Meaning. What does an emoticon written in symbols mean - meanings of symbols and decoding of text emoticons

one of the main elements of culture, along with custom-norm, value and meaning; specifically cultural a means of connecting a person with the outside world or, in general, a subject with an object through signs. If in economic activity, a person connects with outside world through housekeeping, and in politics - through power relations, then culture imparts meaning to the facts, phenomena and processes of this world. Moreover, culture forms a complex and diverse sign system, through which experience is accumulated, maintained and organized. Sign systems include natural. and arts. languages, various alarm systems, languages will be displayed. systems (images, symbolism). Specialist. the discipline that studies the properties of sign systems is Semiotics. A synonym for the term 3. is the word “meaning,” although these two terms are not completely synonymous, because “meaning” is usually associated with a subjective understanding of cultural means and is the subject of cultural studies, in contrast to the consideration of objectified 3. cultural components in the system of cultural regulation. Theor. approach to studying the relationship between system 3. and other systems social regulation was developed within the framework of symbolic interactionism (see Symbolic interactionism). Theory 3. and its relationship with the process of cognition is an important problem. Philosopher directions, primarily analytical. philosophy that reveals logical. and semantic aspects of sign systems. For cultural studies, it is important to reveal the relationship between the semantic content and various. sign systems from the viewpoint their relationship with social processes and the specifics of the cultural environment. The signs themselves may not contain information; they require decoding, i.e. bringing to the consciousness of a person, their understanding. This is well known to people who study foreign languages. language, and a scientist deciphering “mysterious writings.” The processes of acquiring knowledge, developing meanings and their transmission do not coincide, which can be demonstrated in a variety of scientific discoveries. The lack of demand for scientific discoveries, new technologies or works of art is a well-known phenomenon from the history of culture and science. What determines the need for a person to develop meanings, to designate things, their own. actions and experiences? Things, people's actions, psychology. processes in themselves do not constitute culture. It just builds. material for her. But once designated, they are “drawn” into culture, organized into systems, included in the functioning of social institutions and in the life of individuals. personality. Culture attaches importance to the determinants turning points human life: birth, love, death, struggle, defeat, victory. 3. can relate to both natural phenomena (the location of stars in the sky, sunrise and sunset, rainbows and hurricanes) and internal ones. human conditions. 3. - a means that allows a person to “distance himself” from his own. experiences and from observed phenomena, and therefore the ability to develop completely special forms activities. 3. make it possible to mentally model the phenomena with which one has to deal, and behavior itself becomes an increasingly universal way of a person’s relationship to reality. Man, as a social being, must conform to the interests of others, as well as cultural requirements. It is through the system 3. that such coordination occurs. The society must consolidate its experience in universally significant symbols, which could be correlated with each other, systematized and passed on to future generations. By means of culture, signs, titles, names are created that make it possible to recreate in the imagination images of missing objects, to list and combine them in any sequence. Thanks to it, a branched system of meanings is born, with the help of which you can distinguish from each other, differentiate the subtlest shades in experiences or phenomena visible world. A complex hierarchy of assessments concentrates the experience of many generations. By designating and evaluating phenomena, a person orders, interprets, comprehends the world and his existence in it, and gets the opportunity to navigate reality. Giving a name to an object means taking the first step towards understanding it. The name fixes the place of the object in experience and allows you to recognize it when you meet it. It is known that 3. signs of words do not correspond to the actual properties of objects, phenomena or processes. They are developed by culture in the course of human interaction with nature and the formation of objective and symbolic. his living environment. Mythology “the creation of the world” included the designation of everything that a person deals with that the gods or cultural heroes took upon themselves. 3. may have a real “source” in objective world(symbolization of a thunderstorm, earthquake, sun, moon, tree, etc.), but may not have it, but, on the contrary, generate an imaginary entity in the world of cultural phenomena. The most important person. The carrier of the system 3. is language as the most universal means in comparison with other sign systems. Language is able to convey temporal dimensions (present, past and future), modality, person, etc. A developed language has a huge store of verbal meanings, and, moreover, the discreteness of its units and the ability to combine them according to diverse rules do not eliminate its systematic nature and ability to adapt, to convey ever new meanings. Along with the transfer of verbal meanings, they are already important early stages cultural measures of measurement. It is the symbolic functions that invariably prevail in art. culture. Difficult language architecture, drama, music, dance, formed by the combination of familiar elements and creatively reworked or introduced anew, creates special area culture, through which a person comprehends the most complex and diverse. forms of socialization. Ritual as formalized and specialized. behavior serves the purpose of strengthening connections either between permanent members of groups or in interactions between groups, relieving tension, mistrust and increasing the level of communication and a sense of community. Pluralism and polymorphism of the cultural life of each complex society requires well-functioning regulation of local, culturally specific ones. and common rituals, holidays and anniversaries. By themselves, 3. can be neutral, since the circle of designations required by society is incredibly wide. However, connecting with norms and values, some of them can acquire special status, elevating them above others, ordinary and everyday. A striking example of such exaltation is taboo, i.e. categorical a symbolic ban on specially designated objects, actions and words, violation of which entails severe punishment from the team. Taboos can be irrational and even absurd. But the apparent absurdity only confirms special role this means of maintaining sociocultural order. However, tabooing is included in the set of means of regulation of relatively undeveloped societies. In complex religions. systems, it is usually replaced by a set of graduated prohibitions (transgression, expiable sin, mortal sin, etc.) and “deferred” sanctions, which allow “begging,” “repentance,” “atonement,” etc. At the same time, a wide and variable network of sacred 3. is created, expressed in word, text (even holy book), a gesture, an image that captures the complex hierarchy of values and norms of a given religion. In all cultures, an indispensable means of signification, i.e. expressions of symbolic content serve not only special purposes. symbols, but also the living environment, designed through architecture and landscape, as well as household items, including housing, clothing, kitchen, etc. Of course, symbolic content also carries appearance man, his inherent nature. features - his genetic, ethnic, age appearance. A person’s behavior, the way he behaves, speaks, communicates, has a high symbolic meaning, depending on what he is recognized or not recognized as “one of our own,” as worthy or unworthy of the definition. status in the society. Clothing that is used by a person not only for the purpose of protection from bad weather and the environment has a high symbolic functionality. Almost any clothing also denotes a person’s gender and age role, his status, wealth, etc. If in culture high value is given to the assertion of identity - ethnic, national, religious - then it is customary to use certain elements of clothing for this. Among the culturally significant costume options, it is customary to distinguish the following: folk, ethnic, class, festive, official, functional, fashionable, everyday. And this, of course, does not include all the sophisticated diversity of modern times. fashionable clothes. Clothes bear a heavy burden as a status symbol in the army. In the army important attached and signaling systems- auditory and visual: commands, lights, flags. However, nothing can happen without these signals. transport network, neither sports, nor information. system. Along with clothing, the person invariably also has symbolic content. housing, utensils, furniture, household items, etc. An important cultural sign of a person’s gender and age is usually their natural signs: skin color, hair, facial features, body structure, etc. But in any culture these signs are subject to further cultural “processing”. This same natural. a sign can also be subject to secondary re-signification, acquiring a connection with class or religious affiliation. The third type 3. of the same subject is intercultural differences, the design of external otherness, when hairstyles and hats indicate belonging to one’s ethnicity. group or subculture, its desire to be different from others. An important area of symbolic socialization of the younger generation is games and toys. Already from early years the child masters the meanings of the “adult world” through toys, visually and practically perceiving those objects and relationships big world, with which he will subsequently have to deal. These and other types of toys change with changes in the style of the era and contribute to these changes. A sign used as an intermediary in many actions and relationships in any society (except for the most primitive and primary social structures and groups), are money. Items used as money are always associated with the level of development of the society and its culture. At the same time, their increasing “dematerialization” occurs. The money of the agricultural society was quite “material”: the number of heads of livestock or other natural product. Then precious and semi-precious metals began to be used for this function. In industrial society, they took the form of paper symbols of various kinds. The formation of the information society is associated with the transition to electronic impulses that contain some information about monetary wealth in memory computer system. Electronic money, like electronic information in general, they fundamentally change the entire technology of financial transactions and affect many forms of activity and the very way of life of citizens of a post-industrial society. Lit. Excellent definition

Incomplete definition ↓

a generalized form of an individual’s reflection of experience captured in action patterns, concepts, social roles, norms and values. The individual’s system of values determines the management of the processes of his activity. Signs can be structures of natural language, diagrams, maps, formulas and drawings, symbolic images.

MEANING

a generalized form of reflection by the subject of socio-historical experience acquired in the course of joint activities and communication; exists in the form of concepts, objectified in patterns of action, social roles, norms and values. Through a system of meanings, the subject’s consciousness is presented with an image of the world, other people and himself. An individual system of meanings, acting in the form of interiorized standards (-> interiorization), determines cognitive processes(perception, thinking, memory, etc.) and acts of social behavior. It is used to manage processes individual activities subject. The carriers of meaning, along with the structures of natural language, are such sign systems as diagrams, maps, formulas and drawings, systems symbolic images, “languages” of art, etc. Meaning is revealed as the content of signs, images, actions in their socially normalized sense that is stable for individuals of a given culture. The presentation of knowledge in a socially normalized form leads to its awareness. Expressing the meaning of individual experience (perception, thinking, emotional experience etc.) for the purpose of communication, the subject thereby becomes aware of it. Meaning in unity with personal meaning and sensory tissue forms the structure of individual consciousness. An individual system of meanings develops during ontogenesis. Are distinguished genetically early forms meanings that precede its most developed form - the concept; in them, generalization is realized, for example, on the basis of the similarity of the emotional tone of objects (-> emotion); These also include “everyday concepts” - generalizations of individual experience that are not included in systemic connections with other concepts. The generalizations used in the child’s forms of meaning may not coincide with the generally accepted ones. However for social interaction, communication and mutual understanding, it is necessary for the emerging individual meanings to coincide with socially accepted forms. IN functionally the meaning of a word acts as a unity of generalization and communication, intellectual and communicative functions of the subject. Meaning is a complex, hierarchically organized formation, consisting of more fractional components, sometimes called semes, semantic features, atoms of meaning, etc. Their isolation and clarification of the relationships between them - semantic, semantic analysis of meaning - is the task of experimental psychosemantics.

MEANING

English meaning) - a generalized form of reflection by the subject of socio-historical experience acquired in the process joint activities and communication and existing in the form of concepts, objectified in patterns of action, social roles, norms and values. Through the system 3. the consciousness of the subject is presented with an image of the world, other people, and himself. The individual system 3., acting in the form of internalized standards, determines cognitive processes (perception, thinking, memory, etc.) and acts social behavior. Through the system, 3. the processes of individual activity of the subject are managed within the framework of socially distributed aggregate, or joint, activity.

3. Along with the structures of natural language, the carriers are such sign systems as diagrams, maps, formulas and drawings, systems of symbolic images, the “language” of art (painting and architecture, dance and pantomime, etc.). 3. is revealed as the content of signs, images, actions in their socially normalized sense that is stable for individuals of a given culture. The presentation of knowledge in a socially normalized form leads to its awareness. By expressing individual experience (perception, thinking, emotional experience, etc.) in 3. for the purpose of communication, the subject thereby becomes aware of it. 3. in unity with personal meaning and sensory tissue, forms the structure of individual consciousness (A N. Leontyev).

The individual system 3. develops during ontogenesis. Genetically earlier forms of 3. are identified, preceding its most developed form - the concept (L. S. Vygotsky). In them, generalization is carried out, for example, on the basis of the similarity of the emotional tone of objects; These also include “everyday concepts”, which are a generalization of individual experience and are not included in systemic connections with other concepts. Generalizations used in forms 3. in a child may not coincide with generally accepted ones. However, for social interaction, communication and mutual understanding, it is necessary that the emerging individual 3. coincide in subject matter with socially accepted forms. In functional terms, the 3rd word acts as a unity of generalization and communication, intellectual and communicative functions of the subject. 3. - a complex, hierarchically organized formation, consisting of more fractional components (sometimes called “semes”, “semantic features”, “atoms of meaning”, etc.). Their identification and clarification of the relationships between them, i.e., semantic analysis 3., is the task of psychosemantics. See Ideal, Subjective semantic space. (V.F. Petrenko.)

Meaning

Specificity. Captured in action patterns, concepts, social roles, norms and values. The individual’s system of values determines the management of the processes of his activity.

MEANING

Communication, as we know, consists of three components: a transmitter, a transmitting device and a receiver. Therefore, the value transmitted message or any part of it (for example, a word, phrases of a gesture, etc.) can be determined based on any of three directions: 1. What the speaker or writer intended to communicate. As Lewis Carroll said through the mouth of Humpty Dumpty: “When I use a word, it means only what I choose it to mean—no more, no less.” 2. The representation associated with the physical symbol used, what it stands for; X denotes female gender. 3. Anticipatory ideas of the listener or reader, the meaning of the perceived message.

A few cautionary notes need to be made here, (a) The specification of values 1 and 3 is not simple task. Some philosophers and linguists may say that this is the only most difficult task, which they encountered; others will say it is a hopeless task. Regardless of what views scientists held, attempts to come to an understanding of this problem gave rise to large number specialized meanings; Below are those that are important for psychology: (b) Meaning 2 in itself seems absurd. The point is that no symbol "carries" or "has" a meaning; meaning is in the minds of the speakers/listeners. The symbol functions as a device to achieve the unity of denotative and connotative meanings, (c) Although about the meaning (in in a broad sense) is often spoken as if it could be codified, represented and, at least in principle, explained, it is almost certainly a concept that can only make sense when placed within a contextual framework. For example, standard value The words bachelor are an unmarried man, but some sentences, such as “Oscar Wilde was a bachelor,” or “The Pope is a bachelor,” or “My ten-year-old son is a bachelor,” set contextual boundaries that distort the standard dictionary meaning. On the other hand, the meaning is in the mind of the eyewitness. The ludicrous implication of this view is that compiling dictionaries is a bad joke, since words have meaning (in senses 1 and 3, of course) only in specific contexts, so giving them explicit definitions- futile exercises. Recognizing this problem, I have tried to present the terms in this dictionary as expressions of the way they are used; For more on this problem, see the definition, (d) Much of the communication of meaning depends on the degree of consistency between the speaker/writer's intentions and the listener/reader's assumptions about those intentions. For example, “She has a beautiful voice” could be said as a compliment to the singer or as a sarcastic remark regarding a terrible dramatic performance, and if the value of 1 is consistent with the value of 3, then the intentions and assumptions will be equivalent.

MEANING

Number or other quantitative designation, used for the following expressions: 1. Individual reaction, where the term reaction means any measurable action of the subject. 2. Total or total number, based on a number of individual values (in sense 1). This value is usually found when describing testing, when the final value is made up of several values obtained from suo tests. This term typically occurs with qualifying words that denote the kind of meaning in question; The most common ones are listed below.

Meaning is an abstract or material object that is represented in human consciousness by another object - sign(cm. ); between two objects, acting respectively as a sign and a meaning, in the process semiosis(see) the relationship is established designations. Meaning is an integral part of any sign, regardless of its nature. Marks are created and used for acquisition, storage, processing and transfer information, so meaning can also be defined as the information conveyed by a sign in the process communications with him interpreter. In the broad sense of the word, meaning refers to all information, the carrier of which is a sign, and varieties of this information are also called meanings, adding clarifying definitions.

Meaning and sign are subjects of study in various disciplines: philosophy, logic, linguistics, cultural studies, psychology, sociology and others, but central objects they began to research in a special science of signs and sign systems - semiotics(cm. ). The relationship between signs and their meanings in abstraction from sign situations and the subjects taking part in them is the central subject of study in a special section of semiotics - semantics(cm. ). IN linguistics allocated as a special section linguistic semantics, V logic(cm. ) - logical semantics(cm. ).

IN linguistic semantics the value is treated as an internal form language sign- unit content plan, in contrast to its external form - expression plan, which has its own structure and its own units of division: phonemes, morphemes, lexemes, words, sentences. In linguistics, there are several types of meanings linguistic signs depending on the types of signs themselves; the most important and typical linguistic signs words are considered, the meaning (signified) of which is called lexical meaning. There are different characterizing signs represented in full words, the objective meaning of which is abstract or material objects, phenomena, actions, feelings of people and so on, and verbal signs (pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions and the like), the meaning of which is information about internal relations signs as part of complex linguistic expressions, for example, statements and sentences. Within words, special structural units are distinguished - morphemes that have a specific meaning. At the same time, word-forming and inflectional morphemes realize their meaning only in combination with other signs, which is why they are also called half signs. Morphemes, in turn, consist of phonemes (articulated sounds or letters), a limited number of which exist in any given specific language and which themselves do not have independent meaning, but their combinations, obtained by certain rules in every language (see), they create an unlimited possibility of designating any elements of reality or abstract entities.

There are three main types of meaning usually associated with a sign: subject(designated object); semantic(image of the designated object); expressive(expression of certain feelings).

Under substantive meaning a sign implies an object that is replaced, represented by a given sign; this object can be material or ideal, exist in reality or in an imaginary world, be separate subject or by class, property or relation, and so on. Often, especially in natural languages, the same sign can denote different objects. What specific objective meaning is associated with the sign each time it is used is determined by the context or situation in which the sign is used. In logic, the polysemy of terms is usually assessed as a disadvantage of natural language, therefore, when constructing artificial formalized and machine languages, they strive to ensure that each sign has only one meaning (at least within the limits of a given interpretation or a set of possible interpretations). In linguistics, the polysemy of signs in natural languages is assessed as important property language, increasing it means of expression. Various signs of the same language can have the same object (objects) as their objective meaning; signs whose objective meanings are identical are called synonyms. Moreover, the presence of several meanings for one sign in a language does not cause confusion when using it due to the connection of each of these meanings with a certain context or a certain agreement (convention) concluded between the interpreters of these signs. Signs can also have the same objective meaning different languages, in this case such a sign is characterized as translation some other sign from one language to another.

Under semantic meaning a sign implies information about the objective meaning that is carried or transmitted by the sign itself, and which is understood or interpreted by the subject perceiving the sign; This is information about the properties, characteristics and other characteristics of objects that make up the objective meaning of a given sign. In the case when the object, which is the objective meaning of a given sign, does not exist in reality, it semantic meaning specifies an idealized object or abstraction.

Under expressive meaning sign implies emotions, feelings, desires of a person, expressed by him through the use of this sign in in this context or situation. The tone in which an expression is pronounced (in non-tonal languages) - for example, joyful, surprised, irritable, sad and so on, intonations - for example, interrogative, directive and others, volume - can express the joy, anger, sadness and other emotions of the speaker, which and constitutes the expressive meaning of the sign for its given use. Moreover, the same sign in different situations and contexts of use can receive different expressive meanings. Expressive meaning linguistic expression is also closely related to the choice of vocabulary. Certain linguistic expressions, such as interjections, have only expressive meaning. Since the expressive meaning is associated with the context of use of the sign, it is the subject of study not so much in semantics, but in pragmatics(cm. ).

IN logical semantics, which explores the relationships between signs and their meanings, are not studied expressive meanings signs, but only those that in semiotics are defined as objective and semantic meaning and in logic are most often called denotation and sense. Within the framework of the corresponding logical-semantic theories and methods, work is underway to explicate these concepts and to construct general theory reference and theories of meaning. The most accurately indicated types of meanings are described in the concept of meaning proposed by G. Frege in late XIX century and was further developed in the works of B. Russell, C. I. Lewis, R. Carnap, A. Church and other researchers. Here, meaning is understood as an object that is compared, when interpreting some natural or artificial language, to any of its expressions, acting as name(cm. ). The object denoted by a linguistic expression is called denotation this expression (see). This object can be an object or a class of objects, on the one hand, and a concept or judgment, on the other hand. Accordingly, they differ extensional meaning And intensional meaning, corresponding to “meaning” (denotation) and “co-meaning” (connotation), or “scope of the concept” and “content of the concept” in traditional logic. The difference between these two types of meanings is manifested primarily in the fact that replacing one expression with another having the same extensional meaning is not possible in all contexts in which it is possible to replace one expression with another having the same intensional meaning.

A similar pair of concepts “signification - co-signification” was highlighted by J. St. Mill (denotation - connotation). G. Frege in his naming theories compared the denotation (Bedeutung) and meaning (Sinn) of the name. P. Carnap associated each designating expression - designator extensional(extension) and intension(intention). In the semantics built by R. Carnap and the formalized semantics built by J. J. Kemeny, a statement about the identity of two expressions turns out to be synthetically true if these expressions have the same extensional meaning, and analytically true if they have the same intensional meaning. With this definition, it turns out that all analytic sentences have the same intension, that is same meaning. But not all expressions that have the same intension are interchangeable in indirect contexts such as sentences expressing opinions. Therefore, Carnap introduces another, narrower, relation to clarify the concept of “identity in meaning” for complex expressions: the relation of intensional isomorphism. Expressions that are constructed in the same way from elementary expressions having the same intension are intensionally isomorphic. In the theory of C. I. Lewis, there are four types of meanings: one extensional and three intensional. The extension, or denotation, of a term is the class of all actually existing objects to which this term is applicable; coverage (comprehension) of a term is the class of all possible (conceivable) objects to which this term is applicable; The signification of a term is a property, the presence (absence) of which in an object determines the applicability (inapplicability) of the term to this object; the intension of a term is the conjunction of all terms, each of which is applicable to any subject to which it is applicable this term. A similar distinction is made for sentences and propositional functions.

The concepts of meaning (denotation, nominative, extension) and meaning (intension) developed within the framework of the relevant theories can be used to analyze expressions of both natural and artificial languages. But they can be strictly defined only for artificial formalized languages. Usually in modern logic it is customary to build a formalized language L, and for L metalanguage M.L., in which the syntactic SinML, semantic SemML and [if necessary] pragmatic PrML parts. The syntactic part of the metalanguage contains translations of language expressions L into metalanguage, rules of construction and rules of inference. All language signs are pre-divided into meaningful and syncategorimatic - auxiliary (parentheses, commas, etc.). In the semantic part of the metalanguage, everyone meaningful expressions values are assigned (extensionals) using a special value assignment function R: singular terms - individuals from the individual domain of a given interpretation ( R(a) = ν ), one-place predicates - properties, two- and more local - relations. Moreover, properties and relationships can be specified extensionally - by indicating a set of individuals or, accordingly, ordered n-ok individuals for whom these predicates are satisfied. As values, sentences (correctly constructed formulas without free variables) are assigned logical valences: “true - false” or “1 - 0” in two-valued logic, in three-valued logic: “true - false - uncertainty” and so on. In infinite-valued logic, a sentence is assigned values from one to infinity. IN recent years Logic with meaning gaps has developed, in which not all sentences receive a certain meaning.

The term “meaning” is widely used in other disciplines, where it often receives a special meaning from various researchers.

In philosophy, P. Bridgman identified the meanings of scientific terms with operations to study the objects to which these terms are applied; L. Wittgenstein understands the meaning of a sign as the way this sign is used in language; E. Husserl, B. Bolzano and F. Brentano understand the meaning of a sign as a special ideal object or a special property of thought about an object, and so on. The philosophy of knowledge considers the epistemological content of the concept of meanings of natural and artificial languages, excluding from consideration the types of meanings of expressions that are not essential for the theory of knowledge (for example, the meanings of an expression as a manifestation of intentions, interests, and the like); the interpretation of the meaning of an expression (and a sign in general) here is closely related to the understanding of the cognitive role of the sign.

In psychology (behaviorism, pragmatism), the meaning of a linguistic expression is identified with behavioral reactions subject to the perceived sign. The modern psychological interpretation of meaning is based on the idea of it as a complex, multicomponent, hierarchically organized system, consisting of units that are more fractional than the meaning itself, called “semes”, “semantic features”, “semantic factors”, “atoms of meaning” and in other terms. The meaning is revealed only in the system of meanings, while the semantic components are not morphological, but functional formations, depending on the content of the system in which the analyzed meaning is contained. Semantic components are revealed as folded relationships of meanings with other meanings within a certain system. The formation of an individual system of meanings occurs in the course of training, the subject’s “appropriation” of knowledge and skills developed by humanity and fixed in meaning structures public consciousness. At the same time, meaning is interconnected with the images and feelings of the individual and exists in the individual consciousness in unity with other constituents of consciousness: sensory tissue and personal meaning. Personal meaning is determined by bias human consciousness, and the sensory tissue acts as a figurative basis that connects consciousness with the world through the senses. At the same time, meaning, personal meaning, sensory tissue are understood not as independent units, but as formative, ultimate abstractions various aspects some integrity of individual meaning. Meanings exist only in a system of relations of meanings and are revealed through it. Therefore, a certain integrity - a sentence, a text, an image - has full meaning, and not their individual elements. In functional terms, meaning is understood in two ways: as a standard, acting as a link of control in speech-cognitive activity, and as the formed content of a sentence or text during generation and perception speech utterance. IN the latter case meaning is revealed as “the path from thought to word” (L. S. Vygotsky, A. A. Leontiev). In perceptual activity, meaning also appears in two forms. Mediating the construction process image, it carries the logic of subject norms and allows for control in perceptual activity. On the other hand, meaning is the content of the image in its normative aspect, invariant for all individuals of a given culture.

Hello, dear readers of the blog site. In the Russian language there are a number of words borrowed from other languages, the meaning of which seems to be clear from the context, but it is not entirely clear what they are.

And one of the striking examples is the word “prerogative”, the meaning of which we will briefly talk about today.

The meaning of the word prerogative (what is it)

Prerogative is a privilege, an exclusive right to make decisions on certain issues. It is associated with a special social status the owner of the position he holds.

The concept comes from the Latin “praerogativa” (“ advantage") and goes back to the peculiarities of the ancient Roman social political structure.

The meaning of the word "prerogative" V in the narrow sense – the preemptive right of a state body or official to accept certain solutions, perform politically significant actions.

The term is used to denote the set of powers of the king in relation to parliament: to dissolve and convene legislature, open its meetings, etc.

In a broad sense the concept of “prerogative” is used as a synonym for the concept of “preemptive right”.

For example, it would be appropriate to use the word in the following sentences:

Signing to is the prerogative of the financial director.
The location of the World Cup is determined by FIFA, this is its prerogative.
Contact the dean's office: its prerogative is to distribute students into study groups.
Passing laws is a prerogative State Duma RF.

The term is gradually losing political meaning and settles in colloquial speech, everyday life. No one has the ability to prohibit those who wish to use this word to indicate pre-emptive right one side before the other.

When is it appropriate to use the word "prerogative"

According to explanatory dictionary, this is a designation of exclusive right. Synonyms for this word include:

exceptional opportunity;
benefit;
advantage;
peculiarity;
championship;

The concept of “prerogative” originally referred to business, professional vocabulary, indicating the advantages available to authorities.

In modern Russian the term is used to refer to any exclusive rights, for example:

The use of this word is acceptable in oral, colloquial speech, but not always justified. It is easy to replace it with synonyms “right”, “advantage”. Using them will not change the meaning of the sentence, but will make it easier for others to understand.

History of the origin of the word

IN literal translation from Latin into Russian “praerogativa” means “ first speaker " The history of the term is associated with the peculiarities of the political system Ancient Rome. In the 6th century BC. Emperor Servius Tullius divided the inhabitants of the state into five classes depending on their financial well-being. The poor and the workers remained outside this system.

According to the laws of that time, each class had to gather a certain number of soldiers to defend the state. The army was divided into centuries (centuria), consisting of 100 people. Citizens included in them regularly gathered to vote.

At first, the centuries were limited to the choice of commanders, but over time their powers expanded to include discussion political issues. They determined the composition government agencies authorities expressed their opinions on the laws being adopted and determined sentences for criminals.

The voting order was decided by lots, which were cast by representatives of different classes. The appearance of the soldiers and residents from among whom they were selected was voluntary. What is prerogative in ancient Roman law? This is the name of the century that received the right to vote first.

The voting was open: representatives of the century rose to the podium and expressed their opinion on specific issue. The right of primacy was given great influence on the election results: subsequent speakers were guided by the previously expressed point of view.

Prerogatives of the British Queen

This is a term that is often . According to the laws of the country, the Crown has many prerogatives, including:

declare war without giving a reason;
dissolve the government and parliament;
speak annually before parliament and voice a list of demands;
appoint foreign ambassadors;
conclude a truce;
ratify treaties with other countries;
appoint judges;
present the highest awards;
have mercy on the condemned.

The British Queen cannot be tried or prosecuted for criminal acts. It is forbidden to approach her closer than 3 yards, unless she invites her, you cannot touch her with your hands, or start a conversation with her. Subjects answer “Yes” or “No” to questions asked by the sovereign, unless they are asked for details.

Many prerogatives belonging to british crown, have long been outdated, have become meaningless, but the inhabitants of the country do not abolish them out of respect for traditions.

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