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Ivan Zazovich (Vano; Iuane) Dzhugashvili
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Vissarion (Beso) Ivanovich Dzhugashvili(cargo. ბესარიონ ჯუღაშვილი , Osset. Dzukaty Besæ Ioanna firt ; OK. , Didi-Lilo, Tiflis province, Russian Empire -, Tiflis, Russian Empire) - father of J.V. Stalin.
Grandfather of Soviet military leaders - artilleryman Ya. I. Dzhugashvili and aviator V. I. Stalin, Soviet philologist S. I. Alliluyeva; great-grandfather of the Russian cardiologist I. G. Alliluyev, theater director A. V. Burdonsky, Russian philologist G. Ya. Dzhugashvili and Soviet military scientist E. Ya. Dzhugashvili.
Biography
Beso Dzhugashvili was born in the village of Didi-Lilo, Tiflis province, into a family of serf peasants of Prince Machabeli. Beso-Vano's father Zazovich Dzhugashvili was engaged in growing and selling grapes.
Beso's elder brother, George, owned a tavern on the road in the village of Manglisi, which was a popular vacation spot for the Georgian aristocracy.
According to Russian historian E. S. Radzinsky, grandfather of Beso - Zaza Dzhugashvili - repeatedly participated in peasant riots, was arrested, imprisoned, escaped. Soon he settled in the village of Didi-Lilo and got married there. Zaza was a shepherd.
Vissarion Dzhugashvili was a shoemaker by profession.
According to his memoirs, Beso could read Georgian and quoted fragments from the poem “The Knight in the Skin of a Tiger” from memory; he knew Georgian, Russian, Armenian and Azerbaijani. Apparently, the knowledge was acquired independently, since Beso did not study at school. After the death of his father and the murder of his brother Georgy, Beso and his sister Pelageya went to Tiflis and began working at the factory of the Armenian manufacturer Adelkhanov, where he quickly advanced and received the title of foreman.
From the memoirs of Stalin's neighbor and childhood friend in Gori, Niko Tlashadze:
“When Father Soso Beso came, we avoided playing in the room. Beso was very a peculiar person. He was of average height, dark, with a large black mustache and long eyebrows, and had a stern expression on his face. He always walked gloomy. He wore a short Karachogel arkhaluk and a long Karachogel Circassian coat, and was girded with a narrow leather belt. He put on his boots, tucked his trousers into his boots, and wore a hat with a visor.”
According to numerous recollections, after the birth of Soso, Beso began to abuse alcohol, often beating his wife and child (according to other sources, Beso suffered from alcoholism even before his marriage). Around 1883 he left his family and moved to Tiflis. In 1889, Beso tried to take Soso's son from the second preparatory class Gori Theological School to teach his own craft, but his friends dissuaded him from doing so. In 1890, Beso, after an accident with Soso, takes his son to Tiflis, where he arranges for him to work at Adelkhanov’s shoe factory. However, Ekaterina Georgievna came to Tiflis for her son and took him to Gori, where he continued his spiritual education.
The further fate of Vissarion Dzhugashvili is unknown for certain. According to Vissarion's granddaughter Svetlana Alliluyeva, he died in a drunken brawl from a knife attack in 1890. A number of works devoted to the genealogy of Stalin claim that Vissarion died in 1909. Thus, in particular, “Information about the supervised person from case No. 136 of the Vologda Gendarmerie Directorate”, dated 1909, has been preserved:“Joseph Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili. Georgian from peasant background. Has a father Vissarion Ivanov, 55 years old, and mother Ekaterina, live: mother in Gori, father leads a wandering life ... "
A number of researchers indicate [which ones?] that Vissarion Ivanovich died on August 25, 1909 in a Tiflis hospital from tuberculosis, colitis and chronic pneumonia. According to the same information, he was buried in Telavi, but the authenticity of the burial has not been established.
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Notes
- now Gardabani District, Georgia
- Rybas S. Yu. Stalin. - M.: Young Guard, ZhZL, issue 1419, 2010, p. 9 ISBN 978-5-235-03324-5
- Rybas S. Yu. Stalin. - M.: Young Guard, ZhZL, issue 1419, 2010, p.9 ISBN 978-5-235-03324-5
- According to representatives of the Arsoshvili (Oset. Ærsoitæ) clan (descendants of Dzhugashvili on the female line and old-timers of the village of Didi-Lilo), Beso fled from the village either from taxes or from debts.
- According to the records in the metric book of the Gori Assumption Cathedral, Joseph Dzhugashvili was born not on December 21, but on December 6 (18), 1878, and was baptized on December 17 (29) of the same year.
- Ostrovsky A.V.
- See for example: Kaminsky V., Vereshchagin V. Stalin's childhood and youth. - Young guard. - 1939, No. 12.
- (Russian) . chrono.ru. Retrieved September 24, 2014.
Sources
- Ostrovsky A.V.// Genealogical Bulletin. - St. Petersburg. , 2001. - No. 1.
- Alliluyeva S.I.. - M., 1990. - P. 121.
- Rybas S. Yu. Stalin. - M.: Young Guard, ZhZL, issue 1419, 2010, ISBN 978-5-235-03324-5
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An excerpt characterizing Dzhugashvili, Vissarion Ivanovich
- Stop doing that!I felt a little offended, because no matter what happened, out of habit, they always blamed me for everything (although this moment this, of course, was absolutely true).
- Why do you think it’s me? – I asked pouting.
“Well, it seems like we don’t have ghosts yet,” the grandmother said calmly.
I loved her very much for her equanimity and unshakable calm. It seemed that nothing in this world could truly “unsettle” her. Although, naturally, there were things that upset her, surprised her, or made her sad, she perceived all this with amazing calm. And that’s why I always felt very comfortable and protected with her. Somehow, I suddenly felt that my last “prank” interested my grandmother... I literally “felt in my gut” that she was watching me and waiting for something else. Well, naturally, I didn’t keep myself waiting long... A few seconds later, all the “spoons and ladle” hanging over the stove flew down with a noisy roar behind the same frying pan...
“Well, well... Breaking is not building, I would do something useful,” the grandmother said calmly.
I was already choked with indignation! Well, please tell me how she might feel about this." incredible event"so cold-blooded?! After all, this is... SUCH!!! I couldn’t even explain what it was, but I certainly knew that I couldn’t take what was happening so calmly. Unfortunately, my indignation did not make the slightest impression on my grandmother and she again calmly said:
“You shouldn’t spend so much effort on something you can do with your hands.” Better go read it.
My outrage knew no bounds! I couldn’t understand why what seemed so amazing to me didn’t cause any delight in her?! Unfortunately, I was still too young a child to understand that all these impressive “external effects” really do not give anything other than the same “ externalities“... And the essence of all this is just to intoxicate gullible and impressionable people with the “mystique of the inexplicable,” which my grandmother, naturally, was not... But since I had not yet grown up to such an understanding, at that moment it was only incredibly interesting to me, What else can I move? Therefore, without regret, I left my grandmother, who “did not understand” me, and moved on in search of a new object of my “experiments”...
At that time, my father’s favorite, a beautiful gray cat, Grishka, lived with us. I found him sleeping sweetly on the warm stove and decided that this was just very good point try your new “art” on it. I thought it would be better if he sat on the window. Nothing happened. Then I concentrated and thought harder... Poor Grishka flew off the stove with a wild cry and crashed his head on the windowsill... I felt so sorry for him and so ashamed that I, all around guilty, rushed to pick him up. But for some reason all the fur of the unfortunate cat suddenly stood on end and he, meowing loudly, rushed away from me, as if scalded by boiling water.
It was a shock for me. I didn’t understand what happened and why Grishka suddenly disliked me, although before that we were very good friends. I chased him almost all day, but, unfortunately, I was never able to beg for forgiveness... His strange behavior lasted for four days, and then our adventure was most likely forgotten and everything was fine again. But it made me think, because I realized that, without wanting it, with the same unusual “abilities” I can sometimes cause harm to someone.
After this incident, I began to take much more seriously everything that unexpectedly manifested itself in me and “experimented” much more carefully. All the following days, naturally, I simply fell ill with the mania of “movement.” I mentally tried to move everything that caught my eye... and in some cases, again, I got very disastrous results...
So, for example, I watched in horror as shelves of neatly folded, very expensive, dad’s books fell “organized” onto the floor and with shaking hands I tried to put everything back in place as quickly as possible, since books were a “sacred” object in our house and Before you took them, you had to earn them. But, fortunately for me, my dad wasn’t at home at that moment and, as they say, this time it “blown away”...
Another very funny and at the same time sad incident happened with my dad’s aquarium. My father, as long as I remember him, was always very fond of fish and dreamed of one day building a large aquarium at home (which he later realized). But at that moment, for lack of anything better, we simply had a small round aquarium that could only hold a few colorful fish. And since even such a small “living corner” brought dad spiritual joy, then everyone in the house looked after him with pleasure, including me.
And so, one “unfortunate” day, when I was just passing by, all busy with my “moving” thoughts, I accidentally looked at the fish and regretted that they, poor things, had so little space to live freely... The aquarium suddenly shook and, to my great horror, it burst, spilling water throughout the room. Before the poor fish had time to come to their senses, they were eaten with great appetite by our beloved cat, who suddenly, right from the sky, received such an unexpected pleasure... I felt really sad, because I in no way wanted to upset my dad , and even more so, to interrupt someone’s life, even a very small one.
That evening I was waiting for my dad in a completely in a broken state– it was very offensive and embarrassing to make such a stupid mistake. And although I knew that no one would punish me for this, for some reason I felt very bad in my soul and, as they say, the cats were scratching very loudly inside of me. I realized more and more that some of my “talents” could be very, very dangerous in certain circumstances. But, unfortunately, I didn’t know how to control this and therefore I became more and more worried about the unpredictability of some of my actions and about their possible consequences with results that were completely undesirable for me...
But I was still just a curious nine-year-old girl and could not worry for a long time about the fish that tragically died, although it was entirely my fault. I continued to diligently try to move all the objects that came my way and was incredibly happy about any unusual manifestation in my “research” practice. So, one fine morning during breakfast, my milk cup suddenly hung in the air right in front of me and continued to hang, but I didn’t the slightest idea I didn’t have a way to lower it... Grandma was in the kitchen at that moment and I was frantically trying to “figure out” something so that I wouldn’t have to blush and explain myself again, expecting to hear complete disapproval on her part. But the unfortunate cup stubbornly refused to come back. On the contrary, she suddenly moved smoothly and, as if teasingly, began circling over the table wide circles... And the funny thing is that I couldn’t grab her.
Vissarion (Beso) Ivanovich Dzhugashvili(Georgian, ca. 1850, Didi-Lilo, Tiflis province, Russian Empire - 1909, Tiflis, Russian Empire) - father of I.V. Stalin.
Grandfather of Soviet military leaders - artilleryman Ya. I. Dzhugashvili and aviator V. I. Stalin, Soviet philologist S. I. Alliluyeva; great-grandfather of the Russian cardiologist I. G. Alliluyev, theater director A. V. Burdonsky, Russian philologist G. Ya. Dzhugashvili and Soviet military scientist E. Ya. Dzhugashvili.
Biography
Beso Dzhugashvili was born in the village of Didi-Lilo, Tiflis province, into a family of serfs under Prince Machabeli. Beso's father, Vano Zazovich Dzhugashvili (1825-1898), was engaged in growing and selling grapes.
Beso's elder brother, Georgy Ivanovich Dzhugashvili (1845-1915), owned a tavern on the road in the village of Manglisi, which was a popular vacation spot for the Georgian aristocracy.
According to the Russian historian E. S. Radzinsky, Beso’s grandfather, Zaza Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili (1798-1847), repeatedly participated in peasant riots, was arrested, imprisoned, and escaped. Soon he settled in the village of Didi-Lilo and got married there. Zaza was a shepherd. He was killed at the age of 50.
Vissarion Dzhugashvili was a shoemaker by profession.
According to his memoirs, Beso could read Georgian and quoted fragments from the poem “The Knight in the Skin of a Tiger” from memory; he knew Georgian, Russian, Armenian and Azerbaijan language. Apparently, the knowledge was acquired independently, since Beso did not study at school. After the death of his father and the murder of his brother Georgy, Beso and his sister Pelageya went to Tiflis and began working at the factory of the Armenian manufacturer Adelkhanov, where he quickly advanced and received the title of foreman.
In the late 1860s and early 1870s, the Armenian merchant Joseph Baramov (Baramyants) organized a shoe sewing and repair factory in Gori and invited the best Georgian craftsmen to it, among whom was Vissarion Ivanovich Dzhugashvili.
He was married to Ekaterina (Keke) Geladze, the daughter of a serf peasant of the princes Amilakhvari. The sacrament of the wedding took place in the Assumption Cathedral in the city of Gori on May 17, 1874. Children:
- Michael, born February 14, 1875, and lived about a week;
- Georgy was born on December 24, 1876, died of measles in 1877, a year before the birth of Joseph Vissarionovich;
- Joseph, born December 6 (18), 1878.
From the memoirs of Stalin’s neighbor and childhood friend in Gori, Niko Tlashadze:
“When Father Soso Beso came, we avoided playing in the room. Beso was a very peculiar person. He was of average height, dark, with a large black mustache and long eyebrows, and had a stern expression on his face. He always walked gloomy. He wore a short Karachogel arkhaluk and a long Karachogel Circassian coat, and was girded with a narrow leather belt. He put on his boots, tucked his trousers into his boots, and wore a hat with a visor.”
According to numerous recollections, after the birth of Soso, Beso began to abuse alcohol, often beating his wife and child (according to other sources, Beso suffered from alcoholism even before his marriage). Around 1883 he left his family and moved to Tiflis. In 1889, Beso tried to take his son Soso from the second preparatory class of the Gori Theological School in order to teach him his own craft, but his friends dissuaded him from doing this. In 1890, Beso, after an accident with Soso, takes his son to Tiflis, where he arranges for him to work at Adelkhanov’s shoe factory. However, Ekaterina Georgievna came to Tiflis for her son and took him to Gori, where he continued his spiritual education.
The further fate of Vissarion Dzhugashvili is unknown for certain. According to Vissarion’s granddaughter Svetlana Alliluyeva, he died in a drunken brawl from a knife blow in 1890. A number of works devoted to the genealogy of Stalin claim that Vissarion died in 1909. Thus, in particular, “Information about the supervised person from case No. 136 of the Vologda Gendarmerie Directorate”, dated 1909, has been preserved:
“Joseph Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili. Georgian from peasant background. Has a father, Vissarion Ivanov, 55 years old, and a mother, Ekaterina, who live: the mother lives in Gori, the father leads a wandering life...”
A number of researchers indicate [which ones?] that Vissarion Ivanovich died on August 25, 1909 in a Tiflis hospital from tuberculosis, colitis and chronic pneumonia. According to the same information, he was buried in Telavi, but the authenticity of the burial has not been established.
With the name I.V. There are many legends associated with Stalin. His birth is also surrounded by legends.
A. Adamovich’s story “The Punishers” (chapter “Understudy”) describes how facts unexpectedly line up in the leader’s fevered brain: the arrival of Alexander III in Tiflis, his stay in the governor’s palace in the Caucasus, a young servant who was “suddenly floated to remote Gori.” , her hasty marriage “to an inconspicuous Ossetian shoemaker”, the appearance of the newlyweds’ first child, named Joseph; and a guess involuntarily flashes: was he, the son of a shoemaker, a “beggar prince”?
The version is spectacular, but it crumbles to dust at the first contact with the facts. Suffice it to say that Joseph was born four and a half years after his parents’ wedding, and was their third son.
However, it turns out Alexander III not the only “contender” for the paternity of the leader of the peoples. In the queue of “applicants” we see famous researcher Central Asia N.M. Przhevalsky, Gori wine merchant Yakov Egnatoshvili, “an influential official under the tsar,” a certain “prosperous prince” and even a “Jewish merchant.”
No evidence is provided in this regard. And it is unlikely that they can be cited. Therefore, we must proceed from the available documents. And they testify that the father of I.V. Stalin was a peasant Vissarion (Beso) Ivanovich Dzhugashvili, born in 1850 in the village of Didi Lilo.
The surname "Dzhugashvili" literally means "son of Dzhuga", but in Georgia there is no name Dzhuga, and in Georgian language there is no word with a similar root. This means: or this surname Not Georgian origin, or it was originally written differently.
For the first time, the question of its origin was raised in 1939 by academician I. Javakhishvili in his article, which is called: “Where did the surname of the leader of the people come from?” In his opinion, once the ancestors of I.V. Dzhugashvili were called "Beroshvili". Then they settled in the Kakheti village of Dzhugaani and, based on its name, received the surname Dzhugashvili.
Unfortunately, the said article by I. Javakhishvili has not yet been published. It is stored in the archives of the former Georgian branch of the Institute of Marxism-Leninism (GF IML), remaining almost inaccessible to researchers. In any case, in 1995 I was not given such an opportunity. In such a situation, it seems difficult to judge both the validity and unsoundness of the above version.
In this regard, the manuscript of the article stored in the archives of the former GF IML deserves attention unknown author entitled "Children's and school years Joseph Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili (Stalin)". Written during the life of the leader, it contains a completely different explanation of the origin of his surname: “According to the story of Olga Kasradze (who knew Dzhugashvili closely) and peasants from the village of Lilo,” we read here, “the surname “Dzhugashvili,” as they heard from Vissarion himself, came about as follows way: their great-grandfather lived in the mountains of Mtiuleti (modern South Ossetia - A.O.) and served as a shepherd. He loved animals very much, jealously protected the herd from all kinds of adversity and sadness, and therefore he was given the nickname “Jogisshvili” (which means “son of the herd”).” This nickname was later transformed into the surname “Dzhugashvili”.
What makes this version convincing is that it was reflected in the memoirs of I.V.’s mother. Stalin - Ekaterina Dzhugashvili, on the basis of which, apparently, I. Javakhishvili argued that initially “Dzhugashvili” were called “Beroshvili”.
If the first Jogisshvili was Beso’s great-grandfather, he could have lived in the 18th century, when in the Mtiuleti mountains there was still a struggle between the Georgian Moheve people and the Ossetians who had invaded their territory from the north. As is known, to end of the XVIII- early 19th century this struggle ended in victory for the Ossetians, who not only subjugated, but also settled the Moheve territory, which later formed northern part Gori district, now called South Ossetia. To which of the two ethnic groups, between whom there was a struggle, belonged to the great-grandfather Beso Dzhugashvili, we do not know.
The first Dzhugashvili, whose name we know, was called Zaza.
“There is information,” recalled G.I. Elisabedashvili - that Visarion’s grandfather lived in Ananur (Dusheti district) and his name was Zaza. Having staged an uprising and fleeing from Prince Eristavi, he fled to the Gori district. Here the same thing happened again, and he hid in the mountains where there is the Geris-tavi church (i.e., the peak of Geri - A.O.). When they traced him there, he moved from there to Didi Lilo and lived there until his death.”
“Stalin’s great-grandfather on his father’s side, Zaza Dzhugashvili,” wrote A.M. Tsikhitatrishvili, - participated in the peasant uprising in Ananur (Dushetsky district of the Tiflis province), was arrested, fled to the Gori district and here became a serf of the princes of Eristavi. Again he took part in the peasant unrest and fled again. He was a shepherd in Geris-tavi, and then settled in Didi Lilo, a village near Tiflis."
The question arises: was it not he who appeared in the testimony of priest Joseph Purtseladze from the village of Mereti. These testimonies were given by him on December 8, 1805 to Major Reich and concerned participants in one of the first anti-Russian uprisings in Georgia, led by Prince Elizbar Eristavi. “I know and saw,” said I. Purtseladze, “that the Ossetians who lived on this side and this side visited the son of the kular agasi Elizbar; Not a night passed without some of them coming and others leaving. The people Elizbar sent were Zaza Dzhuka-shvili and Tauri-khata, but Zaza more often walked around during the day and brought the Ossetians at night.”
In this regard, the article by E. Sturua “Stalin during his studies in Gori”, published in 1939 on the pages of the Leningrad newspaper “Smena”, attracts attention. It said: “His (i.e. Stalin - A.O.) ancestors lived in the Aragvin Gorge at the beginning of the last century. In 1802–1804 they took part in peasant protests against the tsarist colonialists and the nobility. After the suppression of the uprising, they moved to the village of Didi Lilo."
We don’t know where exactly Zaza Dzhugashvili lived. One can only say that one of such places could have been the village of Geri, located in the northern part of the Gori district not far from the above-mentioned village of Mereti and future capital South Ossetia Tskhinvali. Apparently, this is where the Geris-tavi church mentioned by G.I. was located. Elisabedashvili.
The village of Geri is located on the banks of Bolshaya Liakhva and is located about 30 km from Gori. In 1869 it was a mountain village, in which there were 52 “smokes” and 341 people. Moreover, they were all Ossetians.
The fact that the ancestors of I.V. Stalin once really lived in Geri is evidenced by the memoirs of the wife of his second cousin Nina Ivanovna Dzhugashvili (née Tsiklauri). “My father-in-law, Georgiy Dzhugashvili,” she recalled, “said that their ancestors, immigrants from Geri, moved to Didi Lilo. He added with surprise that he did not understand this relocation. Since seven villages fled from the vicinity of Didi Lilo due to strong winds» .
And further: “I can’t say for sure who moved from Geri - Ivan (Vissarion’s father) or Nikolai (my father-in-law Georgiy’s father) or their father, but Georgiy and Vissarion were born in the village of Didi Lilo and lived on the eastern outskirts of the village (near the present village council) (written in 1949 - A.O.). Here they lived in the same dugout (now a house has been built on this place, the house of George’s sons – Sandro and Nikola).”
A.M. also wrote about this. Tsikhitatrishvili: “Dzhugashvili’s ancestors were not born in Gori. They lived in the village of Geri (Gori district, Liakhvinsky gorge). Like all the peasants of this gorge, they were serfs of the princes of Machabeli... I heard that those living in Lilo Dzhugashvili came from Geri, both from my father and from Aunt Keke herself (mother of I.V. Stalin - A.O.) . In addition, it has not been erased from my memory that Beso and Keke often remembered Geri and went there to pray as if they were in the chapel of their ancestors.”
The memoirs of A.M. Tsikhitatrishvili also contain a description of the circumstances under which Dzhugashvili moved from Geri to Didi Lilo. “Dzhugashvili,” he noted, “had an old grandfather, either Zura or Zaza (unless I’m mistaken), who was in relations with Prince Machabeli. After his death, his children and grandchildren with part of the village collected their belongings and asked the new ruler Machabeli, who escaped from Persian captivity and known for his kindness, to settle them somewhere towards Kakheti. This Machabeli, as an escapee from captivity, was awarded by the then government with large estates and Dianbeg in the York Gorge to Tiflis. He respected the request of the mountaineers and settled them in Lilo."
It was possible to establish that in in this case we're talking about about the great-grandson of Prince Baadur Machabeli - Hussein (Mikhail Vasilyevich), who fled from Turkey, converted to Christianity and switched to Russian service. Having received the rank of lieutenant colonel, in 1812 he was appointed ruler of the villages of Lilo, Martkopi and Nori. And since, as established, the Georgian historian A.G. Matiashvili, the name Dzhugashvili was first mentioned in documents from the village of Didi Lilo in 1819; it can be argued that the Dzhugashvilis moved here no earlier than 1812 and no later than 1819.
The village of Lilo was located northeast of Tiflis at a distance of approximately 15 km from it. In the 1802 statement about the division of Georgia into counties, it is listed as state-owned, and about its inhabitants it is said: “baptized from Ossetians.” Over time, this village became upset, and some of its inhabitants moved to a new place, forming two new villages Didi Lilo, which means Big Lilo, and Patara Lilo, i.e. Small Lilo. Apparently, this is where M.V. Machabeli and received a land grant.
According to A.G. Matiashvili, the first Dzhugashvili mentioned in documents, was named Joseph. In 1819, he had a son, who became known under the name Vano or Ivan, but had several names, including the name Mily. As stated by N.I. Dzhugashvili, Vano had a brother Nikolo (died in 1927, was married to Marta Pukhashvili).
Nicolo had a son, George, and two grandchildren: Sandro (1884–1923) and Nicolo (1888–1945). Nikolo was married to Masho Karkusadze and died childless; his grave remains in the village of Didi Lilo. Sandro, from his marriage to Nina Ivanovna, née Tsiklauri, from the village of Shvindadze (b. ca. 1902), had only one daughter, Elena (1918–1961), who became the wife of Georgiy Arsoshvili (did not return from the Great Patriotic War). He was survived by his daughter Venus (1937–1961), who died unmarried, and his son Nukzar (b. 1940). Thus, this branch of Dzhugashvili was stopped. Now the descendants of Dzhugashvili live in Didi Lilo only through the female line - Arsoshvili: Nukzar Georgievich, his wife Makvelina Vakhtangovna Kvelashvili (b. 1941) and their children: Georgiy (1964) and Manana (1965), son Koba (1973) in 1996. served on the border.
As for Vano, he had at least three children: a daughter, Pelageya, and two sons, Beso (1850–1909) and Georgy.
Vano Dzhugashvili was an enterprising man. “Among those who settled in Lilo Dzhugashvili,” recalled A.M. Tsikhitatrishvili,” Vano, who had two sons: Beso and Georgiy, came forward. Vano planted a vineyard and established contact with the city, where he took his son. After his death, Georgy was killed by robbers in Kakheti, and Beso went to the city (Tiflis) and here he began working at the Adelkhanov factory, where he was promoted and received the title of foreman.”
Since a vineyard in Georgia will not surprise anyone, the above words, apparently, should be interpreted in such a way that Vano Dzhugashvili not only provided himself with grapes, but also sold them in the city. The testimony of Nukzar Georgievich Arsoshvili is quite consistent with this, according to whom Vano’s eldest son Georgiy no longer studied agriculture, and owned a tavern on the road in the village of Manglis (one of the vacation spots of the Georgian aristocracy).
If events had developed their way naturally, most likely, the sons of Vano Dzhugashvili would have joined the ranks of the emerging Georgian bourgeoisie. However, in the 60s, something happened in the Dzhugashvili family. Vano died relatively young (he was not yet 50 years old). Soon Georgy died. According to Nukzvar Arsoshvili, he was killed by robbers who attacked his tavern, after which Beso and his sister were forced to leave Didi Lilo. In the Arsoshvili family (according to their ancestors), this is explained by the fact that they fled either from taxes or from debts. Initially they found shelter in Telavi. Then Beso moved to Tiflis, and from there to Gori.
According to memoir sources, at the turn of the 60s–70s. Gori merchant Joseph Baramov (Baramyants) entered into an agreement with the military department for the supply and repair of shoes for the Gori garrison and for this purpose opened a shoe workshop in Gori, to which he invited about 25 shoemakers. Among them was Beso Dzhugashvili.
“Vissarion came to Gori from Tbilisi,” recalled A.M.’s mother. Tsikhitatrishvili Maria Kirillovna Abramidze-Tsikhitatrishvili, - shoe dealer V. Baramov wrote him out of the city (Tbilisi) as the best master". “He,” Efimia Zozishvili (b. ca. 1850) recalled about Beso Dzhugashvili, “rented a room in the Russian quarter in the Kulumbegiani house not far from us.”
Beso appeared in Gori when he was about 20 years old. There is information that he could read Georgian and quoted whole fragments from Shota Rustaveli’s poem “The Knight in the Skin of a Tiger” from memory. According to the 1897 census in the Tiflis province, only 16% of the total population knew literacy; this figure rose to 46% in the city and dropped to 8% in rural areas. If we take into account Beso’s age, we can safely say that among his peers no more than 5% knew literacy and that Beso did not come from a simple peasant family. There is also memoir evidence that on household level he could communicate in four languages: Armenian, Georgian, Russian and Turkic. And since he had no education, he acquired all this knowledge on his own. This certainly characterizes him as very capable person.
Until now, only one photograph of Beso is known, which is shown in memorial museum I.V. Stalin in Gori. From this photograph he is already looking at us old man in a cap with a face overgrown with a beard. Unfortunately, its original is unknown. It was not possible to find information about its origin and the time to which it belongs. It remains unclear on what basis it was attributed as a photograph of Beso Dzhugashvili.
The range of materials that contain descriptions and characteristics of Beso is very limited. One of these descriptions belongs to Niko Tlashadze, former peer Soso Dzhugashvili, who lived next door to him.
“When Father Soso Beso came,” he recalled, “we avoided playing in the room. Beso was a very peculiar person. He was of average height, dark, with a large black mustache and long eyebrows, and had a stern expression on his face. He always walked gloomy. He wore a short Karachogel arkhaluk and a long Karachogel Circassian coat, and was girded with a narrow leather belt. He put on his boots, tucked his trousers into his boots, and wore a hat with a visor.”
Khakhanishvili Kote: “I remember Soso’s parents well. Shoemaker Beso, tall, thin, dressed in a black Circassian coat."
We have even more limited information about I.V.’s mother. Stalin. As is clear from her own memoirs, she was the daughter of the serf princes Amilakhvari. In some cases, her father is called Geladze, in others Gelashvili, and his name is indicated as Glah, Gabriel and Georgiy. Therefore, his daughter is also called either Georgievna or Gabrielovna (Gavrilovna). The most common spelling is Glah Geladze.
Glah Geladze lived in the village of Sveneti near the city of Gori and, according to some sources, was either a potter or a brickmaker. His wife was Melania Khomezurashvili, also a former serf of the princes of Amilakhvari and living in the village of Plavi, Gori district. According to the memoirs of E. Dzhugashvili, her parents, having gotten married, left their native places and, apparently, in search of work, settled in the village of Gambareuli, located on the outskirts of the city of Gori.
This village belonged to the Armenian family of the Gambarovs (Gambaryants). IN early XIX century, the owner of Gambareuli, apparently, was Zakhary Gambarov, after whose death at least three sons, Kikola, Georgiy and Zakhary, remained. George died in 1849, Kikola no later than 1852. Therefore, in the 50s, when Glah Geladze settled in Gambureuli, the owner of this village could have been Zakhary Zakharyevich Gambarov, after whose death at least two sons remained - Alexander and Sulkhan.
Gambareuli was famous for its gardens. One of the gardeners was Glah Geladze. From his marriage to Melania Khomezurashvili, he had two sons (Glakha and Sandal) and a daughter, Keke, Ekaterina. One of Glah's sons became a potter, the other a brickmaker. It is known that Glah (Georgiy Georgievich) had a wife whose name was Sophia, Sandal's (Sandro) wife was named Keke. Glah left no offspring, and this branch of Geladze ended with him.
The obituary published on June 8, 1937 on the pages of the Zarya Vostoka newspaper said: “Ekaterina Georgievna Dzhugashvili (née Geladze) was born in 1856 in the village of Gambareuli near the city of Gori in the family of a serf. Until the age of 9, Ekaterina Georgievna grew up in the village and, together with her family, experienced the need and oppression of the landowner. In 1864, after the abolition of serfdom, the Geladze family moved from the village to the city of Gori. Ekaterina Georgievna's father died early, and the family was left in the care of her mother. Thanks to the care of her mother and brothers, Ekaterina Georgievna learned to read and write.”
Melania was widowed early and was forced to seek support from her brother, Peter Khomezurashvili, who by this time also lived in Gori.
Soon after moving to Gori, Melania also died, as a result of which all her children ended up in the care of her brother. “I,” recalled second cousin I.V. Stalin’s mother, Nina Mikhailovna Balanchivadze (née Mamulova, Mamulashvili), heard from her mother that Ekaterina Dzhugashvili, left an orphan in childhood, was raised in the family of my grandfather, Peter Khomezurashvili.”
Since childhood, she was not only taught to work. She also received home education, learned to read and write Georgian. If in mid-19th century centuries, it was rare to have a literate peasant, and even more rare was a literate peasant woman. This indicates that the family of the former serf Peter Khomezurashvili was a difficult family.
In 1872, Keke turned 16 years old, and they began to look for a groom. Matchmakers got down to business and matched her with Beso Dzhugashvili.
As is clear from the metric book of the Gori Assumption Cathedral, they got married on May 17, 1874. The ceremony was performed by Archpriest Khakhanov, and the marriage record was made by priest Nikolai Yakovlevich Kasradze. Witnesses on the groom’s side were Gori residents, peasants Alexey Nikolaevich Zozaev (Zozishvili), Nikolai Yaseevich Kopinov and Ivan Iosifovich Sharamov (apparently, a typo, and should be read: Baramov), and on the bride’s side, Gori townspeople Ivan Stepanovich Mamasakhlisov, Ivan Glahovich Mechitov and Stepan Georgievich Galustov.
Beso and Keke's first child was born on February 14, 1875. He was christened Mikhail (that was the name of Machabeli, under whom Dzhugashvili moved from Geri to Didi Lilo). As its receiver, i.e. A peasant with the princely surname Shalva Bezhanovich Machabeli-shvili was invited to be the godfather (Bezhan was the name of Mikhail Vasilyevich Machabeli’s brother). The firstborn lived only one week and died on February 21.
The second child was born on December 24, 1876, he was named George. That was the name of my relative and cousins Beso was the name of Mikhail Machabeli’s brother. The local wine merchant Yakov Egnatoshvili became the recipient of George’s baptism. George also did not live long and died of measles on June 19, 1877.
For a long time it was believed that the third son of Beso and Keke Joseph (Soso) was born on December 9/21, 1879. However, as evidenced by the entry in the metric book of the Gori Assumption Cathedral, Joseph Dzhugashvili was born on December 6/18, 1878 and was baptized on December 17/29 of the same year.
The historian L. Spirin was the first to draw attention to this. “Let us turn to the documents,” he wrote, “on the 33rd sheet of the first part of the metric register of those born in 1878 (Gori Cathedral Church, Tiflis province) it is said: “On December 6, a resident of Gori, peasant Vissarion Ivanovich Dzhugashvili and his legal wife Ekaterina Gabrielovna (both Orthodox confessions) son Joseph was born. The newborn was baptized by Archpriest Khakhanov and the cleric Kvinikidze... The sacrament took place on December 17.”
According to M.K. Abramidze-Tsikhitatrishvili, the birth was attended by her daughter-in-law Mariam. According to documents, Mikhail Shioevich Tsikhitatrishvili became his successor. However, for some reason Ekaterina Dzhugashvili called godfather his third son Yakov Yegnatoshvili.
Vissarion (Beso) Dzhugashvili
J.V. Stalin's father is Vissarion Ivanovich Dzhugashvili.
Dzhugashvili Vissarion (Beso) Ivanovich (c. 1850-1890). 1) Father Stalin. 2) Peasant from the village. Didi-Lilo; By profession he is a handicraft shoemaker. He was married to Ekaterina Geladze. According to the Arsoshvili spouses, Dzhugashvili’s relatives and old-timers of the village. Didi Lilo, Beso was unable to pay the tax (3 rubles), and he was forced to go to work in Gori. There he settled with Kulumbegashvili, an Ossetian from the Dzher Gorge, worked as a shoemaker, and got married. It is known that two of his children died in infancy (Mikhail and Konstantin). By was about to give birth to a third child, she returned to Gori - this is the custom: a woman should give birth and for the first time after giving birth, stay with her relatives with the child. 3) Beso was also forced to leave for Gori to help his wife and son. Circumstances were such that he did not return to Didi Lilo. For some time he worked at the Adelkhanov shoe factory in Tiflis. Died in a drunken brawl from a knife blow(Alliluyeva S.
Twenty letters to a friend
.
M., 1990. P. 121). .
Note 1) In the work of V. Kaminsky and I. Vereshchagin “Stalin’s Childhood and Youth” (Young Guard. 1939. No. 12) it is said that Vissarion died in 1906, but most researchers and memoirists do not agree with this. 2) In R. Hacker’s presentation, the sequence of events is different: after death. Father Beso settled in Tiflis and found work at the Adelkhanov tannery, where he learned shoemaking.
After some time, he moved to Gori, where he got a job as a shoemaker in the handicraft workshop of a certain Baramov.
3) “Many years after the “death of his father in a drunken brawl,” in 1909, Coco was once again arrested by the police for
revolutionary activity
and sent to Vologda. “Information about the supervised person from case No. 136 of the Vologda Gendarme Directorate” has been preserved: “Joseph Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili. A Georgian from a peasant background. He has a father, Vissarion Ivanov, 55 years old, and a mother, Ekaterina, who live: his mother is in Gori, his father leads a wandering life...”
Only in 1912, in the gendarmerie papers, there was a different testimony from Coco: “Father died, mother... lives in Gori.” What is this? His passion is to confuse the gendarmes or his father was really alive. One thing is clear: the father has disappeared, there is not even a grave” (Radzinsky E. Stalin’s Childhood // Ogonyok. 1996. No. 46. P. 43).
Book materials used: Torchinov V.A., Leontyuk A.M. Around Stalin.
There are many versions that put forward noble people as Stalin’s father, but the most common is associated with the name of the great Russian traveler and, by the way, the famous tsarist intelligence officer in China, General Nikolai Mikhailovich Przhevalsky.
It is impossible to explore this version without presenting the biography of the person from whom the future “leader of all nations” inherited his surname and patronymic. This was Vissarion Ivanovich Dzhugashvili.
He was born in South Ossetia in the village of Didi-Lilo around 1850. The Dzhugashvili family is most likely of Ossetian origin. However, they say that Stalin’s mother said that real name Her husband’s ancestors were Beroshvili, and they became Dzhugashvili thanks to the leader’s great-great-grandfather, who became famous as a good shepherd. “Juga” is translated from Ossetian as “herd”, and “shvili” means son. In this case: “son of the herd” means “leader of the herd”... You need to know the ancient values of the local peoples in order to understand what a reliable shepherd meant in the mountains back then!..
Since nicknames and surnames are not given just like that, I had to make “Caucasian inquiries”. The people who helped me with this were no less surprised than me when it turned out that the surname Dzhugashvili could come not only from the roots “dzhuga” and “jogi” (flock, herd, community), but also from the roots “dzuga” and even “Dzuts”, which means “Jew” in Ossetian. In this regard, it is possible that the Dzhugashvili were like Jews - capable and resourceful people, or... they themselves even descended from mountain Jews.
Meanwhile, there is another interpretation of the root “dzhuga” - “iron”, that is, Dzhugashvili - “son of iron” - “man of steel”, in one word: Stalin.
Vissarion Dzhugashvili, having chosen the craft of a shoemaker, married in 1874 the daughter of a serf peasant, Ekaterina Georgievna Geladze (1856). In 1875, on February 14, they had a son, Mikhail, who died a week later. Son George, born on December 24, 1876, also turns out to be dead (died June 19, 1877). And only the third son, Joseph, who was born on December 6 (18), 1878, was destined to a long life.
Living together with his family does not work out for Vissarion Ivanovich. Little Joseph is raised mainly by his mother, who dreams of her only son becoming a priest...
And who then would have thought that this son of a shoemaker would become not only a priest, but one before whom all the clergy of the world would slavishly bow their heads and for whom (after the war in 1945) they would pray.
But what will be will be, but for now young Joseph is forced to write to the Tiflis Theological Seminary on August 28, 1895: “My father has not provided me with paternal care for three years now as punishment for the fact that I did not continue my education at his request...” These the words refute those who even today claim that Stalin’s father was killed in a drunken fight with a knife in 1890. If they were killed, then most likely it was on August 12 (25), 1909. However, death could also have occurred from illness, especially since he drank...
He was buried with government money in one of the cemeteries of the Georgian capital. True, according to other recollections, everything happened in the town of Telavi. The son, they say, learned about this only in 1929 from the shoemaker Ya. Nezadze.
If his real grave still remains, it would be possible, by making genetic examination remains, to give an answer to the question that haunts historians and politicians: are Joseph Vissarionovich and Vissarion Ivanovich Dzhugashvili of the same blood?
However, while this is impossible, we can only rely on research, the task of which is to check: could General Przhevalsky be in Georgia in the spring of 1878 to become Stalin’s father?
True, the photo of Vissarion Ivanovich stored in the Gori Museum, it seems, should leave no doubt about the biological relationship of father and son. But who can guarantee that this is not a fake, which has been practiced at all times.
In 2009, two dates are celebrated: the 170th anniversary of the great Russian traveler Nikolai Mikhailovich Przhevalsky and the 130th anniversary of I.V. Stalin. For some time now, these two personalities in conjunction have aroused the interest of politicians and scientists, because many historical works state: Stalin was the son of Przhevalsky!!!
JOSEPH VISSARIONOVICH OR JOSEPH NIKOLAEVICH?
Before introducing readers to the secret of this “secret history of the origin of Stalin,” one of the publishers pointedly reports that it “uses materials from closed sources, including personal archives Western experts dealing with the period of Stalin's reign."
Here's a summary of them.
“The majority of domestic and foreign researchers who adhere to this version are convinced that all the main events occurred in the winter or early spring of 1878. Ekaterina Geladze (Stalin's future mother - Ed.) turned 22 years old, she had been married to shoemaker Vissarion Dzhugashvili for 4 years, but with her husband who turned into a drunkard she never knew the happiness of motherhood...
One day at the beginning of 1878, having come to the house of her relative Prince Maminoshvili, a young woman met a Russian officer who was visiting the prince - a middle-aged man, handsome and respectable, with a well-groomed mustache and many orders on his uniform made of expensive cloth.
This is my good friend,” the prince said, introducing the officer to Catherine. - His name is Nikolai Mikhailovich Przhevalsky. Mr. Przhevalsky is a famous scientist... and a brave traveler. And this is my distant relative - Ekaterina Geladze.”
Could this almost fantastic meeting have taken place in the godforsaken town of Gori? What should the rich Smolensk landowner Nikolai Przhevalsky do there? - the author asks and immediately finds a strikingly convincing answer: “There are no fantasies! Nikolai Mikhailovich Przhevalsky, Smolensk nobleman, general (by the way, only since 1886 - Author's note), researcher Far East and Central Asia, scientist, excellent military intelligence officer who carried out many assignments General Staff and, most importantly, exploring new ways for Russian army, a man treated kindly at the emperor’s court, was actually in the Caucasus at that time! He actually knew Prince Maminoshvili well and for a long time visited his house in Gori!”
Further, referring to some documents that are so extremely secret that they cannot even be quoted, the author claims that the visit of the famous military man, scientist and traveler to Gori happened just between the second expedition to Dzungaria and Lake Lop Nor (1876 - 1877) and third campaign in Tibet (1879 - 1880). In 1878, Przhevalsky vacationed in the Caucasus and visited Prince Maminoshvili in Gori. “Everything fits!” - exclaims the author.
“As many researchers believe,” he continues, “Przhevalsky was fascinated by the beauty and spontaneity of the young Georgian woman. She pleasantly impressed him with her intelligence and education. She was not just a Georgian beauty, but a relative of the prince; she could well be called a highland society lady, although she was in plight, which Nikolai Mikhailovich learned about from the prince.
Therefore, there is nothing surprising, the author believes, that, being in a mood already known to us, Ekaterina Geladze decided to turn the most close attention on... handsome, respectable and probably healthy, who had high ranks Russian officer...
It was a meeting destined from above and prepared by fate itself. They began to persistently seek each other's company and often spent time together with obvious pleasure. After Nikolai Mikhailovich’s departure from the Caucasus, namely on December 6, 1878 (according to the old style), and not on December 21, 1879 (according to the old style), as was always believed, Ekaterina Georgievna Geladze gave birth to a son named Joseph. ..
It is very characteristic, the author notes, that young Joseph was never in financial need. Przhevalsky constantly sent very significant sums of money from Russia to Georgia for the maintenance and education of the child. To avoid misunderstandings and publicity, the money sent by Przhevalsky was received by Prince Maminoshvili himself and secretly transferred to his happy mother.
The amazing portrait resemblance between Stalin and General Nikolai Mikhailovich Przhevalsky catches your eye.
Being the illegitimate son of a Smolensk landowner and tsarist general, the far-sighted “leader of all working people” preferred, in conditions of the victory of the proletariat, to have “purely proletarian origin”... at least on paper. Therefore, he changed the date of his birth from 1878 to 1879, i.e., he indicated the year in which Przhevalsky was in China and, therefore, could not have become his father...
In the encyclopedia of the Stalin period, the portrait of General Przhevalsky is given in color and is the largest - there are more portraits of Marx, Engels and even Lenin. In 1946, the Przhevalsky gold medal was established. They made a color film about him Feature Film. The question arises: wasn’t all this, albeit belated and veiled, but a tribute to the memory of the son to the father, the real father, which the son, who became the great communist dictator, could finally afford?!”
To these " historical works» another author is trying to add data about main secret Przhevalsky: “In 1878 - 1879... Przhevalsky lived in Gori, where, true to his habit, he kept a diary. During the years of Stalin's reign, this entire period disappeared from Przhevalsky's archive (let's not forget this fairy tale. - Author's note). But in the account book for 1880-1881, due to an oversight by the censor, there were notes about Przhevalsky sending money to Stalin’s mother for the maintenance of their common son Joseph.”
You can cite other authors, both ours and Western ones, but in all studies, instead of strictly documented conclusions, heartbreaking fictions prevail. And the myths about high birth not news either. They usually appear when the deification of a particular person begins. It could not be otherwise with the posthumous biography of Stalin...
DEVELOPMENT OF AN ICON
Yes, as soon as this or that person begins to arouse general interest, the mysteries of the secrets of her birth immediately arise. Thus, even before the miraculous birth of the Baby Jesus, the greatest of the Roman emperors, Octavian Augustus, was revealed to the world by a similar “immaculate conception.” According to legend, he was conceived by his mother from the god Apollo. Genghis Khan's mother, according to Tatar legends, was also an “immaculate virgin” until her birth.
Millennia have passed, but the fashion for “wonderful parents” of great people has not passed away. On the contrary, she gained more clear forms. So Stalin, the son of the drunken shoemaker Vissarion Dzhugashvili, as he became “deified” (even icons are painted from him!) suddenly turned out to be a person of aristocratic blood - the illegitimate heir of the famous General Przhevalsky.
Apparently, it’s impossible to do without archives here. It is no secret to anyone who has seen a photo of the general that Stalin really looks like the great Russian traveler Nikolai Mikhailovich Przhevalsky! However, looking at the photo, everyone can make their own conclusion.
I will cite written facts that refute even the slightest possibility that the indicated similarity was a consequence intimate meeting Stalin's mother Ekaterina Geladze and nobleman from Smolensk Nikolai Przhevalsky.
DOCUMENTS AND DEADLINES
After it has been reliably established that (contrary to official data) Stalin was born not on December 21, 1879 (according to the New Style), but on December 6, 1878 according to the old style, we will trace through archival materials where the great Russian traveler was from February to May 1878. And especially in March of this year, because, as you know, after conception, a woman needs about nine months to give birth to a child. There is no evidence that the future leader was born before or after the due date. Nevertheless, we will make possible allowances in both directions. This means that the deadline for conception could be calculated from mid-February to mid-May 1878.
So, let's turn to the documents of this period. While in China (in Ghulja), Przhevalsky's expedition headed to Gucheng on August 28, 1877 and arrived there on November 4. During this transition, the majority of the detachment found themselves in the grip of a terrible disease that predetermined everything further actions until May 1878.
“Upon leaving Kulja,” Przhevalsky wrote, “I fell ill with a absurd but unbearable disease: I have severe itching. We smeared it with tobacco and tar - it didn’t help: the last remedy we tried was blue vitriol. Two Cossacks, who were my guides from Kuldzha, are returning to the Zaisan post (Russia - Author's note). I am writing to ask them to send medicine for itching from there... Having suffered for almost three months, I decided to return from Guchen to Zaisan (570 versts), get completely cured here, and in early spring (mid-February) go with renewed vigor to Tibet. It was hard for me to decide to return. Several times I cried at the thought of such a need. Finally, on November 27 (1877) we set out from Guchen to Zaisan...”
In Zaisan, where the expedition arrived on December 20, 1877, doctors did everything they could. Baths, lotions made from lead water and various ointments, although they alleviated suffering, did not promise a quick recovery. “There is still little relief,” Przhevalsky wrote, “this is a persistent disease. I hope that by mid-February (1878), or perhaps sooner, it will pass. At least that’s what the local doctors assure me.”
By spring, the health of the detachment had indeed improved noticeably, and from mid-March 1878 Przhevalsky began to prepare for an expedition to Tibet. However, on March 20, terrible news arrived with a telegram from brother Vladimir: “On June 18 last year, mother died...” There was nothing more terrible for him than this news. His mother was everything to him!
This news was somewhat smoothed over by the possibility of soon being in Smolensk and at least paying homage to my mother’s grave. Przhevalsky received an order due to “political misunderstandings” with Beijing not to go to China and return to St. Petersburg: “Leaving the camels and all the equipment of the expedition at the Zaisansky post, I will go to St. Petersburg so that next winter, in January or February 1879, get on the road again."
And on March 31, 1878 (before returning from Zaisan to St. Petersburg), a new entry appeared in Przhevalsky’s diary: “Today I turned 39 years old, and this day marked the end of the expedition for me... (And now they write that allegedly all of his records of this period. - Author's note) If only my health improves, then in the spring of next year (1879 - Author's note) I will hit the road again. Although the stop of the expedition was not my fault, and, moreover, I realize that this is the best thing in the current state of my health, it is still extremely difficult and sad for me to turn back. All day yesterday I was not myself and cried many times... Farewell, my happy life, but goodbye for a while. A year will pass, misunderstandings with China will be settled, my health will improve - and then I will again take the pilgrim’s staff and again head to the Asian deserts...”
On the twentieth of May 1878, Przhevalsky returned to St. Petersburg. Doctors said that his illness was mainly due to nervous disorder caused by general fatigue, best medicine- this is swimming and life in the village. “Which I am very happy about,” Przhevalsky wrote. “I’ll go from St. Petersburg directly to Otradnoye, without stopping in Smolensk.”
When Przhevalsky was resting on his estate, Paris geographical society sent him a gold medal for the previous expedition, and Germany informed him of the award of the Great Humboldt Gold Medal. And all this time he thought only about traveling to Tibet.
And so on December 14, 1878, permission was given for Colonel Przhevalsky to be sent to Tibet for two years. On January 20, 1879, he left St. Petersburg and on February 27 he was already in Zaisan. There is the following entry on this subject: “There were no special adventures along the way, they just pestered us very coldy. We stayed in Orenburg, Omsk and Semipalatinsk for several days...”
Now everyone can compare what Przhevalsky himself wrote about himself with what they write about him in newspapers and books now: he was on campaigns, and not on pleasant, in all respects, meetings with the mother of the future leader. It is difficult to imagine that a serious 39-year-old tsarist colonel, being in a responsible service associated with travel not only for scientific but also for reconnaissance purposes, would suddenly decide, like a boy, for a couple of weeks with all the equipment and documents “to rush off to rest in the Caucasus " Let's also take into account that then railway construction was just beginning to cover the outskirts Russian Empire. So it was impossible to leave by train “for a couple of weeks” unnoticed!
However, if we follow ancient ideas, Stalin could also have been born “of the holy spirit” at the mere thought of Przhevalsky about the need for a simple girl, somewhere in distant Georgia, to reveal to the world a son who would become the “leader of nations.” It would be a beautiful fairy tale, of course, but every fairy tale ends someday.
GO TO THE ROOT!
Why Soviet workers adored the “leader of the peoples”
Brain scans have revealed the roots of the most mysterious human emotions - selfless love and selfless devotion.
Selfless love, as we know from history textbooks, was felt by Soviet workers (at least some of them) first for Comrade Lenin, then also for Comrade Stalin. Feelings for the latter reached the point of absurdity. "Who do you love most?" - the wife asked her husband. "Comrade Stalin!" - without hesitation, he answered. And the most amazing thing is that he was sincere and spiritual. He also shed a tear.
The CPSU also earned selfless devotion among its members. In my best years. And not everyone expressed it only in words spoken from the stands.
Selfless love, says Professor Mario Beauregard from the Center for Research in Neurophysiology and cognitive abilities University of Montreal, is one of the higher manifestations spirituality. But until now no one understood what underlies this phenomenon.
So the professor decided to figure it out. To do this, he scanned the brains of people reliably illuminated by the most selfless love. The scientist recruited volunteers from among truly caring staff caring for patients with intellectual disabilities.
It turned out: in strong emotions As many as seven areas of the brain are involved in dealing with strangers. The tomograph showed this. For comparison, only three are involved in romantic feelings. From which Mario concluded that he was dealing with a completely separate experience.
The professor further found that additional parts of the brain involved in selfless love are responsible for the release of dopamine, a substance that gives satisfaction. That is, it provides the joy of reward for such love and even euphoria.
According to Mario, it is not without reason that nature endowed the brain with such a strong and specific reaction. Moreover, she placed her feelings for the “distant” almost higher than for her neighbor. Judging by the rewards derived from the natural drug.
Encouraging selfless love in a natural way leads to the establishment of strong and lasting emotional connections, says the professor. - And they contribute to the survival of the human race.
What did selfless love for Comrade Stalin contribute to? Probably also survival. At that time, it was with him, as with a certain ideal, that many pinned their hopes for the continuation of the race - their own (in the sense of his bright and happy future) and for all progressive humanity. Some people still connect...
Vladimir LAGOVSKY
QUESTION OF THE DAY
Stalin, executioner or savior?
Today is the 130th anniversary of the birth of the “leader of the peoples,” whose figure still causes the most heated political controversy
Stalin is not an executioner, not a savior. This is a villain, but a great villain. He had a great mind, but it was a Machiavellian mind.
Irina KHAKAMADA, politician:
People talk about history in a very subjective way. For those whose relatives were repressed, Stalin is without a doubt a tyrant. For those, who lived before not bad, but with the collapse of the USSR he lost everything, Stalin is the savior. Personally, I consider him an executioner. He, together with the Bolsheviks, committed a state crime, destroying the flower of the nation. We are still feeling the consequences of this. We have no roots.
Alexander PROKHANOV, Chief Editor newspapers "Zavtra":
Is an insect a miracle of nature or a creature with four limbs?! I am a Stalinist and a metaphysician, I sing the mystical philosophy of Stalin, and for some reason you ask me about this! (Hangs up.)
Yulia LATYNINA, political scientist:
This is the man under whom the genocide occurred Russian people, due to which we lag behind in population, for example, from the United States. Under which an industry was created aimed at conquering the world and producing either tanks, or steel for tanks, or electricity to produce steel for tanks. We have not conquered the world, but we have become completely uncompetitive.
Viktor ILYUKHIN, State Duma deputy from the Communist Party faction:
He is a savior. If he had not existed, we would not now remember his repressions; we would have a German Buchenwald in the Urals and Siberia.
Alexander DUGIN, political scientist:
Both at the same time. Anyone who gives Stalin a “minus” is stupid, and someone who gives Stalin a “plus” is also stupid.
Nikolai Klassen, reader of the site KP.RU, Rostock:
For me, of course, a tyrant. Read Shalamov. In our family alone, four people were “irrevocably” repressed. Moreover, ordinary peasants. How many such families are there? No less than those who lost relatives in the war. But the latter are at least heroes, and the former are still enemies of the people. Well-known principle: Beat your own so that strangers will be afraid. Of course, the country achieved a lot under him, but at what cost?
