Imhotep- outstanding ancient Egyptian architect of the period Ancient kingdom, vizier and high dignitary of Djoser - the second pharaoh III dynasty(2630-2611 BC), high priest of Ra in Heliopolis. He was later deified and revered as the god of healing. Imhotep is considered the first famous architect and scientist in world history.
Imhotep designed the first step pyramid at Saqqara near Memphis, as well as a complex of architectural structures surrounding the pyramid. Imhotep is considered the inventor of the pyramidal architectural form: he proposed to build 3 more smaller mastabas over the stone mastaba (rectangular tomb) of the pharaoh, turning the mastaba into a four-step pyramid (later the number of steps of the pyramid was increased to 6, and it reached 61 m in height). Thus, Imhotep acts as the founder of the architectural tradition of the entire Old Kingdom, which was based on the use of the pyramidal form in the design of royal burials. In addition, there is reason to consider Imhotep also the inventor of the column in architecture. He is also generally considered to be the creator of the Edfu Temple.
Imhotep is also credited with founding Egyptian medicine. In particular, he was considered the author of the Edwin Smith Papyrus, a fundamental medical research, which, although it dates back to 1700-1550 BC. e., but based on materials known from the Ancient or even Early Kingdom. This papyrus defines for the first time real reasons many diseases. Renowned 19th-century Canadian medical practitioner William Osler called Imhotep the father of medicine and “the first physician whose personality emerges from the mists of antiquity.”
Imhotep is the author of the first literary teaching, known as the Teachings of Imhotep. Since this work has not survived to our time, the first example known to us similar literature considered to be the "Teaching of Ptahhotep", written on behalf of the vizier of Pharaoh Djedkar Isesi.
Imhotep's authority in subsequent periods Egyptian history was so great that he was considered the greatest sage of all times, possessing magical powers. The first signs of the veneration of Imhotep as a demigod occur a century after his death. During the era of the New Kingdom, the deification of Imhotep took shape as the god of healing and patron of healers. The cult of Imhotep reached its apogee during the Greco-Roman period, when his temples at Memphis and Philae on the Nile were filled with crowds of the infirm and sick seeking healing by staying overnight in the sanctuary.
In Egyptian mythology, Imhotep was considered the son of the Memphis creator god Ptah (and most often, the lioness goddess Sekhmet). He was depicted as a young man sitting with an unfolded papyrus. Sometimes he also acted as the air god Shu, separating the sky (goddess Nut) from the earth (god Geb), and in this capacity prevented the onset of chaos. Also a patron of the arts, he was associated with Hathor, Ma'at, and another vizier and architect later deified, Amenhotep, son of Hapu, who lived during the 18th Dynasty New Kingdom pharaoh Amenhotep III. The later Greek tradition (starting from the 5th century BC) identified the god Imhotep with Asclepius.
Imhotep's tomb has not been discovered, but it is believed that it should be located near the Pyramid of Djoser, at Saqqara. Some researchers believe that mastaba from Saqqara No. 3518 may well belong to Imhotep. However, there are no direct facts confirming this, since there is not a single inscription on the walls of this tomb.
A crater on Mercury is named after Imhotep.
Nikita Sergeevich Khrushchev was born on April 17, 1894 in the village of Kalinovka. The Khrushchevs lived poorly. In order to somehow make ends meet, the head of the family, Sergei Nikanorovich, went to the Donetsk coal basin every winter to earn money.
When Nikita was 14 years old, the family moved to the Uspensky mine, located near present-day Donetsk (in those days the city was named Yuzovka). The father got a job as a miner, and the son as a shepherd. Nikita Khrushchev didn’t have to graze the cows for long. Soon he will move to the plant electric generators, where he will study plumbing. In 1912, Khrushchev was fired for participating in the labor movement, but he did not sit idle for long. After some time, he gets a job as a mechanic in a coal mine in the village of Rutchenkovo.
In 1914, Khrushchev married Efrosinya Pisareva. This union will give Nikita Sergeevich two children. The first to be born in 1916 was daughter Yulia, and a year later - son Leonid. During this period of his life, Khrushchev became acquainted with the works of Karl Marx and the Manifesto Communist Party". Impressed by what he read, Khrushchev became one of the leaders of the strike movement in the coal mines of Donbass.
After the abdication of the Tsar, Nikita Khrushchev became a member of the Council of Workers' Deputies in the village of Rutchenkovo. Already at that time, Khrushchev was on the side of the Bolsheviks. After the Second Congress of the Council of Workers' Deputies, Khrushchev headed the local branch of the metalworkers' trade union of the mining industry.
In 1918, Nikita Sergeevich joined the ranks of the Bolshevik Party. During the time Civil War Khrushchev goes from the head of a Red Guard detachment to an instructor in the political department of the Kuban Army. Was awarded the order Red Banner from the hands of the People's Commissar for Naval and Military Affairs Lev Davidovich Trotsky.
After demobilization, Nikita Khrushchev decides to get a secondary education (behind the shoulders of the future Secretary General The Communist Party at that time had only an elementary parochial school). To realize his plans, he enters the working faculty of the Don Industrial College. As a student, Khrushchev continued to be involved in party activities. Nikita Sergeevich is assigned the position of secretary of the party cell of the Dontechnikum.
In 1924, Khrushchev remarried (his first wife died of typhus in 1920). Chosen One N
Nina Petrovna Kuharchik, a teacher of political economy, becomes Sergeevich’s teacher. In this marriage, Khrushchev would have three children: two daughters and a son.
In 1925 and 1927, Khrushchev, as a representative of Yuzovka at the XIV and XV Congresses of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks), had the chance to visit the real “political kitchen”. Then Khrushchev first came into contact with real power.
In 1928, Lazar Kaganovich drags Khrushchev into central office Central Committee of the Communist Party of Ukraine. From this moment the rapid career growth Nikita Sergeevich.
Secondary education for an official at the republican level is not enough, so in 1929 the Central Committee of the Party sent Khrushchev to study at the Moscow Industrial Academy. Simply gnawing on the granite of science was not to Khrushchev’s taste, so in parallel with the educational process, he began to “expose” the supporters of the disgraced Rykov and Bukharin. The authorities appreciated the efforts of the over-aged student. Khrushchev heads the party bureau educational institution.
The speed of Khrushchev's advance is gaining furious momentum. In the period from 1931 to 1935, Khrushchev held positions from secretary of the Bauman district party committee to head of the Moscow party organization.
In 1938, Khrushchev, as the master of the republic, was sent back to Ukraine. The first step was to restore the administrative apparatus, almost completely destroyed by the repressions of 1937. After the decision personnel issues Khrushchev began liquidation economic problems. National economy was literally torn apart by the famine of 1932-33. At the very least, Nikita Sergeevich coped with these challenges. But another misfortune befalls us. In 1939, the Red Army “chopped off” from Poland the territories inhabited by Ukrainians and Belarusians, which now also need to be Sovietized. Collectivization, the fight against the “kulaks” and so on... Nikita Sergeevich rolled up his sleeves. In 12 months" productive work"Comrade Khrushchev subjected a tenth of the population to repression Western Ukraine. 1,173,170 people were expelled from their native lands.
During the Great Patriotic War Khrushchev was a member of the military council Southwestern Front. Historians consider Nikita Sergeevich Khrushchev one of the culprits of the catastrophic defeats of the Red Army in 1941 near Kiev and in 1942 near Kharkov. In the very first days of the war, Nikita’s son Sergei went to the front
Icha, Leonid. It is worth noting that Khrushchev acted courageously and honestly and did not choose a warm, quiet place for his son, although Khrushchev, as a member of the Politburo of the Central Committee, was able to do this. On March 11, 1943, Leonid carried out a combat mission near the town of Zhizdra. Senior Lieutenant Khrushchev did not return back. Nikita Sergeevich himself graduated from the war with the rank of lieutenant general. At the end of 1943, almost the entire territory of the Ukrainian SSR was free from German invaders. Nikita Sergeevich again occupies the chair of the Secretary of the Central Committee of the Party of the Ukrainian SSR. The tasks were similar to those that Khrushchev was engaged in before the start of the war - to restore the economy destroyed by the war and to destroy those who disagreed with Soviet power in the West of the country.
In 1949, Khrushchev was returned to Moscow to his former position as head of the largest party organization in the Union.
In 1953, after the death of Stalin, battles for power began in the Kremlin. The winner in these battles unexpectedly turned out to be Khrushchev, whom no one took seriously at first. During his lifetime, Stalin often humiliated Nikita Sergeevich, and for party bosses he was a kind of illiterate simpleton. But Khrushchev turned out to be not so simple and masterfully beat all his competitors.
Having come to power, the first thing Khrushchev did was to make personnel changes, which directly affected up to 40% of party functionaries in all Soviet republics.
Khrushchev ruled in two ways. There have been stunning breakthroughs and stunning failures.
Taking the helm Soviet state, Nikita Sergeevich somewhat softened his character in matters of foreign policy. Relations with Yugoslavia, severed by Stalin after the end of World War II, were restored. Khrushchev withdrew troops from Austria and opened an embassy in West Germany.
On February 14, 1956, at the 20th Congress of the CPSU, Nikita Sergeevich read out a closed report “On the cult of personality and its consequences” for 6 hours, in which Khrushchev places all the blame for the mistakes and crimes of the ruling elite on the dead Joseph Stalin. This shocking "closed report" led to both positive and negative consequences. After the publication of this document, a wave of mass release and rehabilitation of political prisoners took place across the country. But in some socialist countries this report led to bloody events
iyam. Poznań protests against the communist government in Poland ended with the death of 80 people. In Hungary, a peaceful demonstration turned into bloody uprising with brutal murders of communists and state security officers. In response, Khrushchev sent troops into Budapest. Result: 2652 killed Hungarians and 669 SA fighters.
Under Khrushchev, many moved from wooden barracks and communal apartments to separate housing. Now "Khrushchev" seems to be a mockery of human dignity, but then people who got their own kitchen and separate bathroom were truly happy.
By the end of the 50s, Nikita Sergeevich Khrushchev held all the levers of governing the country in his hands. Probably the possession of such unlimited power turned Khrushchev’s head. The Secretary General has lost his sense of reality. Nikita Sergeevich set physically impossible goals for the country summer plans. When it became clearly clear that it would not be possible to cope with the assigned tasks, Khrushchev developed new plan, but with an even higher bar. By 1980, Nikita Sergeevich intended to build communism, and by 2000 to provide every resident of the Union with their own apartments. But harsh reality the Secretary General’s “five-year plans” were not taken into account. Decline agriculture led to higher food prices. Nikita Sergeevich dreamed of planting the entire country with corn. Khrushchev was not interested in such trifles as the fact that it does not grow in Siberia, and that it is more expedient to grow grapes in Georgia. Since 1963, the USSR has become a permanent importer of bread.
Khrushchev acquired many enemies among the military. Nikita Sergeevich believed that the future of the army lay in missile forces, therefore, funding for other branches of the military can be reduced.
Ultimately, all of Khrushchev’s mistakes and miscalculations led to the formation of a conspiracy around him. The organizers of the overthrow of Nikita Sergeevich were: Leonid Brezhnev, Nikolai Podgorny and Mikhail Suslov. On October 14, 1964, at an extraordinary plenum of the CPSU Central Committee, Khrushchev was asked to voluntarily resign as General Secretary. Nikita Sergeevich acted wisely and signed a decree on his resignation.
Khrushchev was kept an apartment in Moscow and a dacha in the Moscow region, where he loved to grow tomatoes. On September 11, 1971, in the Central Kremlin Hospital, he died quietly from cardiac arrest.
Nikita Khrushchev is one of the most controversial figures in the history of the USSR. He was " peasant son”, who rose to the pinnacle of power, which did not prevent the politician from noting a number of achievements in “reorganization” Soviet society after the deadening ideological schemes of his predecessor. Nikita Sergeevich became the brightest reformer Soviet Union, the failures and achievements of which are still discussed by historians today.
Nikita Sergeevich Khrushchev was born on April 15, 1894 in the village of Kalinovka, Kursk province, into a poor mining family. Nikita's childhood cannot be called happy, since youth the future head of the USSR had to work to help his parents make ends meet.
Primary education Khrushchev received parochial school, where he studied literacy. On summer holidays the boy worked as a shepherd, and in the winter he learned to write and read. In the early 1900s, the family statesman moved to Yuzovka, where Nikita Sergeevich began working at a machine-building plant at the age of 14. Here the young man was taught plumbing. After 4 years, Nikita went to work in a coal mine and joined the Bolshevik Party, in whose ranks he participated in the Civil War.
In 1918, Nikita Khrushchev received membership in the Communist Party, and two years later became the political leader of the Donbass Rutchenkovsky mine. At that time, the future leader of the Soviet Union entered the Donbass Industrial College at the workers' faculty and began to conduct party activities within the walls of the educational institution, which allowed him to be appointed to the post of party secretary of the technical school.
In 1927, Nikita Sergeevich was lucky enough to get into the real political “kitchen” - he, as a representative of Yuzovka, was invited to the congress of the All-Union Communist Party, at which he had a fateful acquaintance with “ eminence grise Stalin". He saw political potential in Khrushchev and contributed to his rapid career.
Policy
Serious political biography Nikita Khrushchev begins in 1928. Then Kaganovich promoted him to the central apparatus of the Communist Party of Ukraine. In this regard, Nikita Sergeevich had to enter the Industrial Academy Moscow, since secondary education was not enough for an official at the republican level.
At the academy, Khrushchev began to be actively involved in party activities and soon headed the Politburo of the educational institution, since politics attracted him more than educational process. Nikita Sergeevich’s zeal and diligence in party affairs were appreciated Soviet authorities, and soon he was appointed second secretary of the Moscow City Committee of the All-Union Communist Party. In 1934, Khrushchev became the head of the Moscow party organization, replacing his protector Lazar Kaganovich in this post.
In 1938, Nikita Khrushchev was returned to Ukraine and appointed First Secretary of the Ukrainian SSR. Having received the first honorary “official trophy,” Nikita Sergeevich began to restore the administrative apparatus in Ukraine, which was destroyed by the repressions of 1937. At the same time, he showed himself as a merciless fighter against “enemies” - literally in a year he subjected almost 120 thousand people from Western Ukraine to repression, expelling them from their native lands.
The years of the Ukrainian government of Khrushchev included the Great Patriotic War, during which the politician also did not sit idly by. He led partisan movement behind the front line and by the end of the war he had risen to the rank of lieutenant general, although historians hold Nikita Sergeevich responsible for a number of defeats of the Red Army on Ukrainian territory.
After the war, Nikita Khrushchev remained the leader of the Ukrainian SSR, but in 1949 he was promoted - he was transferred to Moscow to the post of head of the largest party organization in the USSR.
In 1953, Nikita Khrushchev reached the pinnacle of power. Then, when the whole country was plunged into mourning on the occasion of Stalin's death, he, together with his comrades, including Marshal Zhukov, masterfully beat his rivals for the post of head of the USSR. Khrushchev eliminated the main contender for the post of leader of the Union, Lavrentiy Beria, whom he accused as an enemy of the people and shot for espionage.
In September 1953, Khrushchev was elected first secretary of the CPSU Central Committee, which became unexpected turn for the Soviet population, since during the years of his reign Stalin always presented Nikita Sergeevich as an illiterate simpleton.
The years of Khrushchev's rule were marked by serious breakthroughs and failures in the economy of the Soviet Union. The loudest of them was the “corn epic” - the Soviet leader decided to make the “queen of the fields” the main grain of the USSR, ordering to grow corn everywhere, even where it could not produce a crop in principle, for example, in Siberia.
Among the “achievements” of the politician, one cannot fail to note the Khrushchev reforms that flowed from him. They were called the “Khrushchev Thaw” and to a greater extent were associated with the exposure of Stalin's personality cult.
Nikita Khrushchev's reforms are characterized by the elimination of catastrophic consequences Stalin's repressions 30s, the release of thousands of political prisoners, the emergence of partial freedom of speech, openness to Western world and the introduction of relative democratization in public and political life countries.
However economic policy Khrushchev was not just a failure, but catastrophic for the Union. The ambitious leader of the USSR decided to “overtake America” and increase economic indicators the country several times, which led to an unexpected collapse in agriculture and famine.
At the same time, among Khrushchev’s achievements one can note indisputable successes - he rapidly developed construction and resettled millions Soviet citizens to their own apartments. Khrushchev apartments were and remain small and poorly planned, but they were many times more comfortable than communal apartments, which suited the population.
Khrushchev also initiated the development space industry- during his reign, the first satellite was launched into space and the famous flight took place. In addition, Nikita Sergeevich earned fame as a patron of art. He weakened censorship in literature, launched television broadcasts throughout most of the Union, and reinvigorated the film industry. The first films Khrushchev's thaw”became “Spring on Zarechnaya Street”, “Carnival Night”, “Amphibian Man” and others.
Khrushchev's foreign policy led to increased Cold War, but at the same time strengthened the position of the Soviet Union in international arena. First of all, upon coming to power, Khrushchev initiated the creation of the Organization Warsaw Pact(OVD), which was supposed to confront the North Atlantic Alliance of Western powers. New treaty united the USSR, countries Eastern Europe and the GDR. A year later, the first uprising against Soviet power took place in Hungary.
In 1957, by order of Khrushchev, the World Festival of Youth and Students was held in the capital of the USSR, which brought together participants from 131 countries. The event had a positive impact on the image Soviet man in the eyes of foreigners, but it did not help reduce tensions in relations with the United States.
In 1961, Germany became political crisis, which led to the emergence Berlin Wall. In the same year, the only meeting between Khrushchev and. A year later, the USA and the USSR exchanged threats - America placed nuclear warheads, aimed at the Soviet Union in Turkey, and the USSR in Cuba. Started Cuban missile crisis, which almost grew into the Third world war. But diplomatic talks helped ease the tension. In 1963, both sides signed a treaty banning nuclear tests in air, space and under water.
The decline of Nikita Khrushchev's political career occurred in 1964. Against the backdrop of mistakes and miscalculations, the politician was removed from power by the communists. He was replaced by . Nikita Sergeevich became the only Soviet leader who left the post of head of the USSR alive.
Nikita Khrushchev entered Soviet history in an ambiguous political image. However, even more than 70 years after his rule of the USSR catchphrases politics remain on lips modern society. “We will bury you” and “Kuzka’s mother” by Nikita Khrushchev are well remembered in the United States, since the Soviet leader issued similar “threats” towards the West. The second phrase confused the American delegation led by the Vice President, since the translation of this idiomatic expression sounded literally: “Kuzma’s mother.”
And the photo of Nikita Khrushchev waving his shoe even received the status of a caricature in the Western media. Although later Khrushchev’s son Sergei called this photo a photomontage. In fact, Nikita Sergeevich shook pebbles out of his shoe while at a UN meeting when the issue of the Hungarian Treaty was discussed.
Personal life
Nikita Khrushchev's personal life is no less interesting than his political career. The third head of the USSR was married twice and had five children.
Nikita Sergeevich married for the first time at the very beginning of his party activities to Efrosinya Pisareva, who died of typhus in 1920. During six years of marriage, Khrushchev’s first wife gave birth to two children – Leonid and Yulia. In 1922, Khrushchev began living with a girl named Marusya. The relationship lasted no more than two years. The girl was already raising a child from a previous marriage, whom Khrushchev then continued to help financially.
Nikita Sergeevich’s second wife was Nina Kukharchuk, a Ukrainian by nationality, who went down in history as the first wife Soviet leader, accompanying him at official events. The head of the USSR lived with Nina Petrovna for more than 40 years in a civil marriage and only in 1965 officially registered the relationship.
Nina was the daughter of peasants; she worked as a teacher at a party school in Yuzovka, where she met Nikita Khrushchev. Despite her origin, Nina Petrovna spoke fluent Russian, Ukrainian, Polish and French, since she was educated at the Mariinsky Women's School. Nina Petrovna did not stop self-education even during her marriage. At the end of the 30s, already the mother of three children, she began to study English language. In his second marriage, three children were born into the family of the Soviet leader - Rada and Elena.
Death
Khrushchev lived with Nina Kukharchuk until the end of his life. After his resignation, Nikita Sergeevich was “removed” away from Moscow and moved to a dacha in Zhukovka-2 near Moscow. The politician could not get used to the forced asceticism. As a former manager, Khrushchev often criticized the new order, which, in his opinion, led to the gradual collapse of agriculture. Unexpectedly for his relatives, Nikita Sergeevich became addicted to listening to programs from foreign radio stations “Voice of America”, “BBC”, “Deutsche Welle”, and began to build a vegetable garden. But at times former head the state fell into depression, which could not but affect his health.
He died on September 11, 1971 from a heart attack. Nikita Sergeevich was buried at the Novodevichy cemetery in Moscow. After Khrushchev’s death, Nina Petrovna received telegrams with words of condolences from all over the world. Later, a monument created by Ernst Neizvestny appeared on the grave of the head of the USSR.
Memory
- 1989 – “Stalingrad”
- 1992 – “On Deribasovskaya good weather, or It's raining on Brighton Beach again"
- 1992 – “Stalin”
- 1993 – “Gray Wolves”
- 1996 – “Children of the Revolution”
- 2005 – “Battle for Space”
- 2009 – “Miracle”
- 2011 – “The Kennedy Clan”
- 2012 – “Zhukov”
- 2013 – “Gagarin. First in space"
- 2015 – “Main”
- 2016 – “Mysterious Passion”
- 2017 – “The Death of Stalin”
Soviet statesman and party leader Nikita Sergeevich Khrushchev was born on April 17 (April 5, old style) 1894 in the village of Kalinovka, Dmitrievsky district, Kursk province (now Khomutovsky district, Kursk region).
In June 1953, after the death of Joseph Stalin, Khrushchev was one of the main initiators of the removal of Lavrentiy Beria from his posts.
In March 1958, Khrushchev took the post of Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR.
Elected as a deputy Supreme Council USSR 1st-6th convocations.
Khrushchev's activities in senior positions in the party and state are contradictory.
At the XX (1956) and XXII (1961) congresses of the CPSU, Nikita Khrushchev sharply criticized the cult of personality and the activities of Stalin. He was one of the main initiators of the rehabilitation of victims of repression and the “thaw” in the internal and foreign policy. Made an attempt to modernize the party-state system, limit the privileges of the party and state apparatus, improve the financial situation and living conditions of the population.
On October 14, 1964, the October Plenum of the CPSU Central Committee, organized in the absence of Khrushchev, who was on vacation, freed him from party and government positions"for health reasons." He was replaced by Leonid Brezhnev, who became the first secretary of the Communist Party, and Alexey Kosygin, who became chairman of the Council of Ministers.
On September 11, 1971, Nikita Khrushchev died. He was buried in Moscow at the Novodevichy cemetery.
Laureate Lenin Prize 1959 "For strengthening peace between nations."
Hero of the Soviet Union (1964), Hero Socialist Labor (1954, 1957, 1961).
Among Khrushchev's awards are seven Orders of Lenin, the Order of Suvorov 1st and 2nd degrees, the Order of Kutuzov 1st degree, the Order of the Patriotic War 1st degree, the Order of the Red Banner of Labor, medals, awards of foreign countries.
Nikita Khrushchev was married twice (according to other sources, three times).
The first wife of Nikita Khrushchev (died in 1919).
This marriage produced a daughter, Julia (1916-1981), who worked as a teacher, and a son, Leonid (1917-1943), who was a military pilot.
Second wife of Khrushchev (1900-1984). Their daughter Rada (born in 1929) became a journalist, son Sergei (born in 1935) became an engineer, and daughter Elena (1937-1973) became a researcher.
In August 1975, a monument by sculptor Ernst Neizvestny was erected at the grave of Nikita Khrushchev at the Novodevichy Cemetery.
Monuments to Khrushchev were erected in Krasnodar region and the city of Vladimir. In September 2009, a marble bust was installed in his native village of Kalinovka, Khomutovsky district. On the building of the Donetsk National Polytechnic University, where Khrushchev studied, a memorial plaque was installed.
The material was prepared based on information from open sources
