2 statistical simulation modeling of economic processes. Simulation modeling of economic processes

Pronoun- a part of speech that indicates a person, object or sign, but does not name them. Pronouns are divided into:

Personal: I, we, you, you, he, she, it, they.

Returnable: myself.

Possessives: mine, ours, yours, yours, yours.

Interrogative-relative: who, what, which, which, which, whose, how many.

Index fingers: this, that, such, such, so much.

Definitive: himself, most, all (all, everything, everything), everyone, each, any, other.

Negative: no one, nothing, no, no one's, no one, no one, nothing.

Undefined: someone, something, some, some, several, someone, something, some, any, something etc.

1. Personal pronouns- pronouns indicating persons who participate in speech: these are noun pronouns. The constant morphological feature for all personal pronouns is person (I, we - first person; you, you - 2nd person; he (she, it, they) - 3rd person). A constant morphological feature of personal pronouns of the 1st and 2nd person is number (I, you - singular; we, you - plural). All personal pronouns change by case, while not only the ending changes, but also the whole word (I - me, you - you, he - his); The 3rd person pronoun changes according to number and gender (singular) - he, she, it, they.

2. Reflexive pronoun- a pronoun that means that an action performed by someone is aimed at itself character. This is a noun pronoun. A reflexive pronoun has no gender, person, number or form nominative case; reflexive pronoun changes according to cases (oneself, oneself, by oneself).

3. Possessive pronouns- indicate the attribute of an object by its affiliation: these are adjective pronouns.

Possessive pronouns change according to number, gender (singular), case (my, my, mine, mine, mine, etc.). When indicating belonging to a third party, the frozen forms of the genitive case of personal pronouns are used - his, her, theirs.

4. Interrogative pronouns- used in interrogative sentences. Who? What? - pronouns-nouns. They have no gender, person, or number; change according to cases (who, whom, what, what, etc.). Which? whose? which? - pronouns-adjectives, change according to numbers, genders (singular), cases (which, which, which, which, which, etc.). How many? - numeral pronoun; changes according to cases (how many, how many, how many, etc.). Where? When? Where? where? For what? and others - pronominal adverbs; unchangeable words.

5. Relative pronounscoincide with interrogatives - who, what, which, whose, which, where, when, how much, where, where, why, and others, but are used not as question words, but as allied words V subordinate clauses (I know how much effort he put into completing this task; I know who is to blame for our failure; I know where the money is hidden. ). Morphological and syntactic characteristics relative pronouns the same as interrogative pronouns.

6. Demonstrative pronouns - these are means of indicating certain items, characteristics, quantity (distinguishing one from the other). That, this, this, such are pronouns-adjectives and change according to numbers, genders (singular), cases (that, that, that, those; such, such, such, such, etc.). So much is a numeral pronoun; changes according to cases (so many, so many, so many, etc.). There, here, here, there, here, from there, from here, then, therefore, then and others - pronominal adverbs; unchangeable words.

7. Determinative pronouns - serve as a means of clarifying the subject or feature in question. Himself, most, all, every, each, other, other, any - pronouns are adjectives and change according to numbers, genders (singular), cases (every, every, every, every, everyone, etc.). Everywhere, everywhere, always - pronominal adverbs; unchangeable words.

8.Negative pronouns- indicate the absence of objects, signs, quantity. Negative pronouns are formed from interrogative pronouns using the prefixes not-, nor-: who → no one, how much → not at all, where → nowhere, when → never. The morphological and syntactic characteristics of negative pronouns are the same as those of interrogative pronouns, from which negative pronouns educated.

9. Indefinite pronouns- indicate uncertainties, unknown objects, signs, quantity. Indefinite pronouns are formed from interrogative pronouns using the prefixes not-, some- and postfixes -that, -either, -someone: who → someone, someone, someone, anyone, anyone, someone; how much → several, how much, how much; where → somewhere, somewhere, somewhere, somewhere. The morphological and syntactic characteristics of indefinite pronouns are the same as those of interrogative pronouns, from which indefinite pronouns are derived.

Join us onFacebook!

See also:

We suggest taking tests online:

In the Russian language, pronouns play a special role; it is incredibly difficult to do without them in speech and more effort is required to construct any sentence without their participation. They allow you to avoid tautology and can replace a word, indicate the relationship between objects and phenomena and characterize many parts of speech: noun, adjective, numeral and even an adverb!

According to their meaning, pronouns are divided into the following categories: personal, reflexive, possessive, relative, interrogative, demonstrative, attributive, indefinite and negative. By grammatical features this part speech in the Russian language is divided into three groups: generalized-subject, generalized-qualitative and generalized-quantitative.

All personal pronouns

Their function is to indicate an object or person. This group includes the following words: I, you, we, you, he, she, it, they.

The first four personal pronouns characterize the persons participating in the dialogue.

• But I given to another; I I will be faithful to him forever. (A. Pushkin)
• You remember You remember everything, of course... (S. Yesenin)
• The more We we talk to each other, the less We we understand each other. (E. Remarque)
• At dawn You don't wake her... (A. Fet)

​It is interesting to note that in the Russian language there are also outdated personal forms of pronouns that have come out of our everyday life. For example, one , used to denote a group of persons that consists exclusively of objects belonging to the feminine gender.

The last four words from the group characterize persons not participating in the dialogue.

• At dawn she sleeps so sweetly... (A. Fet)
• He was silent at random and sang along out of tune, He always talked about something else... (V. Vysotsky)

They play a role additions or subject. Pronouns change according to cases, numbers and persons. Pronouns referring to a third person can also change according to gender.

Refundable

Only one pronoun is reflexive - myself (and its other forms).

1. Genitive case - at home;
2. Dative - to yourself;
3. Accusative case - into yourself;
4. Instrumental case - in front of you (yourself);
5. Prepositional - with you.

It indicates an object, phenomenon or person who is the actor in the dialogue.

• I often think about to myself as important and smart person.
• Despite her modest behavior, she often admired yourself Spinning in front of the mirror for hours.

Reflexive pronouns play a role additions.

Possessives

Possessive modifiers are pronouns our, yours, yours, yours, mine. Their function is to indicate that an object belongs to a person.

• The teacher said that my the essay was the best!
• Everyone in the family needs to do their household chores so that everything is in order.
• I'm scared because yours the dog growls at me.
• Yours The new dress suits you very well.
• It was our the first award received for excellent execution work.

Changing possessive pronouns is similar to how adjectives change. That is, by gender, number and case. In a sentence they act as definitions, always consistent.

Invariable possessives are pronouns her, him, them . These are modified personal pronouns, used in the genitive case and third person.

• Her platinum hair attracted the admiring glances of passers-by.
• His the voice was firm and stern.
• Their the job was done great!

Relative

They answer questions Which? whose? Who? What? which? How many? what? Often used to connect several simple sentences as part of a complex

• It was noisy, so it was difficult for me to understand Who said these words.
• Look, How many cows grazing in the meadow!
• Lost, I didn't know the way home, but to return to dark forest, from which just left, didn't intend to.
• Mom was discharged from the hospital and I was able to see my little brother. He wasn't like that at all what I imagined him.
• I didn’t want to eavesdrop, but curiosity got the better of me and I began to listen, about what these two say.

Interrogative

They are most often used in interrogative sentences in the Russian language. At pronouns who/what there is no gender, no number, no person. Pronouns which, whose, which, which vary by gender and number. All of them except the word what, change by case.

• Who came to us this morning? I heard a noise.
• What Is this the package lying on the table?
• Which Do you like the color better: orange or red?
• Whose the dog barked last night and kept everyone awake?
• Which hour?
• What is it on your face?

Index fingers

Pronouns this, this, that, such, then So , are demonstrative. They are designed to distinguish an object from a group of similar ones. For example:

• This I like the puppy more than the others.
• This the dress looks amazing!
• That the man seems suspicious to me.
• Such the look can drive anyone crazy.
• Then we were very happy and calm.

It is important not to confuse the pronoun This with a particle. “Is it your work that won the competition?” IN this proposal the word "it" is not a pronoun.

Definitive

Himself, most, all, every, everyone, any other, other are examples of attributive pronouns.

This rather large section is divided into several more. The first includes pronouns himself and the most. They have a distinguishing role and give individuality to the object in question.

• Myself The director of the company set about solving this problem.
• Most great gift life - a strong and loving family.

Word all covers the entire breadth of facial characteristics. For example:

• All the garden was trampled by goats.
• The sun was shining all room.
• All the meeting was in place.

Another, another have opposite meaning what was discussed earlier.

• We found other way out of the current situation.
• It turned out that it leads to his house other road.

Anyone, everyone, anyone indicate the possibility of choosing from the majority.

• Anyone can say that he is good and sincere person.
• Everyone knows how rainy the weather can be here.
• Anyone can try their luck at this attraction.

Undefined

They are formed from interrogatives and relatives. For example, from the pronoun What an indefinite pronoun is formed something; from pronoun which an indeterminate is formed some.

• They say that someone broke into our neighbor's house and stole everything valuable that was in it.
• Something terrible and frightening happened last night.
• Some things are so secret that they cannot be discussed in public.
• Because of the stuffiness in the room, a certain lady fainted.
• Several dogs rushed to catch up with the unfortunate cat, barking.
• Some say that everything Oleg said that evening was a lie.
• A piece of paper hanging on the building of the unfinished church stated that the entire congregation was asking parishioners to donate at least some money to complete the renovation.

Negative

They either describe negative characteristics objects or persons, or indicate their complete absence.

• Nobody none of us expected such a turn of events.
• Nothing could not convince him.
• None We were unable to dissuade him from this reckless act.
• He repented, realizing that there was no one to blame for this act except himself.
• Lenochka decidedly nothing there was nothing to do, and out of boredom she idly wandered from one end of the apartment to the other.

Pronoun- This independent part speeches, which indicates objects (things, persons, their quantity), but does not name them: you, them, so much. Pronouns answer noun questions Who? What?, adjectives Which? whose? and numerals How many?: I I laugh my sister, some horses.

Morphological and syntactic features pronouns depend on which part of speech in in this case it replaces.

Pronoun categories.

Pronoun grades vary By lexical features and grammatical features.

According to lexical characteristics pronouns are:

• personal pronouns: I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they. Personal pronouns indicate participants in a dialogue or conversation, as well as objects.

• possessive pronouns : my, yours, ours, theirs, yours, his, hers. Possessive pronouns indicate that something belongs to someone or something: my home, your bed.

• demonstrative pronouns: that, this, such, such, so much, and outdated this And this one. As you can guess from the name, these pronouns indicate the quantity or attribute of an object: this closet, so many hands.

• reflexive pronoun: myself. This pronoun means that the person or thing that is the subject is identical to another person or thing (which is called the pronoun itself): He loves himself very much.

• interrogative pronouns: what, who, which, which, whose, how many. These pronouns serve to form questions and indicate objects, persons, characteristics or quantity: Who came? What kind of students? How many are there?

• relative pronouns- the same interrogatives, but they do not serve to form questions, but to connect in complex sentences, acting as allied words: I understood, Who was my secret admirer. It was a guy which studied with me at the same faculty.

• definitive pronouns: most, himself, every, all, every, other, any, outdated - everyone And all kinds. Determinative pronouns indicate the attribute of an object: most best husband, every rogue, every Tuesday.

• negative pronouns: nothing, no one, no one, no one, nothing, nobody's, none, not at all. These pronouns do not indicate, but, on the contrary, deny the presence of an object or attribute: I not at all I'm not offended. Nobody was not to blame for my absent-mindedness.

• indefinite pronouns : something, someone, some, some, several. The remaining indefinite pronouns are formed using suffixes -this, -either, -something and the basics of the interrogative pronoun: some candy, someone knocked, give me at least something.

By grammatical features pronouns can be divided into:

• Pronouns-nouns: I, you, he, she, it, they, we, you, they, someone, something, no one, yourself and others. These pronouns have their own peculiarities.

1. They point to objects or persons.
2. They answer the same questions that nouns answer: who?
3. Declined by cases: who, whom, to whom, by whom, etc.
4. They have such syntactic connections in a sentence as a noun.

• Pronouns-adjectives: yours, mine, yours, ours, which, such, that etc. They also have their own peculiarities.

1. Like an adjective, they indicate a characteristic of an object.
2. They answer the question: what? whose?
3. They vary in number, gender and case in the same way as adjectives.
4. They are associated with nouns like adjectives.

• Numeral pronouns: how many, as many, several.

1. Answer the question: How many numerals?
2. They indicate the number of objects, but do not name it.
3. Usually they are declined according to cases.
4. They interact with nouns like numerals.

Syntactic role of the pronoun.

Pronoun Maybe perform in a sentence V roles

• Subject: You will you come to the meeting?
• Predicate: This He.
• Definitions: I want to return my notebook.
• Add-ons: Mom called me.
• Circumstances: How could this happen?

A pronoun is an autonomous part of speech that does not name objects, signs, quantities, but only points to them.

Types of pronouns

In linguistics, NINE categories of pronouns are known. To know the names of these categories, you need to remember the last name NUPOVOLOV:

• N - Uncertain,
• U - Demonstratives,
• P - Possessive,
• O - Relative,
• B - Interrogative,
• O - Negative,
• L - Personal,
• O - Determinatives,
• B - Returnable.

The pronoun "their" - what

In order to establish what category the pronoun “their” belongs to, let’s ask questions about it and establish its initial form.

• Their - WHOM? WHAT? WHAT? WHOSE?

The pronoun “their” has four questions. Let's put the first three of them in the initial form. We get:

• Whom? - initial form(n.f.) Who?
• What? - n. f. What?
• What? - n. f. the same - What?

So: who? what? - their; Who? What? - THEY.

It follows that the pronoun "their" is personal pronoun third party plural“they”, used in the genitive or accusative case. Here are some examples:

The guests have arrived. Sveta invited THEM to her room. - invited whom? - them (i.e. guests) - genitive plural.

Artyom didn’t buy any candles. THEY weren't in the store. - was there something missing? - them (candles) - genitive plural.

There were books on the table. Denis said that he saw THEM for the first time. - sees what? - their (books) - accusative plural.

However, in this form of the genitive (or accusative) case, the personal pronoun “their” can act as a possessive pronoun, and then it answers the question “whose?”; but that's it remains a personal pronoun. In this case, the pronoun acts as a definition in the sentence, and it is necessarily used in pairs with a noun. Here are some examples:

Swifts! THEIR sharp lightning in the sky they fascinate with their beauty. - whose lightning? them (that is, swifts).

Conclusion

The pronoun "their" is a third person plural personal pronoun, used in the genitive or accusative case, or acting as a possessive pronoun, but at the same time remaining personal.

I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they are personal pronouns. Personal pronouns vary by case and answer the same questions as nouns in each case. To find out the person and number of personal pronouns that are used in indirect cases, you need to put the pronoun in the initial form. The initial form of the pronoun is the nominative case form.

I see (who?) them - accusative case.

The initial form (who?) they is the 3rd person plural personal pronoun.

Therefore, IH is a personal pronoun of the 3rd person plural in the accusative case.

Pronoun is an independent non-nominal part of speech that indicates objects, signs or quantities, but does not name them.

The grammatical features of pronouns are different and depend on which part of speech the pronoun is a substitute for in the text.

Classes of pronouns by meaning

There are 9 categories of pronouns according to their meaning:

1. Personal : I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they. Personal pronouns indicate participants in the dialogue ( me, you, we, you), persons not participating in the conversation, and objects ( he, she, it, they).

2. Returnable : myself. This pronoun indicates the identity of the person or thing named by the subject with the person or thing named by the word itself ( He won't hurt himself. Hopes were not justified).

3. Possessives : . Possessive pronouns indicate that an object belongs to a person or another object ( This is my briefcase. Its size is very convenient).

4. Index fingers : this, that, such, such, so much, this(obsolete), this one(obsolete). These pronouns indicate the attribute or quantity of objects.

5. Definitive : himself, most, all, every, every, any, other, different, everyone(obsolete), all kinds(obsolete). Determinative pronouns indicate the attribute of an object.

6. Interrogative : who, what, which, which, whose, how many. Interrogative pronouns serve as special pronouns question words and indicate persons, objects, signs and quantity.

7. Relative : the same as interrogatives, in the function of connecting parts of a complex sentence ( allied words).

8. Negative : no one, nothing, no one, nothing, none, no one's. Negative pronouns express the absence of an object or attribute.

9. Undefined : someone, something, some, some, several, as well as all pronouns formed from interrogative pronouns with the prefix some- or suffixes - this, -either, -something.

Classifications of pronouns according to grammatical features

According to their grammatical features, pronouns correlate with nouns, adjectives and numerals. Pronouns indicate a person or thing pronominal adjectives- for the attribute of an object, pronominal numerals - for quantity.

TO pronouns-nouns include: all personal pronouns, reflexive self, interrogative-relative who and what and negative and indefinite ones formed from them ( no one, nothing, no one, nothing, someone, something, someone, etc.).

TO pronouns-adjectives include all possessives, all attributives, demonstratives this, that, such, such, this, that, interrogative-relatives which, which, whose and the negative and indefinite derived from them (none, no one, some, some, some, etc.).

TO numeral pronouns pronouns refer to as many as those formed from them ( a few, some etc.).

Grammatical features of pronouns-nouns

Pronominal nouns include the following pronouns: personal , you, he, she, it, we, you, they, returnable myself, interrogative-relative Who And What and the negative and indefinite ones formed from them ( no one, nothing, no one, nothing, no one, something, someone, something, anything etc.).

These pronouns have grammatical features, similar to the grammatical features of nouns, however, they also have certain differences from significant nouns. You can ask them questions: who? or what?, in a sentence these words act primarily as subjects or objects.

Let's consider the morphological features of pronouns-nouns.

Personal pronouns have a morphological feature faces :

1st person: me, we;

2nd person: you, you;

3rd person: he, she, it, they.

The morphological feature of the person of pronouns is expressed non-verbally - by personal endings of the verb in the present or future tense indicative mood and forms imperative mood verb, i.e. those verb forms, which have a morphological facial feature:

1st person: I'm going, we're going;

2nd person: you go-eat, go-and-, you go-eat, go-and-those;

3rd person: he, she, it goes, let it go, they go, let it go.

For other pronouns-nouns, as well as for all significant nouns, it is not customary to determine the person.

Personal pronouns have a morphological feature numbers . There are only one personal pronoun ( me, you, he, she, it) and plural ( we, you, they) numbers.

Pronouns-nouns have a constant feature sort of . This question, like the question about number, in school textbooks dimly lit. We will proceed from the following provisions. All personal pronouns have a constant gender marker, which, like significant nouns, is expressed non-verbally.

The pronouns I and you are of the general gender: I, you came - I, you came.

Pronoun he masculine: he came.

Pronoun she feminine: she came.

The pronoun is neuter: it came-o.

The plural pronouns we, you, they are not characterized by gender. We can talk about the animation of personal pronouns, since their V. p. coincides with R. p. ( no you - I see you).

All personal pronouns change according to cases , i.e. they are inclined.

In indirect cases with a preposition, n is added to pronouns of the 3rd person: he has, to them, from her. Additions do not occur with derivative prepositions during, thanks to, according to, despite, etc.: thanks to her, according to him.

The reflexive pronoun-noun itself has no gender or number. It is inflected in the same way as the personal pronoun you, with the exception that the pronoun itself does not have the form I. p.

Interrogative relative pronouns who are masculine singular (who came, but not who came or who came), and the pronoun that is neuter singular ( what happened).

Negative and indefinite pronouns formed from the pronouns who and what have the same characteristics as the pronouns who and what. The peculiarity of the indefinite pronouns someone and something is that someone has the form only I. p., and something- I. p. and V. p. A negative pronouns no one And nothing, on the contrary, do not have the form I. p.

Negative and indefinite pronouns with the prefixes not- and neither-, when used with prepositions, “miss” the preposition inside themselves: not with anyone, with anyone.

Grammatical features of pronouns-adjectives

Adjective pronouns include all possessives ( my, yours, yours, ours, yours, his, hers, theirs), all determinatives ( himself, most, all, every, every, any, other, different, every, every), demonstratives this, that, such, such, this, that, interrogative-relative which, which, whose and negative and indefinite formed from them ( none, no one's, some, some, some etc.).

Adjective pronouns have grammatical features similar to those of nominative adjectives: they have inconsistent symptoms gender, number and case , in which they agree with the noun to which they refer, in a sentence they are a definition or (rarely) nominal part predicate.

Possessive pronouns deserve special mention. his, her and theirs. Unlike the words my, yours, ours, yours, the pronouns his, her and theirs are unchangeable (cf.: his house, desk, window; his houses, desks, windows). Immutability is their constant feature.

Adjective pronouns such and such do not change by case and are used only as a predicate.

Grammatical features of numeral pronouns

Numeral pronouns are few in number. These are the words how many, so many and the pronouns formed from them several, how many, how many.

Like significant numbers, these words do not have morphological characteristics gender and number, change by case and are combined with nouns in a special way: they control R. p. plural. the numbers of the noun in I. p. and V. p. and agree with the noun in indirect cases. These words are pronounced the same way:

I.p. how much

R. p. how many

D. p. how many

V.p. how much

etc. how many

P. p. how many.

The word at all is usually classified not as a pronoun, but as an adverb, since it is unchangeable.

Morphological analysis of pronouns

III. Syntactic role

SAMPLE PARAGRAPH OF PRONOUNS

In the gallery, some distraught citizen discovered in his pocket a bundle, tied in a banking manner and with the inscription on the cover “One thousand rubles”... A few seconds later, the rain of money, getting thicker, reached the chairs, and the audience began to catch the pieces of paper (M. A. Bulgakov).

I. Some (what?) - pronoun, initial form of some.

inconsistent signs: in husband. kind, units number, I. p.

III. Citizen (what kind?) of some kind (definition).

I. (At) yourself (at whom?) - pronoun, initial form of yourself (R. p.)

II. Constant signs: recurrent;

inconsistent signs: in R. p.

III. I discovered (where?) (circumstance).

I. Several (how many?) - pronoun, initial form several.

II. Permanent signs: indeterminate;

inconsistent signs: in V. p..

III. Reached (when?) in a few seconds (circumstance).