This post is interesting as it indicates, probably, all the irresponsible sources, the names of their authors, as well as numbers according to the principle: who is more?
Briefly speaking: good material for memory and reflection!

Original taken from takoe_nebo V

“The concept of dictatorship means nothing more than power that is unrestricted by anything, not constrained by any laws, absolutely not constrained by any rules, and directly based on violence.”
V.I. Ulyanov (Lenin). Collection Op. T. 41, p. 383

"As we move forward, class struggle will escalate, and the Soviet government, whose strength will increase more and more, will pursue a policy of isolating these elements.” I.V. Dzhugashvili (Stalin). Soch., vol. 11, p. 171

V.V. Putin: “Repressions crushed people without regard to nationalities, beliefs, or religions. Entire classes in our country became their victims: Cossacks and priests, simple peasants, professors and officers, teachers and workers.
There can be no justification for these crimes." http://archive.government.ru/docs/10122/

How many people in Russia/USSR were killed by the communists under Lenin-Stalin?

Preface

This issue is constantly controversial, and in this extremely important historical theme needs to be sorted out. I spent several months studying all possible materials available on the Internet; at the end of the article there is an extensive list of them. The picture turned out to be more than sad.

There are a lot of words in the article, but now you can confidently poke any communist face into it (pardon my French), broadcasting that “there were no mass repressions and deaths in the USSR.”

For those who do not like long texts: according to dozens of studies, the Lenin-Stalinist communists destroyed a minimum of 31 million people (direct irretrievable losses without emigration and the Second World War), a maximum of 168 million (including emigration and, most importantly, demographic losses from the unborn ). See the General Figures Statistics section. The most reliable figure seems to be direct losses of 34.31 million people - the arithmetic average of the sums of several of the most serious work according to actual losses, which in general do not differ very much from each other. Excluding the unborn. See the Average Figure section.

For ease of use, this article consists of several sections.

“Pavlov’s Help” is an analysis of the most important myth of the neocommies and Stalinists about “less than 1 million people who were repressed.”
“Average figure” is a calculation of the number of victims by year and topic, with the corresponding minimum and maximum figures from sources, from which the arithmetic average figure of losses is derived.
“Statistics of general figures” - statistics on general figures of the 20 most serious studies found.
“Materials used” - quotes and links in the article.
"Other important materials on the topic" - interesting and useful links and information on the topic that are not included in this article or not directly mentioned in it.

I would be grateful for any constructive criticism and additions.

Pavlov's help

The minimum death toll, which all neo-communists and Stalinists adore, “only” 800 thousand executed (and according to their mantras, no one else was destroyed) is given in a 1953 certificate. It is called "Certificate of the special department of the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs on the number of those arrested and convicted by the Cheka-OGPU-NKVD of the USSR in 1921-1953." and is dated December 11, 1953. The certificate is signed by the acting. the head of the 1st special department, Colonel Pavlov (the 1st special department was the accounting and archival department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs), which is why its name “Pavlov’s certificate” is found in modern materials.

This certificate in itself is false and a little more than completely absurd, etc. it is the main and main argument of the neocomms - it must be analyzed in detail. There is indeed a second document, no less beloved by the neocommies and Stalinists, a memorandum to the Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee, Comrade N.S. Khrushchev. dated February 1, 1954, signed by Prosecutor General R. Rudenko, Minister of Internal Affairs S. Kruglov and Minister of Justice K. Gorshenin. But the data in it practically coincides with the Help and, unlike the Help, does not contain any details, so it makes sense to parse the Help.

So, according to this Certificate from the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs, during the years 1921-1953, a total of 799,455 were shot. Excluding the years 1937 and 1938, 117,763 people were shot. 42,139 were shot in the years 1941-1945. Those. during the years 1921-1953 (excluding the years 1937-1938 and the years of war), during the struggle against the White Guards, against the Cossacks, against the priests, against the kulaks, against the peasant uprisings, ... only 75,624 people were shot (according to “quite reliable” data). Only in the 1937s under Stalin did they slightly increase activity in the purge of “enemies of the people.” And so, according to this certificate, even in the bloody times of Trotsky and the cruel “Red Terror”, it turns out that everything was quiet.

I will give for consideration an excerpt from this certificate for the period 1921-1931.

Let us first pay attention to the data on those convicted of anti-Soviet (counter-revolutionary) propaganda. In 1921-1922, at the height the fiercest struggle with the opposition and the officially declared “Red Terror”, when people were seized only for belonging to the bourgeoisie (bespectacled and white hands), no one was arrested for counter-revolutionary, anti-Soviet propaganda (according to the Help). Openly campaign against the Soviets, speak at rallies against the surplus appropriation system and other actions of the Bolsheviks, curse the blasphemous new government from church pulpits and you’ll get nothing. Just freedom of speech! In 1923, however, 5,322 people were arrested for propaganda, but then again (until 1929) there was complete freedom of speech for anti-Soviet activists, and only starting in 1929 did the Bolsheviks finally begin to “tighten the screws” and prosecute for counter-revolutionary propaganda. And such freedom and patient acceptance of anti-Sovietists (in accordance with an honest document, for many years NOT ONE was imprisoned for anti-government propaganda) occurs during the officially declared “Red Terror”, when the Bolsheviks closed all opposition newspapers and parties, imprisoned and shot clergymen for what they said was not what was needed... As an example of the complete falsity of this data, one can cite the surname index of those executed in the Kuban (75 pages, of the names that I read, all were acquitted after Stalin).

For 1930, regarding those convicted of anti-Soviet agitation, it is generally modestly noted that “There is no information.” Those. The system worked, people were convicted and shot, but no information was received!
This certificate from the Ministry of Internal Affairs and the “No information” written in it directly openly confirms and is documentary evidence that much information about the punishments carried out was not registered and disappeared altogether.

Now I want to examine the point of the fascinating Information on the number of executions (VMN - Supreme Punishment). The Certificate for 1921 indicates 9,701 executed. In 1922 there were only 1,962 people, and in 1923 there were only 414 people (in 3 years 12,077 people were shot).

Let me remind you that this is still the time of the “Red Terror” and the ongoing civil war (which ended only in 1923), a terrible famine that claimed several million lives and was organized by the Bolsheviks, who took away almost all the grain from the “class alien” breadwinners - the peasants, and also the time of peasant uprisings caused by this surplus appropriation and hunger, and the cruelest suppression of those who dared to be indignant.
At a time when, according to the official Information, the number of executions was already small in 1921, in 1922 it was still greatly reduced, and in 1923 it almost stopped altogether, in reality, due to the most severe surplus appropriation, a terrible famine reigned in the country, dissatisfaction with the Bolsheviks intensified and the opposition intensified, everywhere Peasant uprisings broke out. The Bolshevik leadership demands that the unrest of the dissatisfied, the opposition and uprisings be suppressed in the most brutal manner.

Church sources provide data on those killed as a result of the implementation of the wisest " general plan"in 1922: 2,691 priests, 1,962 monks, 3,447 nuns (Russian Orthodox Church and the communist state, 1917-1941, M., 1996, p. 69). In 1922, 8,100 clergy were killed (and the most honest Information states that in total, including criminals, 1,962 people were shot in 1922).

Suppression of the Tambov uprising of 1921-22. If we remember how this was reflected in the surviving documents of that time, then Uborevich reported to Tukhachevsky: “1000 people were captured, 1000 were shot,” then “500 people were captured, all 500 were shot.” How many such documents were destroyed? And how many such executions were not reflected in the documents at all?

Note (interesting comparison):
According to official data, in the peaceful USSR from 1962 to 1989, 24,422 people were sentenced to death. On average 2,754 people over 2 years in a very calm, peacetime golden stagnation. In 1962, 2,159 people were sentenced to death. Those. During the benign times of the “golden stagnation”, more people were shot than during the most brutal “Red Terror”. According to the Certificate, in 2 years 1922-1923, only 2,376 were shot (almost as many as in 1962 alone).

The Certificate from the 1st Special Department of the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs on repressions includes only those convicted who were officially registered as “contra”. Bandits, criminals, violators of labor discipline and public order, naturally, were not included in the statistics of this Certificate.
For example, in the USSR in 1924, 1,915,900 people were officially convicted (see: Results of the decade of Soviet power in figures. 1917-1927. M, 1928. pp. 112-113), and according to the Information through the special departments of the Cheka-OGPU this year only 12,425 people were convicted (and only they can officially be considered as repressed; the rest are simply criminals).
Need I remind you that in the USSR they tried to declare that we have no political ones, only criminals. Trotskyists were tried as saboteurs and saboteurs. The rebellious peasants were suppressed as bandits (even the Commission under the RVSR, which led the suppression of peasant uprisings, was officially called the “Commission for Combating Banditry”), etc.

Let me add two more facts to the wonderful statistics of the Help.

According to the well-known archives of the NKVD, which are cited to refute the scale of the Gulags, the number of prisoners in prisons, camps and colonies at the beginning of 1937 was 1.196 million people
However, in the population census conducted on January 6, 1937, 156 million people were obtained (without the population recorded by the NKVD and NPOs (that is, without the special contingent of the NKVD and the army), and without passengers on trains and ships). The total population according to the census was 162,003,225 people (including contingents of the Red Army, NKVD and passengers).

Considering the size of the army at that time was 2 million (experts call the figure 1,645,983 as of January 1, 1937) and assuming that there were about 1 million passengers, we obtain approximately that the NKVD special contingent (prisoners) by the beginning of 1937 was about 3 million. Close to our calculated specific number of 2.75 million prisoners was indicated in the NKVD certificate provided by TsUNKHU for the 1937 population census. Those. according to another OFFICIAL certificate (and also, of course, truthful), the actual number of prisoners was 2.3 times higher than the generally accepted one.

And one last example from official, truthful information about the number of prisoners.
A report on the use of prisoner labor in 1939 states that there were 94,773 prisoners in the railway system at the beginning of the year, and 69,569 at the end of the year. (In principle, everything is great, the researchers simply reprint this data and use it to compile the total number of prisoners. But the trouble is, in the same report there is another interesting figure) The prisoners worked, as stated in the same report, 135,148,918 man-days. Such a combination is impossible, since if during the year 94 thousand people worked every day without days off, then the number of days they worked would be only 34,310 thousand (94 thousand per 365). If we agree with Solzhenitsyn, who claims that prisoners were entitled to three days off per month, then 135,148,918 man-days could be provided by approximately 411 thousand workers (135,148,918 for 329 working days). Those. and here the OFFICIAL distortion of reporting is about 5 times.

To summarize, we can once again emphasize that the Bolsheviks/communists did not record all of their crimes, and what was recorded was then repeatedly purged: Beria destroyed incriminating evidence on himself, Khrushchev cleared archives in his favor, Trotsky, Stalin, Kaganovich also did not they really liked to save materials that were “ugly” for themselves; Likewise, the leaders of the republics, regional committees, city committees, and departments of the NKVD cleaned out local archives for themselves. ,

And yet, knowing full well about the practice of extrajudicial executions that existed at that time, about the numerous purges of archives, the neocommies summarize the found remnants of the lists and give a final figure of less than 1 million executed from 1921 to 1953, including criminals sentenced to capital punishment. The falsity and cynicism of these statements “beyond good and evil”...

Average figure

Now about real numbers victims of communists. These figures of people killed by the communists consist of several main points. The numbers themselves are indicated as the minimum and maximum values ​​I have encountered in various studies, indicating the study/author. Figures in items marked with an asterisk are for reference only and are not included in the final calculation.

1. “Red Terror” from October 1917 - 1.7 million people (Denikin Commission, Melgunov) - 2 million.

2. Epidemics of 1918-1922. - 6-7 million,

3. Civil war 1917-1923, losses on both sides, soldiers and officers killed and died from wounds - 2.5 million (Poles) - 7.5 million (Alexandrov)
(For reference: even the minimum figures are greater than the number of deaths during the entire First World War - 1.7 million.)

4. The first artificial Famine of 1921-1922, 1 million (Polyakov) - 4.5 million (Alexandrov) - 5 million (with 5 million indicated in the TSB)
5. Suppression of peasant uprisings of 1921-1923. - 0.6 million (own calculations)

6. Victims of forced Stalinist collectivization 1930-1932 (including victims of extrajudicial repressions, peasants who died of starvation in 1932 and special settlers in 1930-1940) - 2 million.

7. Second artificial famine 1932-1933 - 6.5 million (Alexandrov), 7.5 million, 8.1 million (Andreev)

8. Victims of political terror of the 1930s - 1.8 million.

9. Those who died in prison in the 1930s - 1.8 million (Alexandrov) - more than 2 million

10*. “Lost” as a result of Stalin’s corrections of the population censuses of 1937 and 1939 - 8 million - 10 million.
According to the results of the first census, 5 leaders of TsUNKHU were shot in a row, as a result the statistics were “improved” - the population was “increased” by several million. These figures are probably distributed in paragraphs. 6, 7, 8 and 9.

11. Finnish war 1939-1940 - 0.13 million

12*. Irreversible losses in the war of 1941-1945 are 38 million, 39 million according to Rosstat, 44 million according to Kurganov.
The criminal mistakes and orders of Dzhugashvili (Stalin) and his henchmen led to colossal and unjustified casualties among the Red Army personnel and the civilian population of the country. At the same time, no mass murders of the civilian non-combatant population by the Nazis (except Jews) were recorded. Moreover, all that is known is that the fascists deliberately exterminated communists, commissars, Jews and partisan saboteurs. Civilians was not subject to genocide. But of course, it is impossible to isolate from these losses the part for which the communists are directly to blame, so this is not taken into account. However, the mortality rate of prisoners in Soviet camps over the years, according to various sources, this is about 600,000 people. This is entirely on the conscience of the communists.

13. Repressions 1945-1953 - 2.85 million (together with clauses 13 and 14)

14. Famine of 1946-47 - 1 million.

15. In addition to deaths, the country’s demographic losses also include irrevocable emigration as a result of the actions of the communists. In the period after the coup of 1917 and the beginning of the 1920s, it accounted for 1.9 million (Volkov) - 2.9 million (Ramsha) - 3 million (Mikhailovsky). As a result of the war of 41-45, 0.6 million - 2 million people did not want to return to the USSR.
The arithmetic average figure for losses is 34.31 million people.

Materials used.

Calculation of the number of victims of the Bolsheviks according to the official methodology of the USSR State Statistics Committee http://www.slavic-europe.eu/index.php/articles/57-russia-articles/255-2013-05-21-31

A well-known incident of the summary statistics of those repressed in GB cases (“Pavlov’s certificate”) on the number of executions in 1933 (although this is actually defective statistics from the summary certificates of the GB, deposited in the 8th Central Asia of the FSB), disclosed by Alexey Teplyakov http://corporatelie.livejournal .com/53743.html
There, the number of people executed was underestimated by at least 6 times. And perhaps more.

Repressions in Kuban, index of those executed by name (75 pages) http://ru.convdocs.org/docs/index-15498.html?page=1 (from what I have read, everyone was rehabilitated after Stalin).

Stalinist Igor Pykhalov. “What is the scale of “Stalinist repressions”?” http://warrax.net/81/stalin.html

Population census of the USSR (1937) https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C_ %D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0 %A0_%281937%29
The Red Army before the war: organization and personnel http://militera.lib.ru/research/meltyukhov/09.html

Archival materials on the number of prisoners in the late 30s. Central State Archive of National Economy (TSANH) of the USSR, fund of the People's Commissariat - Ministry of Finance of the USSR http://scepsis.net/library/id_491.html

Article by Oleg Khlevnyuk about massive distortions of statistics of the Turkmen NKVD in 1937-1938. Hlevnjuk O. Les mecanismes de la “Grande Terreur” des annees 1937-1938 au Turkmenistan // Cahiers du Monde russe. 1998. 39/1-2. http://corporatelie.livejournal.com/163706.html#comments

A special investigative commission to investigate the atrocities of the Bolsheviks of the Commander-in-Chief of the AFSR, General Denikin, provides figures for the victims of the Red Terror only for 1918-19. - 1,766,118 Russians, including 28 bishops, 1,215 clergy, 6,775 professors and teachers, 8,800 doctors, 54,650 officers, 260,000 soldiers, 10,500 policemen, 48,650 police agents, 12,950 landowners, 355,250 intellectuals, 193.3 50 workers, 815,000 peasants.
https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0 %B4%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8 %D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%BE_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0 %B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8E_%D0%B7%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%8F %D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0 %BE%D0%B2#cite_note-Meingardt-6

Suppression of peasant uprisings of 1921-1923.

The number of victims during the suppression of the Tambov uprising. A large number of Tambov villages were wiped off the face of the earth as a result of cleansing operations (as punishment for supporting “bandits”). As a result of the actions of the occupation-punitive army and the Cheka in the Tambov region, according to Soviet data alone, at least 110 thousand people were killed. Many analysts put the figure at 240 thousand people. How many “Antonovites” were later destroyed from organized famine
Tambov security officer Goldin said: “For execution, we do not need any evidence or interrogations, as well as suspicions and, of course, useless, stupid paperwork. We find it necessary to shoot and shoot.”

At the same time, almost all of Russia was engulfed in peasant uprisings. Western Siberia and in the Urals, on the Don and Kuban, in the Volga region and the central provinces, peasants, who only yesterday had fought against the whites and the interventionists, opposed Soviet power. The scale of the performances was enormous.
book Materials for the study of the history of the USSR (1921 - 1941), Moscow, 1989 (compiled by Dolutsky I.I.)
The largest of them was the West Siberian uprising of 1921-22. https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%A1%D0%B8% D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D1%82%D0% B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%281921%E2%80%941922%29
And all of them were suppressed by this government with approximately the same extreme measure of cruelty, briefly described in the example of the Tambov province. I will give just one extract from the protocols on the methods of suppressing the West Siberian uprising: http://www.proza.ru/2011/01/28/782

Fundamental research by the greatest historian of the revolution and Civil War S.P.Melgunova “Red Terror in Russia. 1918-1923." is documentary evidence the atrocities of the Bolsheviks committed under the slogan of the fight against class enemies in the first years after the October revolution. It is based on testimony collected by the historian from various sources (the author was a contemporary of those events), but primarily from the printed organs of the Cheka itself (VChK Weekly, Red Terror magazine), even before his expulsion from the USSR. Published from the 2nd, expanded edition (Berlin, Vataga Publishing House, 1924). You can buy it on Ozone.
The human losses of the USSR in the Second World War were 38 million. A book by a group of authors with an eloquent title - “Washed in Blood”? Lies and truth about losses in the Great Patriotic War." Authors: Igor Pykhalov, Lev Lopukhovsky, Viktor Zemskov, Igor Ivlev, Boris Kavalerchik. Publishing house "Yauza" - "Eksmo, 2012. Volume - 512 pages, of which by author: I . Pykhalov - 19 p., L. Lopukhovsky in collaboration with B. Kavalerchik - 215 p., V. Zemskov - 17 p., I. Ivlev - 249 p. Circulation 2000 copies.

Rosstat's anniversary collection dedicated to the Second World War indicates the country's demographic losses in the war at 39.3 million people. http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/doc_2015/vov_svod_1.pdf

Genby. “The demographic cost of communist rule in Russia” http://genby.livejournal.com/486320.html.

The terrible famine of 1933 in figures and facts http://historical-fact.livejournal.com/2764.html

Statistics of executions in 1933 underestimated by 6 times, detailed analysis http://corporatelie.livejournal.com/53743.html

Calculation of the number of communist victims, Kirill Mikhailovich Aleksandrov - Candidate of Historical Sciences, senior researcher (specializing in "History of Russia") of the encyclopedic department of the Institute of Philological Research of St. Petersburg State University. Author of three books on the history of the anti-Stalinist resistance during the Second World War and more than 250 publications on Russian history of the 19th-20th centuries.http://www.white-guard.ru/go.php?n=4&id=82

Repressed census of 1937 http://demoscope.ru/weekly/2007/0313/tema07.php

Demographic losses from repression, A. Vishnevsky http://demoscope.ru/weekly/2007/0313/tema06.php

Censuses of 1937 and 1939 Demographic losses using the balance method. http://genby.livejournal.com/542183.html

Red terror - documents.

On May 14, 1921, the Politburo of the Central Committee of the RCP (b) supported the expansion of the rights of the Cheka with regard to the application of Capital Punishment (CMP).

On June 4, 1921, the Politburo decided to “give the Cheka a directive to intensify the fight against the Mensheviks in view of the intensification of their counter-revolutionary activities.”

Between January 26 and 31, 1922. V.I. Lenin - I.S. Unshlikht: “The transparency of the revolutionary tribunals is not always; strengthen their composition with “yours” [i.e. Cheka - G.Kh.] people, strengthen their connection (in every way) with the Cheka; increase the speed and force of their repressions, increase the attention of the Central Committee to this. The slightest increase in banditry, etc. should entail martial law and executions on the spot. The Council of People's Commissars will be able to carry this out quickly if you don't miss it, and it can be done by telephone” (Lenin, PSS, vol. 54, p. 144).

In March 1922, in a speech at the XI Congress of the RCP(b), Lenin declared: “For public proof of Menshevism, our revolutionary courts must be shot, otherwise these are not our courts.”

May 15, 1922. “t. Kursk! In my opinion, it is necessary to expand the use of execution... to all types of activities of the Mensheviks, Socialist Revolutionaries, etc. ... "(Lenin, PSS, vol. 45, p. 189). (According to the figures from the Reference, it follows that the use of executions, on the contrary, was rapidly reduced in these years)

Telegram dated August 11, 1922, endorsed by the Deputy Chairman of the State Political Administration of the Republic I. S. Unshlikht and the Head of the Secret Department of the GPU. T.P. Samsonov, ordered the provincial departments of the GPU: “immediately liquidate all active Socialist Revolutionaries in your area.”

On March 19, 1922, Lenin, in a letter addressed to members of the Politburo, explains the need now, taking advantage of the terrible famine, to begin an active campaign to expropriate church values ​​and deliver a “deadly blow to the enemy” - the clergy and the bourgeoisie: How larger number If we manage to shoot representatives of the reactionary clergy and the reactionary bourgeoisie on this occasion, so much the better: we must now teach this public a lesson so that for several decades they will not dare to think about any resistance<...>» RCKHIDNI, 2/1/22947/1-4.

Spanish Flu pandemic 1918-1920 in the context of other influenza pandemics and bird flu, M.V. Supotnitsky, Ph.D. Sciences http://www.supotnitskiy.ru/stat/stat51.htm

S.I. Zlotogorov, “Typhus” http://sohmet.ru/books/item/f00/s00/z0000004/st002.shtml

Statistics on general figures from the studies found:

I. The most minimal direct victims of the Bolsheviks according to the official methodology of the USSR State Statistics Committee, without emigration - 31 million http://www.slavic-europe.eu/index.php/articles/57-russia-articles/255-2013-05-21- 31
If it is impossible to establish the number of victims of war “communism” through the Bolshevik archives, then is it even possible to establish here, other than speculation, something that corresponds to reality? It turns out that it is possible. Moreover, quite simply - through the bed and the laws of ordinary physiology, which no one has yet canceled. Men sleep with women regardless of who got into the Kremlin.
Let us note that it is in this way (and not by compiling lists of the dead) that all serious scientists (and the State Commission of the USSR State Statistics Committee, in particular) calculate human losses during the Second World War.
Total losses of 26.6 million people - calculation was carried out by the Department of Demographic Statistics of the USSR State Statistics Committee during work as part of a comprehensive commission to clarify the number of human losses Soviet Union in the Great Patriotic War. - Mobile Administration of the GOMU of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, no. 142, 1991, inv. No. 04504, l.250." (Russia and the USSR in the wars of the twentieth century: Statistical research. M., 2001. p. 229.)
31 million people appears to be the low end of the regime's death toll.
II. In 1990, statistician O.A. Platonov: “According to our calculations, total number persons who died a non-natural death from mass repressions, famine, epidemics, and wars amounted to more than 87 million people during the years 1918-1953. And in total, if we add up the number of people who did not die a natural death, those who left their homeland, as well as the number of children that could have been born to these people, then the total human damage to the country will be 156 million people.”

III. Outstanding philosopher and historian Ivan Ilyin, “The size of the Russian population.”
http://www.rus-sky.com/gosudarstvo/ilin/nz/nz-52.htm
“All this is just during the years of the Second World War. Adding this new shortage to the previous one of 36 million, we get a monstrous sum of 72 million lives. This is the price of the revolution.”

IV. Calculation of the number of communist victims, Kirill Mikhailovich Aleksandrov - Candidate of Historical Sciences, senior researcher (specializing in "History of Russia") of the encyclopedic department of the Institute of Philological Research of St. Petersburg State University. Author of three books on the history of the anti-Stalinist resistance during the Second World War and more than 250 publications on Russian history of the 19th-20th centuries.http://www.white-guard.ru/go.php?n=4&id=82
"Civil War 1917-1922 7.5 million.
The first artificial famine 1921-1922 more than 4.5 million.
Victims of Stalinist collectivization 1930-1932 (including victims of extrajudicial repressions, peasants who died of starvation in 1932 and special settlers in 1930-1940) ≈ 2 million.
Second artificial famine 1933 - 6.5 million.
Victims of political terror - 800 thousand.
Deaths in places of detention - 1.8 million.
Victims of World War II ≈ 28 million.
Total ≈ 51 million."

V. Data from A. Ivanov’s article “Demographic Russian-USSR losses" - http://ricolor.org/arhiv/russkoe_vozrojdenie/1981/8/:
"...All this makes it possible to judge the total losses of the country's population with education Soviet state, caused by his domestic policy, his conduct of the civil and world war during 1917-1959. We have identified three periods:
1. Establishment of Soviet power - 1917-1929, the number of human losses - over 30 million people.
2. The costs of building socialism (collectivization, industrialization, liquidation of the kulaks, the remnants of the “former classes”) - 1930-1939. - 22 million people.
3. World War II and post-war difficulties - 1941-1950 - 51 million people; Total - 103 million people.
As we see, this approach, using the latest demographic indicators, leads to the same assessment of the magnitude of human casualties suffered by the peoples of our country during the years of Soviet power and the communist dictatorship, which was arrived at by different researchers using different methods and different demographic statistics. This once again demonstrates that the 100-110 million human sacrifices of building socialism are the real “price” of this “building.”
VI. Opinion of the liberal historian R. Medvedev: “Thus, the total number of victims of Stalinism reaches, according to my calculations, a figure of approximately 40 million people” (R. Medvedev “Tragic Statistics // Arguments and Facts. 1989, February 4-10. No. 5(434). P. 6.)

VII. Opinion of the commission for the rehabilitation of victims of political repression (headed by A. Yakovlev): “According to the most conservative estimates of the specialists of the rehabilitation commission, our country lost about 100 million people during the years of Stalin’s rule. This number includes not only the repressed themselves, but also those doomed to the death of members of their families and even children who could have been born, but were never born." (Mikhailova N. Underpants of counter-revolution // Premier. Vologda, 2002, July 24-30. No. 28(254). P. 10.)

VIII. Fundamental demographic research by a team led by Dr. economic sciences Professor Ivan Koshkin (Kurganov) “Three numbers. About human losses for the period from 1917 to 1959." http://slavic-europe.eu/index.php/comments/66-comments-russia/177-2013-04-15-1917-1959 http://rusidea.org/?a=32030
"Nevertheless, the widespread belief in the USSR that everything or most human losses in the USSR are associated with military events, incorrectly. The losses associated with military events are enormous, but they do not cover all the losses of the people during Soviet rule. They, contrary to the opinion spread in the USSR, constitute only a part of these losses. Here are the corresponding figures (in millions of people):
The total number of casualties in the USSR during the dictatorship of the Communist Party from 1917 to 1959. 110.7 million - 100%.
Including:
Losses in wartime 44.0 million, - 40%.
Losses in non-military revolutionary times 66.7 million - 60%.

P.S. It was this work that Solzhenitsyn mentioned in a famous interview with Spanish television, which is why it arouses the especially fierce hatred of Stalinists and neo-Commies.

IX. The opinion of the historian and publicist B. Pushkarev is about 100 million (Pushkarev B. Unexplained issues of demography of Russia in the 20th century // Posev. 2003. No. 2. P. 12.)

X. Book edited by the leading Russian demographer Vishnevsky "Demographic modernization of Russia, 1900-2000". Demographic losses from communists 140 million (mainly due to unborn generations).
http://demoscope.ru/weekly/2007/0313/tema07.php

XI. O. Platonov, book "Memoirs of the National Economy", total losses of 156 million people.
XII. Russian emigrant historian Arseny Gulevich, book “Tsarism and Revolution”, the direct losses of the revolution amounted to 49 million people.
If we add to them the losses due to the birth rate deficit, then with the victims of two world wars, we get the same 100-110 million people destroyed by communism.

XIII. According to the documentary series "History of Russia in the 20th Century", the total number of direct demographic losses suffered by the peoples of the former Russian Empire from the actions of the Bolsheviks from 1917 to 1960. is about 60 million people.

XIV. According to documentary film"Nicholas II. Triumph thwarted", the total number of victims of the Bolshevik dictatorship is about 40 million people.

XV. According to the forecasts of the French scientist E. Théri, the population of Russia in 1948, without unnatural deaths and taking into account normal population growth, should have been 343.9 million people. At that time, 170.5 million people lived in the USSR, i.e. demographic losses (including unborns) for 1917-1948. - 173.4 million people

XVI. Genby. the demographic price of communist rule in Russia is 200 million. http://genby.livejournal.com/486320.html.

XVII. Summary tables of victims of Lenin-Stalin repressions

Stalin's order Mironin Sigismund Sigismundovich

How many people were repressed?

"Repressions" are those undertaken government agencies punitive measures. This is according to the explanatory dictionary. In Stalin's time, they were used as punishment for what they had done, and not as a punishment adequate to the gravity of the crime.

How many people were repressed? Anti-Stalinists are still trumpeting about tens of millions of people executed. But let's see how justified this opinion is. When analyzing this issue, it is useful to know the population of the USSR. For information: in 1926 the USSR had 147 million inhabitants, in 1937 - 162 million, and in 1939 - 170.5 million.

According to Yu. Zhukov, the victims were not tens of millions, but one and a half million. This opinion is confirmed by the data of Doctor of Historical Sciences Zemskov. At the same time, according to Zhukov, he checked and double-checked the documents a hundred times, and they were analyzed by his colleagues from other countries. The results of studies on the number of repressed people, carried out based on archival data of the CPSU Central Committee by Zemskov, Dugin and Klevnik, began to appear in scientific journals since 1990. These results completely contradicted the statements of the “free press” - they say that the number of victims will exceed all expectations. However, the reports were published in hard-to-find scientific journals, virtually unknown to the vast majority of society.

For a long time, these figures were completely hushed up by “democrats” and “liberals.” Books by these researchers have appeared today. The reports became known in the West as a result of collaboration between researchers in different countries and refuted the fabrications of early Sovietologists such as Conquest. For example, it was established that in 1939 the total number of prisoners was close to 2 million. Of these, 454 thousand were convicted of political crimes. But not 9 million, as R. Conquest claims. Those who died in labor camps from 1937 to 1939 numbered 160 thousand, and not 3 million, as R. Conquest claims. In 1950, there were 578 thousand political prisoners in labor camps, but not 12 million.

Contrary to popular belief, the bulk of those convicted of counter-revolutionary crimes were in the Gulag camps not in 1937–1938, but during and after the war. For example, there were 104,826 such convicts in the camps in 1937, and 185,324 in 1938. I. Pykhalov convincingly proved that during the entire period of Stalin’s reign, the number of prisoners simultaneously imprisoned never exceeded 2 million 760 thousand (naturally, not counting German, Japanese and other prisoners of war). He clearly demonstrated that the mortality rate in the camps was relatively low.

Yes, at the peak moments of history, especially after the war, about 1.8 million people were in prisons and camps of the USSR, which amounted to a little more than one percent: in other words, every hundredth citizen was imprisoned. Let me note that today in the “citadel of democracy” - the USA - almost every 100th American (more than 2 million people) is also behind bars. By the way, every 88th Svidomo now sits in “democratic and free” Ukraine.

The most interesting thing is that before today in fact, the only source on the number of those executed and repressed in 1937 and 1938. is the “Certificate of the special department of the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs on the number of those arrested and convicted by the Cheka-OGPU-NKVD of the USSR in 1921–1953,” which is dated December 11, 1953. The certificate was signed by the acting. the head of the 1st special department, Colonel Pavlov (the 1st special department was the accounting and archival department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs). In 1937, 353,074 people were sentenced to death, in 1938 - 328,618. About one hundred thousand people were sentenced to death in all other years from 1918 to 1953 - of which the absolute majority were during the war years. These figures are used by serious scientists, “memorial” activists, and even such outright traitors to Russia as academician. A. N. Yakovlev comrades.

In February 1954, Rudenko et al., in a memo addressed to Khrushchev, named the number of 642,980 people sentenced to capital punishment (CM) for the period from 1921 to February 1954. This number has already entered the history books and has not yet been disputed by anyone. The collection “Military Historical Archive” (number 4 (64) for 2005) provides data that in 1937–1938, 1,355,196 people were convicted by all types of judicial bodies, of which 681,692 were sentenced to military violence. the number tended to increase. Already in 1956, the Ministry of Internal Affairs certificate listed 688,238 people executed (not sentenced to military punishment, but executed) from among those arrested on charges of anti-Soviet activity in the period 1935–1940 alone. In the same year, Pospelov's commission put the number at 688,503 executed during the same period. In 1963, the report of the Shvernik Commission named an even larger number - 748,146 sentenced to VMN for the period 1935–1953, of which 631,897 in 1937–1938. by decision of extrajudicial authorities. In 1988, a certificate from the USSR KGB presented to Gorbachev listed 786,098 people executed in 1930–1955. Finally, in 1992, signed by the head of the department of registration and archival forms of the IBRF for 1917–1990. information was reported on 827,995 people sentenced to VMN for state and similar crimes.

Although the above numbers seem to be accepted by most researchers, doubts remain about their accuracy. A. Reznikova tried to analyze 52 publications containing information about prisoners in 24 regions of Russia. The sample included 41 Books of Memory from the Library of the Moscow Scientific Information and Educational Center "Memorial", 7 books from the State Public Library Historical Library and 4 books from the State Public Library. Lenin. And I found that in total 275,134 people were included in these memory books.

Let me give a long quote from an article by P. Krasnov, who analyzes the figures of repression.

“According to a certificate provided by the Prosecutor General of the USSR Rudenko, the number of people convicted of counter-revolutionary crimes for the period from 1921 to February 1, 1954 by the OGPU Collegium, the NKVD troikas, the Special Meeting, the Military Collegium, courts and military tribunals was 3,777,380 people , including capital punishment - 642,980. Zemskov gives slightly different numbers, but they do not fundamentally change the picture: “In total, there were 1,850,258 prisoners in camps, colonies and prisons by 1940... There were about 667 thousand." As a starting point, he apparently took Beria’s certificate presented to Stalin, so the number is given with an accuracy of one person, and “about 667,000” is a number rounded with incomprehensible precision. Apparently, these are simply rounded data from Rudenko, which relate to the entire period 1921–1954, or include data on criminals who are recorded as criminal. The statistical assessments that I carried out showed that Rudenko’s numbers are closer to reality, and Zemskov’s data are overestimated by about 30–40%, especially in the number of people executed, but I repeat, this does not change the essence of the matter at all. The significant discrepancy in the data of Zemskov and Rudenko (approximately 200–300 thousand) in the number of those arrested may occur because a significant number of cases were revised after the appointment of Lavrentiy Beria to the post of People's Commissar. Up to 300 thousand people were released from places of detention and temporary detention (the exact number is still unknown). It’s just that Zemskov considers them victims of repression, but Rudenko does not. Moreover, Zemskov considers “repressed” everyone who has ever been arrested by state security agencies (including the Cheka after the revolution), even if he was released shortly after that, as Zemskov himself directly states. Thus, several tens of thousands of victims fall royal officers, whom the Bolsheviks initially released on the “officer’s word of honor” not to fight against Soviet power. It is known that then the “noble gentlemen” immediately broke the “officer’s word”, which they did not hesitate to declare publicly.

Please note that I use the word “convicted” and not “repressed”, because the word “repressed” implies a person innocently punished.”

P. Krasnov also writes: “At the end of the 80s, by order of Gorbachev, a “rehabilitation commission” was created, which in an expanded form continued its work in “democratic Russia”. Over the decade and a half of her work, she rehabilitated 120 thousand people, working with extreme bias - even obvious criminals were rehabilitated. The attempt to rehabilitate Vlasov, which failed only because of the massive indignation of veterans, speaks volumes. Excuse me, where are the “millions of victims”? The mountain gave birth to a mouse."

Further, P. Krasnov very convincingly refutes the fictitious figures of repression by using common sense. I quote his text in its entirety. Judge for yourself. He writes: “Where did such an incredible number of prisoners come from? After all, 40 million prisoners are the population of the then Ukraine and Belarus combined, or the entire population of France, or all urban population USSR of those years. The fact of the arrest and transportation of thousands of Ingush and Chechens was noted by contemporaries of the deportation as a shocking event, and this is understandable. Why was the arrest and transportation of many times more people not noted by eyewitnesses? During the famous “evacuation to the east” in 41–42. 10 million people were transported to the rear. The evacuees lived in schools, temporary shelters, wherever. All the older generations remember this fact. It was 10 million, what about 40 and even more so 50, 60 and so on? Almost all eyewitnesses of those years note the massive movement and work of captured Germans on construction sites; they could not be ignored. People still remember that, for example, “this road was built by captured Germans.” There were about 3 million prisoners on the territory of the USSR - this is a lot, and it is impossible not to notice the fact of the activities of such a large number of people. What can we say about the number of “prisoners,” which is approximately 10–20 times greater? Only that the very fact of moving and working on construction sites of such an incredible number of prisoners should simply shock the population of the USSR. This fact would be passed on from mouth to mouth even after decades. Was it? No.

How to transport such a huge number of people off-road to remote areas, and what type of transport available in those years was used? Large-scale construction of roads in Siberia and the North began much later. Moving huge multi-million (!) human masses across the taiga and without roads is generally unrealistic - there is no way to supply them during a multi-day journey.

Where were the prisoners housed? It is assumed that in the barracks, hardly anyone will build skyscrapers for prisoners in the taiga. However, even a large barracks cannot accommodate more people than an ordinary five-story building, which is why multi-story buildings are built, and 40 million is 10 cities the size of Moscow at that time. Traces of gigantic settlements would inevitably remain.

Where are they? Nowhere. If such a number of prisoners are scattered across a huge number of small camps located in inaccessible, sparsely populated areas, then it will be impossible to supply them. In addition, transport costs, taking into account off-road conditions, will become unimaginable. If they are placed close to roads and large populated areas, then the entire population of the country will immediately become aware of the huge number of prisoners. In fact, around cities there should be a large number of very specific structures that are impossible to miss or confuse with anything else.

The famous White Sea Canal was built by 150 thousand prisoners, the Kirov hydroelectric complex - 90,000. The whole country knew that these objects were built by prisoners. And these numbers are nothing compared to the tens of millions. Tens of millions of “prisoner slaves” must have left behind truly cyclopean buildings. Where are these structures and what are they called? Questions that will not be answered can be continued.

How were such huge masses of people supplied in remote, difficult areas? Even if we assume that the prisoners were fed according to the standards of besieged Leningrad, this means that to supply the prisoners a minimum of 5 million kilograms of bread per day is needed - 5000 tons. And this is assuming that the guards do not eat anything, do not drink anything and do not need weapons or uniforms at all.

Probably everyone has seen photographs of the famous Road of Life - one and a half and three-ton trucks go one after another in an endless line - practically the only vehicle of those years outside the railways (count horses vehicle does not make sense for such transportation). The population of besieged Leningrad was about 2 million people. The road across Lake Ladoga is approximately 60 kilometers, but delivering goods even over such a short distance has become a serious problem. And the point here is not the German bombing - the Germans did not manage to interrupt supplies for a day. The problem is that the bandwidth country road(which, in essence, was the Road of Life) is small. How do proponents of the “mass repression” hypothesis imagine supplying 10–20 cities the size of Leningrad, located hundreds and thousands of kilometers from the nearest roads?

How were the products of the labor of so many prisoners exported, and what type of transport available at that time was used for this? You don't have to wait for answers - there won't be any.

Where were the detainees housed? Detainees are rarely held together with those serving sentences; there are special pre-trial detention centers for this purpose. It is impossible to keep prisoners in ordinary buildings - special conditions are needed, therefore, they had to be built in every city in large quantities investigative prisons designed for tens of thousands of prisoners each. These must have been structures of monstrous size, because even the famous Butyrka housed a maximum of 7,000 prisoners. Even if we assume that the population of the USSR was struck by sudden blindness and did not notice the construction of giant prisons, then a prison is a thing that cannot be hidden and cannot be quietly converted into other buildings. Where did they go after Stalin? After Pinochet's coup, 30 thousand arrested had to be placed in stadiums. By the way, the very fact of this was immediately noticed by the whole world. What can we say about millions?

To the question “where is mass graves innocently killed, in which millions of people are buried?“ you will not hear any intelligible answer at all. After perestroika propaganda, it would be natural to open secret places mass grave millions of victims, obelisks and monuments should have been erected in these places, but there is no trace of any of this. Please note that the burial in Babi Yar is now known to the whole world and the whole of Ukraine immediately learned about this fact of mass extermination of Soviet people by the Nazis. According to various estimates, from seventy to two hundred thousand people were killed there. It is clear that if it was not possible to hide the fact of the execution and burial of such a scale, what can we say about numbers 50-100 times larger?

I will add from myself. So far, despite all the efforts of current liberals, burials of this scale have not been found.

Chapter 2 So how many were there? It would seem that the question is quite strange. The number of tanks in the USSR and Germany as of June 22, 1941 has long been known to everyone interested. But why go far - our first chapter began with these numbers. 24,000 and 3300. However, let's try to dig