Declension of nouns is not the most interesting topic in school curriculum. And what could be interesting here if everything is based on stupid cramming? And what is boring is what is the worst.
You can add a little humor to the tedious process of memorization. For example, our grandmothers remembered the order of cases using funny rhyme, in which the first letter of each word corresponded to the first letter of the case name.
Ivan - nominative,
gave birth - genitive,
girl - dative,
ordered - accusative,
drag - instrumental,
diaper - prepositional.
It is not difficult to learn such a poem. And now the cases lined up in my memory by themselves!
However, even knowing the names of the cases, mastering the declension of nouns is not an easy task. After all, you still need to memorize the questions! And again there is a rhyme “About Masha” to help students:
Sweets at Masha's No -
I'll give I'll give you some chocolates to Marus.
I see: Masha is willful,
Doesn't play not happy.
She thinks about what?
Cases have nothing to do with it!
Meticulous students will be surprised: “And what is the connection between some wayward Masha and the topic that we are considering?” Of course, there is no special connection here. But anyone who looks closely at the poem will notice that in each line, either at the end or at the beginning, one word is highlighted.
These are “magic” helping words. They will help us remember and then, you see, we will be able to master the declension of nouns, jokingly and playfully.
So, we start with the second case - the genitive, since the nominative usually does not cause difficulties. In the first line, the word “no” is highlighted. This is for the genitive case. We say the word “no”, and questions arise naturally: “What or who is not there?”
The next line gives us the auxiliary word “dam”, and we know that after the genitive comes By analogy with the previous case, we say “dam” and continue: “To whom or what?”
So, we learned the cases and remembered the questions. Now more difficult topic: distribution of nouns by declensions. Usually at school they begin to study the declension of nouns from the 1st declension.
You can again resort to the cram rhyme.
Tanya, Petya and Arisha,
Misha, Tolya, Vasya, Grisha -
There are "A" and "Z" at the end -
This is my whole family!
From the quatrain it follows that the 1st declension includes words with the endings “A” and “I” as masculine, and female.
Neuter nouns should be classified as 2nd declension. This also includes masculine nouns without endings. And, of course, to help - a cramming rhyme:
The horse galloped on a cloud,
A goose was flying over the lake.
In the field the breeze was naughty,
The boy poured tea into a saucer.
The third declension includes nouns ending in “b”, feminine gender, without endings.
In writing, it is usually especially difficult to write nouns of the 1st declension. You can use a “doll” for a hint.
In doubtful cases, we substitute the word “doll”, and if it sounds “Y”, we bravely write “I”, since this is for sure genitive, and if we don’t hear “Y”, then we need to write “E” at the end. By the way, in the word “doll” too.
In the second declension we check the endings “knight”, you just need to remember that there is an analogue of the hard ending.
With adjectives the situation is even simpler. Declension of adjectives is a simple matter. Their case corresponds to the case of the noun to which they refer, and the ending is checked by asking: what is the case of the question, so will be the adjective.
Study of cases and their differences.
Russian language is considered one of the most complex languages peace. Of course, it’s hard for anyone to learn a non-native vocabulary. But precisely because of the transformation of words into cases, the Slavic dialect becomes too difficult to understand. And many speakers of their native dialect are often confused this issue, so next we will try to figure it out.
Changing nouns by case: what is it called?
Changing nouns by case - called declination.
Declension- this is our transformation of words at the end. And it is necessary so that the words are properly fastened together. This is how statements in the Russian lexicon are obtained.
Noun- this is the component of the phrase that implies the subject. Both living and non-living. Therefore, it gives answers to the questions posed: who? And what?
Covers very broad concepts:
- name of items(chair, knife, book)
- designation of persons(woman, baby, vegetarian)
- naming living things(dolphin, cat, amoeba)
- name of substances(coffee, gelatin, starch)
- terms various factors and cases(fire, intermission, correspondence)
- designation of all stays, actions and properties(tearfulness, optimism, running)
There are six different cases:
- nominative
- genitive
- dative
- accusative
- instrumental
- prepositional
Cases of nouns in Russian: table with questions, prepositions and auxiliary words in the singular
For perception and faster absorption For information, tables are often used. They do a great job of showing what questions are used.
- First declension- nouns of feminine and masculine gender, the ending of which is - a, i
- Second declension- masculine nouns without an ending and ending in soft sign, neuter with ending - oh, e
- Third declension- these are feminine words that end with a soft sign
In plural also, for better perception, a table is used that differs, however, only in the ending.
Incorrect use of cases: what type of error?
It seems that you look at the tables and examples, and everything becomes clear. And you think, what’s so complicated about it? But in reality it turns out that many people make mistakes. Despite the fact that they know the material. And, as a rule, these are very common mistakes that require special attention.
Highlight 2 main mistakes, which are related:
- With incorrect definition noun declension
- with inappropriate use of prepositions
Prepositions require special attention:
- thanks to
- according to
- contrary to
- like
- contrary to
- across
IMPORTANT: These prepositions are used in the dative case.
For example, maneuver according to (what?) law. Or, thanks to (what?) friendship with the Fedorov family.
It is also worth highlighting a number of statements that often used in the erroneous case:
- In view. The current preposition is used only in the genitive case. For example, due to excess (what?) money.
- A statement like "together with" requires the instrumental case because it has weight joint action. For example, playing with (who?) my nephew.
- Also, a pretext "along with" also asks for the instrumental case. For example, along with other (what?) things.
- But after the expression "By" adverb requests prepositional case. If there is a meaning "after something". For example, upon completion of the contract.
How to distinguish the nominative case from the accusative case?
Every student faces these questions. And adults often face similar choices. And it is not surprising that these aspects are often confused. After all, the questions are of the same type and graduation inanimate words the same ones, but here graduation animate nouns completely different.
How does the nominative case differ from accusative case: instructions.
- Of course, the question is raised.
There was already a reminder in the table above that the nominative is guided by questions Who? What?(How main member offers). And the accusative - (I see) whom? What?(minor member offers). - And there is a little trick. Because word in nominative case will always be main member in a sentence, then we determine the main members of the sentence - the subject and the predicate.
- If our word is not the main member of the sentence, therefore, it is in the accusative case and will be a minor member of the sentence.
- Another technique: pose a question to the word being tested in an animated form. For example: Who? parrot (subject in the nominative case) pecks What?(whom?) grain (minor part of the sentence, accusative case).
- Also, a significant role is played by the pretext with which it is associated independent part speech (or not). In the first variant (nominative case), the noun is always used without pretext. But in the second (accusative case), on the contrary, more often with it ( in, on, for, through and others).
- It will also help to identify the case ending. The table above has already mentioned what endings each case has.
How to distinguish the accusative case from the genitive case?
- The most important help is the question you need to ask yourself in your mind. The genitive case, as we know, responds to questions whom or what No? But the accusative case is - see who? I hear what? Question whom? the same in both cases.
Read the instructions below.
- Mentally replace animate object inanimate.
- The question approaches the inanimate in the genitive case: what isn't there? But in the accusative, an inanimate object reacts to the question What do I see and hear?
- Example: I caught ( whom?) butterfly. We pose an inanimate question. I caught ( What?) butterfly. Question what? doesn't fit. So this is the accusative case.
- By the way, in genitive case will mean attachment to someone or something. We bought a suitcase for ( what?) travel (genitive). The bedside table is made ( from what?) made of wood (genitive). Also point to a particle of something. A flower is a part of (what?) a plant (genitive). Or is it going comparison of objects. Smartphone is better ( what?) push-button telephone (genitive).
- It is also important that in the genitive case the verb will be with negative particle . In the store Not was ( what?) sour cream (genitive).
- But in accusative case has spacious place or intermediate touching. Define ( What?) weather for tomorrow (accusative). And also, the effect transfers entirely to the object. For example, I closed ( What?) door (accusative). Drank (what?) milk (accusative). Or it will express desire and intention. I want to eat ( What?) apple.
Indeclinable nouns: list
It seems that all the nuances were considered, and a little clarification began. But that was not the case! The Russian language has come up with some more traps - these are nouns that are not declined. And this is where foreigners get shocked.
To put it very briefly, this is foreign words(practically). But to make it a little clearer, below is the list.
- Nouns foreign origin(proper and common nouns), the endings of which are -о, -е, -у, -у, -и, -а:
- highway
- interview
- flamingo
- Again words of foreign origin. But! Feminine and with a consonant ending:
- madam
- Carmen
- Surnames. Russian and Ukrainian, the ending of which ends in –о and –ы, theirs:
- Ivanchenko
- Korolenko
- Sedykh, etc.
- Well, of course abbreviations and shortened words:
Declension of nouns by case: example
Rules are rules, but with an example it is much easier to understand. To make it easier visually, we will also resort to using a table.
How to quickly learn cases and their questions?
In principle, there is nothing complicated. If you carefully understand and understand. And it’s hard not only for visitors from other countries, but also for our children. Therefore, in order for information to be absorbed faster, they have come up with a lot of things. And here we are school years taught, put a book under the pillow. And, most importantly, it worked! I read it before going to bed, slept all night on the book and already remembered everything.
- Of course, many teachers resort to rhymes or games. But parents should also help their children in this matter.
- First of all, you need to remember how many cases there are. There are only 6 of them.
- And then, on the most ordinary and everyday examples explain to the child what questions the noun answers. This means that cases are easier to determine.
- The most important thing is practice! They took the child from educational institution and go on the bus. Forward! Practice the words you observe. At least by bus.
- By the way, a small sample light rhyme. The kids will like it and it will help educational information learn quickly.
A poem about cases: Ivan gave birth to a girl, ordered her to drag a diaper
All parents can repeat this poem in chorus. After all, he was remembered as “twice two.” And most importantly, it is easy for children to understand.
- Ivan (I - nominative)
Gave birth (P - genitive)
Girl, (D - dative)
Velel (B - accusative)
Drag (T - instrumental)
Diaper (P - prepositional)
Video: How easy is it to learn cases? Simple memorization technique
Tip 1: How to explain cases to a child
Nouns in Russian change according to cases. This is one of the main categories of nouns. When studying cases with your child, small tricks that are used for better and faster memorization will help you learn the material.
Instruction 1
1. First explain the meaningcases in speech you can use a simple exercise. Compose a sentence and make a planned mistake in it. For example: “On Sunday we will definitely go to visit our grandparents.” Ask your child what is wrong with this sentence? Children usually find and correct obvious mistakes without difficulty. On similar examples It can be clearly shown that cases make our speech connected, thanks to them we can easily understand each other.
2
2.
There are only six main cases in the Russian language. A poem familiar to many from childhood helps to remember their order. It is quite unusual, but it is the best way to promote the assimilation of the order of cases:
Ivan (Nominative)
Gave birth (Genitive)
Girl (Dative)
Velel (Accusative)
Drag (Creative)
Diaper (Prepositional)
The initial letter of each of the words in the poem corresponds to the first letter of the case. This is a kind of mnemonic rule that promotes memorization by expanding associative connections.
3.
Another expression is based on this, memorizing which will also help you learn the order of cases:
Ivan (Nominative)
Chopped (Genitive)
Firewood (Dative)
Varvara (Accusative)
Stoked (Creative)
Oven (Prepositional)
Knowing your child, you can come up with any other statement for him based on this principle.\\
4.
Auxiliary words and small tips help you remember cases and their corresponding questions.
The nominative case answers the questions “who?” "What?" (“Masha”, “chair”, “horse”).
Genitive case - there is no “who?”, “what?” next to us. (“Masha”, “chairs”, “horses”).
Dative- give the toy to “who?”, “what?” (“Mache”, “chair”, “horse”).
Accusative case - I see nearby, in the distance “who?”, “what?” (“Waving”, “chair”, “horse”).
Instrumental case - I create (I draw, I compose) together “with whom?”, “with what?” (“with Masha”, “with a chair”, “with a horse”).
Prepositional case - I propose to talk “about whom?”, “about what?” (“about Masha”, “about the chair”, “about the horse”).
In this case, be sure to pay the child’s attention to identity initial letters in the name of the case and the auxiliary word: “dative - give”, “accusative - I see”, “agency - I create”, “prepositional - I offer”.
On the topic: methodological developments, presentations and notes
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Type of lesson: learning new material. Technologies: information and communication, personality-oriented. Form of delivery: group, individual. Equipment: media - projector, laptop, recording...
Schools today explain cases to children starting in the second and third grades. Although previously the concept of cases was introduced only in the fifth grade. And it is no coincidence that it is much easier for a 10-year-old child to explain cases than for an 8-9-year-old child. Therefore, in the class, most children do not understand the meaning of cases, and cannot inflect words according to cases. And they often ask to explain the concept of cases to their parents. We need to approach the issue creatively and explain the cases in child-friendly examples.
It would seem like this simple concepts- and there are only 6 cases, but children remember the cases with difficulty. We offer several simple ways to explain cases.
What happens if there are no cases?
Try using all nouns in the nominative case in a sentence. For example: “Mom is eating porridge” or “Dad is reading the newspaper.” The child will clarify - why does mom eat porridge? Or “why does dad read the newspaper?” It can't be like that. Then you will explain to your child why it is so important what the ending of the word is.
And the ending of the word indicates a certain case. That is, in fact, cases are needed to control the endings of words and help us subordinate one word to another in speech. Hence the name - case! Fall down before the main word.
The most important is the nominative case.
And the most important word in a sentence is the word in the nominative case. Main, nominative word. It answers the question “who?” or “what?” Usually this word has an action. For example, “Mom is eating.” Mom is a word (noun) in the nominative case.
All six cases in detail
Genitive,
Dative,
Accusative,
Instrumental,
Prepositional.
How to explain these cases to a child? We draw the child's attention to the name of each case.
Genitive- gave birth, parent. And the question can be posed like this: no one? what?"Not yet - but" we'll give birth and it will be". Genitive.
For example, “Today we will have an orchestra rehearsal.” The word "orchestra" here is in the genitive case. Because from the main word “Rehearsal” we can ask this word the question “what?”
Next case " Dative". From the word "Give". From the main word to which the word in the dative case is subject, we can ask a question to this word “give to whom?” “give to what?"(for example, a move, a start in life, etc.)
Example: “The child needs to explain the cases.” Here the word “child” is in the dative case “to whom?”. It is worth explaining to your child that sometimes there is no main word in a sentence. And sometimes there is only one main word. For example, in the sentence “Fog”.
Case " Accusative" is the most problematic case to explain to children. Children very often confuse the accusative case with the nominative case or with the genitive case. After all, the word in the accusative case answers the question “ whom?" or “what?". However there is important detail- endings of words and their hierarchy in sentences. Let's look at it with examples.
« The chicken laid an egg" - “egg” is not the main word in the sentence, although it answers the question “what?” This means that the word “egg” is in accusative case.
"Mom eats porridge" - "What?" porridge - accusative case. This word ends " at", different from the ending of this word in the nominative case " A«.
« Mom put a spoonful of porridge- and here we are dealing with the genitive case. Because we can ask the question “what”. “A spoon of what?” - “porridge.”
« Mom saw the girl" - the word "girl" is in the accusative case. Blame “who?” girl. But if you could ask the question “there is no one?” - characteristic for genitive case, then the ending of the word “girl” A" would change to "girls" And«.
So, let's explain to the child meaning of the accusative case — blame. Therefore the auxiliary question " blame who?» « blame what?". In the genitive case the auxiliary question " No one?» « no what?«.
Accordingly, here is the word “mouse” in the accusative And in the genitive case:
"mice" - genitive (no one? mice)
"mouse" - accusative case (blame who? mouse).
The word "apple" in the accusative and in genitive cases:
"apple" - genitive (no what?- apple)
"apple" - accusative case (blame what?- apple).
Instrumental case. The most beautiful case. Helps you create. And the corresponding question is “ made by whom?» « done by what?". You can come up with something closer to the name of the instrumental case “ created by whom?» « created by what?»
The word “mother” is in the instrumental case “mama”. Answers the question " made by whom?"Mom.
The word “dog” is in the instrumental case “dog”. You can ask the question " made by whom?"dog.
The word “pear” is in the instrumental case “pear”. You can ask the question " done by what?» pear.
And the very last case " Prepositional". If you explain this case to a child from the point of view of a “sentence,” it will become clear. That is, “prepositional” - to offer and “ negotiate about whom? about what?»
We chatted happily, sitting on logs (“ negotiate what?"about logs)
Masha told the class about dad. — the word “papa” in the prepositional case: “ about whom?"about dad.
As a rule, prepositional easy to recognize on pretext in front of him. This is also why it has the name “prepositional.” For example, if we say “Masha told dad a fairy tale,” then the word dad will be in dative case, but if we say “Masha told a story about dad,” then there is a preposition and the word dad is in the prepositional case. It is very important to draw the child’s attention to this circumstance, since in both the dative and prepositional cases the endings of the words are the same.
It all depends on the context. That’s why we draw children’s attention to the fact that cases subordinate words in a sentence; they do not exist on their own. That's the point. However, we may well decline any noun by case, but here we immediately ask the appropriate questions.
If we simply write a word in different cases, we will not understand which case it is in.
For example:
mouse, mice, mice, mouse, mouse, oh mouse.
Have you determined the case?
And like this when we ask a question:
Who? - mouse - nominative case
whom? mice - genitive case
to whom? mice - dative case
whom? mouse - accusative case
by whom? mouse - instrumental case
about whom? about the mouse - prepositional case
Now everything becomes clear. And in a sentence, the child will ask a question for each word and will easily determine in which case the word is.
Order of cases in declension
How to explain to your child the order of cases in declension.
R-Birth
B - Vinyl
T - Created
P - Prepositions were given.
This way the order of cases will fit into the child’s head and their meaning will be immediately remembered.
Let’s repeat the questions for the cases so that the child can easily remember
Let us once again list the characteristic questions for the case.
Nominative - who? What?
Genitive - no one? no what?
Dative - “give to whom?” “give to what?”
Accusative - “blame who?” “blame what?”
Creative - “made by whom?” "made by what?"
Prepositional - “about whom?” "about what?" - there is a preposition before the noun.
WHERE DOES U-DO-OT LIVE
OR
HOW TO LEARN CASES WITH “EXCELLENT”
One of the difficult topics studied in elementary school- declension of nouns. The mistake teachers make is that this topic is “driven” into the poor heads of students. What if we teach children to learn? Show them a way to actively remember, to choose that method, that association that will make it easier for them to learn? Perhaps the memo that I compiled for my students (and sometimes with the help of students) will help teachers make “difficult” cases interesting and easy.
Do you like identifying cases? ABOUT! I can imagine how you sighed! What could be nice about infinite number questions and suggestions! The questions are confused, not remembered, and even the prepositions...Who will remember them?
Let's say you've learned the questions. But remembering prepositions that are used with some case is not an easy task. But there is a way to remember them.
Let's start with nominative case. It is always used without preposition. This is also a sign - as they saw a noun with a preposition - it is definitely not the nominative case.
GENITIVE
The genitive case has many prepositions. But there are those that are used only with it. How can you remember them? We will rearrange the prepositions so that we get a combination of words that reminds us of something
familiar.
U-to-from about from-without-for
How you introduce the mysterious “oo-do-ota” is your business. It seems to me to be a bird surprisingly similar to the well-known hoopoe. Because it sounds the same. And he stands (or sits) near some “from-without-for”. Your imagination should work here. Maybe it’s a wonderful tree with garlands of delicious berries, or maybe it’s a stump. Remember it the way you see it. And now, to find out whether a noun is in the genitive case, you just need to say it, checking the preposition:
“u-to-from about from-without-for.”
DATIVE
The dative case is easier. He has only two prepositions:
to, by
You say: “What’s there to remember!” And I’ll tell you one trick. The preposition “to” is used only with the dative case. And the preposition “by” very rarely appears with other cases.
Be careful: if you meet, for example,
the phrase “we walked across the square”, then ask questions in the dative case:
walked (by whom? what?) across the square
It would be wrong to pose the questions like this:
walked (by whom? what?) across the square
So, remember that the dative case, although “generous”, is stingy with prepositions. He only has two of them, but the most dear ones*.
*The dative case is also used with such prepositions: thanks to , contrary to, according to, accordingly . But in elementary school they are rare, so you can remember two prepositions for now.
ACCUSATIVE CASE
This case is sort of like a twin of the nominative case. But this is only at first glance. They have enough differences. Firstly, the nominative never has prepositions. Secondly, a noun in the nominative case is the subject of the sentence, that is, this object performs the action itself, but in the accusative case, a noun denotes an object that “suffers” because an action is performed on it.
And now - about prepositions of the accusative case. They can also be remembered in the way that is convenient for us:
about-under through behind-on-in
passage through a ditch
Maybe rearrange the prepositions differently, more successfully and more accurately. Well, then you are on the right track.
INSTRUMENTAL CASE
You can remember the prepositions with which the instrumental case is used by remembering... how you prepare your briefcase in the evening. Where do you look for a diary or notebook?
for books
over books
under books
before books
between books
And when you find it, goWith school bag.
You can simply remember a combination of prepositions:
behind-over under-in front between with
PREPOSITIONAL
The prepositional case gets its name from the fact that it is used only with prepositions. And before you remember the prepositions with which it is used, remember what grandparents call each other. Anatolyevna, Ivanovich, Petrovna, Afanasyevna. What does this have to do with the prepositional case? The most direct. The prepositions of this case resemble the grandmother’s middle name:
O-pri-v-na
Imagine an old grandmother being called out on the street by another: “O-pri-v-na!” O-pri-v-na!”
QUESTION WITH “DOTS”
I would like to help more students who confuse the instrumental and prepositional case questions. This is surprising, but often many children take a long time to remember which of them has the question “with what?”, and which one has the question “with what?”.
What do we put at the end of a sentence? Of course the point! That's how it is in cases. There are dots in the question of the very last case: “about what?” As soon as you ask a question “with dots,” remember the very last case – prepositional.
"DIFFICULT" ENDINGS
The only thing more difficult to remember than prepositions is the table case endings nouns It happens that a student learns a table by heart, but writes the endings with an error - “difficult” endings. You can remember this reasoning algorithm. To determine which letter to write at the end - “e” or “i”, you need to ask only two questions.
1.Is this the genitive case?
The answer is “yes” - ending -i
The answer “no” is the second question.
2.Is this the third declension?
The answer is “yes” - ending -i
The answer is “no” - ending -e
