- child playing in the garden - child (what?) playing
- strong wind dispersing clouds - wind (what?) dispersing
- the wind intensified, dispersing the clouds - intensified (how?) dispersing = circumstance of the course of action
- playing calmly in the garden, the child was left without the attention of adults
A participle phrase is a participle with dependent words and a participial phrase is a participle with dependent words!
Participial phrase: I saw a cat lapping from a bowl.
He listened to the music coming from the receiver.
Participial phrase: I looked at rising sun without taking his eyes off.
The goose, seeing the children, flew away.
A participle phrase is nothing more than a participle with dependent words. In a sentence it acts as a modifier because it defines a noun. It is separated by commas if it comes after the noun being defined.
A participial phrase is a participle with dependent words. In a sentence it acts as a circumstance and is always separated by commas.
In Russian, a participle phrase is usually called a participle with a dependent word.
The participial phrase is separated by commas if it appears in the sentence after the noun, the attribute of which it denotes. If it comes before a noun, it is not separated by commas.
Grandfather, who came to us, was very ill.
Grandfather came to us and went to rest.
We call a gerundial attribute of a verb, and a participial phrase is a gerundial participle coupled with a word dependent on it. In sentences, the participial phrase is always separated by commas, no matter where it is found.
Having described a circle, the paper airplane crashed behind a woodpile..
Mother walked through the door, taking off her gloves as she walked..
The participle phrase is a participle with dependent words and answers the questions: how? When? Why? for what purpose? how?. For example: Bees flying out of the hive hover over the flowering willows, collecting golden pollen. In this sentence, the adverbial phrase is separated by commas. And the participial phrase is a participle with dependent words, that is, verb + adjective. The participle answers the questions: which one? which? which? which? what is he doing? what did he do? For example: flying, crazy.
A participial phrase is a participle together with dependent words. The participial phrase is always a definition in a sentence, since it determines the noun that comes before or after it. The participial phrase is set off with commas only if it comes after the noun being defined; if before, it is not set off with commas.
For example:
There was a boy standing on the shore waiting for the ship.
An adverbial phrase is a participle together with dependent words. The participial phrase in the sentence acts as an adverbial circumstance. Always separated by commas.
For example:
Masha walked home, singing the song.
To remember the rules and practice determining how to distinguish one from another, there are many tests for both home use, and online. I bring to your attention a few:
Russian language test by Zakharyina
Questions may arise
And on this portal you can read in more detail about syntactic traps, in which cases the participial phrase cannot be used at all and why.
A participle phrase is a participle with dependent words. A participle is a part of speech that combines the characteristics of a verb and an adjective. It can be found using schematic clue words: doing-done (for active participles), done-done (for passive participles).
If participle phrase is located before the main word, it is not highlighted in the text with commas, but if after it is highlighted:
Waiting for luggage passengers crowded around the transporter.
Passengers, waiting for luggage, crowded around the conveyor.
Both the participle and the participle phrase as a whole in a sentence always serve as a definition.
The participle answers the questions: What are you doing? or Having done what? AND single gerund, And participial phrase separated in writing by commas are circumstances.
Exceptions are cases when the gerund becomes an adverb, then in the syntactic structure it is considered precisely as an adverb.
In Russian syntax participle phrase is a participle with dependent words. In a sentence, it is usually complete syntactic structure, that is, it is not divided into parts, and serves as a definition.
Wolves avoid roads laid by man.
Participial phrase standing after the word being defined is always isolated.
But there are cases of highlighting this phrase even when it is far from the word being defined, for example:
Across the sky driven by the wind, ran ragged, gloomy clouds.
If the participial phrase has adverbial meaning reasons or concessions, even if it is before the defined noun, it is separated by commas, for example:
Frightened by the crackle of firecrackers, the puppy hid under the bench.
Tired of exam anxiety, the boy quickly fell asleep.
Participial phrase constitutes the gerund itself surrounded by dependent words.
Noisy and playing on the rifts, the river carried its waters.
This phrase always stands out in a sentence, except for some special occasions, for example, if the participial phrase is homogeneous circumstance Along with the adverb and between them there is a conjunction And:
He spoke lazy And slightly stretching out the words.
In order to understand phrases, you need to remember what a participle and a gerund are.
The participle denotes the attribute of an object, and participle is a sign verb.
The participle answers the question: Which? which?, and the gerund: what to do, what to do?
A participial phrase is a participle with dependent words.
Accordingly, a participle with dependent words is called a participle phrase.
The participial phrase in a sentence in most cases appears in the form of a definition.
Examples of participles: looking, considering, thinking, dreaming, etc.
Example of a participial phrase: Young woman, sitting by the fire, looked attractive.
Sitting by the fire - this is a participial phrase.
Since it is in the middle of a sentence, it must be separated by commas on both sides.
If the participial phrase is at the beginning of the sentence, then there is no need to separate it with a comma.
If at the end, then a comma is placed before the turn.
For example: The girl wearing a red coat looked stunning.
The girl looked stunning wearing a red coat.
Examples of participles: learning, reading, unlocking, reading.
The participial phrase is always separated by a comma.
Yes, from the point of view of syntactic parsing of a sentence, the participial phrase always performs the function of definition (because it answers the question Which/which/which/which? and is a sign).
For example:
While the participial phrase will appear in the sentence in the syntactic role of an adverbial adverbial and answer the question how?:
Communion - inconjugated form of the verb. Denotes a sign of an object that occurs in time, as an action that the object produces, or as an action to which it is subjected by another object ( summoner - summoned).
Communion combines signs of verb and adjective. Like the shape verb The participle has the grammatical meaning of the verb:
transitivity and intransitivity of action
control
compatibility with adverb.
How adjective, participle:
denotes an attribute of an object
varies by gender, number and case
when inflected, it has the same system of case endings as the adjective
acts as a sentence in a sentence definitions and predicate.
Participle- an unconjugated form of a verb that combines grammatical properties verbs and adverbs. Signs verb:
control
ability to be defined by an adverb
The gerunds do not have a passive voice. Like adverbs, the gerunds do not change: they do not agree, they are not controlled, but they adjoin.
Most often, gerunds adjoin to the predicate-verb and are circumstance. In this case, they do not allow replacement by the conjugated form of the verb. They can denote an additional action accompanying the action expressed by the predicate. In this case the gerund is minor predicate and replacement with a conjugated form of the verb is possible. Less commonly, the gerund adjoins nominal predicate expressed by a short passive participle, short adjective or noun.
May also apply to other members of the sentence:
addition (maintaining silence)
definition-participle (sleeping leaning on his elbow)
adverbial adverbial participle (drinking without wincing)
The use of gerunds is possible only provided that the actions belonging to the gerund and the predicate belong to the same person ( Having finished her homework, the girl went for a walk).
Formation of participles. Active participles can be formed from transitive and intransitive verbs, and passive participles - only from transitive ones. Passive participles of the present tense are not formed from the verbs bake, reap, shave, weed, etc. Participles of the present tense, active and passive, are formed from verbs not perfect form and are not formed from perfective verbs that do not have present tense forms. Passive participles of the past tense, as a rule, are formed from verbs only of the perfect form. Thus, only active past participles can be formed from perfective intransitive verbs, for example: jumped, stood etc.
Present participles, active and passive, are formed from the base of the present tense of the verb through suffixes -ush- (-yush-), -ash- (-box-)- for active participles and suffixes -eat, -im-- for passive participles.
Past participles, active and passive, are formed from the stem of the indefinite form (or past tense) by means of suffixes -vsh- And -sh- for active participles and - nn; -enn-, -t--for passive participles.
Stylistic character of participles.
Communion - the most important means designations of characteristics of objects in the form of an agreed definition. The participle not only figuratively characterizes an object, but represents its characteristic in dynamics. At the same time, it “compresses” information.
In modern Russian, participles are widely used in scientific style. Fine the function of participles is most clearly manifested when they are used as definitions : He saw her inflamed, sometimes perplexed and suffering, sometimes smiling and calming his face (L.T.). But predicates expressed by participles can also add special expressiveness to artistic speech: And the wind poured into the round window like a damp stream - it seemed as if the sky was burned by a red-smoky dawn (Ahm.).
Participles that have received a metaphorical meaning usually become linguistic tropes: screaming contradictions, unfading glory.
The scope of wide figurative use of adjectival participles - journalistic style. Here, the expressive function is played by participles, meaning an extremely high degree of manifestation of the intensity of the action: blatant lawlessness, massive blow.
The aesthetic assessment of participles is affected by negative attitude writers to dissonant suffixes -shi, -lice, -ush-, -yush-. The writer either completely refuses dissonant verb forms, shortening the text, or replacing them with others that do not have “hissing” suffixes.
In common parlance, participles formed from reflexive verbs, the postfix is omitted: "unbreakable dishes", instead of unbreakable.
Replacing a passive participle with an active one, formed from a reflexive verb, can lead to a distortion of the meaning as a result of changes in the shades of voice meanings: Parcels sent to Moscow by plane arrive there on the same day (the passive participle is superimposed on the general return).
As a violation literary norm the formation of verbal forms with -but, -from intransitive verbs: start - started, arrive - received.
Participles in modern Russian by stylistic coloring fall into two diametrically opposed groups:
book forms with suffixes -а, -я, -в: breathing, knowing, saying
colloquial with the suffixes -lice, -shi: having said, having come.
In the literary language of the past and the beginning of this century, the use of gerunds in - lice, - shi was stylistically unlimited. Nowadays they are used as a stylistic means to express vernacular language. But it would be incorrect to say that absolutely all participles in -lice, -shi are stylistically marked. Reflexive verbs form neutral gerunds: blushing, crying, staying, smiling. Those few gerundial participles of irreflexive verbs that cannot be formed without -shi are also stylistically neutral: grown up, lay down, spread out, kindled.
Participles, which stand out sharply for their stylistic coloring, nowadays attract the attention of word artists who highly value common verbs in -a, -i, -v. It is worth putting such participles into action - and the picture will immediately come to life.
Participles that figuratively depict an action often serve as tropes.
In the Russian language there are many unproductive verbs from which gerunds cannot be formed: go, knit, smear, protect, burn etc.
Dictionary of grammatical difficulties of the Russian language
Tatiana Efremova, Vitaly Kostomarov
Communion.
Participle is a hybrid verbal-adjective form, which in school tradition considered as a special verb form. Participles connect the attributes of a verb and an adjective, expressing the meaning of a procedural attribute of an object. Verb signs of participles:
1. The nature of verbal control is preserved (for example: dreaming of freedom - dreaming of freedom);
2. The form of the corresponding verb is preserved;
3. The participle has two voice forms (in accordance with the two-voice concept) - active and passive voice(for example: permitted - active voice, permitted - passive voice);
4. The participle has two temporary forms - present
(loving, beloved) and past (loved) tense.
All verb features for participles are constant, variable features are the features of an adjective: gender, number, case, full or short (for passive participles) form and the corresponding inflection in the sentence - predicate or attribute.
Present participles are formed from the verb stem of the present tense using the suffixes -ush-/-yush, -ash/-yash- — active participles, suffixes -em-, -om-, -im- are passive participles. Past participles are formed from a stem with an infinitive stem. In this case, to form real participles, the suffixes -vsh- are used if the stem ends in a vowel (for example: hear-t - heard) or -sh- if the stem ends in a consonant (for example: brought-ti - brought-shiy).
When forming passive past participles, the suffixes -nn- are added to the verb stem if the stem ends in a vowel, except for /i/ (for example: hang-t - hanged), -enn if the stem ends in a consonant or /i/, and in the latter case/and/ falls out
(for example: shoot-t - shot, bring-ti - brought), -t- - for the formation of participles from some verbs of unproductive classes with stems on i-, y-, o-, as well as from verbs of the IV productive class
(for example: sew - sewn, rinse - washed, pin - pinned, turn - turned). Initial form a participle, like an adjective, is nominative singular masculine.
A common feature of the use of participles is that they constitute accessory book speech. This is explained by the history of participles.
The main categories of participles relate to the elements literary language, borrowed from the Old Church Slavonic language, which affects a number of them phonetic features, for example, in the presence of ь in the present participles: current, burning, which correspond to the adjectives flowing, hot, which are Old Russian participles in origin, as well as in the presence of a number of participles before a hard consonant under the stress e, whereas in the verbs from which they formed, under the same conditions there is e (o): who came, but came, who invented, but invented, blossomed, but blossomed.
The connection of participles with the Old Church Slavonic language in the 18th century. noted
Lomonosov, who in his “Russian Grammar” explains about several categories of participles that they are used only from Slavic verbs and are unacceptable from Russians. Thus, he writes: “The active voice of the tense of the present participle ending in -schy is derived from verbs
Slavic origin: crowning, writing, nourishing; but very indecent from ordinary Russians, who are unknown among the Slavs: speaking, slurping.” He notes the same thing regarding the passive participles of the present tense “From Russian verbs, which were not used by the Slavs, produced, for example: touched, rocked, soiled, are very wild and unbearable to the ear,” and regarding the past participles active voice: “... for example, blurted out, blurted out, dived, dived, very disgusting.” At the same time, Lomonosov notes the great relevance of participles for high styles speeches, indicating that they “are more decently relied on in rhetorical and poetic works than in simple calm, or in common speech.”
At present, two centuries after Lomonosov, restrictions in the formation of participles from purely Russian verbs, alien Old Slavonic language, not preserved. And the examples of unacceptable participles demonstrated by Lomonosov do not create the impression of an insult to the linguistic sense, which he speaks about with such categoricalness, and are quite acceptable. The main categories of full participles are productive and are easily formed from any verbs, including new formations (vernalized, vernalized, vernalized). The least common passive participles of the present tense, but in some types of verbs they are also productive (clogged, formed, stored) and unproductive only with the suffix -om- (carried, driven, sought).
But even now, firstly, participles are part of the literary language (they are absent in dialects); secondly, they almost never appear in colloquial speech.
The short participles of the past tense of the passive voice stand apart
(written, brought, poured), which are widely used in everyday speech and are used in dialects.
On the contrary, for different styles book speech full participles represent one of the most necessary means, which is used extremely widely. This is due to the fact that participles contribute to the conciseness of speech, making it possible to replace subordinate clauses; compare: Enterprises that fulfilled the plan ahead of schedule and Enterprises that fulfilled the plan ahead of schedule;
A delegate elected by the general meeting and a Delegate elected by the general meeting. In newspaper speech, phrases with participles are almost always preferred.
Participles are close in meaning to adjectives and often turn into adjectives. General difference participles from adjectives is that a participle denotes a temporary attribute of an object, created by the action of the object itself (real participles) or the action carried out on this object (passive participle), while the adjective denotes constant sign an object, for example: flying seeds are seeds that fly and are in motion, and flying seeds are seeds that have structural features that make them easy to fly and carried by the wind. The participle indicates only the state and does not characterize the object itself, so we can say a flying stone, although the stone does not have qualities conducive to flight. The adjective, on the contrary, only characterizes the object and does not give information about what state it is in, so the phrase is possible: The earth was covered with flying maple seeds, although these seeds lie motionless on the ground. Drained area is the area over which drainage work is carried out; in the adjective dried, formed from the participle, the drying process is left without attention, and the characteristic qualities of objects are indicated; Thus, dried fruits are the antonym of fresh fruits, i.e. Fruits with their own taste characteristics, convenient for storage, etc.
Participles have a number of correspondences among adjectives, partly in origin going back to participles. These include:
1) Active present participles and adjectives with the same root:
blushing - red bluish - blue whitening - white aging - old graying - gray hardening - hard thinning - rare
All these participles belonging to verbs formed from adjectives
(blush from red, turn gray from gray), indicate a sign in the process of its formation: blushing apples - apples that become red; the adjective expresses the possession of a quality in its existing form: red apples. In a figurative meaning, these participles indicate a more active, effective manifestation of the attribute, and adjectives indicate its passive presence in objects. Compare: green fields and green fields; something white and something white.
2) Participles of the present tense of the active voice (as well as reflexive ones) and adjectives with the suffix -uchy, -yuchy, -achy, yachy, which are Old Russian participles in origin:
crumbling - flowing sitting - sessile stabbing - prickly standing - standing creaking - creaking flowing - flowing lying - lying burning - combustible lying - volatile crumbling - flowing
As mentioned above, in these paired designations the participle expresses what state the object is in, what action it exhibits that relates to the present tense: hanging ball - a ball that hangs, flowing water - water in motion, pricking blade of grass - a blade of grass that pricks, without regard to whether its structure contributes to this. Adjective means permanent property, a feature of an object due to which it is adapted to perform some action, but does not indicate the implementation of this action: a hanging lamp indicates a feature in the design of the lamp that facilitates hanging it, a thorny bush is a bush that has thorns and can easily prick; the same way a stray dog gives general characteristics dogs and close in meaning to a stray. In some cases, such adjectives are antonyms of adjectives of a different structure: hot - cold, sedentary (lifestyle) - mobile, flammable - fire-resistant.
3) An active present participle (usually with a negation) and an adjective that matches passive participle present time from negative prefix Not-:
not burning - not burning not fading - not fading not getting wet - not waterproof not ceasing - not ceasing not penetrating - impenetrable not transmitting - not being transmitted
The participle only states that the action continues, that the action continues, that it is not nearing completion; this is achieved through negative particle Not; let's compare: burning - not burning, falling silent - not stopping. Adjectives indicate the impossibility of performing an action, the inaccessibility of an object for a known process: a fireproof wardrobe is a wardrobe that cannot burn, a waterproof coat is a coat that cannot get wet. Therefore, we can say: We had to burn with damp, long-lasting firewood (but it is impossible to say: “long-lasting firewood”). Adjectives usually hyperbolically characterize an object, representing a certain quality of it as absolute, so incessant is stronger than incessant. It should be noted that adjectives such as fireproof are formed mostly from intransitive verbs, i.e. those that do not allow the formation of passive participles.
4) Present passive participles (usually with negation) and adjectives with the prefix un- and the suffix –im:
not allowed - unacceptable not defeated - invincible not tamed - indomitable not crushed - indestructible not observable - vast not averted - inevitable not realized - not feasible not begged - inexorable not repeatable - unique not separable - inseparable
The difference between participles and adjectives in this category is similar to the difference in the previous one: the participle states the lack of impact on the subject: A project not carried out by us can be used by another organization; here not realized is one that is not realized, without indication of whether it can be realized or not. The adjective indicates the impossibility of performing an action on an object, the resistance of an object to a known influence: an impracticable project is one that cannot be implemented, an indestructible stronghold is one that cannot be crushed.
These adjectives also hyperbolically express quality (invincible -
“the most powerful”) and therefore have expression. Usually adjectives like invincible are formed from perfective verbs, which cannot have present participles, but in a number of cases they are formed from imperfective verbs, and then the participle and the adjective may turn out to be homonymous, for example: The passage that I am not translating has already been translated by my friend and In Gogol there are often untranslatable phrases, the same: A stain you don’t wash off spoils the picture, i.e.
A stain that for some reason remains unwashed, and This is an indelible shame, i.e. shame that cannot be washed away is the same: unconcealed (= 1) which cannot be hidden and 2) which is not hidden by anyone)
5) Active past participles and adjectives formed from participles with the suffix -ly:
tanned - tanned burnt - burnt blue - blue ossified - ossified icy - icy fogged - sweaty thinner - thinner smoky - smoky frozen - frozen timid - timid frozen - numb, salty - salty
These participles and adjectives are especially close in meaning; the participles express the process more clearly: tanned is one who has acquired a tan because he has been tanned, and tanned is someone who has a tan, and this adjective is closer to dark-skinned. The sacrament then expresses personal participation more clearly; Thus, a person who is afraid feels more aware of the reasons for fear than a person who is afraid, who was taken over by fear as if from the outside (is this why there are no such adjectives from verbs that express greater activity? actor: wiser, happier); adjectives are more often applied to objects (foggy windows, smoky walls, an old disease, a burnt pie, an icy road) that are only exposed to outside influence. Finally, adjectives are associated with colloquial speech and are often formed from colloquial and colloquial verbs: to become timid, to become calm, to grow sleepy.
Let’s take as an example Fedin’s excerpt from “An Extraordinary Summer”:
...Thin, sharp-nosed, with red eyes from unhealed styes, he
[Dibich] smiled shyly and offended. Dibich looked at the land floating past him in a lazy change of plowed strips, black villages, steep slopes of railway tracks with faded telegraph poles on supports and robins singing alone on drooping wires. He sat with his elbows on the table, wet from the stuffiness, crazy from cigarettes.
His saggy cheeks quickly turned white...
ripened - ripe ripened - mature wilted - sluggish disgusted - hateful stale - stale burnt - burnt rotted - stale rotten - rotten
The verbal nature of these adjectives is completely obscured, and they usually denote only qualities without indicating their formation.
7) Passive past participles and adjectives that were formed from these participles; usually the first with prefixes, and the second without prefixes:
boiled – boiled baked – baked salted – salted soaked – soaked grated – grated broken – beaten
The participle indicates the process to which the object has been subjected: Baked apples are apples that have been baked, and the adjective baked apple indicates what quality the apple has, and therefore this adjective acts as an antonym to the word raw. In some cases, they turn into adjectives and participles with prefixes: bloated pants
(= too big), open wound.
8) Active and passive participles and adjectives homonymous with them, formed from these participles:
a) A stone shining in the sun is a brilliant report.
A cape jutting out into the sea is an outstanding figure.
Jackals wandering in the forest - a wandering smile.
The director calling the technician - a defiant tone.
b) A person respected by everyone is a respected comrade.
A driver-controlled car is a controlled balloon.
Participles, usually supported by the fact that they have dependent words, denote a feature created by the object itself (actual participles), or express the influence on the object from another object
(passive participles); adjectives that usually have figurative meaning, point to constant qualities: brilliant report = excellent report, outstanding worker = excellent, excellent worker, wandering smile = involuntary, weak smile, defiant tone
= harsh, rude tone, respected comrade = worthy of respect, controllable balloon = having devices for control.
Among the participles there are types that are similar in meaning and sometimes act as synonyms. This applies, on the one hand, to passive participles and, on the other, to participles of reflexive verbs. It is among various meanings reflexive verbs also have a passive meaning; in this case, the verb refers to the subject, which is the object of the action, and the actor is indicated by the instrumental case:
The house is being built by an architect. The participle with the particle -sya formed from verbs with this meaning also acquires a passive meaning: A house built by an architect, in correlation with the expression of the passive meaning with the phrase A house built by an architect, where the passive participle appears; at the same time, these participles are not equivalent.
A.M. Peshkovsky established that the main expressive of passiveness is the passive participle, and where it is present, usually the reflexive participle is unacceptable: “We will never say a child dressed as a nanny, but only dressed as a nanny; we will never say a box made by a carpenter, we will never say a house built by this architect, but only built by this architect, etc.”
He points out that the reflexive participle is used when the passive participle is not formed at all or is rarely used. Thus, imperfective verbs usually do not form a passive past participle, in which case the reflexive participle acts as its substitute; therefore, along with the passive participle of the perfect form, the reflexive participle of the imperfect form is used: A house erected by an architect; Report written by a student and Report written by a student within a month;
Books published by Uchpedgiz and Books published last year by Uchpedgiz.
For some cases, A.M. Peshkovsky still considers the use of both types of participles acceptable. His examples include: “a book read by many and a book read by many; a house built by an architect and a house built by an architect." But the participle built is not generally accepted, and the expression book, read by many, is clearly worse than a book read by many. In the presence of both types of participles, the reflexive participle is hardly desirable where the passive is clearly expressed (when the instrumental character of the character is present); it is more appropriate when the passive meaning is obscured, so, more acceptable: A book that is read a lot and willingly or does not cause objections: Phenomena observed in everyday life
(existing), but better: Phenomena observed by us.
Therefore, we can agree with the figurative assessment that A.M. Peshkovsky gives to these categories of participles: “They relate to each other like a specialist to an amateur.”
Participle.
Similar to participles, gerunds are traditionally considered as a special verbal form that combines the characteristics of a verb and an adverb, i.e. denoting a procedural feature of an action, characterized by immutability, preserving verbal control, verbal aspect, collateral properties of the verb, adjacent to the verb or participle and acting in the sentence as a circumstance.
The specific properties of gerunds are obtained morphological expression in participial suffixes. Imperfect participles are formed from the stem of the present tense using the suffix -a, -ya, for example: to ring - zven'-ya, to think - duma'-ya. Perfect participles are formed from the infinitive stem of perfect verbs using suffixes
-in, -lice, -shi, for example: send - send-in, bring - brought-shi, smile - smile-lice-s. In modern Russian, the process of differentiation of participle suffixes depending on the verb aspect has not yet been completed, therefore forms of perfect participles are possible, formed according to the model of imperfect participles, i.e. from the stem of the future simple tense using the suffix –я
(to leave - leaving, bring - bringing, etc.). Imperfect participles are not formed from verbs with a stem:
1. On the back tongue (oven - bake, impossible: *baking);
2. From only consonants (gn-ut, impossible: *gnya);
3. Impossible tense with a sibilant, alternating at the base of the infinitive with a sibilant (piš-ut – pisa, impossible: *pisha);
4. With the base of the infinitive on - well- in verbs of the non-productive class
(perish, impossible: *perish);
Like the participle, the gerund is common in book speech and is not typical for everyday colloquial speech.
The participle, denoting an additional action that characterizes another action, is primarily used to relegate one of the actions to the background compared to the other. In this respect, a verb with its associated gerund is opposed to two verbs. So:
Standing at the window, reading the letter indicates that the main thing is standing, and reading details this state by indicating the activity that accompanies it, while Standing at the window and reading the letter represents both verbs as equal and independent. The use of the gerund makes it possible to establish another relationship between these verbs: Standing at the window, I read the letter, where in the foreground it turns out to be reading, and by the addition, indicating the position in which the reading took place, standing. This ability to give a combination of equal verbs, on the one hand, and establish a perspective between them, highlighting the main and secondary, on the other hand, serves as a convenient means for expressing various relationships between several actions and states. Let's compare: He told and laughed - He told, laughing - While telling, he laughed; They ran across and shot -
They ran across, shooting - Running across, they shot.
How gerunds make it possible to subordinate some actions to others, to make them expressive of various details and circumstances of other actions, can be seen from the following examples: Gorky “Childhood”: Grandmother kept silent, drinking cup after cup; I sat by the window, watching the city glow evening dawn and the glass in the windows of the houses sparkles red...; And she [grandmother] laughs with a hearty laugh, her nose trembles hilariously, and her eyes, shining thoughtfully, caress me, speaking about everything even more clearly than words; I think more and more often about my mother, putting her at the center of all the fairy tales and stories told by my grandmother. An attempt to replace gerunds with verbs would break the connections between individual actions, destroy the differences between the main and additional ones, and make the list of individual actions monotonous.
In many cases, gerunds cannot be replaced by a verb at all. This happens when they acquire adverbial meaning, for example:
Grandmother leans gloomily against the ceiling and sighs, lowering her eyes to the floor (= with downcast eyes); He [the grandfather] stands with his head raised (= with his head up); I, too, was ready to cry, feeling sorry for my garden, hut (= out of pity).
The relationships expressed by gerunds are very diverse.
When using gerunds, one should not lose sight of which person owns the actions denoted by the gerund and the verb. There are significant limitations in this regard. It is precisely the condition for the generally accepted use of gerunds in the Russian language that the actions denoted by the gerund be performed by the same person who owns the action denoted by the predicate verb. This finds its place in personal sentences, in which the gerund and verb indicate the action of the subject. So: The designer, dismantling the drawing, explained the features of the new model. Here the designer demonstrated and explained.
In addition to personal sentences, gerunds are also acceptable in impersonal sentences provided that both actions belong to the same person.
Talking about this, I would like to remind...
Such turns occur in works of art and in scientific speech.
Using the example of M. Gorky: It is inexplicably good to sail along the Volga autumn night, sitting at the stern of the barge, at the helm; Without loving, it is impossible to understand life. I felt that only by loving a person very deeply, very passionately can one draw strength from this love in order to find and understand the meaning of life;
Using the example of academician I.P. Pavlov: Researching day after day conditioned reflexes, you can predict the onset of seizures quite accurately in advance;
Thus, without claiming absolute accuracy of the position, we must accept that cerebral hemispheres are the main body conditioned reflexes.
A gerund may be subordinated to an infinitive, provided that the actions denoted by the gerund and the infinitive belong to the same person.
Using the example of I.P. Pavlov: Thus, the goal is to remove part of the hemispheres and see the disappearance of the fictions of the removed part from general activities hemispheres
- is covered at first with the echo of an operational blow throughout the entire mass of the hemispheres. He [the physiologist] has a constant duty, relying on the current successes of natural science and the extraordinary increase in modern technical means, try to find other methods for the same purpose, not so distant from the unattainable perfection of the device he is studying.
It is even less common for a gerund to be subordinated to a participle, but such cases still occur in works of art. Herzen: The venerable guardian of silence proudly went under the arch, like a spider returning to a dark corner, having bitten on the brains of a fly. Gorky “The Artamonov Case”: These small pleasures somewhat reconciled him with the many insults that he experienced from lively people, who increasingly took the matter into their tenacious hands, pushing it aside, into loneliness; Gorky, Karonin:
One day this Agafonov, a small, fair-haired man who was writing his stories, worried to the point of sobs, fell ill...
Errors in the use of gerunds are their use depending on the verb when the gerund and the verb represent the actions of different persons, for example: Having entered the room, the mother stood at the window.
Here, entering is the action of the speaker (= when I entered the room), and the mother was standing. The inadmissibility of such phrases, in addition to the fact that they are not accepted in the Russian language, is also explained by the fact that they lead to ambiguity due to the possibility of attributing the action denoted by the gerund to the person who is the subject of the sentence: for example, if we were to phrase:
When I returned home, my grandmother fed me lunch, they replaced it with a construction with a gerund: Having returned home, my grandmother fed me lunch, it would give the impression that my grandmother returned home.
Errors of this kind are quite common in student works, for example: One evening, sitting at home, a stranger came to us;
After working for three months, my father was transferred to Penza; After studying at school for four years, I had a desire to study further; The doors were closed tightly, fearing that sounds from the street would not reach the lady’s ears. Sometimes such phrases find their way into print: Knipper, “A Few Words about Chekhov”: And when they noticed how my eyes and cheeks were burning while listening to him, the dear student was quietly removed from our house.
Particularly noteworthy are similar turns of phrase, found occasionally in classics, mainly of the first half of the 19th century V. (Pushkin, Lermontov, Herzen, L. Tolstoy).
Their syntactic construction was supported by the influence French. Lomonosov also drew attention to this, writing in “Russian Grammar”: “Those who, due to the properties of foreign languages, separate gerunds from personal verbs by persons, are very mistaken. For the gerund must in person agree with the main personal verb, on which the power of all speech lies: while going to school, I met a friend; Having written a letter, I send it overseas. But many write in contrast to this: while I was going to school, a friend met me; Having written a letter, he came from the sea; which is very wrong and annoying for ears that sense right-wing Russian writing.”
Here are examples of such prohibited phrases from the works of Herzen and
L. Tolstoy: All this was done while approaching the village; After leaving Vyatka, I was tormented for a long time by the memory of R.*; Passing through the gate, Pierre was overcome with heat, and he involuntarily stopped.
The designation of time by the perfect participle deserves attention.
Usually the perfect participle denotes an action that precedes the action of the verb. This always happens when the gerund comes before the verb: Gorky “In People”: Having briefly told me about the life and death of Pushkin, she asked, smiling...; Having put his finger behind the collar, the cook angrily pulls it away... Usually the preceding action is also indicated by the gerund after the verb: Gorky: “He’s teaching me like a boy,” Peter thought offendedly as he saw him off (= thought when he saw him off); She left the kitchen, throwing a bunch of carrots on the table (= first threw it, then left); The fireman continued, putting a piece of sugar in his cheek (= continued after putting a piece of sugar in his mouth).
But when a gerund comes after a verb, it can express other relationships with the verb in time. So, it sometimes denotes an action simultaneous with the verb. In this case, the gerund has a meaning similar to the perfective meaning of the past tense, when the foreground is not the commission of an action, but the preservation of its result: Gorky: The father left arm in arm with Yakov, silently bowing his head (= lowered his head and continued to remain with his head bowed) ; Peter sat on a chair, pressing the back of his head tightly against the wall (= pressed and did not remove it); He even read books on the street - he walks along the panel, covering his face with a book, and pushes people.
Finally, there are cases when a gerund after a verb denotes a subsequent action; In this case, two groups of examples can be outlined:
a) the gerund denotes the consequence of the action that is expressed by the verb: Gorky: Somewhere nearby thunder struck, frightening everyone (= hit and frightened); Near Kazan, a large barge with Persian goods sat on a rock, breaking its bottom (= sat on a rock and, as a result, broke through). I cut down one or two stakes - the wall began to shake, then I climbed onto it, grabbed the top... and the entire strip of fence fell, covering me almost to my head
(= fell and covered).
b) a gerund denotes an action that does not necessarily follow from the action of the verb, but usually quickly follows it. Gorky: I sat down on the floor, putting my fists under me... (= sat down and put them up); He threw the cigarette to the ground, trampling it with two kicks
(=threw and then trampled).
Such shades of tense in gerunds are developing in the Russian language relatively recently and, in all likelihood, this occurs under the influence of word order, since perfective verbs denote actions occurring at different times, following one after another in the order in which the verbs are arranged (I took out a book, I read it and passed it on to a friend).
A number of gerunds are close in meaning to adverbs formed from participles: begging - pleadingly threatening - threateningly exciting - excitingly blinding - blindingly indignant - indignantly
The difference between gerunds and such adverbs comes down to the fact that the first denote an additional action: (The child spoke, begging to be allowed to go to the performance), and the second has an adverbial meaning and indicates how or with what type an action close to revolutions is performed instrumental case with the preposition with: with a plea or with a look of entreaty, with a threat or with a threatening look: Gorky: The child looked pleadingly at his mother; They [the eyes] look at everything around incredulously and expectantly; Sophron often shouted threateningly: Logic! Here they spoke in a special way - briefly, warningly... Turning worn documents in their hands, they either threateningly or hopelessly shouted: “Comrade Chief!” Pavlik wiped his lips and turned away defiantly... He looked at her with superiority and expectancy... He smiled encouragingly and enthusiastically...
Adverbs such as exciting, blinding, in combination with adjectives express qualitative characteristics and point to high degree qualities: Tchaikovsky's melodies are excitingly beautiful; The fountains filled with lights are blindingly bright and multicolored.
The difference between an additional action and a circumstance is also observed in cases where the gerund participle turns into an adverb, and as a result, along with the gerund participle, there is an adverb formed from the gerund participle. This includes several different categories.
Firstly, individual cases, when used without explanatory words the gerund turns into an adverb: The artist painted while standing, here standing does not denote the second action, but only details the meaning of the verb painted, indicating the position in which the drawing took place; on the contrary, in the phrase:
The artist painted while standing at the easel: standing means the second action, subordinate to the first. Also: The boy writes while sitting and the Boy writes while sitting at his desk.
Secondly, this includes a number idiomatic expressions: folded arms, sticking out tongue, careless, a little later, headlong, headlong. Don’t sit with your hands folded means only: “Don’t sit idle,” it doesn’t say anything about the position of the hands, and Don’t sit with your hands folded already indicates that the hands are actually folded and that this position of the hands should be changed. Also: Run with your tongue out (quickly) and Run with your tongue out (with your tongue out); Work casually (casually) and Work with your sleeves down (with your sleeves down). Idioms of this kind have a colloquial tone.
Thirdly, along with gerunds there are adverbs in –yuchi,
-teach: playfully, happily, skillfully, stealthily: He playfully carried heavy bales (easily, effortlessly); He lives happily (without worries) and dances, humming some tune in a low voice. Such adverbs are colloquial and folklore in nature. Single gerunds should be distinguished from such adverbs in -uchi: the common literary being and the colloquial iduchi, going.
Finally, it should be mentioned that some groups of gerunds have two morphological formations with the same meaning.
So, firstly, perfect participles with a base on a vowel sound can have the suffix – in and – lice: having written – having written pouring – having poured zaryv – zaryvshis having bent – having bent
In the vast majority of cases, forms with the suffix -в are used.
They are shorter and more euphonious. The cacophony of forms like writing was especially emphasized by A.M. Gorky. But it should be borne in mind that verbs with a consonant as a base have one form: having brought, brought, entered; the same for all reflexive verbs: bending over, laughing, wrapping up.
Secondly, along with forms that have the suffixes –в, – lice, a number of perfective verbs have gerunds with the suffix –a, -я: putting – putting having heard – hearing having noticed – noticing
It is usually pointed out (Shakhmatov, Chernyshev) that the forms ending in –a, -i were more widely used in the 19th century, but they are not uncommon at the present time and, for example, were widely used by Gorky. Here are a few examples from “The Artamonov Case”: frowning, bending, approaching, descending, leaning, straightening, bending, going deeper, lowering, praying, bowing, returning, stopping, changing, leaning, turning away, bending. The form having consulted instead of having consulted, used by Chekhov in a letter to his brother (After consulting with Leikin, I will send you...) is clearly not common.
Used literature:
1) A. N. Gvozdeev. "Essays on the stylistics of the Russian language."
2) V.A. Ivanova, Z.A. Potiha, D.E. Rosenthal "Interesting about the Russian language."
3) L. L. Bulanin " Tough questions morphology".
4) M.V. Lomonosov "Russian grammar".
5) V.I. Dahl " Dictionary living Great Russian language."
6) A.S. Pushkin “Letter to the publisher.”
7) N.M. Shansky, T.V. Shanskaya, V.V. Ivanov "Brief" etymological dictionary Russian language".
And participles. There is no need to talk about the mystery of these parts of speech: it is still not issue resolved about their place in the morphology of the Russian language. We will consider their main features, features and differences in our article.
Verbal formations
The fate of these parts of speech remains unknown. In modern school curriculum, depending on the author of the educational and methodological complex, the concept of what participles and gerunds are is interpreted differently. Some authors, such as Razumovskaya, rightly consider them to be unique forms of the verb. Undoubtedly, there is some truth in this, since participles and gerunds were formed precisely from the verb.
Both of these versions have a right to exist, they are logical and each of them can be argued in its own way.
That’s how mysterious it is, the Russian language. Participle and gerund - special forms, which make our speech more dynamic and colorful.
Participle turnover
Every part of speech is remarkable in its own way. And what are participles and gerunds, what do they do special in a sentence that other parts of speech cannot? Their main distinctive feature- formation of revolutions. This happens when one of them has dependent words.
For example: Girl walking on summer garden, admired nature. If we carefully consider this sentence, we will see that from the participle “walking” we can ask the question “where?” The answer will be the phrase “in the summer garden.” This means that we have a participial turn. It is much smarter and more beautiful to use phrases than to endlessly repeat the word “which”.
Don’t forget to put commas if it comes after your qualifying word (here it is “girl”). At parsing The question arises: how to emphasize it? Everything is simple here: we ask a question from the word being defined: (girl) what? Answers it minor member sentences, known to all of us - definition. Therefore, it is worth emphasizing the entire turn with a wavy line.
In the case when the phrase comes before its designated word, everything is different. There is no need to put commas there. Syntax function This turn of phrase is different - each part of speech in it is emphasized independently of each other.
Participial phrase
With him things are a little different. Firstly, the gerund itself may not contain any dependent words, but, nevertheless, it will be separated by commas. Linguists call it single.
For example: Without hesitation, he rushed into the burning house to save people.
As you can see, the participle is very similar in meaning to the adverb (here it answers the question “how?”). You can even replace it with this part of speech: He quickly rushed into the burning house to save people.
As is the case with the brother-participle, the gerund can subjugate words and thereby form a turnover. Since it always plays only one role in a sentence, it is usually called With punctuation marks, you can’t overdo it: commas are absolutely always used. And you don’t need to look at how the word being defined is positioned relative to this phrase.
For example: Without completing homework, Misha went for a walk.
From the gerund “without fulfilling” we ask the question “what?” and we get the answer - “homework”. Before us is an adverbial phrase.
and gerunds
The word formation of each part of speech is studied by schoolchildren starting in the fifth grade. Some of them (for example, noun and adjective) have several ways of creating new words: not only prefixes and suffixes, but also addition and abbreviation. With participles and gerunds everything is simpler: their main method of word formation is suffixal. It is by this morpheme that we distinguish them from other parts of speech.
Knowing what participles and gerunds are, it will not be difficult to remember suffixes. Need to know a few simple rules. Don't forget that participles are divided into two large groups: active and passive.
Active participles in the present tense have the following suffixes: ush/yush (dancing, singing), ash/yash (screaming, flying).
For the passive - eat- (hesitant), -om- (attracted), im (dependent).
When participles are in the past tense, we will also distinguish them by voice.
Valid reason. :- wsh- (bought), sh (grown).
Suffering :- t- (chopped), -enn- (scrolled), -nn- (measured).
The main thing to do is to correctly identify the part of speech. Then the suffixes of participles and gerunds are much easier to remember. Moreover, they are similar to each other.
The gerunds have no collateral category; they differ only in time. Present time: - a (slowly), -I (guessing), -uchi (being), -yuchi (happily). Past tense: -in (having done), -lice (not knowing).
Conclusion
Suffixes of participles and gerunds are easy to remember in practice. It is enough to complete several exercises on this topic to consolidate their spelling. Despite the apparent complexity of these verb forms, they will not present much difficulty for those who carefully read the rule.
In the Russian language, speech structures can be enriched with participial and participial phrases. This article discusses the features and rules for using each type of phrase, and provides examples of their proper use in speech.
Communion and gerunds in Russian- these are special forms of the verb (some authors have independent parts of speech), which, together with dependent words, form special syntactic constructions: participial and participial phrases.
- Participial phrase, like a single participle, denotes a sign of action, answers questions Which? What? What do you do? What did he do? and in a sentence refers to the word being defined. Syntactic role – a separate or non-separate definition.
Examples of sentences with participial phrases: Sitting by the window the boy put the book aside and looked at his mother (the boy (which one? what was he doing?) sitting by the window). Furniture, brought from the dacha, we placed in the corridor (furniture (what?) brought from the dacha).
- Participial phrase indicates an additional action, answers questions Doing what? What did you do? and in a sentence refers to the predicate verb. Performs syntactic role isolated circumstance.
Examples of using participial phrases: While doing the exercise, the student noticed a typo in the textbook (noticed (doing what?) doing the exercise). Having cooked dinner, Katya decided to rest a little (decided to rest (having done what?) by preparing dinner).
Pay attention! When forming a participial phrase, the main word of the construction can only be a participle, and a participial phrase can only be a gerund.
Isolation of participial phrases
In a sentence, the isolation (set off with commas) of the participial phrase in the sentence depends on its position in relation to the word being defined:
- Before the word being defined, the participial phrase is not isolated.
Examples: Dima raised fallen from a hanger hat. The student redrawn given in the textbook diagram.
- After the word being defined, the participial phrase is highlighted with commas on both sides.
Examples: Janitor, swept away the leaves all morning, left for lunch. Painting, drawn in Art Nouveau style, hung over the sofa.
Also, the participial phrase is isolated if it refers to a personal pronoun or expresses an adverbial meaning.
Examples: Transferred to another group, they haven’t had time to meet each other yet. Worried about a friend, the man called the hospital every hour (he called (why? what was he doing?) worried about his friend).
Isolation of adverbial phrases
In adverbial phrases, the rule of isolation in sentences is the same - the participial phrase is always separated by commas, regardless of its position in relation to the predicate verb.
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Examples: Frightened by the roar, the kitten hid under the sofa. Grandma prepared tea for us, asking about what happened.
The participial phrase is not separated by commas:
- If included in phraseological expression L(people listened to the guest ears hanging down) ;
- If a gerund has turned into an adverb and can be replaced with a synonymous adverb (They walked leisurely (slowly)).
- If the participial phrase includes dependent word which or derivatives (We attended a lecture, after listening to which we began to better understand the subject).
