Homogeneous members of a sentence rule 3. Homogeneous members of a sentence

The concept of a complex sentence

Sentences with homogeneous members

Homogeneous and not homogeneous definitions

Generalizing words for homogeneous sentence members

1. The concept of a complex sentence

Complex sentences include those sentences in which there are relatively independent syntactic structures and phrases: isolated members of the proposal, homogeneous members, introductory structures, plug-in structures, circulation, comparative turnover. Complex sentences on the transitivity scale occupy the transition zone between simple and complex sentences. The complicating part of the sentence contains a semi-predicative element that complements the main predicative core of the sentence. Thus, semi-predicativeness is a message additional to the main statement about the relevance of what is being expressed to reality.

1. Sentences with homogeneous members

Homogeneous members of the sentence – these are members of the same name, connected to each other by a coordinating connection and performing the same syntactic function in a sentence, i.e. united by the same relationship to the same member of the sentence. Homogeneous members are or can be connected by coordinating conjunctions and are pronounced with the intonation of enumeration. In the absence of conjunctions or when they are repeated, homogeneous members are also connected by connecting pauses. The separation of homogeneous components is based on three leading characteristics:

1. single-functionality;

2. subordinating connection with a common / subordinate or subordinate / word;

3. a coordinating connection between them, marked by intonation or coordinating conjunctions.

For example: A fairy tale is needed not onlychildren , but alsoadults /K.Paustovsky/ – in this proposal homogeneous indirect objects are equally subordinate to the predicate needed and are in a relationship of comparison, realized by a coordinating conjunction. Homogeneous subjects, unlike all other homogeneous members, do not obey, but subordinate to themselves the member of the sentence associated with them - the predicate: Neither power nor life amuses me/A. Pushkin/.

The main members of one-part sentences are not covered by all three parameters, therefore their syntactic structure is not recognized or is called into question: They didn’t knock, didn’t shout, didn’t ask questions/A. Chekhov/: Night, street, lantern, pharmacy/A.Blok/.

Both main and secondary members of a sentence can be homogeneous, for example: Gardenerfell silent, shoved tube for the boot top (P.S.) – homogeneous predicates; We walked past Dunyashkacaps and scarves, overcoats Andoveralls (E.N.) – homogeneous subjects; Vasya drew on the corners of album sheetsbirds, animals Andangels (P.S.) – homogeneous additions.

Homogeneous members may have the same morphological expression, but can be expressed by different parts of speech: Spokehe is calm, without sadness, without complaint in the voice andSo , as if he himself was listening carefully to his speech, checking it mentally(Bitter).

Homogeneous members of a sentence are characterized by the following signs:

Take the position of one member of the sentence;

Associated with the same member of the sentence by a subordinating connection;

Connected together by a coordinating connection;

Often have the same morphological expression;

Usually they express similar concepts.

The presence of homogeneous members of a sentence is not considered in the following cases:

When repeating the same words in order to emphasize the duration of an action, a multitude of persons or objects, enhanced manifestation sign, etc., for example: I'm going, I'm going in an open field (P.); Here's the dark one dark garden(N.).Drink and drink , and the water from the ground flows and flows/IN. Peskov/.

In complete phraseological expressions: both day and night; both old and young; neither this nor that; neither give nor take; neither back nor forward, etc.

When two verbs are combined in the same form, acting as a single predicate (in the meaning of an action and its purpose, an unexpected or arbitrary action, etc.), for example, I'll go have a look class schedule;took it and did it vice versa, etc.

Members of a sentence connected by explicative/clarifying-explanatory/ relations are not homogeneous: Now, in mid-April, the oak was black and gloomy/IN. Krutilin/.

This phenomenon also does not provide syntactic homogeneity modern language, as an indication of an object in its relation to another object: Tolstoy and his contemporaries: readers and the book: student and perestroika. The presence of an alleged coordinating connection does not indicate homogeneity, but a stylistic predicament: We will drink tea with sugar and with dad/K.Simonov/.

In a block of homogeneous members, its parts are interconnected by meaning and grammatical means: intonation, coordinating conjunctions and lexico-grammatical means.

The most significant indicator of homogeneity is coordinating connection.

To connect homogeneous members of a sentence, the following categories are used: coordinating conjunctions:

Connecting unions: and, yes,(meaning “and”), neither...nor and others. Union And can be single or repeating. A single conjunction shows that the enumeration is exhaustive, for example: Screaming, barking and howling were heard outside (Ars.).

Repetition of the union And before each homogeneous member of the sentence makes the series incomplete and emphasizes the enumerative intonation, for example: And the sling, and the arrow, and the crafty dagger spare the winner for years (P.).

Union And can connect homogeneous members in pairs, for example: They came together: wave and stone, poetry and prose, ice and fire are not so different from each other (P.).

Repeating conjunction neither...nor used in negative sentences, acting as a union And, For example: Neither the sea nor the sky were visible behind the rain (M. G.)

Union Yes(in the meaning of “and”) is used mainly in colloquial speech; its use in works of art gives the speech a touch of simplicity, for example: And Vaska listens and eats (Kr.); Open the window and sit with me (P.).

Union Yes is also used as a repeating member, but cannot appear before the first homogeneous member, for example: Dog, Man, and Cat, and Falcon once swore to each other eternal friendship(Kr.).

Opposing alliances: ah, but, yes(meaning “but”), however, etc.

Union A shows that one concept is affirmed and the other is denied: The Tit gave glory, but did not light the sea(Kr.).

In the absence of negation, the union A indicates a contrast: The dog barks at the brave, but bites the cowardly(proverb).

Union But introduces a hint of limitation: On the right bank there are peaceful but still restless villages(L.T.)

Union Yes adds a conversational tone: He who is noble and strong, but not smart, is so bad if he kind hearted He(Kr.).

Conjunctions emphasize opposition however And but: I hesitated a little, but sat down (T.).

A connecting conjunction can act as an adversative conjunction And: I wanted to travel around the whole world, but I didn’t travel a hundredth part(Gr.).

Divisional unions: or, either, whether... whether, then... that, not that... not that, either... or etc.

Union or(single or repeating) indicates the need to select one of the concepts expressed by homogeneous members and excluding or replacing each other: I was allowed to go to the river with Yevseich every day, either in the morning or in the evening (Aks.)

Union or, with the same meaning (usually repeated), has a colloquial character: Gavrila decided that the mute either fled or drowned along with his dog (T.)

Repeating conjunction then... then indicates the alternation of phenomena: The stars were blinking weak light, then disappeared (T.)

Repeating conjunction whether... whether has a separative-enumerative meaning.

Repeating conjunctions not that... not that, or... or indicate the uncertainty of the impression or the difficulty of choice: There is either laziness or tenderness in the heart (T.)

Comparative(gradational): both - so and; not only – but also; although and – but; if not, then; not that - but (but); not as much - as much as - as much comparisons matter: Although it is simple in appearance, it has a wonderful quality (Kr.).

Connecting:yes and; a and; but also; and even then; and even then Also have connecting meaning: I peacefully enjoyed my work, success, fame, as well as the works and successes of my friends (P.)

One sentence may contain several blocks (rows) of homogeneous members. In one composed series, synonyms and antonyms occur, forming additional meanings that explode the external uniformity of the series: Rejoicing and mourning, and dripping with black blood , She looks, looks, looks at youWith both hatred and love (Block).

In the Russian language, there are often sentences with words that answer the same question and belong to the same part of speech.

The concept of a homogeneous member of a sentence

Such words in a sentence perform the same function, have equivalent meaning and are connected to each other by intonation and coordinating connection. Such members of a sentence in Russian are called homogeneous. Examples of homogeneous members of a sentence:

The old green poplars rustled, groaned, and moved alarmingly. In this sentence, the homogeneous members are predicates.

The green forest rustled incessantly, evenly. In this sentence, the homogeneous members are circumstances.

Let's analyze what the main features of homogeneous members are. Firstly, they all have the same involvement in the main word with which they are directly associated. There are exceptions in which homogeneous members of the sentence do not belong to this part of speech.

For example:
I like to walk slowly, with stops.

Punctuation: homogeneous members and connecting conjunctions

Connecting conjunctions in sentences with homogeneous members are most often represented by the conjunctions “and this, and that”, “and neither, and nor”, ​​“also, too”, “not only..., but also”.

Before conjunctions that connect homogeneous members of a sentence, a comma should be placed in three cases:
1. With a dividing and single connecting union of homogeneous members of a sentence. For example:

1.1. Crucians and carps splashed in the pond.

1.2. IN pine forest you may see a woodpecker or a squirrel.

2. If conjunctions combine several pairs of homogeneous members of a sentence. For example: Uncle Vanya’s collection included many daggers and knives, guns and pistols, decorated with stones.
3. If homogeneous members are connected to each other by repeated unions, and thus form stable combination. For example: Aunt gave us a lot of multi-colored flags: red, green, and yellow.

Notes It should be remembered that in some cases, combinations with double conjunctions and homogeneous members of the sentence can be confused. This is the most common mistake among students. Examples of sentences with combinations with double conjunctions:

I like to walk quietly in the forest, with stops.

Vivid examples of combinations with double conjunctions, which are often falsely attributed to homogeneous members of a sentence, are laughter and sin, neither fish nor fowl, etc.

Heterogeneity relations are often found in adjectives - a large leather bag, a small glass glass.
In sentences with homogeneous members, homogeneous words most often describe the dynamics of this action, quality characteristics one item. If homogeneous members have increased expressiveness, they form a series of epithets.

In some sentences we come across words that are repeated. It is important to know that they are not homogeneous members of the sentence. Example: Spring was waiting, nature was waiting. The word “waited” is repeated in this sentence two times solely to emphasize the importance of the upcoming event. Such and similar words are considered in Russian as one member of a sentence.

Incorrect punctuation is one of the typical mistakes allowed in writing. The most difficult ones usually include placing commas in sentences where there are heterogeneous or homogeneous definitions. Only a clear understanding of their features and differences helps make the entry correct and readable.

What is the definition?

This is a denoting attribute, property or quality of an object denoted by a noun. Most often expressed by an adjective ( white scarf), participle ( running boy), pronoun ( our home), ordinal number ( second number) and answers the questions "which one?" "whose?". However, there may be cases of use as a definition of a noun ( checkered dress), a verb in the infinitive form ( dream of being able to fly), adjective in simple comparative degree (an older girl appeared), adverbs ( hard boiled egg).

What are homogeneous members

Definition this concept is given in syntax and concerns the structure of the simple (or predicative part). Homogeneous members are expressed by words of one part of speech and same shape, depend on the same word. Therefore, they will respond to general question and perform the same in a sentence syntactic function. Homogeneous members are connected with each other by a coordinating or non-union connection. It should also be noted that their rearrangement within a syntactic structure is usually possible.

Based on the above rule, we can say that homogeneous definitions characterize an object on the basis of common (similar) features and qualities. Consider the sentence: “ In the garden, white, scarlet, burgundy buds of roses that had not yet blossomed proudly towered over their fellow flowers." The homogeneous definitions used in it denote color, and therefore characterize the object according to the same characteristic. Or another example: " Soon, low, heavy clouds hung over the city sweltering from the heat." In this sentence, one feature is logically connected to another.

Heterogeneous and homogeneous definitions: distinctive features

This question often causes difficulties. To understand the material, let’s take a closer look at what features each group of definitions has.

These are the main features, knowledge of which will allow you to easily distinguish between sentences with homogeneous definitions and heterogeneous ones. This means using punctuation marks correctly.

In addition, when performing syntactic and punctuation analysis of a sentence, you need to remember the following important points.

Definitions that are always the same

1. Adjectives next to each other characterize an object according to one characteristic: size, color, geographical location, assessment, sensations, etc. " At the bookstore, Zakhar purchased reference books on German, Italian, and French culture in advance.».
2. A group of synonyms used in a sentence: they call the same feature differently. " WITH early morning everyone in the house was in a cheerful, festive mood caused by yesterday's news».
3. Definitions that appear after the noun, with the exception of terms such as grab overhead crane. For example, in A. Pushkin’s poem we find: “ Three greyhounds are running along a boring winter road" In this case, each of the adjectives refers directly to the noun, and each definition is logically highlighted.
4. Homogeneous members of a sentence represent a semantic gradation, i.e. designation of the characteristic in increasing order. " The sisters, overwhelmed by a joyful, festive, radiant mood, could no longer hide their emotions».
5. Inconsistent definitions. For example: " He entered the room briskly tall man in a warm sweater, with shining eyes, a bewitching smile».

Combination of a single adjective and participial phrase

It is also necessary to dwell on the next group of definitions. These are adjectives and participial phrases used side by side and related to the same noun. Here punctuation depends on the position of the latter.

Definitions that correspond to the scheme “single adjective + participial phrase” are almost always homogeneous. For example, " In the distance, dark mountains towering above the forest could be seen" However, if the participial phrase is used before the adjective and refers not to the noun, but to the entire combination, the rule “punctuation marks for homogeneous definitions” does not work. For example, " Yellow leaves swirling in the autumn air smoothly fell onto the damp ground.».

One more point needs to be taken into account. Consider this example: “ Among the dense, spreading fir trees, darkened in the twilight, it was difficult to see the narrow path leading to the lake" This is a sentence with isolated homogeneous definitions expressed participial phrases. Moreover, the first of them is located between two single adjectives and clarifies the meaning of the word “thick”. Therefore, according to the rules for the design of homogeneous members, they are distinguished in writing by punctuation marks.

Cases when a comma is not required but is preferred

1. Homogeneous definitions (examples of these can often be found in fiction) denote different, but usually accompanying each other, causal features. For example, " At night,(you can insert BECAUSE) Long shadows from trees and lanterns were clearly visible in the deserted streets" Another example: " Suddenly, deafening sounds reached the old man’s ears,(BECAUSE) terrible thunderclaps».
2. Sentences with epithets that give a diverse description of the subject. For example, " And now, looking at the big one, Luzhin, she... was filled... with pity"(V. Nabokov). Or from A. Chekhov: “ Rainy, dirty, dark autumn has arrived».
3. When using adjectives in figurative meaning(close to epithets): “ Timofey's large, fishy eyes were sad and carefully looked straight ahead».

Such homogeneous definitions - examples show this - are an excellent means of expressiveness in work of art. With their help, writers and poets emphasize certain significant details in the description of an object (person).

Exceptional cases

Sometimes in speech you can find sentences with homogeneous definitions, expressed by a combination of qualitative and relative adjectives. For example, " Until recently, old, low houses stood in this place, but now there are new, tall ones." As shown this example, in such a case, two groups of definitions are distinguished that relate to one noun, but have opposite meanings.

Another case concerns definitions interconnected by explanatory relationships. " Completely different sounds, alien to the boy, were heard from the open window." In this sentence, after the first definition, the words “namely”, “that is” would be appropriate.

Rules for placing punctuation marks

Here everything depends on how homogeneous definitions are related to each other. Commas are placed when non-union communications. Example: " A short, wrinkled, hunchbacked old woman was sitting on a chair on the porch, silently pointing to the open door." If there are coordinating conjunctions (“usually”, “and”), punctuation marks are not needed. " Women in white and blue homespun shirts peered into the distance, hoping to recognize the horseman approaching them." Thus, these sentences are subject to punctuation rules that apply to all syntactic constructions with homogeneous members.

If the definitions are heterogeneous (their examples are discussed in the table), a comma is not placed between them. Exception with combinations that can be ambiguous. For example, " After much debate and reflection, it was decided to resort to other proven methods" IN in this case it all depends on the meaning of the participle. A comma is used if “namely” can be inserted before the word “verified”.

Conclusion

Analysis of all of the above leads to the conclusion that punctuation literacy in to a greater extent depends on knowledge of specific theoretical material on syntax: what is a definition, homogeneous members of a sentence.

Teacher's comments on the material being studied

Homogeneous members of the sentence

Homogeneous members of a sentence are those that:

1) play the same syntactic role in a sentence;

2) connected to the same main word through the same question;

3) are connected by a coordinating connection, which indicates their semantic equality in the sentence;

4) are often expressed by the same part of speech.

Let's explain this with a diagram:

She loved dancing, books and romantic encounters.

There is a row in front of us homogeneous additions(dancing, books, meetings), they all depend on the same predicate, answer the same question and are equal in meaning.

Homogeneous members of a sentence (OSP) can be connected to each other both by a non-union connection and with the help of coordinating conjunctions:

Complex sentences. Basic types of compound sentences

Compound sentences are complex conjunctive sentences in which simple sentences can be equal in meaning and are connected by coordinating conjunctions.

There was a knock on the door and everyone immediately fell silent.

There may be no money, but your conscience does not hurt.

Based on conjunctions and meaning, complex sentences are divided into three types.

Punctuation marks for homogeneous members

In the absence of a union, a comma is placed between homogeneous members.

The wind rushed through the courtyards, knocked on the windows, buried itself in the leaves.

Answers must be complete, clear, and concise.

In some sentences, words may be repeated for emphasis. A comma is also placed between them, but they are not considered homogeneous members.

She walked and walked and finally came.

And he felt sorry, sorry for his passing life.

For homogeneous members connected by coordinating conjunctions, there are following rules punctuation marks:

Punctuation marks for single conjunctions AND, OR, OR in simple and complex sentences

• Within simple sentence single conjunctions and, or, or connect homogeneous members. In this case, a comma is not placed before these conjunctions.

He simply made a mistake or did not have time to complete the calculations.

• Single conjunctions and, or, or can link parts complex sentence. In this case, they are preceded by a comma.

Everyone arrived on time, and the bus moved off.

• Single conjunctions and, or, or can connect two homogeneous subordinate clauses (these subordinate clauses refer to the same main part and answer the same question). In this case, there is no comma between them.

Everyone already knew that a girl was born and that she was named Masha.

• Single conjunctions and, or, or can connect two sentences that have common part or general subordinate clause. In this case, there is also no comma between them.

The paint on the walls peeled off due to moisture and the frames swelled.

While the kettle was boiling, Stas cut the sausage_ And we started dinner.

• Single conjunctions and, or, or can connect two exclamatory or two interrogative sentences. In this case, there is also no comma between them.

Who is he and what is he doing here?

What a clear smile_ and what huge eyes this girl has!

Simple sentences with a complex structure are diverse. They may contain:

1) homogeneous members;
2) separation;
3) introductory words and sentences and plug-in structures;
4) appeals.

Here we consider the complication of the sentence structure by homogeneous members.

§1. Homogeneous members of the sentence

Homogeneous members- these are members of a sentence associated with the same word and answering the same question. They have equal rights, do not depend on each other and are one and the same member of the sentence. They are connected to each other by a coordinating or non-conjunctive syntactic connection.
Coordinating connection expressed intonationally and with the help of coordinating conjunctions: single or repeated. The non-union connection is expressed intonationally.

I love ice cream.

I love ice cream, chocolate, cookies and cakes.

Laughing girls ran into the room.

(simple two-part extended sentence)

Cheerful, laughing, squealing, screaming girls ran into the room.

(a simple two-part extended sentence, complicated by homogeneous members)

Any member of a sentence can be expressed by a number of homogeneous members. Subjects, predicates, objects, definitions and circumstances can be homogeneous.

There were boys, girls and their parents in the hall.

(boys, girls and their parents- homogeneous subjects)

The girl is well-mannered and well educated.

(well-mannered and educated- homogeneous predicates)

I loved books, construction sets and cartoons.

(books, construction sets, cartoons- homogeneous additions)

We spent all our days in the forest or on the river.

(in the forest, on the river- homogeneous circumstances)

It was a clear, hot, truly summer day.

(clear, hot, summer- homogeneous definitions)

Most often, homogeneous members of a sentence are expressed by words of one part of speech, but such homogeneous members are also possible that are expressed by words of different parts of speech, phrases and phraseological units. That is, homogeneous members can be grammatically formatted differently.

The girl answered the exam smartly, intelligently, and in beautiful language.

(homogeneous circumstances, expressed by adverbs smartly, smartly And noun phrase beautiful language)

Due to the sudden downpour, we were soaked to the skin and frozen.

(homogeneous predicates, expressed phraseological turn soaked to the skin and verb frozen)

Complication by homogeneous members can be introduced into a sentence in different ways and be differently arranged punctually.

Homogeneous members of a sentence, as mentioned above, form a combination of words based on a coordinating and/or non-union connection. If this minor members sentences, then the connection with the words on which they depend is subordinate.

Homogeneous members in oral speech are designed intonationally, and in written speech punctuationally.

One sentence can have several rows of homogeneous members.

Masha, Seryozha and Petya were sitting around the table in the dining room and drawing.

(Masha, Seryozha and Petya- homogeneous subjects - 1st row of homogeneous members)
(sat and drew- homogeneous predicates - 2nd row of homogeneous members)

§2. Sentences with a generalizing word with homogeneous members

Rows of homogeneous members may have words with a general meaning that relate to all the words of the row. This generalizing words. The generalizing word is the same member of the sentence as the homogeneous members related to it.

Generalizing words are words that mean:

• generic and specific concepts:

  The room had simple furniture: an old sofa, a table, two chairs.

  (general word - furniture);

• words: All, All, Always, everywhere, everywhere, everywhere and others, conveying the idea of ​​universality:

  Things were scattered everywhere: on the floor, on chairs, on the bed, on the table.

In a sentence, generalizing words can appear both before and after rows of homogeneous members. Compare with the example above:

On the floor, on chairs, on the bed, on the table - things were scattered everywhere.

The punctuation of sentences depends on the place that generalizing words occupy.

§3. Distinguishing homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions

If several definitions refer to the same subject or object, this does not mean that you necessarily have a series of homogeneous definitions. There are also heterogeneous definitions. What is their difference?
Homogeneous definitions characterize an object on one side, according to one characteristic, for example, by size, color, shape, material. Heterogeneous definitions characterize the subject with different sides, according to various criteria.

A cheerful, loudly laughing girl ran into the room.

(cheerful, laughing- homogeneous definitions expressing mood, state)

A small girl laughing loudly ran into the room.

(small and laughing- heterogeneous definitions)

There were red, orange and yellow flowers in the vase.

(red, orange and yellow- homogeneous definitions denoting common feature- color)

There were large red fragrant flowers in the vase.

(large, red, fragrant- adjectives denoting different signs: color, shape, smell; these are heterogeneous definitions)

Definitions expressed by different parts of speech are also heterogeneous, for example:

At the end of November the first light snow fell.

(words first And easy refer to different parts of speech: first- numeral, easy- adjective; they do not form a series of homogeneous members)

Test of strength

Find out your understanding of this chapter.

Final test

1. Is it true that homogeneous members are members of a sentence associated with the same word and answering the same question?

2. Are homogeneous members of a sentence equal?

3. Is it true that homogeneous members are connected by a subordinating relationship?

4. Are sentences with several rows of homogeneous members possible?

5. Is the number of homogeneous members limited?

6. Is it true that homogeneous members cannot be connected by coordinating conjunctions?

7. What is the name of a word with a general meaning that homogeneous members can have?

   • general word
   • appeal
   • circumstance

8. Is a generalizing word always the same member of a sentence as the homogeneous members related to it?

9. Dry yellow autumn leaves rustled underfoot..?

   • homogeneous definitions
   • heterogeneous definitions

10. What are the definitions in the sentence: The bushes under the window were covered with red, yellow, and orange leaves.?

    • homogeneous definitions
    • heterogeneous definitions