sentence"

To remember the rules and learn to distinguish between main and minor members of a sentence, it is recommended to perform a number of special exercises in practice. They will give the necessary result in consolidating the skill.

Secondary members of the sentence - these are members of the sentence that are not included in the grammatical basis of the sentence. The term " minor members of the sentence» does not have estimated value, he simply indicates (emphasizes) that such members of the sentence are not included in the grammatical basis and are grouped around the main members (subject and predicate) and grammatically depend on them (or on minor members higher rank). As for the semantic (informative) significance minor members in a sentence, then they play important role, reflecting the various relationships that exist in reality, and often even carry the main semantic and communicative load: The school is located next to the house.

Traditionally minor members are divided into additions, definitions and circumstances.

Addition

Addition - this is a minor member of a sentence that answers questions of indirect cases and denotes the object (subject) to which the action is directed or associated or (less often) in relation to which it is manifested qualitative sign. Sometimes addition denotes the subject of an action or state. For example: The old man was catching fish with a seine (A. Pushkin); He was not at all inclined to humility and meekness (K. Chukovsky); I can’t sleep, there’s no fire... (A. Pushkin).

Add-ons, expressing the object of action, are used with verbs, as well as with nouns formed from them: deliver goods- cargo delivery; work on an article- working on the article.

Add-ons, naming an object in relation to which a qualitative attribute is manifested, are used with adjectives and nouns formed from them: faithful to duty- loyalty to duty; stingy in his movements- stinginess in movements.

Add-ons are divided into straight And indirect.

Direct addition - This addition, which depends on a transitive verb and is expressed by a noun or pronoun (as well as any part of speech used in the meaning of a noun) in the accusative case without a preposition: see picture, sing a song, fix the iron , write a letter , solve a problem , see him , meet a friend .

Direct addition can also be expressed by a noun in the genitive case without a preposition. Genitive instead of the accusative it is used in two cases: 1) if there is negative particle Not before transitive verb: felt joy- did not feel joy; heard voices- did not hear voices; 2) if the action does not transfer to the entire object, but only to a part: bought bread- bread; drank water- water: ...The gun commander did not leave the firing position, he asked to bring him shells from broken guns(V. Astafiev); Don’t sing, beauty, in front of me you sing the songs of sad Georgia... (A. Pushkin).

Direct addition denotes an object to which an action is directly directed, which can arise, be created or disappear, or be destroyed during the action: knit a sweater, write an essay, decorate a room, check a dictation, break a tree, demolish a house etc.

Everyone else additions are indirect, they express different relationships actions or attributes to objects: I won't regret it about roses, withered with a light spring (A. Pushkin); Aksinya remembered her youth and all her life, poor in joys (M. Sholokhov).

Add-ons can be expressed:

1) a noun in any indirect case with or without a preposition: The village was doused with a golden ray (A. Maikov);

2) pronoun: I could never argue with them (M. Lermontov);

3) cardinal number: Divide thirty-six by two;

4) any part of speech in the meaning of a noun: I ran to my grandmother and asked her about the forgotten (M. Gorky);

5) infinitive: Everyone asked her to sing something (M. Lermontov);

6) syntactically integral phrases and phraseological units (the same as the subject): The hunters killed seventeen snipe (L. Tolstoy).

Definition

Definition - a minor member of a sentence that denotes a feature of an object and answers questions Which? whose?

Definitions always depend on words with a subject meaning (that is, on nouns or its equivalents).

Definitions are divided into agreed upon And inconsistent.

Agreed definition - This definition, which is associated with the agreement defined by the word.

Agreed definition can be expressed:

1) adjective: An old disabled man, sitting on a table, was sewing a blue patch onto the elbow of his green uniform (A. Pushkin);

2) ordinal numbers: The second lesson in literature was in fifth grade (A. Chekhov);

3) pronoun: He was carrying some kind of bundle under his arm (M. Lermontov);

4) participle: No one could get in through the drawn curtains. sun rays(A. Chekhov);

5) cardinal numbers in indirect cases: We talked about five new books.

Inconsistent definition - This definition, which is associated with a word-defined control or adjacency.

Inconsistent definition can be expressed:

1) a noun in indirect cases with or without a preposition: A woodcutter’s ax was heard in the forest (N. Nekrasov);

2) possessive pronouns(immutable): I agreed to his proposal and, before even reaching Lgov, I had already managed to learn its story (I. Turgenev);

3) simple form comparative degree adjective name: He was connected by friendship with a girl older than him... (K. Fedin);

4) adverb: After a horseback ride, tea, jam, crackers and butter seemed very tasty (A. Chekhov);

5) infinitive: ...He had the lucky talent to lightly touch on everything in a conversation without compulsion, to remain silent in an important dispute with the learned air of an expert and to arouse the smile of ladies with the fire of unexpected epigrams (A. Pushkin);

6) whole phrases: The Red Army soldiers of the guard company (M. Sholokhov) scurried around the square; ...A young officer of short stature came in to see me... (A. Pushkin).

Application

Application - This special kind a definition expressed by a noun, which either agrees with the word being defined in case, or stands with the word being defined in the nominative case (regardless of what case the word being defined is in): general practitioner, with a general practitioner, to a general practitioner; newspaper "Trud", from the newspaper "Trud", in the newspaper "Trud".

The nominative case form is used almost exclusively in cases where application is a proper name (usually not personal): Lake Baikal, on Lake Baikal etc.

IN in some cases application in the nominative case it is attached to the defined noun using words indicating the character own name(By nickname, last name, nickname): a dog named Druzhok, a person named..., named..., nicknamed.

Originality applications is that with their help relations of identity are expressed. This is manifested in the fact that the word being defined and application give different designations for one object, since the attribute of the application object is expressed by an additional (repeated) name of the same object.

Unlike applications inconsistent definition, expressed by a noun, always expresses the attribute of an object by indicating its relationship with another object. Wed: cat Vaska (Vaska- application) And cat Vaska (Vaska- inconsistent definition); sister-teacher And teacher's sister.

Signs expressed application, very diverse. Applications can denote qualities, properties of an object (clever girl, giant plant), characterize the purpose of an object (trap car), specify an object by indicating its own name (Moscow River), indicate the age, rank, occupation of a person (i.e. indicate what type of item this item belongs to: schoolgirl, Ossetian cab driver) etc.

Applications can be non-separate and separate; can be expressed by one noun and a combination of words.

For example: You know Gavrila, the suburban carpenter, right? (I. Turgenev); A French girl, brought from abroad, came in to offer her to dress (I. Turgenev); The miller Pankrat (K. Paustovsky) took the horse for himself; The owner of the house, named Lyusya, timidly looked towards the soldiers... (V. Astafiev); The snake street winds (V. Mayakovsky).

Unlike combinations with other types of definitions, in combination with application subordinating relations are often erased, obscured: it is not always clear which noun is the main word, which application; both nouns combined with application often perceived as relatively equal, e.g. student friends.

This feature gives rise to a tendency to merge the defined word and the application into a single member of the sentence, and sometimes even into a single word (often the full name of an object involves the simultaneous use of a common noun and a proper name, for example: Prince Andrey, Taimyr Peninsula and under.

Are not applications: 1) combinations of synonyms or antonyms: way-road, buying and selling; 2) combinations of words by association: bread and salt; 3) difficult words: raincoat, sofa bed.

Circumstance

Circumstance - this is a minor member of a sentence, denoting a sign of an action or other sign.

By value circumstances are divided into the following categories:

1. Circumstances way of action. They answer questions How? how? and denote qualitative characteristics action or the method of its implementation (“modus operandi”). Circumstances modes of action depend on the verb (they worked well, amicably, without tension, together, by hand): Tarantas jumped unevenly on round logs: I got out and walked (I. Turgenev); The skies are blue and shining (A. Pushkin).

2.Circumstances degrees. They answer questions How? to what extent? how much? and indicate the degree of manifestation of the characteristic (doubled in size, a little older, absolutely uninteresting): I did not stop talking: my jokes were smart to the point of stupidity, my ridicule... were angry to the point of fury... (M. Lermontov); The old woman really fell in love with reasonable and good advice... (A. Pushkin).

Circumstances degrees can depend on adjectives, adverbs, verbs, i.e. from words of those parts of speech that denote a sign:

late

very, too, a little late

I'm late

3.Circumstances places. They answer questions Where? Where? where? and indicate the place of action or direction of movement (above, at the top- up, up; ahead- forward): At Lukomorye there is a green oak (A. Pushkin); The tongue will take you to Kyiv (proverb).

4. Circumstances time. They answer questions When? since when? until when? How long? and indicate the time and duration of the described phenomena and events (yesterday, once upon a time, a long time ago, about a week, all winter, not for long And T. d.): Returning home, I sat on horseback and galloped off into the steppe... (M. Lermontov); Ah, the young grass keeps this song to this day- steppe malachite (M. Svetlov); Oh! Tell love the end of the one who goes away for three years (A. Griboyedov).

5. Circumstances reasons. They answer questions Why? for what reason? and indicate the cause of the event (for some reason, because of the heat, because of the rain, thanks to support, due to circumstances etc.): Idleness causes mental and physical flabbiness (D. Pisarev);
...The maid did not tell anyone about anything, fearing the anger of the masters (A. Pushkin).

6. Circumstances goals. They answer questions For what? for what purpose? and indicate the purpose of the action (went for help; raised his collar, blocking the wind; for the sake of pleasure, came to say goodbye): I, your old matchmaker and godfather, did not come to make peace with you for the sake of a quarrel... (I. Krylov); Wasn’t it you who at first so viciously persecuted his free, bold gift and fanned the slightly hidden fire for fun? (M. Lermontov).

7. Circumstances conditions. They answer the question under what condition? and indicate conditions that can cause a certain consequence: Without knowing the history of culture, it is impossible to be cultured person... (M. Gorky); Only if there is an attack on Tsaritsyn can we talk about establishing a unified command (M. Sholokhov).

Due to his bookishness circumstances conditions are rarely used.

8.Circumstances concessions. They answer questions no matter what? in spite of what? and denote phenomena that interfere with or are inconsistent with the actions or conditions reported in grammatical basis offers.

Offers with circumstances concessions seem to be the opposite of proposals with circumstances reasons conveying natural correspondence between phenomena. In sentences with circumstances concessions talk about phenomena that are observed contrary to circumstances: Contrary to my companion's prediction, the weather cleared up and promised us quiet morning... (M. Lermontov); ...Sleptsov, despite his illness, did not stop intensive creative work(K. Chukovsky).Circumstances can be expressed:

1) adverb: Blue eyes they look evenly, calmly... (V. Korolenko); |