The manual, in the form of a dialogue between the author and the reader, provides an analysis of the mistakes made by applicants and associated with an insufficiently deep understanding of the subject. Understands in detail large number questions and tasks for various sections of the program. Problems for independent work are provided.

DO YOU KNOW NEWTON'S LAWS WELL?
Author: Please formulate Newton's first law.
Reader: The body is in a state of rest or uniform rectilinear movement until influence from other bodies forces him to change this state.

Author: If you say that a body is at rest, then you mean that it is motionless in relation to some other body, which is in in this case plays the role of a reference system Without indicating the reference system, it makes no sense to talk about rest or any specific movement of the body. The nature of the body's movement depends on the choice of reference system. For example, a body lying on the floor of a moving carriage is at rest with respect to the frame of reference associated with the carriage, but moves with respect to the frame of reference associated with the road surface. After these explanations, let us return to the question posed: is Newton’s first law satisfied in all reference systems?
Reader: Well, probably in all...

Author: I see that this question took you by surprise. Experience shows that Newton's first law is not satisfied in all reference systems. Let us take the example of a body lying on the floor of a moving carriage, and we will neglect the friction between the body and the floor. Let us consider the position of the body in relation to the reference system associated with the car. In this case, you can observe the following picture: the body is resting on the floor, but then, despite the absence of any influences, it suddenly begins to slide along the floor. There is a violation of Newton's first law. This effect will be explained to us by the fact that the car, which was previously moving rectilinearly and evenly, began to slow down, and the body, due to the lack of friction, continued to maintain a state of uniform and rectilinear motion in relation to the road surface.

From this we can conclude that in the reference frame associated with the roadbed, Newton’s law is satisfied, but in the frame associated with the braking car, it is not satisfied. Frames of reference in which Newton's first law is satisfied are called inertial, and in which it is not - non-inertial. For most of the phenomena we are considering, any frame of reference associated with the surface of the Earth or with any bodies that, in relation to earth's surface rest or move in a straight line and uniformly. Non-inertial reference systems include systems moving with acceleration, for example, rotating systems, decelerating and accelerating elevators, etc. Note that in non-inertial reference systems not only the first, but also Newton’s second law is not satisfied.

CONTENT
Preface
1 Do you have a good understanding of the basic concepts of kinematics?
2. Can you consider graphically the kinematics of rectilinear motion?
3. Can you indicate what forces are applied to the body?
4. Can you find the force of friction?
5. How well do you know Newton's laws?
6. How do you solve kinematic problems?
7. How do you solve problems based on Newton’s laws?
8. How difficult does taking into account the friction force make solving problems?
9. Is there centrifugal force?
10. How do you explain the weightlessness of bodies?

11. What do you know about work?
12. How does instantaneous power differ from average power?
13. Do you know how to use the laws of conservation of energy and momentum?
14. Do you know what it is harmonic vibrations?
15. What will happen to the pendulum in a state of weightlessness?
16. What do you know about waves?
17. Do you know how to use the disintegration of forces?
18. What do you know about the balance of bodies?
19. How do you find the position of the center of gravity?
20. Do you know Pascal's law?

21. Why do you need to know Archimedes’ law?
22. Does Archimedes’ law apply in spaceship?
23. What do you know about the molecular kinetic theory of matter?
24. What explains the feature thermal expansion water?
25. Do you know what it is ideal gas?
26. What gas laws You know?
27. How do you solve problems on gas laws?
28. When does dew fall?
29. What is thermodynamics?
30. What is the Carnot cycle?

31. How many heat capacities does gas have?
32. Let's talk about gender
33. How is the electrostatic field described?
34. How they behave power lines near the surface of the conductor?
35. How do you consider motion in a uniform electrostatic field?
36. Do you know how to handle Coulomb's law?
37. Do you know Ohm's law?
38. Is it possible to include a capacitor in a circuit? DC?
39. Can you calculate the resistance of a branched section of a circuit?
40. Why did the light bulb burn out?

41. How is the magnetic field of a current described?
42. How do currents interact?
43. Do you understand Faraday’s law and Lenz’s rule well?
44. Are you familiar with the concepts of self-induction and inductance?
45. Do you know how light rays are reflected and refracted?
46. ​​How do you create images in mirrors and lenses?
47. Are you good at solving problems with mirrors and lenses?
48. Caution is required!
Answers.

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Name: Physics in nature. 1988.

The book examines various natural phenomena: mirage, ball lightning, rainbow, halo, earthquake, etc. Digressions into the area of ​​poetry, mythology, and legends will allow the reader to look at each phenomenon through the eyes of a poet. The reader then turns into a naturalist. Together with the author, he notes the features, properties, varieties this phenomenon. Analysis of a phenomenon, discussion of the physical mechanisms underlying it - this is already the view of a physicist. Understanding the processes occurring in nature, according to the author, is the key to a caring attitude towards it.

Let me introduce you to this book. It examines the physics of various natural phenomena. You, of course, have observed some of them yourself, more than once. I mean, for example, sunsets, fogs, clouds, lightning, rainbows, snowstorms, etc. You most likely know about others only by hearsay. These include mirages, auroras, ball lightning, halo, avalanches, tsunamis, noctilucent clouds, green rays, etc. Nature is incredibly diverse, it is truly inexhaustible. Having devoted the book to the topic “Physics in Nature,” I, naturally, did not pretend to consider this topic exhaustively. Involuntarily, I had to limit myself to only a few natural phenomena - those that seemed most interesting to me. I tried to describe and analyze them from the point of view of physics. The study of the physics of natural phenomena has, first of all, enormous educational value. Nature is gigantic physical laboratory- clearly demonstrates the relativity of all kinds of “partitions” in the subject “physics”, the convention of dividing physics into separate independent sections, the unity of the physical picture of the world, the interconnection physical phenomena. Take, for example, a thunderstorm - here we encounter the simultaneous manifestation of the laws of mechanics, hydrostatics, thermodynamics, molecular physics, electrostatics, electrodynamics, acoustics, and optics. Modern schoolchildren know, at least in general outline, how a car engine works, why a transformer is needed, why a rocket takes off, what is a particle accelerator, nuclear reactor, laser. However, they usually don't know why the sky blue color how it matures and how it breaks down thundercloud, why lightning does not strike from top to bottom (as is often believed), but just the opposite - from bottom to top, why there is a double rainbow, what is a halo, a green ray, noctilucent clouds, a tsunami.

CONTENT
Author's message to the reader
Improvisation Nature and man
Theme one Throughout all centuries there has lived a hidden hope - to reveal all the mysteries of nature.
Topic two. Open your arms to me, nature. So that I merge with your beauty
Chapter 1 Sunset
Amazing sunsets. The red color of the setting sun and the blue color of the daytime sky Refraction of light in the atmosphere A short historical excursion The oblateness of the setting solar disk Green beam Explanation of the appearance of the “blind streak” The apparent increase in the size of the setting sun
Chapter 2 Mirage
Some types of mirages. Curvature light beam in an optically inhomogeneous medium The radius of curvature of the light beam. Explanation of the lower (“lake”) mirage Simple upper mirages. Double and triple mirages. Mirages of ultra-long-range vision.
Chapter 3 Fog
Fog through the eyes of an attentive observer Fog under a microscope Saturated water vapor Problem related to the occurrence of fog The occurrence of fog. Evaporation fogs and cooling fogs Some details of the physics of fog formation. Fog and color
Chapter 4 Clouds
Cloudy sky. Earth's atmosphere. Adiabatic expansion of gas How clouds form Cumulus cloud. Microphysics of clouds. Precipitation. noctilucent clouds
Chapter 5 Thundercloud
A thunderstorm through the eyes of an attentive observer. Ascending and descending air currents in a thundercloud. Two questions regarding the physics of processes in a cloud. Electric charges in a cloud Atmospheric electricity How quickly could the Earth discharge? Why does charge separation occur in a cloud?
Chapter 6. Lightning
Understanding the nature of lightning What types of lightning are there? “Passport data” of linear lightning, physics of linear lightning jumping between a cloud and the ground Thunder
Chapter 7 Ball Lightning
Observations of ball lightning. What does ball lightning look like? How is she behaving? How much energy is contained in ball lightning? Is ball lightning dangerous? How does it arise? How often does she appear? ABOUT physical nature ball lightning
Chapter 8 Rainbow
Rainbow through the eyes of an attentive observer Development of the idea of ​​\u200b\u200bthe physics of the appearance of a rainbow. The path of a light beam in a raindrop. The largest angle between the rays incident on the drop and the rays leaving it. Explanation of the appearance of an additional rainbow. Alternation of colors in the main and additional rainbows. The influence of droplet sizes on the appearance of the rainbow. Rainbow on other planets. Physics and beauty.
Chapter 9 Halo
Halo structure general case. Halos observed in reality. General remarks about halo physics. The smallest angle of beam deflection in a prism. Explanation of the appearance of a small halo. Large halo. Horizontal (parelic) circle, luminous pillars and crosses. False suns, paranthelia.
Chapter 10. Aurora
Forms of auroras. Where and when are they observed? What is it? aurora Lorentz force vector product two vectors Motion of a charged particle in a uniform magnetic field Features of the motion of a charged particle in a non-uniform magnetic field. Earth's magnetic field Luminescence Electronic auroras. Proton auroras. Magnetic storms.
Chapter 11 Living Light
Glow of the sea Glowing organisms. Peculiarities of luminescence of living organisms Chemiluminescence. Biolumi non-scene as special kind chemiluminescence Why do they glow?
Chapter 12. Echo
Amazing echo World of sounds Single and multiple echoes Curvature of a sound beam in an acoustically inhomogeneous medium When length matters sound wave? Doppler effect
Chapter 13 Natural Sonars
Bat sonars. Bat on the hunt Bat location signals. Amazing Properties natural sonars. Dolphin sonar Two types of dolphin hearing. Other natural sonars.
Chapter 14 Waves on the sea
Such different waves Wind waves through the eyes of an attentive observer The speed of waves in deep and shallow water The movement of particles in a wave. Wind and waves Waves in shallow water Rifles
Chapter 15 Invasion of Will
Disasters caused by tsunami waves Patterns of tsunamis Physics of tsunamis Disasters caused by tropical cyclones Physics of tropical cyclones Storm tides Leningrad floods
Chapter 16 Volcanoes and Geysers
Some volcanic disasters Journey into the bowels of the Earth Tectonics concept lithospheric plates Volcanoes Character volcanic eruption The role of volcanic gases What is a geyser. Geyser physics Geysers and ordinary thermal springs
Chapter 17 Earthquake
Disasters caused by earthquakes Basic concepts and characteristics Three types of earthquakes Geography of tectonic earthquakes What happens at the source of an earthquake? On the issue of earthquake prediction.
Chapter 18. Sieg and ice
Snowflakes in the air This changeable snow Snowflakes on the ground The layered structure of the snow cover Ten questions ten answers What is thinning Ice on Earth mountain glacier Glacier movement Practical snow science
Chapter 19 Blizzard
What types of snowstorms are there? Microstructure of ground blizzards Waves on the snow How far snow is carried by a blizzard Mountain blizzards Dust storms and blizzards - similarities and differences Blizzard electricity
Chapter 20 Lavia
Geography of avalanches When avalanches are born. Why are they born (the physics of avalanches) Attention1 Avalanche Fighting avalanche danger
Kaleidoscope

Textbook “Physics in Nature” for high school students educational institutions written by L.V. Tarasov. The manual was published by the Prosveshchenie publishing house in 1988. The manual material fully complies with the state educational program additional course in physics for high school students of general education institutions. The manual is recommended for use by the USSR Ministry of Education and Enlightenment.

The manual material is divided into the following sections: improvisation nature and man, sunset, mirage, fog, clouds, thundercloud, lightning, ball lightning, rainbow, halo, aurora, living light, echo, natural sonars, sea waves, invasion of will , volcanoes and geysers, earthquake, snow and ice, blizzard, avalanche, kaleidoscope. This book is devoted to the description of physical phenomena in physics lessons. This discussion can be led by a physics teacher at additional classes, electives, special courses.

The manual is aimed at explaining to schoolchildren the main natural phenomena, this is necessary so that he better understands the world around him. The manual is written in a simple way in clear language, the student can use it for studying at home, analyzing the material of the manual together with their parents or independently. Working with the manual broadens the student’s horizons and helps to increase his level of intelligence. In the manual great attention is given artistic description natural phenomena. This is necessary to attract the attention of the student, as well as integrated development him not only in physics, but also in his native language.

With the help of this manual, a comprehensive and integral approach to teaching schoolchildren is implemented. The main goal of this manual is not only to explain to the student the basics of his education, but also to instill in the student a caring attitude towards the nature around him. Use of this manual in addition to the main manuals training course allows the student to develop positive motivation to study physics in the future, and this will help improve the student’s performance in the subject.

Reviews about the book:

Pros: In excellent condition, especially considering that it was published almost 30 years ago. Disadvantages: Didn't notice Comment: This book is both an excellent and interesting textbook and a wonderful reminder of childhood. Thank you)

Kuznetsova Olga0, Ekaterinburg

I would be all for it if this book was now republished in the form in which it was published in 1988. I remember it from childhood, the illustrations and photos are incomparable, the description of the phenomena is written accessible language even for children, and for those who understand physics, those parts of the book where formulas and calculations are located will be useful. I have it, I’ve been keeping it carefully since the 80s, when we first got it. It was from that time that Tarasov’s “Physics in Nature” is one of my favorite books, it so successfully combines appearance and content.

Anastasia 0

Other books on similar topics:

Questions and tasks in physics.(Analysis of typical mistakes of those entering higher education institutions.) Tarasov L.V., Tarasova A.N.

4th ed., M. Higher. school, 1990 - 256 p.

The manual, in the form of a dialogue between the author and the reader, provides an analysis of the mistakes made by applicants and associated with an insufficiently deep understanding of the subject. A large number of issues and tasks in various sections of the program are examined in detail. Problems for independent work are provided.

(3rd edition published in 1984, first edition 1968, translated into many languages ​​- Spanish, English, German, Japanese, etc.)

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